Abelardo L. Rodríguez

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advancing age increasingly detracted from his attention to political issues. As a result of his health, he did not spend much time in Mexico City. During the Rodríguez presidency, Calles actually vacationed for months at a time at President Rodríguez's ranch in El Sauzal, Baja California, and at Calles' daughter-in-law's beach cottage in El Tambor, Sinaloa. To compound Calles's health woes, his young second wife, Leonor Llorente de Calles, was diagnosed with a brain tumor in spring 1932. She died in Mexico City a few months later, after a failed surgery. "Calles's health and state of mind constituted the

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converted into blessings from Heaven." The strongly anticlerical Calles, whose policies while president had provoked the Cristero War, called for the expulsion of the papal representative as well as the archbishop of Mexico. The papal representative was already outside the country and would be arrested if he returned. Rodríguez authorized Portes Gil, then Minister of the Interior, to draw up a recommendation, which he could discuss with Calles. Steps were taken against the high clerics, but there was no uprising of Catholics against the government, despite clerical calls for one.

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Mexico's industrial development and make the nation less dependent on international trade. The law took effect on 1 January 1934, and it was set at between one peso and three pesos daily, depending on the type of work and the region of Mexico. In August 1934, President Rodríguez stated that his minimum wage law had benefited 2.5 million agricultural and industrial workers, and increased the public's purchasing power by 1.5 million pesos daily since it took effect, for a projected total increase of 547,000,000 pesos by the end of 1934.

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Work, of Labor Hygiene, of the Federal Labor Inspection and of Preventive Measures of Accidents. He was a supporter of co-operativies, which he thought would distribute the national wealth more equitably, and he pressed Congress to issue the Cooperatives Act. Important for future actions on Mexico's petroleum industry was Rodríguez's creation of a private company, Petromex, tied to the government, that guarded supply for domestic use and could compete with foreign investors in the industry.

482: 1786: 587:, Arizona. There, he was attacked by two older American boys named Owen Walker and Don Herrera, due to anti-Mexican sentiment. He was in line one day, when Herrera got in front of him and Walker behind. Herrera gave Rodríguez a sharp shove, throwing Rodríguez on top of Walker, who had a knife in his hand. Walker slashed Rodríguez through his left cheek, making an incision, at least six centimeters (2.3 inches), from the mouth upwards. 1808: 464: 1147:"General Rodríguez is doing a good job as President and is assuming more and more the responsibilities and decisions, which were formerly left to General Calles during the Ortiz Rubio administration." And US Ambassador Reuben Clark reported that the peso had strengthened with Rodriguez, indicating the confidence in him in financial circles and that the policy of the United States was one of cordial friendship. 1057: 1348:

Municipal Palace of Hermosillo and the Bank of Mexico building were built. Rodríguez also approved numerous drainage systems, dams, and municipal markets. In 1947, the Hermosillo-Nogales highway and the Benjamín Hill-Puerto Peñasco section of the Sonora-Baja California Railroad were completed. Rodríguez approved the project for the construction of a thermoelectric plant in the Port of Guaymas.

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functions of the Federal Public Ministry, which carried out the study of the Law of Protection and issued the Personal Identification, Nationality and Naturalization, Foreign Service and General Mercantile Companies. He also implemented laws related to private charity and monopolies. He issued the Limited Liability and Public Interest Corporation Law. He enacted the Code of Military Justice.

1311:. Mexico also helped defend the Gulf of Mexico. During the war, Rodríguez was appointed commander of the Gulf of Mexico Military-Naval Zone. This was the most important military zone in the country, due to constant incursion by Nazi submarines. As commander, he took steps to protect the Gulf from German U-boats. In July 1942, he ordered the arrest of two Nazi spies in the State of 1123:

such luncheon were to be given it should be given by him, and that if a message should come from President Roosevelt it should come to the President of Mexico." The Roosevelt letter to Calles was eventually delivered. Calles replied that although he held Roosevelt in very high regard, he was not part of the current President's administration.

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two entities in Mexico with an elementary educational system that satisfied 100% of the needs of the population, for free. The Alvaro Obregón Elementary School in Tijuana was built at the end of the Rodríguez administration, and it was among the best in the country. Inaugurated in 1930, the school is now the IMAC - Casa de la Cultura Tijuana.

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scholarships to low-income students from the State of Sonora. The committee proposed that the aggregate donations be invested, and that the investment returns would provide the funds to support the students. Rodríguez and Sullivan made a personal donation of 1 million pesos (US$ 47,989), thus endowing the initial assets and establishing the

52: 1275:, England, from 1936 to 1937. Afterwards, Rodríguez traveled extensively through Russia with his personal secretary Alfonso Verdugo. While in Russia, Rodríguez studied the Soviet political system in great depth. Later, he wrote about what he saw there in his autobiography. After touring Russia, Rodríguez returned to Mexico in 1938. 912:, because of his close alliance and personal friendship with Calles. By the late 1920s Rodríguez was the richest man in Baja California, due to his control over the border vice industry. By the time Rodríguez became president in 1932, he had over US$ 12 million deposited in banks in Los Angeles, New York City, and London. 840:. In addition to legitimate investments in the private sector, Rodríguez grew wealthy through the sale of licenses associated with vice tourism. Besides granting concessions to liquor and gambling establishments, Rodríguez also became a major partner of US entrepreneurs who were involved in these activities. 1347:

In his position as governor of Sonora, his entrepreneurial energy and futuristic vision stand out, and he was the initiator of the modernization of Sonora, being an important manager in the construction of state infrastructure on which agricultural development was based. Under his administration, the

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Outside observers corroborate these views. For instance, the Mexico City newspaper and magazine publisher Felix S. Palavicini referred to President Rodríguez as the "Mexican Roosevelt" because the Rodríguez administration closely paralleled that of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Palavicini

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During his presidency, he improved the organization and operation of common justice, issuing the Organic Law of the District and Territorial Courts. The federal codes were reviewed and the Federal Law on Criminal Procedures was issued. He organized the Office of the Attorney General, determining the

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On 16 June 1914, Rodríguez was arrested for insubordination and sent to the Durango State Penitentiary. On 24 June 1914, Rodríguez was released from prison. A law intern, Jesús Dorador Ibarra, had been able to verify that due to his salary as paymaster, Rodríguez had actually assimilated the rank of

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One of Rodríguez's first acts was to define the Mexican government's attitude toward the US. He said, "My policy toward the United States will consist of continuing the relations of friendship which have existed." In January 1933, the US Military Attache in Mexico, Robert E. Cummings, observed that

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Taxes from the regional vice businesses helped the Baja California government fund public works and supported industries such as aviation and agriculture. The taxes earned as a result of vice also supported education and the arts. During the Rodríguez administration, Baja California was one of just

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of the federal government in Mexico City. The campaign used three flying columns: one under the command of General Arnulfo R. Gómez, one under the command of Colonel Jesús Aguirre, and the third under the command of Rodríguez (the Second Infantry Brigade). The campaign lasted three years, from 1917

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A family tragedy affected Rodríguez deeply in later years. In 1964, his 39-year-old son Juan Abelardo and his daughter-in-law, Janine Ratliff died when their plane collided with power lines on takeoff. The couple had four young children, whom Sullivan and Rodríguez took into their care and raised.

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Ruiz y Flores then called on Mexican Catholics not to be members of the PNR since it was socialistic and atheistic, and he called for action by the Catholic faithful. "Each Catholic should be converted into a school of Christian doctrine–into a real apostle—and we shall see that the persecution is

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Many parents objected to sex education in the schools, and there was considerable resistance from the Church. Rodríguez shifted Bassols from Education to the high-level post as Minister of the Interior, and Baddols then resigned. Rodríguez feared the potential of strong moves against the Catholic

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In 1931, Rodríguez was called to Mexico City to serve in the cabinet of new President Ortiz Rubio. From October 1931 to January 1932, Rodríguez was Undersecretary of War and Navy. From January 1932 to July 1932 he was Secretary of Industry, Commerce and Labor. From August 1932 to September 1932 he

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Due to the remote nature of Baja California, and his close connection to the rulers in Mexico City, Rodríguez enjoyed considerable autonomy during his tenure in Baja California. He had served as an officer under Obregón during the Mexican Revolution, and they had both been wounded at the Battle of

1467:, who had established the tradition of selecting the PRI's next candidate and peacefully transferring power, had Rodríguez give a statement that they didn't "think extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country." This allowed for the transfer of power to President 1283:

In 1938, Rodríguez and Sullivan moved to their sprawling ranch on the Pacific Coast, at El Sauzal in Baja California. During this time, Rodríguez invested his wealth in various productive industries. He primarily focused on shrimping, fishing and sea products packing. In 1939, Rodríguez built the

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On 30 November 1934, Rodríguez peacefully passed power to Cárdenas, then returned to private life. As a reformer, Cárdenas outlawed gambling and closed all the casinos in the north, including the famed Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel. This deprived Rodríguez (and Calles) of a significant source of

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He established the National Economic Council and created the National Financial bank. He founded the Bank of the Pacific, the Mexican Bank of the West, and the Central Mexican Credit. He reformed the Law of Secretaries of State, transforming the Department of Commerce, Commerce and Labor into the

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Calles had initiated an ambitious program of road building, which continued in the 1930s under Rodríguez. Roads were would link important centers within Mexico as well as with the United States in the north and Guatemala in the south. They would also connect between remote areas of Mexico and the

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He created the Department of Labor and promoted the trade union movement and protected workers against management. He established regulations of the Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration and created the Federal Office of Labor Defense, of Agencies of Placements, of Dangerous and Unhealthy

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President Rodríguez was responsible for many programs devised to help Mexican workers survive the Great Depression. In August 1933 he urged Mexican manufacturers and farmers to align with his plan to establish a minimum wage. Through the minimum wage law for Mexican workers, he aimed to intensify

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Rodríguez was fluent in English, owned a home in San Diego, and had spent some time working in Los Angeles before the Mexican Revolution. He later became wealthy due to his dealings with North American business partners in Tijuana. In addition, his second wife was from Chicago. Thus, he was quite

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When he heard of this slight, Rodríguez was adamant that the lunch be cancelled, since Calles was "simply a private citizen". It was not the prerogative of an ex-president to host such an event. Guests were disinvited on the pretext that Calles had taken ill. "The President maintained that if any

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and Calles responded by dispatching Rodríguez to oust Cantú. Cantú went into exile in Los Angeles, however, before Rodríguez arrived from Mexico City with his forces. Later, in 1926 Rodríguez would allow Cantú to re-enter Baja California. Cantú returned to Mexicali, where he ventured into private

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Mexico's major contribution to the war effort was a steady supply of raw materials for US industry. Thus, during the war, Rodríguez also served as chief supervisor of the Mexican government's intensified farm-factory production program. In 1943, the US government provided drug plant seeds to the

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was Minister of Education and pursued a policy that took control of education out of the hands of Mexican states and put it under federal control. At issue was the continued influence of the Catholic Church on students. Under Bassols, the proposition that the education should explicitly advocate

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Rodríguez's government organized the Council of Primary Education in the Federal District and created cultural missions in rural areas. He also established agricultural schools and regional farm schools, as well as schools for teacher education. He also established the Technical Council of Rural

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However, unlike Portes Gil and Ortiz Rubio, Rodríguez was a friend and ally of Calles. Thus, Professor Jürgen Buchenau asserts that overall, due to Calles's declining health, and Rodríguez's own private wealth and astute political maneuvering, Rodríguez was actually able to reclaim a significant

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President Ortiz Rubio resigned because of conflicts with Calles. Thus, the question of succession was vital. Ortiz Rubio signed his resignation on 2 September 1932, and it was conveyed to Congress the next day. Despite the resignation, the presidential cabinet met, significantly, at the home of

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On 17 February 1926, as a result of the Peteet family suicide, following a visit to Tijuana that ended in the daughters' rape, the border was closed between 6:00 P.M. and 8:00 A.M. The curfew remained in effect until 1933, when president Roosevelt lifted it as part of the Good Neighbor Policy.

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Calles' health, which had never been particularly good, declined significantly during the Rodríguez presidency. In 1932 doctors discovered that Calles was suffering from a combination of arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and chronic intestinal disease caused by poor diet. Thus, his bad health and

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in the State of Durango. There, Rodríguez was insulted by Captain Pedro Almada, who was his superior. The incident was unprovoked, and occurred at a dinner, at a long table in front of many officers. Rodríguez responded by standing, drawing his pistol, and firing one shot at Captain Almada's

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Rodríguez re-joined the Fourth Battalion of Sonora and continued serving under General Carranza. On 17 July 1914, Rodríguez received his official promotion to first captain. On 20 August 1914, Carranza and the Fourth Battalion entered Mexico City and General Carranza assumed the provisional

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Later, as a young man, Rodríguez returned to Arizona to take his revenge. However, he found that Walker had died in a farming accident and that Herrera had moved to California with his family. After reflecting on Walker's tragic death, Rodríguez reconsidered and dropped his bid for revenge.

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He was convinced that education was the main weapon to combat inequality. In 1946 he and his wife Aída Sullivan brought together a committee of distinguished businessmen and prominent members of Sonoran society. Their goal was to solicit donations and allocate funds, in order to grant

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In September 1940, he warned President Cárdenas of the dangers of renewing Japanese shrimping concessions in Mexican waters. He convinced Cárdenas that a 100% Mexican shrimping industry was safer, and so the Japanese lost the concession. Rodríguez was key in helping to build this industry

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The government issued the Agrarian Code, which brought together scattered legislation on agrarian matters. Rodríguez renewed efforts to distribute landed estates into the hands of peasants, which had slowed under the Calles administration. Rodríguez promoted the activities of the National

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attempted to temper Rodríguez's adoption of deficit spending and objected to the government's anticlerical tendencies. As a result, Rodríguez forced Pani's resignation from the cabinet. To appease Calles, who objected to the ousting of Pani, Rodríguez appointed Calles as Finance Minister.

1271:, traveled the world for several years after the presidency, partly to avoid political intrigue. They visited the United States, Canada, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, India, China, Japan, the Philippines, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, Cuba, Panama, and Guatemala. The couple lived in 1068:(The Supreme Chief of the Revolution). The American press called him the "Strong Man of Mexico". Thus, many North American observers saw Rodríguez as a weak political puppet of Calles. And this view is often shared by contemporary historians. For instance, in 594:

Rodríguez never finished his primary studies. Instead, he dropped out after the 4th grade to begin working in order to help support his family. However, he vowed to educate himself. As a young man he worked at his brother's hardware store, at a copper mine in

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Rodríguez became a leading movie exhibitor and producer. He owned a Mexican film distribution company called Distribuidora Mexicana de Películas, S.A. He also owned over 100 movie theaters in Mexico. In 1953, he helped modernize these theaters by installing

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Rodríguez married three times. In 1917, he married Luisa Montijo of Guayamas. They had a son named Abelardo Luis (Rod) Rodríguez Montijo, who lived to be one hundred years old. But the couple was incompatible, so they soon separated by mutual agreement.

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Rodríguez returned to his work in business. On 1 January 1950, he was appointed general manager of a large meat-packing firm in Sonora called Frigorífico y Empacadora S.A. In 1950, he became co-owner of a shrimp-freezing plant in El Golfo de Santa Clara,

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In early 1930, Rodríguez and his family traveled to Europe. There, Rodríguez studied accommodation systems for troop units and military camps. They remained in Europe for about 10 months, before moving to Rodríguez's ranch at El Sauzal, outside Ensenada.

1408:. In 1950, he was appointed director general & chairman of the board of the Crédito Cinematográfico Mexicano, S.A. This government-sponsored film trade financial house was responsible for advancing the Mexican film industry, domestically and abroad. 1356:

During his tenure, he increased teachers' salaries and decreed the construction of 186 new school buildings, 11 expanded schools, and 145 rebuilt schools. Rodríguez also actively promoted university education in Sonora. The Museum and Library of the

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reporter concluded that "there isn't another place on the continent, outside of a US Mint, where you can see so much money piled up before your eyes at one time. Its only rival in the world is Monte Carlo." The resort operated from 1928 to 1935.

1371:(The Rodriguez Couple Foundation). Over the years, the foundation has seen exponential growth in the number of scholarship holders who receive support. The foundation currently supports more than 5,500 students at different levels of education. 865:

Since the Americans could not own Mexican land, Rodríguez purchased the land upon which the resort was built, at the site of a hot springs. The contract for the construction was awarded to Rodríguez's brother Fernando L. Rodríguez. According to

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On 1 March 1916, Rodríguez was promoted to colonel. On 2 June 1916, Rodríguez took charge of the Second Infantry Brigade of the First Northwest Division of the Constitutional Army. The brigade consisted of six mostly Yaqui battalions.

1439:, two versions of the film were created, one in English and one in Spanish. The film was a critical and commercial success and was distributed in Mexico by Rodriguez's film distribution company. In 1954, Rodríguez made a deal with 695:

first captain and, therefore, there was no insubordination. A judge revoked the arrest warrant and Rodríguez was free. On the day of his release, he was visited by Captain Pedro Almada. They forgave each other and became friends.

1084:, the San Diego real estate developer and politician, President Rodríguez was one of the strongest presidents in Mexico's history. Fletcher stated that "President Rodríguez is developing Mexico in a commercial and cultural way." 1130:. Rodríguez called Daniels out for this gaffe, with the ambassador subsequently claiming that he had been misquoted. Daniels later wrote in his memoirs that Daniels, Calles, and Puig Casauranc "knew that the man (Rodríguez) in 1420:, Cine Florida, Cine Colonial, Cine Chapultepec, and Cine Mariscala. He also owned the controlling interest in Mexico City's largest theater, the 6,500-seat Cine Coloso. Moreover, Rodríguez owned several provincial theaters. 1115:, the new US ambassador to Mexico. Rodríguez was told of the luncheon at Calles's Cuernavaca ranch, to which many Mexican and foreign dignitaries had already been invited. The information was provided to Rodríguez by 1323:

Mexican Department of Agriculture. This joint agriculture program supplied the war effort with plants used for legal drug production. Rodríguez personally donated land and labor to this drug plant-producing program.

1494:, Illinois. They were married in Calexico in August 1921. Meier suffered from depression, which only got worse when she lost their daughter, who was born prematurely. Meier committed suicide at the Hotel Belmar in 1315:. Both were suspected of signaling Nazi submarines. One of the Germans was found in a house on the beach with radio sets, code books, and firearms. The other, Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze, was a former leader of the 928:. Rodríguez probably used the home as a part-time retreat during his presidential term (1932-1934). However, this is not known for certain. The couple sold the home in 1940, and the house still exists today. 556:) held considerable de facto political power, without being president himself. Rodríguez was, however, more successful than Ortiz Rubio had been in asserting presidential power against Calles's influence. 634:

as a Lieutenant on 1 March 1913. He joined the irregular Second Battalion of Sonora, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Orozco. Rodríguez chronicled his military experience in his 1962 autobiography.

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degree of political power for the Executive office during his tenure. According to a US Military Attache report from 1932, Calles felt he was leaving the Government in safe, capable hands with Rodríguez.

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Rodríguez left the political arena for a while after his term ended, devoting himself to travel and business interests. Rodríguez returned to politics a decade later, serving as Governor of the state of

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Rodríguez strongly objected to the encyclical as full of falsehoods and "would incite the clergy to disobey the Mexican rulings". The Vatican's representative in Mexico, Apostolic Delegate Archbishop

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During his time as governor, Rodríguez also had success making legitimate investments in the private sector. He established the Pesquera del Pacifico fish and shellfish cannery in El Sauzal, outside

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During his tenure as governor, Rodríguez also made money from the sale of alcohol and the traffic of opium. According to Francisco Cruz, Rodríguez learned the drug trafficking business from Cantú.

892:. He invested in an airplane manufacturing company in Baja California. He also formed an oil company to search for petroleum in Baja California, although this endeavor ultimately proved fruitless. 1163:

socialism was to be official policy, and he moved to embed that in the Mexican Constitution. Bassols also increased teachers' salaries and sought to undermine the influence of teachers' groups.

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Along with his North American business partner Theodore Gildred Sr., Rodríguez was the owner of Tepeyac Studios in Mexico City. Nearly 150 films were shot there, including Luis Buñuel's classic

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Rodríguez became military commander of the North Territory of Baja California in 1921, after discharging Cantú's troops. During that period he closed most casinos and bars in the border town of

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A groundswell of support gave the presidency to Rodríguez, who was named by Congress as President of Mexico on 4 September 1932. The Rodríguez presidency represented the last two years of the

2161:(in Spanish). Mexicali, Baja California; Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Instituto de Investigaciones, Dr. José María Luis Mora. pp. 101–102, 131–137, 141–143. 1080:

stated in January 1934 that President Rodríguez was making extraordinary efforts to educate the Mexican people, and that the minimum wage law was greatly reducing poverty. And according to

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Rodríguez was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, on 21 May 1920, while in Mexico City. He then held the position of chief of the Presidential Guards from 21 June to 20 July 1920.

3578: 953:. This turned out to be a mistake for Escobar. Rodríguez declined, and also gave Calles advance warning of the rebellion, demonstrating his loyalty to Calles and allowing Calles and 824:. He continued his role as Military Commander, while acting as Governor of that state. Rodríguez served as Governor of the North Territory of Baja California until 31 December 1929. 564:, retiring in 1948 and returning to his business interests. To date, Rodríguez is the only Mexican to have been brigadier general, president, and governor of two different states. 674:. On 1 March 1914, he was appointed Second Paymaster. The Second Battalion was incorporated into the irregular Fourth Battalion of Sonora, which was part of the escort of General 1021:, and General Abelardo L. Rodriguez. Pani bowed out and suggested that Calles choose Rodríguez. However, four candidates were presented to Congress, with the name of General 735:

The Constitutional Army won the battle. On 25 April 1915, Rodríguez was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In June 1915, during fighting against Villa's forces near

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purchased a newly built Spanish Colonial home at 4379 North Talmadge Drive in the Talmadge Park Neighborhood, in San Diego, California. The house was designed by architect

1509:. He was thirty-four years old, she was nineteen. They had three sons. His marriage to Sullivan was quite stable and lasted over forty years, up until Rodríguez's death. 1111:

wrote Calles a letter "congratulating him on the peace and the growing prosperity of Mexico". The letter was to be delivered at a luncheon that Calles was hosting for

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Calles still had considerable sway, however, over some of Rodríguez's ministers, who often consulted with Calles before affecting policy. And rogue Finance Minister

2295: 1900:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Senado de la República, Comisión de Biblioteca y Asuntos Editoriales. pp. 9, 30–32, 45–47, 52–53, 57–60, 112, 162, 175, 207–208. 1844: 1307:

Mexico declared war on the Axis powers on 22 May 1942. Although the country's combat role was limited, Mexico did aid the Allies with air squadrons such as the

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After the letter incident, US Ambassador Daniels made another misstep by calling Calles the "Strong Man of Mexico" in an interview with the Mexican newspaper

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Rodríguez dealt competently with the public perception that, although he was president, Calles was still in charge. For instance, in March 1934, US President

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in 1929. The Catholic Church was displeased that there were continued anti-Catholic moves in parts of the country, especially Jalisco and Chiapas. Pope

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Under Interim President Emilio Portes Gil, the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and the Mexican government had come to an agreement that would end the

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technology. By 1954, Rodríguez had become known internationally as a film tycoon. He had acquired eleven top cinema houses in Mexico City, including

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were built during his administration. It is estimated that half of the construction cost for the museum and library came out of his personal pocket.

150: 1339:. The income allowed the government to avoid taxing "productive enterprises". Rodríguez himself had become a wealthy man, largely from vice income. 2765: 3770: 1965:

Archivo General de la Naci n, Investigaciones Pol ticas y Sociales, (hereafter AGN IPS), Box 247, 7/011.3(722) 1 2-313.3.21.-A Nos. 637, 97, 17.

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The Agua Caliente was built at a cost of $ 10 million by the Agua Caliente Company, which was formed by North American investors Baron H. Long,

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During Rodríguez's presidency, Calles was at first widely considered as de facto leader of the Republic. The Mexican press still called Calles

3579:"El suicidio en el Hotel Belmar de Eathyl Vera Meier, esposa de Abelardo L. Rodríguez, el 25 de septiembre de 1922 | Reporte Naranja Noticias" 3286: 3245: 1979: 1190:, tried to say that the Mexican government had misunderstood the Pope's message. Congress demanded his expulsion, and he was put on a plane. 643:

He experienced his first combat on 24 August 1913, at Cruz de la Piedra, Sonora. There, the Second Battalion forces ambushed a train carrying

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for surgery to remove splintered bone fragments. After healing, he rejoined the Constitutional Army and fought remnants of Villa's forces at

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On 21 July 1920, Rodríguez was appointed head of a 6,000-man expeditionary column, supported by a gunboat, charged with expelling Colonel

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presidency of the Republic. In late 1914, the irregular Fourth Battalion of Sonora was incorporated into the Northwest Army Corps of the

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Secretariat of the National Economy, which was responsible for establishing the bases of state interventionism and the managed economy.

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industry, which had grown in the years after Cantú's departure, largely due to its close proximity to San Diego and Los Angeles during

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Schantz, Eric M. "Behind the Noir Border: Tourism, the Vice Racket, and Power Relations in Baja California's Border Zone, 1938-65" in

812:, which had flourished under Cantú as a destination for North American vice tourism. However, these would soon be allowed to re-open. 4415: 4390: 3385: 3844: 2241: 1045: 157: 4385: 4370: 4365: 2381: 1041: 607:, California while attempting to pursue a career as a singer. After failing as a singer in Los Angeles, he returned to Mexico. 3404: 2314: 4355: 4025: 3638: 2741: 2651: 2531: 2270: 2166: 2063: 2021: 670:. On 1 October 1913, in Sinaloa de Leyva, he received his promotion to Second Captain. On 14 October 1913, he helped take 3183: 611: 3923: 3108: 1520: 821: 2630:

FAPEC, Fondo Plutarco Elías Calles, gav. 66, exp. 189, inv. 5010, Calles to Rodríguez, El Sauzal, B.C., 29 March 1933.

536:; 12 May 1889 – 13 February 1967) was a Mexican military officer, businessman and politician who served as Substitute 4318: 3724: 3476: 2399: 1006: 795:

from Baja California. Cantú had ignored the federal government, disobeyed orders, and acted independently; President

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from 6 to 15 April 1915. During this battle, Rodríguez was shot through his right ear while manning a machine gun.

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domestically, and he became involved in various seafood companies like Compañía Productos Marinos de Guaymas, S.A.

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Mexico's Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century

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Abelardo L. Rodríguez: De San José de Guaymas al Castillo de Chapultepec; Del Plan de Guadalupe al Plan Sexenal

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Samaniego Lopez, Marco Antonio, "El desarrollo económico durante el gobierno de Abelardo L. Rodríguez" p. 24.

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NAUS 812.22/29805, Robert E. Cummings, Captain, Infantry, Acting Military Attache, 17 September 1932, Reel 2.

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On 10 May 1915, the Constitutional Army commanded by General Obregón left Mexico City to engage the army of

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was published by the Senate of the Mexican Republic, Commission of Libraries and Editorial Affairs.

1523:. His son Abelardo S. graduated from UCB on the same day, with a degree in business administration. 1187: 4249: 4116: 4083: 4191: 3837: 1676: 905:. In return President Obregón allowed Rodríguez to continue his operations in the vice industry. 764: 712:. On 21 December 1914, Rodríguez was promoted to major, while on the railroad above Mexico City. 549: 188: 4098: 2810:, Berger, Dina and Andrew Grant Wood, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 2010, pp. 131-32, p. 141. 2678:

NAUS 812.00/29828, Robert E. Cummings, Acting Military Attache, G-2 Report, January 1933, Reel 2.

2641: 2335: 1941: 1379:

Rodríguez resigned from his governorship in April 1948, citing health issued caused by diabetes.

870:

author Paul J. Vanderwood, Rodríguez used taxpayer money to construct and outfit the enterprise.

4219: 4171: 4035: 3980: 1564:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez's legacy includes a number of landmarks throughout Mexico. These include:

1464: 1013:, announced the names of those whom Calles had made known would be acceptable: Finance Minister 950: 855:. This vast resort attracted wealthy Americans, Hollywood stars, and an elite global clientele. 4050: 3869: 3862: 2782:

Re-mapping the nation: road building as state formation in post-revolutionary Mexico, 1925-1940

1456: 1022: 965:

On 31 December 1929, Rodríguez resigned as Governor of the North Territory of Baja California.

236: 205: 4234: 4156: 4088: 3659: 1601: 1358: 996: 4279: 4239: 4030: 2432:

California Historical Resources Inventory Database (CHRID) Program for the City of San Diego

2218: 1475: 1183:

issued an encyclical that objected to Mexican legislation detrimental to Catholic clergy.

729: 4410: 4405: 4229: 4214: 3970: 3804: 2494:

FAPEC, Fondo Plutarco Elías Calles, serie 010802, exp. 1, inv. 395, "Rebelión Escobarista".

1468: 1460: 1316: 1229: 108: 4166: 4015: 2928: 1443:

to produce CinemaScope movies in Mexico. Tepeyac Studios closed down permanently in 1957.

1219: 1044:

included Emilio Portes Gil, who had served as interim president from 1928 to 1930. Unlike

832:

Like his predecessor Colonel Esteban Cantú, Rodríguez personally benefited from Tijuana's

724:. After some light combat, the Constitutional Army arrived at Celaya, where it fought the 8: 4313: 4254: 4201: 4186: 4181: 4161: 4141: 3794: 3787: 3753:. Mexico City: Senado de la República, Comisión de Biblioteca y Asuntos Editoriales 1962. 3422: 1698: 902: 796: 744: 705: 675: 541: 537: 96: 73: 4000: 2191: 2136:

Narcomundo: How Narcotraficantes Gained Control of Northern Mexico and Beyond, 1945-1985

792: 736: 3950: 3819: 3731:

Memoria administrativa del gobierno del Distrito Norte de la Baja California: 1924-1927

2759: 2550:. Juan José Ríos, P. Ortiz Rubio, A.L. Rodríguez, L.L. Leon, A. Sáenz. Mexico City 1932 2448:

Memoria administrativa del gobierno del Distrito Norte de la Baja California: 1924-1927

2405: 2366: 2115: 1711: 1332: 1259:

income. However, by this time, Rodríguez was already one of the richest men in Mexico.

1131: 1108: 901:

Celaya, Later, Rodríguez lent Obregón a significant amount of money to help him defeat

862:

and James N. Crofton. The fourth equal partner was Governor Rodríguez, who owned 25%.

631: 508: 115: 4274: 4244: 4146: 3995: 3975: 1335:. While in office, he taxed Chinese casinos and "recreation centers", a euphemism for 4324: 4289: 4196: 4151: 4075: 3734: 3720: 3681: 3634: 3472: 2786: 2747: 2737: 2647: 2537: 2527: 2452: 2409: 2395: 2319: 2276: 2266: 2172: 2162: 2119: 2095: 2069: 2059: 2027: 2017: 1901: 954: 946: 875: 4121: 4093: 4060: 2096:"Plutarco Elías Calles and the Maximato in Revolutionary Mexico: A Reinterpretation" 1625:

Statue of Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Museum of the University of Sonora 1942, Hermosillo

709: 3955: 2387: 2107: 1440: 1295:

In 1942, he became the owner and operator of the 50,000-watt XERB radio station in

1112: 800:

business and continued to serve as a public official. He died in Mexicali in 1966.

725: 667: 619: 584: 532: 4126: 4106: 4005: 3004: 2504: 2336:"A Tale of Two Leaders: Colonel Estaban Cantú and President Abelardo L. Rodríguez" 1776: 1502: 1417: 1268: 1018: 921: 432: 4264: 3749: 3665: 3643: 3466: 3027: 1159: 1088: 1014: 925: 815: 768: 615: 600: 498: 4070: 2262:

Satan's Playground: Mobsters and Movie Stars at America's Greatest Gaming Resort

1288:, Sinaloa. At the time, it was the largest shrimp-freezing plant in the world. 4045: 3712: 2111: 1228:

larger nation. Road building was a form of state building. Construction on the

803: 3965: 2751: 2073: 1845:"Abelardo Rodríguez: único político en gobernar a México y dos de sus estados" 1519:

On 15 June 1951, Rodríguez received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the

1436: 51: 4344: 3423:"With Estudios Cinematográficos del Tepeyac (Sorted by Popularity Ascending)" 2733:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940

2470: 2456: 2280: 2176: 2155:

Gómez Estrada, José Alfredo; Buchenau, Jürgen; Calvillo Velasco, Max (2007).

2016:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 76, 424–25, , 557–561, 563–65. 1813: 1583: 1506: 1425: 1097: 873:

The resort brought in enormous sums of money. After visiting the casino, one

2790: 2134: 1048:, with excessive changes of personnel, Rodríguez's cabinet was more stable. 3553:"Abelardo Luis Rodriguez M. Obituary (1918 - 2018) San Diego Union-Tribune" 2731: 2053: 1176: 721: 687: 644: 487: 20: 3893:

Governor of the North District of the Federal Territory of Baja California

2541: 2446: 2391: 2260: 2156: 2031: 254:

Governor of the North District of the Federal Territory of Baja California

4269: 3468:

Medios de comunicación: del destrape a las campañas electorale, 1934-1982

2808:

Holiday in Mexico: Critical Reflections on Tourism and Tourist Encounters

2780: 1455:, nearing the end of his six-year term, expressed his desire to have the 1413: 1285: 1081: 920:

In 1926, while still Governor of Baja California, Rodríguez and his wife

859: 740: 648: 604: 1495: 1393: 1104:, about 50 miles south of Mexico City, where he spent most of his time. 671: 3908: 2646:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 51. 2011: 1663: 1617: 1588:

General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Jardines de Rubi, Tijuana

1336: 1101: 776: 715: 663: 342: 2058:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 92, 97, 162, 164–65. 2154: 1734: 780:

to around 1920. During this time, Rodríguez was promoted to general.

2158:

Gobierno y casinos: el origen de la riqueza de Abelardo L. Rodríguez

1687:

General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Delegación Capultitlán, Toluca

1134:(the official presidential residence) was the President of Mexico". 1056: 691:

forehead. He missed, and the bullet hit a wall behind the Captain.

2315:"Before Las Vegas, Tijuana was Southern California's Glitzy Escape" 1653:

General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Presidentes de México

1597:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Ampliación Mazatlán, Rosarito

1553: 1312: 1029: 909: 908:

Governor Rodríguez continued to enjoy the same autonomy during the

748: 545: 358: 2993:. London, Toronto, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 441. 1404:

Rodríguez became involved in the Mexican film industry during the

3655: 3405:"Los detalles olvidados de Los olvidados a 70 años de su estreno" 2509:

Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca

1747: 1577: 1491: 1392:. In 1953, he built the Hotel Garci Crespo, a huge spa resort in 1180: 809: 596: 573: 334: 24: 3733:(in Spanish). Mexicali, Baja California: S/N. pp. 211–249. 2687:

NAUS 812.00/29792, No. 1851, R. Clark, 9 September 1932, Reel 2.

2451:(in Spanish). Mexicali, Baja California: S/N. pp. 211–249. 1984:

El Coronel Esteban Cantú En El Distrito Norte De Baja California

3651: 3161: 2696:

NAUS 812.00/29793, No. 1845, R. Clark, 5 September 1932, Reel 2

2548:

La jornada instituticional del día cuatro de septiembre de 1932

1682: 1675:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia General Vicente Villada,

1389: 1272: 1100:

of this powerful leader." Eventually, Calles bought a ranch in

577: 561: 469: 338: 3465:

Aguilar Plata & García, Áurea Blanca & Carola (2006).

1319:. Both spies were sent to the US to face trial for espionage. 816:

Governor of the North Territory of Baja California (1923-1929)

739:, Guanajuato, Rodríguez was shot in the thigh. He was sent to 603:, Sonora. He worked briefly worked at an iron manufacturer in 3686:

Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919-1936

2524:

Yesterday in Mexico; a chronicle of the Revolution, 1919-1936

2013:

Yesterday in Mexico; a chronicle of the Revolution, 1919-1936

1429:(1950). Tepeyac Studios also produced the award-winning film 772: 3065:"Mexico Undertakes Development of Basic Domestic Industries" 1223:

1933 map of the Mexican portion of the Pan-American Highway.

1005:

former President Calles in Cuernavaca. The President of the

804:

Military commander of the North Territory of Baja California

622:. In 1912, he became a police commander in Nogales, Sonora. 583:

When he was eleven years old, he briefly attended school in

3386:"Los grandes estudios de cine que tuvo la Ciudad de México" 3119:(6): 691–693. 1 December 1943 – via Internet Archive. 1435:(1954), and parts of the film were shot there. Directed by 1232:

saw progress, with a map issued in 1933 showing the route.

1167:

Church of causing problems for his successor as president.

833: 3464: 1591:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Public Park, Colonia Centro Playas,

1474:

In 1964, Rodríguez attended the inauguration of President

1459:

amended to allow him to be re-elected. Former presidents

1552:

General Abelardo L. Rodríguez died at Scripps Clinic in

1025:, Secretary of the Interior, added to the other three. 977: 771:, Sonora. They were tasked with subduing the indigenous 3471:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3338:(2): 8, 22. 8 August 1953 – via Internet Archive. 2917:: 29–41. 1 September 1950 – via Internet Archive. 2425:"Historical Nomination of the Abelardo Rodriguez House" 3194:(2): 20. 14 January 1950 – via Internet Archive. 3043:"Mexico Sets Up New Board For Promotion Of Production" 2821:"Fish Oil Factory Being Arranged By Mexican Interests" 1681:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Delegación Capultitlán,

1647:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Deportivo Pensil

1531:

Rodríguez wrote a 445-page autobiography in 1962. The

1367: 572:

Rodríguez was born on 12 May 1889 to a poor family in

544:

after his resignation, during the period known as the

540:

from 1932 to 1934. He completed the term of President

3678:. Mexico City: Gráfica Panamericana, S. de R.L. 1957. 3216:(1): 49. 1 January 1950 – via Internet Archive. 3131:"United States Aids Mexico in Drug-Plant Cultivation" 2192:"El presidente que aprendió el negocio de las drogas" 1656:

Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Jalalpa Calzada

1606:

Hacienda Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Ensenada Municipality

1170: 3097:: 217. 1 November 1943 – via Internet Archive. 2853:: 237. 1 December 1942 – via Internet Archive. 1803: 1060:

Portrait of Mexican President Abelardo L. Rodríguez.

945:

In 1929, Rodríguez was invited to join the proposed

716:

Battle of Celaya and Further Campaigns Against Villa

3760:. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación 1934. 3141:(4): 20. 24 July 1943 – via Internet Archive. 3075:: 2. 26 February 1943 – via Internet Archive. 3053:: 6. 13 November 1942 – via Internet Archive. 1733:Escuela Primaria Presidente Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 1574:

General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport

1197: 1137: 986: 2863: 2587:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 591. 1659:Abelardo Rodríguez Street, Colonia Miguel Hidalgo 1650:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Presidentes 851:Rodríguez was involved in the development of the 846: 4342: 3631:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 3328:"CinemaScope's Activities Expand on Every Front" 2055:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 1490:The second marriage was to Eathyl Vera Meier of 2831:: 12. 5 June 1942 – via Internet Archive. 2583:Sherman, William L.; Meyer, Michael C. (1991). 1775:President Abelardo L. Rodríguez and First Lady 1000:Inauguration of Rodríguez on September 4, 1932. 681: 31: and the second or maternal family name is 3519:Cabeza de Vaca, Maria Luisa (4 October 2016). 3518: 2471:"IMAC | Instituto Municipal de Arte y Cultura" 2379: 614:before being discharged. Due to his red-green 292:Military Commander of Northern Baja California 4376:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians 3924: 3676:Abelardo L. Rodríguez: Estadista y benefactor 3284: 3243: 3005:"Take Steps in Vera Cruz to Gag Nazi Signals" 2963: 2572:(3510): 327–328 – via Internet Archive. 2380:Joseph, Gilbert M.; Buchenau, Jürgen (2013). 1351: 783: 2764:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2730:Vaughan, Mary Kay, Lewis, Stephen E (2007). 2582: 2423:May, Ronald V.; Wallace, Kiley (July 2015). 2242:"The Tijuana Agua Caliente Hotel and Casino" 1446: 86:4 September 1932 – 30 November 1934 3693:Abelardo L. Rodríguez: El hombre de la hora 3671:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1953. 2313:Reynolds, Christopher (16 September 2007). 1697:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam & Reservoir, 1628:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Reservoir, Hermosillo 1622:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Boulevard, Hermosillo 1582:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam & Reservoir, 599:, and as a professional baseball player in 3931: 3917: 3368:"Once Strike Settled, New Begun in Mexico" 2422: 2258: 1046:the cabinet of his predecessor Ortiz Rubio 820:In 1923, Rodríguez became Governor of the 686:In June 1914, the Fourth Battalion was at 128:13 September 1943 – 15 April 1948 50: 3688:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961. 3633:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2007. 3409:Festival Internacional de Cine en Morelia 2444: 2132: 1942:"El General Don Abelardo Rodríguez Luján" 1890: 1262: 170:2 August 1932 – 4 September 1932 3938: 3268:"Calls For Complete Mexican Reshuffling" 3162:"Historia – Fundación Esposos Rodriguez" 2895:(5): 31–35 – via Internet Archive. 2312: 2239: 2093: 2051: 1218: 1055: 995: 218:20 January 1932 – 2 August 1932 3700:The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1923-34 3350:"Ex-Prexy of Mexico Becomes Pic Leader" 3307: 3285:Becerra Celis, Luis (5 February 1950). 3206:"New Shrimp-Freezer Building in Mexico" 2729: 2639: 2189: 1977: 1662:Jardín de Niños Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 1382: 1278: 698: 422: 1921; died 1922) 4343: 3743:Autobiografía de Abelardo L. Rodríguez 3448:"'Scope Production To Start in Mexico" 3233:. New York: A. S. Barnes. p. 816. 3184:"Personalities and Events of the Week" 2964:Becerra Celis, Lus (31 October 1942). 2778: 2736:. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. 2559: 2521: 2216: 2100:Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas 2009: 1894:Autobiografía de Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1533:Autobiografía de Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1374: 1244: 895: 638: 3912: 3576: 3402: 3226: 2882: 2802: 2800: 2526:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2293: 2150: 2148: 2146: 1886: 1326: 978:Federal Cabinet positions (1931-1932) 883: 618:, he had failed his test to become a 610:In Sonora, he briefly worked for the 531: 16:President of Mexico from 1932 to 1934 3695:. Mexico City: Ediciones Botas 1933. 3521:"El segundo aire de los presidentes" 3512: 2986: 2864:El Vigía Editorial (18 March 2013). 2843:"Shark Livers for Oils and Vitamins" 2094:Buchenau, Jürgen (1 December 2006). 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1973: 1971: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1839: 1837: 1501:In February 1924, Rodríguez married 960: 940: 3494:"Díaz Is Sworn In As Mexico's Head" 3244:Becerra Celis, Luis (13 May 1950). 2883:Bruce, J. Campbell (1 March 1953). 2560:Harris, Abraham (12 October 1932). 2522:Dulles, John Watson Foster (1961). 2333: 2294:Godoy, Diego A. (17 October 2018). 2217:Taylor, Lawrence D. (1 June 2002). 2010:Dulles, John Watson Foster (1961). 1779:at the National Palace, Mexico City 1616:Monument of Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 1556:, California, on 13 February 1967. 1342: 968: 13: 3729:Rodríguez, Abelardo Luján (1928). 3623: 3403:Aviña, Rafael (15 December 2020). 3297:: 38 – via Internet Archive. 3256:: 38 – via Internet Archive. 2976:: 54 – via Internet Archive. 2929:"Mexico's 108th Broadcast Station" 2921: 2797: 2445:Rodríguez, Abelardo Luján (1928). 2143: 2133:Hernandez, Carlos Armando (2015). 1791:Portrait of Abelardo L. Rodríguez. 1521:University of California, Berkeley 1253: 1171:Relations with the Catholic Church 1051: 915: 822:North Territory of Baja California 763:In 1917, Rodríguez joined General 625: 14: 4427: 4351:20th-century presidents of Mexico 3764: 2885:"Prosperity Comes To Topolobampo" 2080: 2038: 1990: 1968: 1929: 1863: 1834: 1538: 1214: 758: 662:In late 1913 Rodríguez fought at 399: 1917, divorced) 4416:20th-century Mexican politicians 4391:People of the Mexican Revolution 4299: 3719:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 2990:Britannica Book of the Year 1943 2265:. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press. 2246:San Diego Home/Garden Lifestyles 2223:The Journal of San Diego History 2190:Muedano, Marcos (25 June 2011). 1822:List of heads of state of Mexico 1806: 1784: 1768: 1753: 1723:Village of Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1526: 1512: 1481: 1399: 1198:Agriculture, labor, and industry 1138:Relations with the United States 987:Substitute president (1932-1934) 722:General Francisco "Pancho" Villa 533:[aβeˈlaɾðoˈeleroˈðɾiɣes] 480: 462: 3691:Durante de Cabarga, Guillermo. 3593: 3570: 3545: 3533:from the original on 9 May 2021 3486: 3458: 3440: 3415: 3396: 3378: 3360: 3342: 3320: 3308:Grahame, D.L. (29 March 1950). 3301: 3278: 3260: 3237: 3220: 3198: 3176: 3154: 3145: 3123: 3101: 3087:"Mexico Cultivates Drug Plants" 3079: 3057: 3035: 3015: 2997: 2980: 2957: 2939: 2899: 2876: 2857: 2835: 2813: 2772: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2660: 2633: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2591: 2576: 2562:"Mexico's New Finger-President" 2553: 2515: 2505:"Archivo Abelardo L. Rodríguez" 2497: 2488: 2463: 2438: 2416: 2373: 2353: 2327: 2306: 2287: 2252: 2233: 2219:"The Wild Frontier Moves South" 2210: 2183: 1986:(in Spanish). pp. 77, 160. 1978:Aguilar, Antonio Ponce (2010). 1760:Images of Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1746:Colonia Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 1710:Colonia Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 1302: 1066:El Jefe Máximo de la Revolución 983:was Secretary of War and Navy. 931: 441: 419: 396: 4386:Mexican people of World War II 4371:Mexican secretaries of defense 4366:Mexican Secretaries of Economy 3705:Gaxiola, Francisco Javier Jr. 3392:(in Spanish). 29 January 2019. 3374:. 2 September 1953. p. 2. 3356:. 20 January 1954. p. 12. 2953:. 16 October 1942. p. 20. 2935:. 28 October 1942. p. 31. 2546:Drawing on the description in 2240:Chandler, Will (22 May 2019). 2126: 1959: 1559: 853:Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel 847:Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel 1: 3648:Mexican Political Biographies 3454:. 13 January 1954. p. 3. 2585:The Course of Mexican History 2340:Baja Bound Insurance Services 1827: 1070:The Course of Mexican History 567: 57: 4356:Governors of Baja California 3669:The United States and Mexico 3601:"Son Of Mexican Leader Dies" 3332:The Independent Film Journal 3287:"Mexican Body Aids Industry" 1946:www.historiadehermosillo.com 1891:Rodríguez, Abelardo (1962). 1639:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market 1406:Golden Age of Mexican Cinema 1150: 1007:National Revolutionary Party 957:to jointly defeat Escobar. 682:Shooting incident and prison 651:, led by General Girón. The 370:National Revolutionary Party 23:, the first or paternal 7: 4285:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4011:Francisco Javier Echeverría 3991:Antonio López de Santa Anna 3702:. New York: Macmillan 1935. 3091:Agriculture in the Americas 3011:. 22 July 1942. p. 16. 2847:Agriculture in the Americas 2259:Vanderwood, Paul J (2010). 1799: 1368:Fundación Esposos Rodríguez 1284:Pesquera de Topolobampo in 991: 955:President Emilio Portes Gil 659:and killed General Girón. 10: 4432: 4137:Francisco León de la Barra 3717:Mexico: Biography of Power 3230:The Encyclopedia of Sports 3113:Drug and Cosmetic Industry 3069:Latin American News Digest 3047:Latin American News Digest 2825:Latin American News Digest 2640:Daniels, Josephus (1947). 2112:10.7767/jbla.2006.43.1.229 1352:Education and philanthropy 1203:Agricultural Credit Bank. 1117:José Manuel Puig Casauranc 1035: 784:Baja California Expedition 497:Military Commander of the 18: 4308: 4297: 4260:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4112:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 3946: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3834: 3826: 3817: 3814:Anselmo Macías Valenzuela 3811: 3801: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3773:. Accessed 16 April 2005. 3274:. 6 July 1950. p. 4. 2907:"Mexico's Pacific Shrimp" 2718:San Diego Evening Tribune 2052:Buchenau, Jürgen (2010). 1447:Further political matters 612:Southern Pacific Railroad 514: 504: 493: 475: 457: 452: 375: 365: 348: 317: 312: 308: 297: 290: 280: 270: 259: 252: 242: 230: 222: 211: 204: 194: 182: 174: 163: 156: 144: 139:Anselmo Macías Valenzuela 132: 121: 114: 102: 90: 79: 71: 67: 49: 42: 4207:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 3740:Rodríguez, Abelardo L., 3227:Menke, Frank G. (1953). 3188:The National Provisioner 2866:"El Sauzal de Rodríguez" 1600:El Sauzal de Rodríguez, 1547: 1331:In 1943, he was elected 1267:Rodríguez and his wife, 548:, when Former President 521:Abelardo Rodríguez Luján 322:Abelardo Rodríguez Luján 4401:Politicians from Sonora 4177:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 4056:Manuel María Lombardini 4021:José Joaquín de Herrera 3748:1 February 2022 at the 3707:El Presidente Rodríguez 3135:Foreign Commerce Weekly 2364:, 7 February 18, 1926; 1498:on 25 September 1922. 827: 767:at his headquarters in 56:Abelardo L. Rodríguez, 4132:Manuel González Flores 4051:Juan Bautista Ceballos 3674:De Parodi, Enriqueta. 3310:"Chatter: Mexico City" 2779:Waters, Wendy (1999). 2370:, 18 February 21, 1926 1263:Travel and life abroad 1235: 1224: 1188:Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres 1061: 1001: 777:rejected the authority 710:General Alvaro Obregón 529:Spanish pronunciation: 4192:Plutarco Elías Calles 4157:Francisco S. Carvajal 4089:Manuel Robles Pezuela 3986:Valentín Gómez Farías 3838:Plutarco Elías Calles 3660:University of Arizona 3291:Motion Picture Herald 3250:Motion Picture Herald 2987:Yust, Walter (1943). 2970:Motion Picture Herald 2667:Riverside Daily Press 2643:Shirt-Sleeve Diplomat 2392:10.1215/9780822377382 1602:Ensenada Municipality 1222: 1059: 999: 765:Plutarco Elías Calles 630:Rodríguez joined the 550:Plutarco Elías Calles 525:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 189:Plutarco Elías Calles 44:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 4230:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 4225:Miguel Alemán Valdés 4220:Manuel Ávila Camacho 4172:Roque González Garza 4071:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 4036:Pedro María de Anaya 3981:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 3971:Anastasio Bustamante 3961:José María Bocanegra 3940:Presidents of Mexico 3870:Secretary of Economy 3845:Secretary of Defense 3756:Uribe Romo, Emilio. 3581:(in Mexican Spanish) 3452:Motion Picture Daily 3390:López-Dóriga Digital 3372:Motion Picture Daily 3272:Motion Picture Daily 3164:(in Mexican Spanish) 2951:Motion Picture Daily 1469:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 1465:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1453:Miguel Alemán Valdés 1359:University of Sonora 1317:German American Bund 1230:Pan-American Highway 1011:Manuel Pérez Treviño 951:José Gonzalo Escobar 699:Entering Mexico City 523:, commonly known as 206:Secretary of Economy 158:Secretary of Defense 4396:People from Guaymas 4361:Governors of Sonora 4314:President of Mexico 4255:Miguel de la Madrid 4250:José López Portillo 4235:Adolfo López Mateos 4202:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 4182:Adolfo de la Huerta 4162:Venustiano Carranza 4142:Francisco I. Madero 4117:José María Iglesias 4084:Félix María Zuloaga 3795:President of Mexico 3788:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2889:The Catholic Digest 2475:imac.tijuana.gob.mx 1699:Aguascalientes City 1643:El Centro Histórico 1451:In 1951, President 1245:Economy and finance 903:Adolfo de la Huerta 896:Autonomy and wealth 797:Adolfo de la Huerta 706:Constitutional Army 676:Venustiano Carranza 639:Northern skirmishes 574:San José de Guaymas 542:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 538:President of Mexico 97:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 74:President of Mexico 4280:Enrique Peña Nieto 4240:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 4099:José Ignacio Pavón 4031:José Mariano Salas 3951:Guadalupe Victoria 3887:José Inocente Lugo 3879:Primo Villa Michel 3820:Governor of Sonora 3780:Political offices 3682:Dulles, John W. F. 3629:Buchenau, Jürgen. 3605:The New York Times 3498:The New York Times 3023:"The Enemy Within" 2669:, 5 September 1932 2386:. pp. 87–88. 2367:The New York Times 1917:on 1 February 2022 1503:Aída Sullivan Coya 1476:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1383:Business interests 1333:governor of Sonora 1327:Governor of Sonora 1279:Business interests 1225: 1132:Chapultepec Castle 1109:Franklin Roosevelt 1062: 1002: 922:Aída Sullivan Coya 884:Business interests 868:Satan's Playground 730:División del Norte 632:Mexican Revolution 620:railroad conductor 509:Mexican Revolution 361:, California, U.S. 276:José Inocente Lugo 248:Primo Villa Michel 116:Governor of Sonora 4338: 4337: 4325:Emperor of Mexico 4292:(President-elect) 4290:Claudia Sheinbaum 4197:Emilio Portes Gil 4167:Eulalio Gutiérrez 4152:Victoriano Huerta 4076:Ignacio Comonfort 4041:Manuel de la Peña 4016:Valentín Canalizo 3907: 3906: 3900:Succeeded by 3877:Succeeded by 3863:Aarón Sáenz Garza 3852:Succeeded by 3827:Succeeded by 3802:Succeeded by 3771:English biography 3639:978-0-7425-3749-1 3500:. 2 December 1964 3210:Pacific Fisherman 2947:"Off The Antenna" 2911:Pacific Fisherman 2743:978-0-8223-3668-6 2653:978-0-8078-7340-3 2533:978-0-292-72972-8 2320:Los Angeles Times 2272:978-0-8223-4691-3 2168:978-970-735-067-0 2065:978-1-4616-4095-0 2023:978-0-292-72972-8 1375:Post-governorship 961:Post-governorship 947:Escobar Rebellion 941:Escobar Rebellion 876:Los Angeles Times 518: 517: 409:Eathyl Vera Meier 237:Aarón Sáenz Garza 4423: 4381:Mexican generals 4303: 4302: 4001:José Justo Corro 3956:Vicente Guerrero 3933: 3926: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3902:José María Tapia 3885:Preceded by 3860:Preceded by 3835:Preceded by 3812:Preceded by 3785:Preceded by 3777: 3776: 3666:Cline, Howard F. 3644:Camp, Roderic Ai 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2727: 2721: 2720:, 23 August 1934 2715: 2709: 2708:, 29 August 1933 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621:, 21 April 1934. 2616: 2610: 2609:, 8 January 1934 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2377: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2152: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2049: 2036: 2035: 2007: 1988: 1987: 1975: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1910:. Archived from 1899: 1888: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1841: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1788: 1772: 1441:20th Century Fox 1113:Josephus Daniels 1082:Col. Ed Fletcher 969:European travels 728:against Villa's 726:Battle of Celaya 668:Sinaloa de Leyva 535: 530: 486: 484: 483: 468: 466: 465: 453:Military service 445: 443: 423: 421: 400: 398: 355: 352:13 February 1967 331: 329: 313:Personal details 302: 286:José María Tapia 283: 273: 264: 245: 233: 216: 197: 185: 168: 147: 135: 126: 105: 93: 84: 62: 59: 54: 40: 39: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4275:Felipe Calderón 4265:Ernesto Zedillo 4245:Luis Echeverría 4215:Lázaro Cárdenas 4211: 4147:Pedro Lascuráin 4103: 4080: 4026:Mariano Paredes 3996:Miguel Barragán 3976:Melchor Múzquiz 3942: 3937: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3830: 3829:Horacio Sobarzo 3823: 3815: 3807: 3805:Lázaro Cárdenas 3798: 3790: 3767: 3750:Wayback Machine 3713:Krauze, Enrique 3709:. Cultura 1938. 3650:. 2nd edition. 3626: 3624:Further reading 3621: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3526:Cuna de Grillos 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3242: 3238: 3225: 3221: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3031:. 13 July 1942. 3021: 3020: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2962: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2881: 2877: 2862: 2858: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2798: 2777: 2773: 2757: 2756: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2706:San Diego Union 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2619:San Diego Union 2617: 2613: 2607:San Diego Union 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2581: 2577: 2558: 2554: 2534: 2520: 2516: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2443: 2439: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2402: 2378: 2374: 2362:San Diego Union 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2334:Niemann, Greg. 2332: 2328: 2311: 2307: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2169: 2153: 2144: 2139:(Thesis). UCLA. 2131: 2127: 2092: 2081: 2066: 2050: 2039: 2024: 2008: 1991: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1897: 1889: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1849:www.elvigia.net 1843: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1780: 1773: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1670:State of Mexico 1568:Baja California 1562: 1550: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1484: 1461:Lázaro Cárdenas 1449: 1432:Robinson Crusoe 1402: 1385: 1377: 1354: 1345: 1329: 1305: 1281: 1265: 1256: 1254:Post-presidency 1247: 1238: 1217: 1200: 1173: 1160:Narciso Bassols 1153: 1143:pro-American. 1140: 1089:Alberto J. Pani 1054: 1052:Asserting power 1038: 1015:Alberto J. Pani 994: 989: 980: 971: 963: 943: 934: 926:Louis John Gill 918: 916:San Diego house 898: 886: 849: 830: 818: 806: 786: 775:in Sonora, who 761: 718: 701: 684: 641: 628: 626:Military career 616:color blindness 570: 528: 499:Baja California 481: 479: 463: 461: 448: 447: 444: 1924) 439: 435: 425: 417: 413: 410: 402: 394: 390: 387: 366:Political party 357: 353: 333: 327: 325: 324: 323: 303: 298: 281: 271: 265: 260: 243: 231: 217: 212: 195: 183: 169: 164: 151:Horacio Sobarzo 145: 133: 127: 122: 109:Lázaro Cárdenas 103: 91: 85: 80: 63: 60: 45: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4429: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4319:Vice president 4309: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Álvaro Obregón 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4122:Juan N. Méndez 4119: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4094:Miguel Miramón 4091: 4086: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4061:Martín Carrera 4058: 4053: 4048: 4046:Mariano Arista 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3765:External links 3763: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3727: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3641: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3607:. 10 June 1964 3592: 3569: 3544: 3511: 3485: 3477: 3457: 3439: 3414: 3395: 3377: 3359: 3341: 3319: 3300: 3277: 3259: 3236: 3219: 3197: 3175: 3153: 3144: 3122: 3100: 3078: 3056: 3034: 3014: 2996: 2979: 2956: 2938: 2920: 2898: 2875: 2856: 2834: 2812: 2796: 2771: 2742: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2659: 2652: 2632: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2590: 2575: 2552: 2532: 2514: 2496: 2487: 2462: 2437: 2415: 2400: 2372: 2352: 2326: 2305: 2286: 2271: 2251: 2232: 2209: 2182: 2167: 2142: 2125: 2079: 2064: 2037: 2022: 1989: 1967: 1958: 1928: 1906: 1862: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1738: 1737: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1702: 1701: 1692:Aguascalientes 1689: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1677:Nezahualcóyotl 1667: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539:Family tragedy 1537: 1528: 1525: 1516: 1511: 1483: 1480: 1448: 1445: 1401: 1398: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343:Infrastructure 1341: 1328: 1325: 1304: 1301: 1280: 1277: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1216: 1215:Infrastructure 1213: 1199: 1196: 1172: 1169: 1152: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1053: 1050: 1037: 1034: 1023:Juan José Ríos 993: 990: 988: 985: 979: 976: 970: 967: 962: 959: 942: 939: 933: 930: 917: 914: 897: 894: 885: 882: 860:Wirt G. Bowman 848: 845: 829: 826: 817: 814: 805: 802: 785: 782: 760: 759:Yaqui Campaign 757: 745:Aguascalientes 717: 714: 700: 697: 683: 680: 655:massacred the 640: 637: 627: 624: 569: 566: 554:El Jefe Máximo 516: 515: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501: 495: 491: 490: 477: 476:Branch/service 473: 472: 459: 455: 454: 450: 449: 437: 431: 430: 429: 428: 415: 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 392: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 379: 377: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 356:(aged 77) 350: 346: 345: 321: 319: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 305: 295: 294: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 257: 256: 250: 249: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 209: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 186: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 161: 160: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 119: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 77: 76: 69: 68: 65: 64: 55: 47: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4428: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 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3920: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3854:Pablo Quiroga 3847: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3725:0-06-016325-9 3722: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698:Feller, A.H. 3697: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3580: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3478:970-722-577-7 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3411:(in Spanish). 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3316:. p. 74. 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109:"Drug Plants" 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2872:(in Spanish). 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511:(in Spanish). 2510: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2401:9780822377382 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2300:Not Even Past 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 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