Plutarco Elías Calles

952:, railroads had been important to economic development and exerting political control over more remote areas. Fighting during the Revolution damaged railways, so rebuilding had been ongoing since the end of the military phase. Calles privatized the railways and a line was built to connect Sonora, Calles's home state, and Mexico City. Even more important, during his presidency, Calles began what became a major infrastructure project to build a road network in Mexico that linked major cities and small villages to the network. He established the National Road Commission as a government agency, envisioning it as a way to increase economic activity by getting crops to market more efficiently, but also as a means to increase the presence of the state in remote communities. Unlike the nineteenth-century railway network, funded by foreign capital and foreign firms, Mexican road construction depended on federal government support and had limited dependence on foreign technology. Mexicans formed road-building companies, most prominently in northern Mexico with revolutionary general 1532:("Aco"), (1901–1976), governor of Nuevo León 1929; Berndardina (died in infancy); Natalia (1904–1998); Hortensia ("Tencha") (1905–1996); Ernestina ("Tinina") (1906–1984); Elodia (1908), died in infancy; María Josefina (1910), died in infancy; Alicia (1911–1988); Alfredo (1913–1988); Artemisa (1915–1998); and Gustavo (1918–1990). After his first wife's death in 1927, he married a young woman from Yucatan, Leonor Llorente, who died of a brain tumor in 1932 at age 29. Calles's own health was not good over his lifetime, and in his later years deteriorated. His problems date from the winter of 1915 when he came down with a rheumatic ailment, likely from extended periods outdoors in sub-freezing temperatures. He also experienced stomach problems and insomnia. The death of his wife Natalia in 1927 was a severe blow personally. Although he remarried in 1930, his second wife Leonor died soon afterwards. 702:, the leader of the Constitutionalist faction that had won the Mexican Revolution. Calles's position put him in charge of the Mexican economy, which had been devastated by the fighting during the civil war. The two main sources of production, mining, and agriculture, had been severely affected by the fighting. The key infrastructure of Mexican railways, which had linked many cities and production sites in Mexico to the national market and to the United States, had been damaged. The national currency in Mexico had been replaced by paper money issued by revolutionary factions without backing by specie. In response to this, many people used the more stable U.S. paper dollars. The lack of currency meant that in agriculture there was no incentive to produce for the market, which led to food shortages. In addition, malnourished populations are more vulnerable to disease, and Mexico suffered from the 980:. Calles was able to devote more government funding to rural education and added two thousand schools to the thousand that his predecessor had established. A key aim of rural education was to integrate Mexico's indigenous population into the nation-state, so Spanish-language instruction was an integral aspect of public education. Along with turning rural indigenous into Spanish speakers, education aimed to create a loyal and patriotic citizenry. Secretary of Education José Manuel Puig Cassauranc developed education materials lauding the accomplishments of Sonorans Obregón and Calles as heirs to the Revolution. The Secretariat of Public Education, based in the capital and controlled by urban intellectuals, could not command rural residents and public school teachers to adhere to the program, so on-site, there was a kind of negotiation about how education was shaped. 1517: 4610: 1580:, joining other major figures, Madero, along with Carranza, Villa, and Cárdenas who in life were his political opponents. For many years, the presidency of Cárdenas was touted as the revival of the ideals of the Revolution, but increasingly the importance of Calles as the founder of the party that brought political stability to Mexico has been recognized. When the son of Lázaro Cárdenas broke with the PRI in 1988, the party leadership began to acknowledge Calles' contributions and leadership as the party's founder. In 1990, a monument to Calles was erected that commemorated his September 1928 speech declaring the end of the age of 1124:

progress that they encompass." He was, however, an enemy of "the political priest, the scheming priest, the priest as exploiter." This position of lauding religion while inveighing against earthly ecclesiastic machinations was central...to the justification of the anticlerical campaign in general. As president, Calles expressed determination to enforce the laws of the 1917 constitution that mandated secular education, banned foreign priests as well as confessional political parties and newspapers, nationalized all church properties, and granted local governments the authority to limit the number of priests.

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language of Article 27 threatened the oil possession of U.S. and European oil companies, especially if the article was applied retroactively. A Mexican Supreme Court decision had ruled that foreign-owned fields could not be seized as long as they were already in operation before the constitution went into effect. The Bucareli Agreements stated that Mexico would agree to respect the Mexican Supreme Court decision in exchange for official recognition from Washington of the presidency of Álvaro Obregón.

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family of school teachers but was himself a small-scale dealer in groceries and alcoholic beverages. Plutarco's uncle was an atheist, and he instilled in his nephew a strong commitment to secular education and an attitude of disdain toward the Roman Catholic Church, which was separated from the state during this time. This was later reflected in his social agenda, which included the expansion of public education and the removal of church influence from education, politics, and unions.

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prominence by creating a cabinet-level position of public health. The ministry was in charge of promoting vaccination against communicable diseases, improving potable water access, sewage and drainage systems, and inspecting restaurants, markets, and other food providers. A new 1926 sanitary code ordered mandatory vaccination and empowered the government to implement other measures for sanitation and hygiene. Also part of the program was the mandatory registration of prostitutes.

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who would return power to the caudillo upon the conclusion of his term." Calles sought to build his own power base. He launched a reform program that was modeled on the one in Sonora. Its intent was to promote economic development, professionalize the army, and promote social and educational welfare. He relied on worker and peasant organizations to support his consolidation of power, particularly

1043: 915: 956:, in 1920s charge of the military in Nuevo León, forming the Anáhuac Construction Company, making him a wealthy man. This extensive infrastructure project "connected the country, increasingly linking people from different regions and towns to national political, economic, and cultural life." Work began on the Mexican section of the 1370:. Calles mentored Treviño and supported him to be the party's nominee at the time, teaching his experiences and policies, but soon yielded to pressure from party officials and agreed to support Cárdenas—a former revolutionary general, governor of Michoacán, and popular land reformer—as the PNR's presidential candidate in the 1218:

Obregón ran unopposed in the 1928 presidential election. He was able to stand as a candidate despite having served as president before. Under Calles's administration in 1926, a constitutional change was passed that allowed for a non-consecutive re-election, and in 1928 Obregón was elected as Calles's

1201:. Where there had been 4,500 priests in Mexico before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion, execution, and assassination. By 1935, seventeen states had no priests at all. 1190:

Almost 100,000 people on both sides died in the war. A truce was negotiated with the assistance of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow in which the Cristeros agreed to lay down their arms. Particularly offensive to Catholics after the truce was Calles's insistence on a complete state monopoly on education,

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and the labor movement, and he drew comparisons to Mexico. His international travel gave him a perspective beyond the Mexican context. He particularly admired the infrastructure and industry in Germany, as well as the strides that a strong organized labor movement had made. He also observed the power

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actions included outlawing religious orders, preventing corruption from the Church. However, Catholic antipathy towards Calles was enhanced because of his vociferous anti-Catholicism. In response to the government's enforcement of anticlerical laws, the Catholic Church called for a clerical strike,

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Calles had implemented a number of reforms in the first two years of his presidency (1924–26) benefiting workers and peasants. In this he followed in the pattern of his predecessor, Obregón. However, in the second two years of his presidency and into his post-presidency, Calles precipitated a major

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Another important legal innovation in Calles's presidency was the Law of Electrical Communications (1926), which asserted the radio airwaves as being under government regulation. Radio stations had to comply with government regulations, which included constraints on religious or political messages,

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The military continued to be very top-heavy with revolutionary generals and the army allocated a third of the national budget. Generals had participated in the De la Huerta rebellion in 1923, which cleared the way for Calles's candidacy. Obregón awarded loyalists following that revolt. The military

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Although Calles was president, he remained in the shadow of Obregón, who had powerful allies in the military and among state governors and the Congress. The contrast between Calles and Obregón was in personality and level of power. "To many, Calles appeared Obregón's creation, a caretaker president

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Morones was appointed to a cabinet position as Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor at the same time that he retained leadership in the CROM. In that position, Morones was able to advance his organization at the expense of rivals. Some independent unions and more radical were forced into the

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Calles became governor of his home state of Sonora in 1915, building a pragmatic reformist political record, which was to promote the rapid growth of the Mexican national economy, the infrastructure of which he helped to establish. In particular, he attempted to make Sonora a dry state (a state in

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Wedding of Fernando Torreblanca y Hortensia Elías Calles, daughter of Plutarco Elías Calles. on August 7, 1922, the civil ceremony took place in the Hacienda de La Hormiga and the religious ceremony took place in Church and former convent of Santa Brígida located in Mexico City in the footage

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Cárdenas had been associated with Calles for over two decades; he had joined Calles's army in Sonora in 1915. For that reason, Calles and his allies trusted Cárdenas, and Calles believed he could work with Cárdenas as he had with his predecessors. Cárdenas soon asserted himself as an independent.

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The debate on the new oil law occurred in 1925, with U.S. interests opposing all initiatives. By 1926, the new law was enacted. In January 1927 the Mexican government canceled the permits of oil companies that would not comply with the law. Talks of war circulated by the U.S. president and in the

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Against claims that revolutionaries sought to destroy the church, officials insisted that they pursued the rule of law. During his presidential campaign, Calles clarified that he was not an "enemy of religion"; he approved of "all religious beliefs because consider them beneficial for the moral

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After the Revolution, public health in Mexico was not in a good state, but it had not been particularly good even during the Porfiriato. The Calles administration sought to improve health and hygiene since the health of citizens was considered important to economic development. He gave the issue

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Scholars review that his hardships in his upbringing; like his social status as a natural or "illegitimate" child, being an orphan, and financial and familial troubles; have all influenced his path, and made him hardworking and determined to overcome such challenges as the eldest to care for his

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was president, and began drafting a new oil law that would strictly enforce article 27 of the Mexican constitution. The oil problem stemmed from Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, which re-stated a law of Spanish origin that made everything under the soil property of the state. The

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in charge of implementing major changes. Many generals had achieved their status as battlefield promotions. The Calles administration called for a change in the law regulating the military, mandating that officers must have professional training to rise in rank. The administration also aimed at

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of his bureaucrat father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, and his mother, María Jesús Campuzano Noriega. He adopted the Calles surname from his mother's sister's husband, Juan Bautista Calles, as he and his wife, María Josefa Campuzano, raised Plutarco after the death of his mother. His uncle was from a

1244:. Stimson replied that the government would take any steps necessary to guarantee Calles's diplomatic protections, including armed force; Calles was escorted across the border back into Mexico by US marines without incident, though Valls promised that "the day of reckoning was only postponed." 1450:

and one-time Minister of Agriculture, were charged with conspiring to blow up a railroad and placed under arrest under the order of President Cárdenas. These were false accusations, framing Calles to exile him. Calles was deported to the United States on 9 April 1936 along with the three last

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Elías Calles is a controversial figure in Mexican history. Supporters have praised his reforms in areas such as health, infrastructure, and public education, as well as his attempts to separate church and state, and for preventing political instability in the wake of Obregón's assassination.

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in Nicaragua, strikes were no longer tolerated, and the government ceased re-distributing lands to poorer peasants. Calles was the candidate of the workers and all for helping those in need of work, campaigning against competing labor organizers, but still opposed and suppressed Communism.

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and had to broadcast government announcements without cost. Although in the 1920s, there were relatively few people owning radios, the regulations were an important assertion of state power. During the Lázaro Cárdenas presidency (1934–40), state control over broadcasts expanded further.

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decreasing corruption by severely penalizing it. Further control was a mandatory retirement age for officers. The most powerful generals were not reined in by such provisions, but Amaro managed to get some cooperation with their enforcement of regulations on subordinates. The

892:, a loyalist of Obregón and served in his cabinet. Pani's classical liberal policies of a balanced budget and stable currency helped restore foreign investors' confidence in Mexico. Pani advised the founding of several banks in support of campesinos, but more importantly, the 1066:

issued a threat against Mexico on 12 June 1925. Calles never considered himself a communist; he considered revolution a way of governing rather than an ideological position. Public opinion in the United States turned particularly anti-Mexican when the first embassy of the

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taking away focus from the Catholic education and introducing secular education in its place, saying: "We must enter and take possession of the consciences of the children, of the consciences of the young, because they do belong, and should belong to the revolution."

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sent naval ships to blockade the Gulf Coast to both prevent the rebels from obtaining arms and deliver arms to Obregón's government. Obregón went to war once again and won a decisive victory against his former comrades-in-arms, 14 of whom were summarily executed.

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family. "To society at large, Plutarco Elías Calles was illegitimate because his parents never married, but he was even more so in the eyes of religion. Denying the authority of religion would at least in part be an attempt to negate his own illegitimacy."

802:, a moderate craft union organization. In 1916 Gompers and Morones put pressure on the Mexican and U.S. governments, which were heading toward war. In Mexico, Morones was credited with aiding the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Mexico sent by U.S. President 489:, and democratic governance. He won the election, and expanded education, implemented infrastructure projects, and improved public health. After this populist phase (1924–1926) he was committed to separating church from state (1926–1928), passing several 549:

Detractors have criticized the escalation of the Cristero War, his crackdowns on labor unions, and for continuing to hold onto power after his presidency. The party he founded, including its two subsequent incarnations, established what Peruvian writer

1144:, which was characterized by reprisals and counter-reprisals. The Mexican government violently persecuted the clergy, massacring suspected Cristeros and their supporters. The conflict ended in 1929 with the mediation of the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, 1071:

in any country was opened in Mexico. On that occasion, the Soviet ambassador remarked that "no other two countries show more similarities than the Soviet Union and Mexico." After this, some in the United States government, considering Calles's regime

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to give natural (illegitimate) children the same rights as those born of married parents, partly as a reaction against the problems he himself often had encountered being a child of unmarried parents. According to false rumors, his parents had been

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continued to be a potential interventionist force in Mexican politics, with generals presuming that they could rise to the presidency. Calles sought to professionalize the army and decrease its share of the national budget, putting

841:. Workers from the CROM, headed by Luis Morones and the Laborist Party of Mexico displayed banners. The release of balloons and doves figured in the spectacle. The De la Huerta rebellion had thinned the ranks of the military. 730:, the Mexican ambassador to the U.S. as his successor. Carranza was forced out of power and died escaping, leaving De la Huerta as interim president. De la Huerta then named Calles to the important post of Minister of War. 1403:

Conflicts between Calles and Cárdenas arose not long after Cárdenas was sworn in. Calles opposed Cárdenas's support for labor unions, especially his tolerance and support for strikes, while Cárdenas opposed Calles's view.

3201:(US) co-presented by Latino Public Broadcasting; 20 July 2010. Filmmaker Natalia Almada works from audio recordings made by her grandmother about Calles, Almada's great-grandfather, relating history to present in Mexico. 761:

The serious military conflict was resolved in favor of Obregón when the U.S. threw its support to him. Obregón's government had acceded to concessions to U.S. business interests, particularly oil, in the August 1923

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In protest of this treatment, the Mexican consulate in Laredo was closed, restricting the flow of tourists and merchandise during the holiday season. The consulate was reopened in January after pressure from

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for president, but Cárdenas exiled him and many of his allies to implement more socialist reforms. Elías Calles was allowed to return to Mexico in 1941, where he died in 1945. His remains are buried in the

1105:, as the United States supported the conservatives. This conflict ended when both countries signed a treaty in which they allowed each other to support the side they considered to be the most democratic. 1343:

as puppets of Calles. Officially, after 1929, Calles served as minister of war as he continued to suppress corruption. Still, a few months later, after the intervention of the United States ambassador

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would describe as "the perfect dictatorship" and ruled Mexico without democratic opposition much of the twentieth century through a combination of corruption, repression, and electoral fraud.

1586:. His speech was made in the aftermath of Obregón's assassination and as the political solution to violence at presidential successions was being resolved by the party he brought into being. 880:, embedding labor rights. The number of labor strikes decreased precipitously during the Calles administration. When railway workers struck in 1926, Morones sent scabs to break the strike. 833:

Calles's inauguration was a great state occasion, with some 50,000 spectators. His predecessor, Obregón, was present for the first peaceful transfer of presidential power since 1884 when

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successor; this amendment was later repealed in 1934. In addition, Mexico passed an amendment to the constitution in 1927 that expanded a presidential term from four years to six years.

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Calles's candidacy was supported by labor and peasant unions. The Laborist Party which supported his government in reality functioned as the political-electoral branch of the powerful

4194: 706:. Calles gained political experience in his months serving in Carranza's government, and his attempt to settle a labor dispute in Orizaba gained him the support of workers there. 4639: 590: 1576:

Calles's legacy remains controversial today, but within the PRI it has undergone a re-appraisal. His remains were moved from their original resting place to be interred in the

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The reaction of the U.S. government to Calles's intention to enforce Article 27 was swift. The American ambassador to Mexico branded Calles a communist, and Secretary of State

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José Valenzuela, Georgette E. "El viaje de Plutarco Elías Calles como president electo por Europa y Estados Unidos." Revista Mexicana de Sociología 57, no. 3 (1995): 191–210.

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Upon his death, on 19 October 1945, the mortal remains of Calles were deposited in the crypt of his godmother with his wife's Natalia Chacón. In 1969, by order of President

617:, leaving his widow with eight children, of which Plutarco was the oldest. The family's fortunes declined precipitously; it lost or sold much of its land, some of it to the 4634: 3154:

Ed. FCE, Miguel Ángel Porrúa, Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca, LXI Legislatura Cámara de Diputados, 2010.

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which alcohol is heavily regulated), promoted education, legislation giving social security and collective bargaining to workers; organized an economic ground for Mexico.

806:. CROM's support for Calles was important for his election. Although the labor movement in Mexico was factionalized, CROM was a staunch supporter of Obregón and Calles. 3791: 613:. Plutarco Elías Calles's father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, lost his own father, José Juan Elías Pérez, in 1865 to battle wounds sustained during the resistance to the 1286:, founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in 1929. The logo has the colors and arrangement of the Mexican flag, with the party's acronym replacing the symbol of the eagle. 1325:

The period that Obregón had been elected to serve, between 1928 and 1934, was when Calles was requested to come in as an advisor but was instead considered the

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which entailed ceasing to celebrate Mass, baptize children, sanctify marriage, and perform rituals for the dead. The clerical strike went on for three years.

1086:. Mexico managed to avoid war through a series of diplomatic maneuvers. Soon afterward, a direct telephone link was established between Calles and President 4664: 4024: 3270: 2541: 4674: 1194:

The effects of Calles's policy on the Church were between 1926 and 1934. At least 4,000 priests were killed or expelled; one of the most famous was the

2892: 1302:, a Catholic militant, before he could assume power. Calles was ineligible to return to the presidency, but he took steps to avoid a political vacuum. 1098:. Morrow won the Calles government over to the United States position and helped negotiate an agreement between the government and the oil companies. 4180: 876:

umbrella of the moderate CROM. Wage increases and betterment of working conditions were evidence that Calles sought to implement Article 123 of the

1482:(1940–1946) allowed Calles to return to Mexico under the reconciliation policy of Cárdenas's successor in 1941. He spent his last years quietly in 909: 3310: 2726: 1204:

The conflict weakened Calles politically, and that weakness paved the way for Alvaro Obregón to return to the presidency in the 1928 election.

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As a young man, Calles worked in many different jobs, from bartender to schoolteacher, and always had an affinity for political opportunities.

1374:. By this time, the PNR had become so entrenched that Cárdenas' victory was a foregone conclusion; he won with almost 98 percent of the vote. 1151:

On 14 June 1926, President Calles enacted anticlerical legislation known formally as The Law Reforming the Penal Code and unofficially as the

1347:, the Mexican government and the Cristeros signed a peace treaty. During the Maximato, Calles served as Minister of Industry and Commerce. 4921: 4876: 4129: 3742: 698:

In 1919, Calles travelled to Mexico City to take up the post of Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor in the government of President

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Young, Julia G. (July 2013). "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926–1929".

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of Mexican politics, with only Rodríguez able to assert much true influence. During this period, Elías Calles became more ideologically

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Obregón won the 1928 election, but was assassinated as president-elect. Elías Calles prevented political instability by founding the

498: 1501:, attending weekly sessions at the Mexican Circle of Metapsychic Investigations, and coming to profess belief "in a Supreme Being". 1455:

in Mexico—Morones, Luis León (leader of the Radical Civic Union in Mexico), and General Rafael Melchor Ortega (one-time Governor of

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Elías Calles on the cover of Time magazine in 1924. He was the first Mexican president to be featured on the cover of Time magazine.

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Keith A. Haynes, "Order and Progress: The Revolutionary Ideology of Alberto J. Pani." PhD. Diss. Northern Illinois University 1981.

1030:. In order not to draw too much attention to his unhappy childhood, Calles chose to ignore those rumors rather than to fight them. 1329:, the "maximum chief," and the power behind the presidency; and was a title he never used for himself. The period is known as the 4916: 4906: 4901: 2308: 2465: 2435: 4098: 4077: 3405: 3001: 1899: 1493:

Back in Mexico, Calles's political position became more moderate; in 1942, he supported Mexico's declaration of war upon the

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Young, Julia G. "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926-1929."

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Due to Calles's strict enforcement of anti-clerical laws, people in strongly Catholic areas, especially the states of

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Khan, M. A. & Lara-Garcia, A., (2021) “A “Perfect Dictatorship”: The PRI, Corruption, and Autocracy in Mexico”,

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presidential campaign in Mexico's history, as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, further

4946: 4881: 4805: 4161: 3735: 3708: 3664: 3319: 1657: 1642: 1617:) as being "unjust", for a "hateful" attitude and for the "ferocity" of the war which he waged against the Church. 454: 653:, under whom he became a police commissioner, and his ability to align himself with the Constitutionalists led by 4810: 1431: 1273: 1130: 431: 3006:

Buchenau, Jürgen, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. “Plutarco Elías Calles and Revolutionary-Era Populism in Mexico.” in

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Calles monument inaugurated in 1990, commemorating his speech of September 1928 declaring the end of the age of

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With the Institutional Revolutionary Party now firmly in control and in the spirit of national unity, President

4926: 1647: 4272: 3842: 3390: 3370: 2545: 3420: 3296: 1784: 1371: 1213: 766:. Obregón pushed through ratification in the Mexican congress, and the U.S. then moved decisively. President 4368: 4262: 3912: 3516: 3365: 2620:"PROSECUTOR DECIDES NOT TO ARREST CALLES. Laredo Official, Warned by Stimson, Says He Will Respect Immunity" 2071:

Waters, Wendy. "Remapping Identities: Road Construction and Nation Building in Postrevolutionary Mexico" in

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Another source of conflict with the United States was Mexico's support for the liberals in the civil war in

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Weis, Robert. "The Revolution on Trial: Assassination, Christianity, and the Rule of Law in 1920s Mexico."

799: 678: 670: 661:) allowed him to move up the ranks quickly, allowing him to attain the rank of general by 1915. He led the 4729: 4087: 3491: 2291:

Robert Weis, "The Revolution on Trial: Assassination, Christianity, and the Rule of Law in 1920s Mexico."

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Soto Laveaga, Gabriela and Claudia Agostoni, "Science and Public Health in the Century of Revolution" in

742:. During the Obregón presidency (1920–24), Calles aligned himself with organized labor, particularly the 427: 4815: 4749: 4235: 1950:

Buford, Nick. "A Biography of Luis N. Morones", PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University 1971, p. 20

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notifying the federal government of Valls's intent to arrest Calles on a warrant for the 1922 murder of

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Copper Company, whose labor practices resulted in a major strike at the turn of the twentieth century.

435: 4820: 3989: 3953: 3556: 3435: 1593:, Hermosillo, and his hometown of Guaymas. The official name of the municipality of Sonoyta is called 1525: 1362:

By the summer of 1933, two of Calles's former wartime subordinates had risen to the top of the party:

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and Laredo city officials to offer assurances that Mexican citizens would not be unlawfully molested.

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Compromised Positions: Prostitution, Public Health, and Gender Politics in Revolutionary Mexico City

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as an institution, and Mexican Catholics. Calles did not recognize the freedom to join the church.

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During the Calles presidency, he relied on the financial acumen of his Secretary of the Treasury,

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of part of Mexico's foreign debt. After coming into conflict with Calles, Pani resigned in 1927.

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Populism in Twentieth Century Mexico: The Presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría,

2241: 2205:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, pp. 243–258 2115: 1548:

in Mexico City where the remains of Madero, Carranza, Villa, Cárdenas, and Calles are entombed

1183:, began to oppose him, and on 1 January 1927, a war cry went up from the faithful Catholics, " 953: 505:

to consolidate unions under the Laborist Party, and launched a failed attempted to cancel the

4866: 3536: 3468: 2345: 1011: 605:, where, as commander of the presidio of Terrenate, he played a role in the wars against the 509:. Obregón still held significant political sway and was Elías Calles's main base of support. 4775: 4724: 4714: 4134: 3659: 3619: 3410: 3047:

The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama

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from this point on. In 1915 his forces repelled the Conventionalist faction in Sonora under

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through the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR)—known today as the

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on the Mexico-Guatemala border. Road building was financed internally with a gasoline tax.

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Cultural Politics and the Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930–1940

2075:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 224. 940: 394:; 25 September 1877 – 19 October 1945) was a Mexican soldier and politician who served as 8: 4795: 4654: 4644: 3968: 3867: 3857: 3837: 3693: 3634: 3581: 3566: 3561: 3541: 3521: 3238: 3231: 3103:, Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana, 1998. 3010:

edited by Amelia M. Kiddle and María L. O. Muñoz, (U of Arizona Press, 2010), pp. 38–57.

1435: 1336: 1055: 1050:

One of the major points of contention with the U.S. was oil. Calles quickly rejected the

723: 719: 715: 699: 662: 654: 650: 614: 586: 521: 474: 470: 462: 458: 415: 399: 395: 150: 97: 74: 4780: 3380: 3164: 1467: 977: 589:, most often recorded as Elías González. The first of this line to settle in Mexico was 4739: 4734: 4699: 3751: 3330: 2978:

Aguilar Camín, Héctor. "The Relevant Tradition: Sonoran Leaders in the Revolution." in

2392: 1909: 1652: 1566: 1278: 1091: 658: 550: 466: 439: 419: 375: 117: 4704: 3654: 3624: 3526: 3375: 3355: 893: 794:. Morones had a national reputation as a labor leader and had forged an alliance with 469:, which allowed him to rise in politics, joining the cabinets of Presidents Carranza, 4744: 4649: 4243: 3973: 3963: 3847: 3765: 3704: 3669: 3576: 3531: 3455: 3263: 3248: 3034: 2997: 2471: 2441: 2396: 2355: 2314: 2262: 1895: 1709: 1423: 1419: 1303: 1290: 1140:, which led to a violent and lengthy conflict known as the Cristero Rebellion or the 976:

Education had been an important part of Obregón's administration, particularly under

602: 517: 109: 3887: 3501: 3473: 3440: 2813: 2201:

Joy Elizabeth Hays, "National Imaginings on the Air: Radio in Mexico, 1920–1940" in

1504:

He died in Mexico City at 14:20 CST (20:20 GMT) on 19 October 1945, at age 68, of a

812:

Shortly before his inauguration, Calles had traveled to Germany and France to study

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Calles's main legacy was the pacification of Mexico, ending the violent era of the

1540: 1427: 1415: 1306:

was appointed temporary president, while Calles created a new political party, the

1249: 1136:

During his term as president, he moved to enforce the anticlerical articles of the

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Calles married Natalia Chacón (1879–1927) and the marriage produced 12 children.

1443: 1087: 1051: 961: 889: 869: 854: 791: 767: 763: 747: 506: 502: 3907: 3450: 2776:"Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas / Anuario de Historia de América Latina" 733: 4629: 4424: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3877: 3425: 3026: 1082: 1015: 803: 795: 3345: 3202: 3182: 2847:. No. 3577. Victoria, Australia. 18 April 1936. p. 9 (FIRST EDITION) 2838: 2747: 2698:"REOPEN LAREDO CONSULATE. Mexicans and Local Business People Join in Ceremony" 932:

was reformed under Amaro and remained a hope for the improvement of officers.

58: 4835: 3958: 2203:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

2073:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

1713: 1634: 1344: 1237: 1233: 1156: 1145: 1095: 910:

Military history of Mexico § Calles presidency and the military, 1924-28

844: 3816: 988: 561: 4501: 4483: 4432: 4139: 4057: 3852: 3186: 3139:

Plutarco Elías Calles; Pensamiento Político y Social. Antología (1913-1936)

3108:

El relevo del caudillo: De cómo y por qué Calles fue candidato presidencial

2843: 1932:, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 195-96. 1601: 1600:

For his actions that portray him as anti-clerical, Calles was denounced by

1241: 1141: 1114: 1068: 674: 533: 494: 486: 447: 357: 29: 2388: 1180: 3649: 3011: 1494: 1483: 897: 703: 203: 3064: 1691: 865: 641: 585:

Plutarco's father's family was descended from a prominent family in the

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Mexico: biography of power : a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996

1704: 1605: 1505: 1487: 1456: 1386: 1198: 1172: 1152: 1023: 1006: 949: 714:

In 1920, he aligned himself with fellow Sonoran revolutionary generals

443: 1862:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Tarrytown, New York, 2002. Page 124. 1438:

and finally Calles himself. Calles and head of the labor organization

774: 601:, Mexico in 1729. Eventually, Francisco Elías González moved north to 3720: 2748:

Calles, Plutarco Elias, Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05

1582: 1470:, the Mexican philosopher who had previously been a political enemy. 1463: 1253: 1168: 1102: 1073: 965: 636: 598: 529: 2594:"CALLES CROSSES BORDER. Marines Guard General's Train Through Texas" 1022:(The Turk). His detractors drew comparisons between Calles and the " 825: 4149: 4019: 3780: 3092:

Horn, James. "El embajador Sheffield contra el presidente Calles."

1558: 1462:

In exile in the United States, Calles was with family and lived in

1331: 1269: 1027: 482: 411: 407: 2310:

Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency

1259: 3178: 2383:. The Academy of American Franciscan History: 69 in pages 63–91. 2280:

Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996

2229:

Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996

2164:

Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996

1891:

The Sonoran Dynasty in Mexico: Revolution, Reform, and Repression

1590: 1164: 618: 566: 182: 33: 2982:. D. A. Brading, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980. 1042: 914: 3193: 2324: 1410:

from political posts and exiling many of his political allies:

1195: 1176: 666: 610: 339: 186: 2282:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Pages 417–419. 1846:. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, 2002. Page 203. 481:'s candidate in the 1924 election. His campaign was the first 3785: 3021:

Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919–1936

2190:

Plutarco Elías Campuzano, mal conocido como presidente Calles

1406:

Cárdenas started to isolate Calles politically, removing the

738:

Obregón was elected president in 1920 and he named Calles as

734:

Obregón administration, De la Huerta revolt, election of 1924

606: 4202: 2303: 2301: 1854: 1852: 2504:

Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history

2192:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Pages 9–11. 1439: 944:

1933 map of the Mexican portion of the Pan-American Highway

3152:

Plutarco Elías Calles: Correspondencia Personal 1919-1945.

3085:

De la Buerta y Calles: Los límites politicos de la Amistad

2697: 2671: 2645: 2619: 2593: 2567: 2298: 2231:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Page 417. 2166:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Page 412. 2002:, vol. 4, p. 286. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996. 1849: 1354:

was banned, Mexico stopped its support for the rebels of

693: 2437:

Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899

2410: 2408: 2406: 1808: 1806: 726:. Carranza had attempted to choose an unknown civilian, 1774:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.2007, 1459:). His son Alfredo and his secretary were also exiled. 918:

General Joaquín Amaro, who implemented military reforms

896:, Mexico's national bank. Pani also managed to achieve 709: 2033:, vol. 2, pp. 1046–48. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 1831:

Vida y temperamento de Plutarco Elías Calles 1877–1920

1037: 3146:

Vida y Temperamento: Plutarco Elías Calles, 1877-1920

2467:

Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People

2403: 2101:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1998, pp. 3–30. 1803: 1232:

In December of 1929, District Attorney John Valls of

4862:

Candidates in the 1924 Mexican presidential election

2985:

Brown, Lyle C. "The Calles-Cárdenas Connection." in

1624: 1497:. Upon his return to Mexico he became interested in 1473: 1335:(1928–1934), with many regarding Emilio Portes Gil, 2054: 2052: 2775: 2000:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1026:", the anti-Christian leaders from the era of the 637:Participation in the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1917 2506:, Coerver, Don M. and Suzanne B. Pasztor, pg. 55. 2218:. Greenwood Press, Westport, 2000. Pages 157–158. 2153:. University Park: Penn State Press 2001, pp. 1–5 2140:, Ed. William H. Beezley. Blackwell, 2011, p. 567 1692:"Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta"" 1076:, started to refer to Mexico as "Soviet Mexico". 4833: 2994:Plutarco Elias Calles and the Mexican Revolution 2690: 2664: 2638: 2612: 2586: 2560: 2337: 2049: 1772:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 1377: 410:leader from 1929 to 1934, a period known as the 3208:Newspaper clippings about Plutarco Elías Calles 3120:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1987. 3118:Reformar desde el origen: Plutarco Elias Calles 3049:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010. 2343: 40: and the second or maternal family name is 3101:La campaña presidencial de 1923–1924 en México 2980:Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution 398:from 1924 to 1928. After the assassination of 4872:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians 4188: 3736: 3304: 2313:, p. 70 (2006 University Press of Kentucky), 2112:"Presidentes mexicanos en la portada de Time" 1928:John Womack, Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in 1148:with the Mexican government and the Vatican. 1129:conflict between the Mexican government, the 438:. During his presidency, he implemented many 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 1730:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, pp. 404–405. 1689: 1678:Arizona Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1227: 414:. Previously, he served as a general in the 3078:Calles y el movimiento liberal en Nicaragua 2872: 2470:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 393. 1998:Roderic Ai Camp, "Alberto Pani Arteaga" in 1508:after surviving surgery earlier that week. 87:1 December 1924 – 30 November 1928 4195: 4181: 3743: 3729: 3311: 3297: 2996:(Denver: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006). 2855:– via National Library of Australia. 2799:Meyer, Michael C. and Sherman, William L. 2542:"Mexico - Reference Information - History" 2138:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture 1829:, p. 406, citing Macías Richard, Gerardo. 1615:On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico 1054:of 1923 between the U.S. and Mexico, when 569:José Juan Elías. His paternal grandfather. 57: 4104:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 3173:Plutarco Elías Calles can be seen in the 3023:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961. 2759: 2721: 2719: 2295:(May 2016), 96 #2, p319-353, at page 323. 1703: 1528:(1900–1965), governor of Sonora 1931–34; 1350:After a large demonstration in 1930, the 1236:sent a telegram to US Secretary of State 788:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 744:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 446:reforms, opposition to which sparked the 4204:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit 3318: 2414: 2020:Meyer, "Mexico in the 1920s" pp. 219–20. 1941:Womack, "The Mexican Revolution", p. 200 1887: 1690:Vargas Llosa, Mario (1 September 1990). 1551: 1539: 1520:Plutarco Elías Calles and Natalia Chacón 1515: 1446:, one of the last remaining influential 1385: 1298:President-elect Obregón was murdered by 1289: 1277: 1108: 1046:Dwight Morrow, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 1041: 987: 939: 913: 864: 843: 824: 820: 773: 640: 631: 560: 556: 3168:by Plutarco Elías Calles at archive.org 3148:. Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, 1995. 3125:Calles y su gobierno: Ensayo biográfico 2433: 1466:. During this time, he also befriended 817:of populist rhetoric to build support. 297: 1930; died 1932) 4834: 3750: 3087:, Boletín 23. Mexico City: FAPEC 1996. 2716: 1894:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–20. 694:Service in the Carranza administration 406:and held unofficial power as Mexico's 267: 4176: 4099:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 3724: 3292: 3132:Plutarco Elias Calles desde su exilio 2672:"STIMSON AND MOODY CLASH OVER LAREDO" 2374: 1870: 1868: 1090:, and the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, 780:American Federation of Labor Building 684: 18:President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928 2460: 1766: 1764: 1571:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 1320:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 710:Revolt of the Sonoran generals, 1920 516:in 1929. During the presidencies of 430:. During the Maximato, he served as 218:Monument to the Revolution Spanish: 21:For the municipality in Sonora, see 4922:Mexican secretaries of the interior 4877:Laborist Party (Mexico) politicians 4010:Querétaro Constitutional Convention 3141:. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1988. 3054:Hispanic American Historical Review 2646:"HOOVER DISCUSSES TANGLE AT LAREDO" 2293:Hispanic American Historical Review 1314:, PNR), the predecessor of today's 1119:According to historian Robert Weis: 1038:Petroleum and U.S.-Mexico relations 809:In 1924, Calles won the election. 271: 13: 2972: 2893:"Gen. Calles Dies In Mexico At 68" 2423:. Eternal Word Television Network. 1865: 1595:Plutarco Elías Calles Municipality 1394:, his remains were transferred to 1372:1934 Mexican Presidential election 1222: 575:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano 536:. In 1934, Elías Calles supported 392:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano 170:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano 23:Plutarco Elías Calles Municipality 14: 4958: 4897:Mexican people of Spanish descent 4857:20th-century presidents of Mexico 4093:Institutional Revolutionary Party 3177:National Film Archives of México 3158: 3110:. Mexico City: El Caballito 1982. 2803:(5th E. Oxford Univ. Press 1995). 2332:"THE CRISTERO REBELLION – PART 1" 2029:Cristina Puga, "Alberto Pani" in 1844:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940 1761: 1755:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940 1474:Return from exile and final years 1316:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1294:Mexican flag during Calles's term 935: 514:Institutional Revolutionary Party 404:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4942:People of the Mexican Revolution 4912:Mexican secretaries of education 4852:20th-century Mexican politicians 4608: 4162:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 3679: 3033:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 2727:"MEXICO: Solution Without Blood" 1658:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 1643:List of heads of state of Mexico 1627: 1511: 1252:and the Chamber of Commerce led 1207: 983: 722:to overthrow Carranza under the 593:(1707–1790), who emigrated from 350: 332: 2956: 2943: 2937: 2932:Leonor Llorente de Elías Calles 2924: 2911: 2885: 2859: 2831: 2806: 2793: 2741: 2733:. 20 April 1936. Archived from 2534: 2509: 2497: 2484: 2454: 2427: 2368: 2285: 2272: 2249: 2234: 2221: 2208: 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2104: 2091: 2078: 2065: 2036: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1992: 1979: 1966: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1922: 1881: 1836: 1312:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 1284:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 1274:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 1131:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico 432:Secretariat of Public Education 294: 263: 4917:Mexican Secretaries of Finance 4907:Mexican Secretaries of Economy 4902:Mexican secretaries of defense 3130:Loyo Camacho, Martha Beatriz. 3106:José Valenzuela, Georgette E. 3099:José Valenzuela, Georgette E. 2246:, p. 418, Harper Collins 1998. 1819: 1777: 1758:, p. 203-204, UNM Press, 2002. 1746: 1733: 1720: 1683: 1670: 1648:History of democracy in Mexico 1589:He is honored with statues in 1187:", long live Christ the King! 657:(the political winners of the 477:. Obregón selected him as the 434:, Secretary of War again, and 1: 3807:French Intervention in Mexico 3096:20, no. 2 (oct 1970): 265–84. 3070: 3056:(May 2016), 96#2, pp.319-353. 2801:The Course of Mexican History 1914:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 1663: 1260:Founding a new party and the 1214:1928 Mexican general election 964:at the U.S.-Mexico border to 778:Plutarco Elías Calles at the 528:, Elías Calles served as the 453:Born on 25 September 1877 in 315:María Jesús Campuzano Noriega 4125:Liberation Army of the South 4053:Mexican Constitution of 1917 4005:Convention of Aguascalientes 2258:Revolutions in World History 1860:Mexico and the United States 1791:. U.S. National Park Service 1530:Plutarco Elías Calles Chacón 1308:National Revolutionary Party 1000: 971: 800:American Federation of Labor 230:National Revolutionary Party 32:, the first or paternal 7: 3665:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 3391:Francisco Javier Echeverría 3371:Antonio López de Santa Anna 3212:20th Century Press Archives 2434:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 2261:, p. 30 (2004, Routledge), 1620: 903: 402:, Elías Calles founded the 10: 4963: 4088:Monument to the Revolution 3913:Francisco León de la Barra 3771:Economic History of Mexico 3517:Francisco León de la Barra 3031:Mexico: Biography of Power 2930:Quirós Martínez, Roberto. 2880:Mexico: Biography of Power 2177:Mexico: Biography of Power 1827:Mexico: Biography of Power 1785:"Francisco Elías Gonzalez" 1728:Mexico: Biography of Power 1578:Monument to the Revolution 1546:Monument to the Revolution 1432:Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco 1267: 1211: 1112: 1018:, giving him the nickname 907: 883: 649:Calles was a supporter of 543:Monument to the Revolution 493:laws that resulted in the 27: 20: 4763: 4617: 4606: 4210: 4112: 4040: 4025:United States involvement 3982: 3946: 3825: 3758: 3688: 3677: 3640:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 3492:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 3326: 3277: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3236: 3228: 3223: 2440:. Brassey's. p. 33. 1930:Mexico Since Independence 1888:Buchenau, Jürgen (2023). 1833:. Mexico 1995, pp. 71–72. 1535: 1396:Monumento a la Revolución 1228:Attempted arrest in Texas 740:Secretary of the Interior 457:, Elías Calles fought in 428:Secretary of the Interior 381: 371: 363: 345: 327: 322: 305: 240: 225: 220:Monumento a la Revolución 214: 193: 165: 160: 156: 144: 134: 123: 115: 103: 91: 80: 72: 68: 56: 49: 4240:González Pérez de Angulo 3853:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 3587:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 3256:Awards and achievements 3144:Richard, Macías Carlos. 3083:Castro Martínez, Pedro. 2987:Twentieth-Century Mexico 2415:Van Hove, Brian (1994). 2352:Lynne Rienner Publishers 2344:Shirk, David A. (2005). 2188:Medina-Navascues, Tere. 1005:Calles changed Mexico's 860: 591:Francisco Elías González 436:Secretary of the Economy 252:Natalia Chacón Amarillas 4947:Politicians from Sonora 4882:Mexican anti-communists 4015:Pancho Villa Expedition 3990:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 3954:Plan of San Luis Potosí 3557:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 3436:Manuel María Lombardini 3401:José Joaquín de Herrera 3166:Mexico Before the World 2417:"Blood-Drenched Altars" 2334:, Mexico Connect, 1996. 1352:Mexican Communist Party 1080:editorial pages of the 4351:Fernández del Castillo 4048:Emigration from Mexico 3983:Political developments 3843:José María Pino Suárez 3512:Manuel González Flores 3431:Juan Bautista Ceballos 3271:Cover of Time Magazine 2031:Encyclopedia of Mexico 1604:(r. 1922–1939) in the 1562: 1549: 1521: 1399: 1319: 1311: 1295: 1287: 1126: 1047: 993: 945: 919: 872: 849: 830: 783: 758:, radical agrarians. 646: 570: 4927:Mexican spiritualists 4073:1968 student protests 3893:Plutarco Elías Calles 3572:Plutarco Elías Calles 3537:Francisco S. Carvajal 3469:Manuel Robles Pezuela 3366:Valentín Gómez Farías 3045:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent. 2951:Plutarco Elías Calles 2919:Plutarco Elías Calles 2492:Plutarco Elías Calles 2389:10.1353/tam.2013.0058 2347:Mexico's New Politics 2307:Joes, Anthony James. 2255:Richards, Michael D. 2216:The history of Mexico 2086:Plutarco Elías Calles 2060:Plutarco Elías Calles 2044:Plutarco Elías Calles 1987:Plutarco Elías Calles 1974:Plutarco Elías Calles 1961:Plutarco Elías Calles 1876:Plutarco Elías Calles 1842:Gonzales, Michael J. 1752:Gonzales, Michael J. 1555: 1543: 1519: 1412:Tomás Garrido Canabal 1389: 1293: 1281: 1121: 1109:Church-state conflict 1045: 991: 943: 917: 868: 847: 829:Plutarco Elías Calles 828: 821:Presidency, 1924–1928 777: 679:Battle of Agua Prieta 665:in his home state of 645:Plutarco Elías Calles 644: 632:Before the presidency 564: 557:Early life and career 388:Plutarco Elías Calles 364:Years of service 312:Plutarco Elías Lucero 51:Plutarco Elías Calles 4412:Arrangoiz y Berzábal 3873:Ricardo Flores Magón 3792:Constitution of 1857 3610:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 3605:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3600:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3552:Roque González Garza 3451:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 3416:Pedro María de Anaya 3361:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 3351:Anastasio Bustamante 3341:José María Bocanegra 3320:Presidents of Mexico 3063:70.1 (2013): 63-91. 2963:Iniquis afflictisque 2814:"Falleció Luís León" 2737:on 25 November 2011. 2517:"Mexico – President" 1610:Iniquis afflictisque 1526:Rodolfo Elías Calles 1480:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1364:Manuel Pérez Treviño 1254:Texas governor Moody 1138:Constitution of 1917 1094:, was replaced with 958:Pan-American Highway 878:Mexican Constitution 704:Spanish flu pandemic 671:José María Maytorena 577:, he was one of two 270:; died 140:José María Maytorena 4932:People from Guaymas 4573:García de la Cadena 4540:González Echeverría 4317:Gómez de la Cortina 3969:Plan of Agua Prieta 3903:José Yves Limantour 3858:Venustiano Carranza 3838:Francisco I. Madero 3694:President of Mexico 3635:Miguel de la Madrid 3630:José López Portillo 3615:Adolfo López Mateos 3582:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 3562:Adolfo de la Huerta 3542:Venustiano Carranza 3522:Francisco I. Madero 3497:José María Iglesias 3464:Félix María Zuloaga 3239:President of Mexico 3127:. Mexico City 1931. 2753:16 May 2008 at the 2462:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo 2149:Bliss, Katherine E. 2116:El Siglo de Torreón 2097:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 1451:highly-influential 1436:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1337:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1052:Bucareli Agreements 954:Juan Andreu Almazán 724:Plan of Agua Prieta 716:Adolfo de la Huerta 700:Venustiano Carranza 663:Constitutional Army 655:Venustiano Carranza 651:Francisco I. Madero 615:French Intervention 587:Provincias Internas 522:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 471:Adolfo de la Huerta 463:Constitutional Army 459:Venustiano Carranza 416:Constitutional Army 396:President of Mexico 151:Adolfo de la Huerta 75:President of Mexico 4937:People from Sonora 4135:División del Norte 4130:Constitutionalists 3918:Félix Díaz Velasco 3752:Mexican Revolution 3660:Enrique Peña Nieto 3620:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 3479:José Ignacio Pavón 3411:José Mariano Salas 3331:Guadalupe Victoria 3224:Political offices 3076:Buchenau, Jürgen. 3019:Dulles, John W.F. 2992:Buchenau, Jürgen. 2934:. Mexico City 1933 2897:The New York Times 2702:The New York Times 2678:. 20 December 1929 2676:The New York Times 2650:The New York Times 2626:. 16 December 1929 2624:The New York Times 2600:. 17 December 1929 2598:The New York Times 2574:. 14 December 1929 2572:The New York Times 2521:Globalsecurity.org 2421:Faith & Reason 2214:Kirkwood, Burton. 2118:. 13 February 2014 1770:Buchanau, Jürgen, 1705:10.4000/alhim.8256 1653:Mexican Revolution 1567:Mexican Revolution 1563: 1550: 1522: 1400: 1392:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1341:Abelardo Rodríguez 1300:José de León Toral 1296: 1288: 1092:James R. Sheffield 1048: 994: 946: 920: 873: 850: 831: 784: 746:(CROM), headed by 685:Governor of Sonora 659:Mexican Revolution 647: 571: 551:Mario Vargas Llosa 526:Abelardo Rodríguez 467:Mexican Revolution 440:left-wing populist 420:Governor of Sonora 376:Mexican Revolution 118:Governor of Sonora 4829: 4828: 4460:De Haro y Tamariz 4437:Esteva y González 4373:De Haro y Tamariz 4340:De Haro y Tamariz 4170: 4169: 4083:Historical Museum 3974:Plan of San Diego 3964:Plan of Guadalupe 3848:Victoriano Huerta 3766:History of Mexico 3718: 3717: 3705:Emperor of Mexico 3672:(President-elect) 3670:Claudia Sheinbaum 3577:Emilio Portes Gil 3547:Eulalio Gutiérrez 3532:Victoriano Huerta 3456:Ignacio Comonfort 3421:Manuel de la Peña 3396:Valentín Canalizo 3287: 3286: 3278:Succeeded by 3264:Chauncey M. Depew 3249:Emilio Portes Gil 3246:Succeeded by 3175:Cineteca Nacional 3116:Krauze, Enrique. 3094:Historia Mexicana 3002:978-0-7425-3749-1 2899:. 20 October 1945 2878:Krauze, Enrique. 2704:. 18 January 1930 2652:. 12 January 1930 2278:Krauze, Enrique. 2240:Krauze, Enrique. 2227:Krauze, Enrique. 2162:Krauze, Enrique. 1901:978-1-4962-3613-5 1726:Krauze, Enrique. 1424:Saturnino Cedillo 1420:Emilio Portes Gil 1304:Emilio Portes Gil 1185:¡Viva Cristo Rey! 518:Emilio Portes Gil 385: 384: 180:25 September 1877 110:Emilio Portes Gil 4954: 4892:Mexican generals 4887:Mexican atheists 4612: 4579:De Landero y Cos 4562:De Landero y Cos 4440:Aguirre González 4418:Iturbe y Anciola 4362:Iturbe y Anciola 4197: 4190: 4183: 4174: 4173: 3938:Genovevo de la O 3826:Important people 3745: 3738: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3683: 3682: 3381:José Justo Corro 3336:Vicente Guerrero 3313: 3306: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3275:8 December 1924 3261:Preceded by 3229:Preceded by 3221: 3220: 3137:Macías, Carlos. 3123:Kubli, Luciano. 2966: 2965:, 12, 15, 19–20. 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2772: 2757: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2548:on 13 March 2013 2544:. 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Kellogg 978:José Vasconcelos 814:social democracy 728:Ignacio Bonillas 579:natural children 545:in Mexico City. 424:Secretary of War 356: 354: 353: 338: 336: 335: 323:Military service 298: 296: 275: 273: 269: 265: 200: 179: 177: 161:Personal details 147: 137: 128: 106: 94: 85: 61: 47: 46: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4759: 4715:Beteta Monsalve 4690:Beteta Quintana 4613: 4604: 4582:Fuentes y Muñiz 4512:Lerdo de Tejada 4489:Lerdo de Tejada 4206: 4201: 4171: 4166: 4108: 4078:Popular culture 4068:Mexican miracle 4036: 4000:Morelos Commune 3978: 3942: 3898:Lázaro Cárdenas 3863:Emiliano Zapata 3821: 3754: 3749: 3719: 3714: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3655:Felipe Calderón 3645:Ernesto Zedillo 3625:Luis Echeverría 3595:Lázaro Cárdenas 3591: 3527:Pedro Lascuráin 3483: 3460: 3406:Mariano Paredes 3376:Miguel Barragán 3356:Melchor Múzquiz 3322: 3317: 3283: 3281:Dwight F. Davis 3274: 3266: 3251: 3242: 3234: 3161: 3073: 3027:Krauze, Enrique 2975: 2973:Further reading 2970: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2760: 2755:Wayback Machine 2746: 2742: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2413: 2404: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2306: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2273: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1762: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1538: 1514: 1476: 1444:Luis N. Morones 1384: 1368:Lázaro Cárdenas 1276: 1268:Main articles: 1266: 1230: 1225: 1223:Post-presidency 1216: 1210: 1117: 1111: 1088:Calvin Coolidge 1040: 1003: 986: 974: 938: 930:Colegio Militar 912: 906: 894:Banco de México 890:Alberto J. Pani 886: 870:Luis N. Morones 863: 855:Luis N. Morones 839:Manuel González 823: 792:Luis N. Morones 790:(CROM), led by 768:Calvin Coolidge 764:Bucareli Treaty 748:Luis N. Morones 736: 712: 696: 687: 639: 634: 559: 538:Lázaro Cárdenas 507:Bucareli Treaty 503:Luis N. Morones 351: 349: 333: 331: 318: 301: 300: 292: 288: 285: 284:Leonor Llorente 277: 261: 257: 254: 232: 226:Political party 202: 198: 197:19 October 1945 181: 175: 173: 172: 171: 145: 135: 129: 124: 104: 92: 86: 81: 64: 63:Calles in 1924. 52: 45: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4960: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4806:González Anaya 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4750:Ortiz Martínez 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4710:López Portillo 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4556:Mejía Escalada 4554: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463:Sierra y Rosso 4461: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4387:Suárez Iriarte 4385: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4236:García Salinas 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223:García Illueca 4221: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995:Decena trágica 3992: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3933:Manuel Palafox 3930: 3928:Eufemio Zapata 3925: 3923:Bernardo Reyes 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3888:Aquiles Serdán 3885: 3880: 3878:Pascual Orozco 3875: 3870: 3868:Álvaro Obregón 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3699:Vice president 3689: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3567:Álvaro Obregón 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3502:Juan N. Méndez 3499: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3474:Miguel Miramón 3471: 3466: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441:Martín Carrera 3438: 3433: 3428: 3426:Mariano Arista 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3235: 3232:Álvaro Obregón 3230: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3205: 3184: 3170: 3160: 3159:External links 3157: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3024: 3016: 3015: 3004: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2955: 2942: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2884: 2871: 2858: 2839:"MEXICAN COUP" 2830: 2805: 2792: 2758: 2740: 2715: 2689: 2663: 2637: 2611: 2585: 2559: 2533: 2508: 2496: 2483: 2476: 2453: 2446: 2426: 2402: 2367: 2360: 2336: 2323: 2297: 2284: 2271: 2248: 2233: 2220: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2168: 2155: 2142: 2129: 2114:(in Spanish). 2103: 2090: 2077: 2064: 2048: 2035: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1991: 1978: 1965: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1921: 1900: 1880: 1864: 1848: 1835: 1818: 1802: 1776: 1760: 1745: 1743:, p. 405. 1732: 1719: 1682: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1622: 1619: 1597:in his honor. 1537: 1534: 1513: 1510: 1475: 1472: 1383: 1376: 1265: 1258: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1083:New York Times 1056:Álvaro Obregón 1039: 1036: 1002: 999: 985: 982: 973: 970: 937: 936:Infrastructure 934: 905: 902: 885: 882: 862: 859: 848:Calles in 1925 822: 819: 804:Woodrow Wilson 798:, head of the 796:Samuel Gompers 752:Laborist Party 735: 732: 720:Álvaro Obregón 711: 708: 695: 692: 686: 683: 638: 635: 633: 630: 558: 555: 479:Laborist Party 475:Álvaro Obregón 400:Álvaro Obregón 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 369: 368: 365: 361: 360: 347: 346:Branch/service 343: 342: 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 317: 316: 313: 309: 307: 303: 302: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 259: 255: 250: 249: 248: 247: 244: 242: 238: 237: 234:Laborist Party 227: 223: 222: 216: 212: 211: 201:(aged 68) 195: 191: 190: 169: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 138: 132: 131: 121: 120: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 98:Álvaro Obregón 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4959: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Moctezuma Cid 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Montes de Oca 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516:Garay y Garay 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446:Piña y Cuevas 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4409:Piña y Cuevas 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 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3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788:social system 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Porfirio Díaz 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487:Benito Juárez 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386:Nicolás Bravo 3384: 3382: 3379: 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He allowed 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 380: 377: 374: 370: 366: 362: 359: 348: 344: 341: 330: 326: 321: 314: 311: 310: 308: 304: 279: 278: 253: 246: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 215:Resting place 213: 209: 205: 196: 192: 188: 184: 168: 164: 159: 155: 152: 149: 143: 139: 133: 127: 122: 119: 114: 111: 108: 102: 99: 96: 90: 84: 79: 76: 71: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 39: 35: 31: 24: 16: 4867:Cristero War 4764:21st century 4730:Silva-Herzog 4670:Elías Calles 4669: 4655:De la Huerta 4618:20th century 4591:Gómez Farías 4493:De la Fuente 4421:De Elorriaga 4402:Riva Palacio 4369:Gómez Farías 4358:De Gorostiza 4333:De Gorostiza 4310:De Gorostiza 4280:Gómez Valdés 4263:Gómez Farías 4226:De Arrillaga 4211:19th century 4063:Land Reforms 4058:Cristero War 3908:Ramón Corral 3892: 3692: 3571: 3269: 3237: 3192: 3187: 3174: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3077: 3061:The Americas 3060: 3053: 3046: 3030: 3020: 3007: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2962: 2958: 2953:, pp. 201–02 2950: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2901:. 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Calles's 465:during the 204:Mexico City 136:Preceded by 93:Preceded by 4836:Categories 4735:Petricioli 4700:Ortiz Mena 4640:Gorostieta 4585:De la Peña 4469:Olasagarre 4397:De la Rosa 4347:De la Rosa 4343:Echeverría 4323:Echeverría 4314:Echeverría 4273:Echeverría 4157:Soldaderas 4150:Magonistas 4145:Felicistas 4030:formations 3812:Porfiriato 3802:La Reforma 3797:Reform War 3759:Background 3243:1924–1928 3191:, film on 3188:El General 3071:In Spanish 2949:Buchenau, 2917:Buchenau, 2851:9 December 2708:16 January 2682:16 January 2656:16 January 2630:16 January 2604:16 January 2578:16 January 2490:Buchenau, 2084:Buchenau, 2058:Buchenau, 2042:Buchenau, 1985:Buchenau, 1972:Buchenau, 1959:Buchenau, 1874:Buchenau, 1664:References 1606:encyclical 1506:hemorrhage 1488:Cuernavaca 1457:Guanajuato 1318:(Spanish: 1310:(Spanish: 1199:Miguel Pro 1173:Guanajuato 1153:Calles Law 1024:Grand Turk 1007:civil code 960:, linking 950:Porfiriato 948:Since the 908:See also: 837:succeeded 756:agraristas 444:secularist 328:Allegiance 176:1877-09-25 4796:Videgaray 4625:Limantour 4600:Limantour 4429:Gutiérrez 4415:Gutiérrez 4337:Trigueros 4329:Trigueros 4302:Bocanegra 4268:Bocanegra 4249:Bocanegra 4220:De Medina 4217:Maldonado 4140:Federales 3781:Haciendas 3181:channel 2903:26 August 2869:, p. 436. 2823:5 January 2785:5 January 2552:6 January 2526:5 January 2494:, p. 207. 2397:143629257 2179:, p. 413. 2122:27 August 2062:, p. 121. 1910:cite book 1816:, p. 404. 1714:1628-6731 1680:7, 26-45. 1583:caudillos 1559:caudillos 1464:San Diego 1453:callistas 1448:callistas 1408:callistas 1382:and exile 1264:1929–1934 1181:Michoacán 1169:Zacatecas 1103:Nicaragua 1074:Bolshevik 1001:Civil law 972:Education 966:Tapachula 603:Chihuahua 599:Zacatecas 530:kingmaker 367:1914–1920 130:1915–1919 126:In office 83:In office 73:47th 4781:Carstens 4695:Carrillo 4650:Alvarado 4635:Esquivel 4547:Iglesias 4534:Castaños 4497:Iglesias 4393:Lombardo 4380:Canalizo 4376:Villamil 4320:Lombardo 4120:Factions 4020:Maximato 2865:Krauze, 2751:Archived 2464:(1993). 2175:Krauze, 2088:, p. 123 1976:, p. 115 1963:, 112–13 1825:Krauze, 1812:Krauze, 1739:Krauze, 1621:See also 1380:Maximato 1332:Maximato 1322:, PRI). 1270:Maximato 1262:Maximato 1028:Crusades 1020:El Turco 904:Military 750:and the 595:La Rioja 483:populist 412:Maximato 408:de facto 210:, Mexico 189:, Mexico 28:In this 4821:Ramírez 4816:Herrera 4786:Cordero 4705:Margáin 4680:Bassols 4645:Cabrera 4570:Ramírez 4559:Benítez 4475:Canseco 4457:Urquidi 4449:Esparza 4390:Rondero 4384:Zubieta 4326:Canseco 4298:Lebrija 4292:Mangino 4289:Vallejo 4277:Lebrija 4256:Mangino 4232:Salgado 3214:of the 3210:in the 3203:trailer 3179:Youtube 2921:, p. 94 2882:p. 436. 2780:Jbla.de 1696:El Pais 1591:Sonoyta 1165:Jalisco 1012:Syrians 884:Finance 677:in the 619:Cananea 567:colonel 306:Parents 299: 291: 287: 276: 260: 256: 241:Spouses 183:Guaymas 34:surname 4771:Gurría 4755:Gurría 4725:Ibarra 4685:Suárez 4630:Madero 4595:Romero 4588:Dublán 4566:Romero 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Plutarco Elías Calles

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