Olympic Games ceremony

1278: 640:", during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, delegation-by-delegation. It is not compulsory for athletes to participate in the opening ceremony. Some events of the Games may start on the day before, on the day, or the day after the ceremony; athletes competing in these early events may elect not to participate. Each delegation is led by a sign with the name of their nation or team, and by their flagbearer—typically a notable athlete of the delegation. Although both women and men can be appointed to such an honor, women only started to consistently appear as flagbearers from 1952 onwards and—despite increasing inclusion throughout the years—they were outnumbered by their male counterparts (both in total and relative numbers) in all the Games until Tokyo 2020. As an act of 419: 1214: 1586: 1346: 489: 406:, provide the first examples of Olympic ceremonies. The victory celebration, elements of which are in evidence in the modern-day medal and closing ceremonies, often involved elaborate feasts, drinking, singing, and the recitation of poetry. The wealthier the victor, the more extravagant the celebration. The victors were presented with an olive wreath or crown harvested from a special tree in Olympia by a boy, specially selected for this purpose, using a golden sickle. The festival would conclude with the victors making solemn vows and performing ritual sacrifices to the various gods to which they were beholden. 1618:

athletes will enter the protocolary order used during the opening ceremonies. The only requirement is that the Greek flag leads the parade and the flag of the host country is last. An example of this flexibility in this rule occurred at the 2012 Summer Olympics when, during the closing, the flags of Great Britain as host country and Brazil as the next host entered together at the end of this segment. If the circumstances permits them, all the athletes march without any distinction or grouping by nationality. This "Parade of Athletes", the blending of all the athletes, is a tradition that began during the

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turn, lights a cauldron inside or near the stadium—signifying, in earnest, the beginning of the Games. The final torchbearer was often kept unannounced until the last moment. There have been exceptions to the final torchbearers being prominent sports figures: in 2012, to reflect the Games' slogan "Inspire a Generation", the cauldron was lit by a group of seven young athletes, each nominated by a notable British athlete. Due the lack of tradition in Winter Sports, the final torchbearers at the

1148: 1594: 1765:, when this flag also wore out over time and ended up tearing. Until the adoption of the PyeongChang flag, it had been common to use several replicas of this flag during the handover ceremonies, as it was kept inside a transparent box and was delivered to the next headquarters shortly after the end of the closing ceremony in a separate location at the Olympic Stadium. Due to the conditions of conservation and its aged cloth, this flag faded and needed to be replaced. 1472:

specific events. This is because, due to the altitude of some Winter events, presenting medals may be difficult in said environments. A three-tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC. The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from the sports federation governing the sport (such as

5745: 540:, which held the broadcast rights for the United States, demanded the opening ceremony coincide with prime-time television viewing in New York, so the ceremony, originally planned for evening, was rescheduled to start at 11:00 am local time. However, these changes facilitated a grand finale which, for the first time in history, featured a live and synchronized performance by six international choirs, linked to the venue via satellite. 1460: 5785: 5733: 4553: 1578: 5757: 1712:

The receiving mayor then waves the flag eight times. During the ceremony, the mayor of the current host city stands on the left, the president of the IOC stands in the middle, and the mayor of the next host city stands on the right. Until the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, this ceremony was held during the Opening Ceremonies. During the modern Olympic history, five protocolar flags are used:

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Olympics, this place is reserved for the men's marathon awarding ceremonies (starting in 2020 Summer Olympics the women's marathon had to be their awarding ceremonies also during the closing). Traditionally, the men's marathon is held in the last day of competitions, and the race is finished some hours before the start of the closing ceremony. However, in recent Summer Olympiads in

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then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture, history, and the current Olympic motto. It is a custom among host nations to bring their culture to the opening festivities of the games, with the opening representing a unique opportunity to promote the country among the thousands of spectators who will follow the Games. Since the

25: 1365:.) The release was discontinued after several doves perched themselves at the cauldron's rim and were burned alive by the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was later replaced with a symbolic release of doves after the flame has been lit. These symbolic releases have used a variety of alternatives to actual doves. 368:

with improvements in technology and the desire of the host nations to showcase their own artistic expression, the basic events of each ceremony have remained unchanged. The presentation of the opening and closing ceremonies continues to increase in scope, scale, and expense with each successive celebration of the games, but they are still steeped in tradition.

893:. At the end of his speech, he introduces the representative or head of state of the host country who officially declares the opening of the Games. Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the opener to be the host country's 1172:

prominent athletes of the host nation. Following the changes made during the 112th IOC Session held in 2001, there is permission for the Olympic flag to be carried during the opening ceremony by people who are not athletes, but who promote Olympic values. This permission also includes Paralympic athletes.

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Following the conclusion of the ceremony protocol, it is not uncommon for the ceremony to continue on with an "afterparty" of concert performances as a finale; the 2010 Winter Games closing ceremony featured various Canadian musicians, the 2012 Summer Games closing ceremony featured a portrait of the

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After medals are distributed, the flags of the nations of the three medalists are raised. The flag of the gold medalist's country is in the center and raised the highest while the flag of the silver medalist's country is on the left facing the flags and the flag of the bronze medalist's country is on

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Since the 1992 Summer Olympics, the climax of an opening ceremony is the arrival of the Olympic flame, as the conclusion of the torch relay: the torch is typically passed a group of final torchbearers—typically reflecting the host nation's most prominent Olympic athletes. The final torchbearer(s), in

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is what creates the idiosyncratic element of each ceremony. Olympic founder Pierre de Coubertin's initial vision of the modern Olympics featured both athletic competitions and artistic achievements. As the modern Olympics has evolved into a celebration of sport, it is in the opening ceremony that one

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After changes held during the 2006 Winter Olympics, the Antwerp ceremony starts with two another national flags hoisted on flagpoles one at a time while the corresponding national anthems are played: first, on one of the masts located at the rostrum tip, the flag of Greece to honor the birthplace of

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Between 1896 and 2000, it was common for, in addition to the anthem of the host country, the Greek anthem and the anthem of the next host country to be played in this opening segment. Due to changes implemented in 2005, it is common that the closing ceremony begins with the entrance of the president

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Strict rules govern the conduct of athletes during the medal ceremony. For example, they are required to wear only preapproved outfits that are standard for the athlete's national Olympic team. They are not allowed to display any political affiliation or make a political statement while on the medal

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In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (because the tradition began at the Antwerp Games), the current mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers the official Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the current mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games.

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Under IOC rules, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron must be witnessed by those attending the opening ceremony, implying that it must be lit at the location where the ceremony is taking place. Another IOC rule states that the cauldron should also be witnessed outside by the residents of the entire

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is played. In 2024, the flag was accidentally raised upside-down. The Olympic Charter states that the Olympic flag must "fly for the entire duration of the Olympic Games from a flagpole placed in a prominent position in the main stadium". At most games, the flag has been carried into the stadium by

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In accordance with current Olympic protocol, the opening ceremony typically begins with the entrance of the host nation's head of state or other representative, and the president of the IOC followed by the raising of the host nation's flag and the performance of its national anthem. The host nation

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in Seoul, South Korea, was held in the morning, a move that faced criticism from athletes due to excessive heat. Generally, no competition is scheduled on the day of the opening ceremony; between 1992 and 2020, this practice was codified in the Olympic Charter. However, several times, this rule has

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The ceremonies have evolved over the centuries. Ancient games incorporated ceremonies to mark the beginning and ending of each sporting event. There are similarities and differences between the ancient Olympic ceremonies and their modern counterparts. While the presentation of the games has evolved

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Usually, the protocolary part of the closing ceremony starts with the "Parade of Nations", where flagbearers from each participating country enter at the main entrance to the stadium field. Since the 2002 Winter Olympics, it is up to the Organizing Committee to make the decision whether or not the

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has inaugurated the Olympic truce since 1896 to include the religious dimension of the Olympic Games, the Olympic opening ceremony represents the official commencement of an Olympic Games and the end of the current Olympic cycle. Due to the tight schedule of the games, it is normal for some sports

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After each Olympic event is completed, a medal ceremony is held. The Summer Games usually conduct medal ceremonies immediately after the event at the respective venues. Winter editions, however, would present the medals at a nightly victory ceremony held at a medal plaza, excluding the indoor and

832:, the Japanese organizers decided to use the English language protocol order, as due to the Japanese grammar in use, certain IOC protocol rules would be broken, among this was seen a goodwill signal by the Japanese society. National and internal questions led Spain to also make exceptions during 1629:

Starting at the 2000 Summer Olympics, after all the flags and athletes enter the stadium, the final medal ceremony of the Games is held. The organizing committee of the respective host city, could, consulting with the IOC, determine which event will have its medals presented. During the Summer

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There is evidence of dramatic changes in the format of the ancient games over the nearly 12 centuries that they were celebrated. Eventually, by roughly the 77th Olympiad, a standard 18-event programme was established. In order to open a games in ancient Greece, the organizers would hold an

377: 1626:, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world together as "one nation". Prior to the 1956 Summer Games, no Olympic Team had ever marched in the closing ceremony of the modern or ancient Games. It was the very first International Peace March ever to be staged. 1563:, men's 50 km and women's 30 km cross-country skiing medals (at the Winter Olympics) are awarded as part of the Closing Ceremony, which take place on the penultimate and the last days, in the Olympic Stadium, and traditionally are the last medal presentation of the Games. 1273:

was not visible from outside of the stadium. The image of the lit cauldron was projected on the stadium's rooftop screens during the first week of competition and when the athletics competitions were over at the second week. and a live footage feed was available to broadcasters.

867:(with cultural presentations staged along the route), as part of their goals for the opening ceremony to be a public, non-ticketed event rather than be held in a traditional stadium setting. The plans call for the official protocol to take place at the 1480:

in swimming), who presents each athlete with a small bouquet of flowers. Citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, acting as flagbearers and aiding the officials presenting the medals. When the Games were held in

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In keeping with tradition, France — the next host country — was given a segment during the ceremony to stoke excitement for the 2024 Games in Paris. Rather than an in-stadium show, it aired live video of an Olympic celebration in front of the

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The artistic programme of the opening ceremony allows the host country to showcase its past, present, and future in a comprehensive way. All protocols, artistic presentations, elements, and rituals must be approved by the IOC Executive Board.

852:; all official announcements during the 1992 Games were conducted in French, Spanish, Catalan, and English (with the order of the latter three languages interspersed), and the Parade of Nations was performed based on their French names. 671:

enters second after Greece, while the host nations of the next two Olympics enter in descending order as the final two teams before the host nation (in this case, the US, France, and Japan were the final three countries, as hosts of the

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in 1994 so that the Summer and Winter Games would be in different years moving forward. Unlike the opening ceremony, the head of state or representative of the host country does not give a speech at the closing ceremony.

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responded that his plan was for a "big pagan party linked to the gods of Olympus" and not to mock anyone. The organizers of the show apologized to those who were offended by the "tableau that evoked Leonardo da Vinci's

1673:", the national anthem of Greece, has been performed at every closing ceremony of the Olympic Games since the current rules were adopted. This protocol segment won more highlight during the closing ceremonies of the 941:

There have been 10 times the official has modified the wording of the said opening line. Recent editions of the Winter Games have seen a trend of using the first version instead of the second, which happened in the

1650:, 800 kilometers (500 mi) away) staged the men's and women's marathon in the early morning hours due to the climate conditions in the host city. This tradition was adapted for the Winter Games starting in the 410:

Inauguration Festival. This was followed by a ceremony in which athletes took an oath of sportsmanship. The first competition, an artistic competition of trumpeters and heralds, concluded the opening festivities.

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not been followed, due to the tight calendar of the games and the preliminaries of some longer events taking place before the opening ceremony. The most recent example of this situation took place during the

3732: 1179:, flag bearers of all countries then circle a rostrum, where one athlete of the host nation (since the 1920 Summer Olympics), and one judge of the host nation (since the 1972 Summer Olympics) speak the 2293: 2271: 2924: 1611:

of the IOC and the head of state or representative of the host country followed by the raising of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem, followed by an artistic programme.

3543: 1807:, South Korea, as a replacement for the Oslo flag who also is very old and could disintegrate in any time. This is the flag currently passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Olympics. 4461: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3709: 2634: 2072: 1779:, as a replacement for the Antwerp flag. This flag, made of pure Korean silk, progressively wore out over time and became fragile and ended up accidentally tearing during the closing of the 2110: 1021:"Mr President of International Olympic Committee! Sportsmen of the world! Dear guests! Comrades! I declare open the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era." 901:

in Paris in 1900, which had no opening ceremony before as part of the 1900 World's Fair. There are five examples from the US alone in which the Games were not opened by the head of state.

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of the gold medalist's country plays. Should there have been multiple athletes tied for gold medal (as it was the case for examples like the two gold medalists for men's high jump at the

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reflected the history of China at the sports with athletes from different decades (beginning with the 1950s), the cauldron was lit by two Chinese skiers who was to compete on that Games.

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The notion of a public cauldron displayed outside of the ceremonies venue, and lit following the opening ceremony, was adopted by several subsequent Olympics since Vancouver, such as

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in Pyeongchang, the three oaths are merged into one as the Unified Oath where one athlete, judge, and coach recite one line of the oath respectively before the athlete finishes it.

3212: 3373: 435: 3124: 1797:, as a replacement for the Seoul flag as the city was the first host city in South America. It is currently the version used during the Antwerp Ceremony for the Summer Games. 1607:

The current closing ceremony procedures began with changes approved by the IOC during the 112th IOC Session held in Moscow in 2001 and started at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

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Traditionally more relaxed and festive, many elements of the closing ceremony ended up evolving historically through traditions rather than official rules and procedures.

360:. The various elements of ceremonies are mandated by the Olympic Charter, and cannot be changed by the host nation. Host nations are required to seek the approval of the 5031: 1830: 886: 170: 3056: 592:

was chosen to be China's flagbearer, and entered the stadium hand-in-hand with Lin Hao, a nine-year-old boy who saved some of his classmates following the earthquake.

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And now, I declare the Games of the Olympiad/ Olympic Winter Games closed; and in accordance with our tradition, I call upon the youth of the world to assemble, four

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If the next Olympic Games is not scheduled for four years after the current one, the IOC president will instead reference the different timeframe. For instance, the

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As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the Opening Ceremony of a celebration of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were canonized at the

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Then, while the Olympic Hymn is played, the Olympic flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremony is lowered from the flagpole and carried from the stadium.

4836: 4184: 699:, the National Olympic Committees entered respecting the French language protocol order, as French is the first language at the city. This was reversed at the 603:, invoking sacred Christian imagery with dancers, drag queens, and a DJ in poses that resembled Jesus Christ's final meal with His Apostles." Theater director 3502: 2928: 2777: 3157: 2316: 1096: 2752: 3533: 464:

It is common for tickets for the opening ceremony to be the most expensive and sought-after of the games. Exceptionally, this did not happen during the

3805: 2498: 2494: 1334: 2543: 4164: 2626: 2079: 1372:: young people ran with flags with a dove designed by Pablo Picasso to symbolize the editions of the Games that were canceled by the two world wars. 904:

The Olympic Charter provides that the person designated to open the Games should do so by reciting whichever of the following lines is appropriate:

4826: 4169: 2117: 1834: 1208: 890: 880: 1119:, the Presidents of the People's Republic of China, opened the Beijing Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics, respectively, by speaking in Mandarin: 319: 2567: 2473: 508:

in Moscow took place at sunset and marked the first time the opening ceremony was held in the evening. Eight years later, to facilitate a live,

3763: 2996: 897:. However, there have been many cases where someone other than the host country's head of state opened the Games. The first example was at the 2241: 356:, the medal winners received a crown of olive branches, which was a direct reference to the ancient games, in which the victor's prize was an 5024: 4843: 4535: 1572: 3597: 2820: 2162: 1277: 3216: 4711: 3182: 2847:

at which David Francis, President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, performed the ceremony; nobody had thought of inviting President

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The remaining delegations enter after Greece and before the host nation in alphabetical order, based on their name in the host nation's

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Before 1936, the opening official would often make a short welcoming speech before declaring the Games open. However, since 1936, when

1677:, as the US was scheduled to host the next Summer Olympics, was the time of the US anthem being played while its flag was raised, the 972:"Celebrating the 18th/Commemorating the 32nd Modern Olympiad, I will declare the opening of the Olympic Games Tokyo competition here." 1549: 576:

Each host nation selects a theme that is incorporated into its opening ceremony’s elements and artistic program. For example, in the

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then present a bouquet of flowers to a representative of the volunteers, as a thank-you to them for their work during the Games.

43: 5070: 3798: 1513:), the national anthems (if from multiple NOCs) will be played in the alphabetical order according to the medalists' surnames. 200: 2384: 4883: 4874: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4456: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4281: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3885: 2272:"Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 : opening ceremony, September 17 / publ. by Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee" 1655: 1651: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1375: 1369: 1235: 1152: 813: 775: 664: 656: 629: 573:, for example, reportedly cost US$ 100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic portion of the ceremony. 570: 529: 513: 501: 493: 423: 344:, closing, and medal ceremonies. Some of the elements of the modern ceremonies date back to the ancient games from which the 3060: 668: 418: 5618: 2568:"Paris Olympics organizers say sorry for offense, but insist opening ceremony did not depict "The Last Supper" - CBS News" 1669:

the Olympic Games is played first; and, second, the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. "

480:. In accordance with strict pandemic protocols, the opening ceremonies took place with only invited guests in attendance. 445:

This has also been the case in the Winter Games, where ice hockey has sometimes begun on the eve of the opening ceremony.

4689: 3312: 2211: 522: 312: 3626: 4677: 2188: 1501:, the flowers were replaced by a special version of the plush toy of the mascot dressed in historical Korean clothing. 145: 3458: 3099: 2317:"THE XVIII WINTER GAMES: OPENING CEREMONIES; The Latest Sport? After a Worldwide Effort, Synchronized Singing Gets In" 5805: 5041: 5036: 4936: 4771: 3791: 3075: 2457: 2039: 1979: 1105:"I declare the opening of the Olympic Games of Athens and the celebration of the XXVIII Olympiad of the modern era." 663:

led the parade on his own followed by Saint Lucia, while the rest of the Greek team entered last. Beginning with the

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Finally, the Olympic cauldron is extinguished, marking the end of the current Games and the start of a new cycle.

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in 2020, opened the Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese, albeit with slightly different translations:

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track and field team from the Olympics. Following this, the USOC complied, and Smith and Carlos were expelled.

305: 105: 5748: 5053: 4864: 1306: 1298: 1290: 841: 787: 496:, hailed as one of the "greatest ever", at the culturally auspicious timing of 8:00 pm on 8 August 2008. 2343:"Picturing the winter Olympics: The Opening ceremonies of Nagano (Japan) 1998 and Salt Lake City (USA) 2002" 1505:

the right, both at lower elevations than the gold medalist's country's flag. The flags are raised while the

4831: 4796: 4179: 3470: 1690: 1412:: ballet dancers holding strands of blue LEDs danced on the shape of a dove projected on the stadium floor. 1213: 190: 1585: 1497:, for the first time in history, the flowers were replaced by a small 3D model of the Games' logo. At the 5046: 4903: 4581: 3572: 3408: 1936: 1662: 1082: 473: 120: 35: 2702: 2146: 1361:, symbolizing peace. (Experienced athletes brought newspapers to cover themselves because of the birds' 5775: 5655: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5588: 5583: 4736: 4694: 1188: 644:, beginning in 2020, the IOC has allowed teams the option of having both a male and female flagbearer. 609: 155: 150: 100: 1822:

The next host city then introduces itself with a cultural presentation. This tradition began with the

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Because of its flexibility, it is common for the duration to be shorter than the opening ceremonies.

1498: 1085:, the President of the Hellenic Republic, opened the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, accompanied by the 165: 2249: 1183:, declaring they will compete and judge according to the rules of their respective sport. Since the 1037:"Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles." 364:(IOC) for ceremony elements, including the artistic portions of the opening and closing ceremonies. 5380: 4993: 1686: 1322: 1270: 595:

The 2024 programme stirred controversy and drew criticism from some religious groups. According to

85: 5136: 3601: 1345: 585: 2813: 2153: 5121: 4859: 4791: 4779: 4574: 2505:(2012), "The 2008 Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony: Visual Insights into China's Soft Power", 2013: 1581:

Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.

783: 736: 625: 231: 195: 185: 3190: 1440:: children held dove lamps and lanterns, leaving trails of glittering snowflakes as they went. 659:

provided a relaxtion of this practice due to the Games being hosted by Greece; its flagbearer

488: 5141: 2863: 2855: 1971: 1964: 652: 337: 288: 3412: 2342: 979: 651:, Greece has traditionally entered first and leads the parade in honor of their role in the 5737: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5389: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5166: 4976: 4966: 4649: 4557: 3125:"The Cauldron of the Olympic Games Paris 2024 takes to the skies to shine over the capital" 2911: 2895: 2871: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2245: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1852: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1780: 1742: 1698: 1694: 1674: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1530: 1510: 1494: 1486: 1379: 1318: 1266: 1255: 1227: 1192: 1184: 1176: 1167:) or vertically (when the ceremonies are held indoors) into the stadium and hoisted as the 1164: 1065: 1005:"I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era." 951: 947: 943: 935: 931: 898: 856: 833: 829: 825: 821: 791: 779: 767: 763: 740: 728: 716: 704: 700: 692: 677: 673: 648: 577: 562: 518: 505: 469: 465: 449: 439: 353: 221: 216: 3262: 1845:

years from now, in to celebrate with us; the Games of the Olympiad/ Olympic Winter Games

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the woman's 30 km cross-country skiing event were presented at the closing ceremony.

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Summer Olympics of 1920, the lighting of the Olympic flame was followed by the release of

1294: 999:, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French then in English) with: 808: 620: 584:, the theme was "Unity in China". On 12 May 2008, only four months before the 2008 games, 8: 5568: 4672: 1678: 262: 226: 3699:"London Olympics 2012 closing ceremony: Eccentric, bewildering – and shameless good fun" 868: 687:. For example, the three Olympics held in Canada have used either English or French (as 5114: 2848: 2522: 2431: 2365: 1907:, and the 2018 Winter Olympic Games opening and closing ceremonies were focused on the 1804: 1243: 1221:

lights the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics

1090: 293: 272: 3287: 1053:"(In Catalan) Welcome all to Barcelona. (In Spanish) Today, 25 July of the Year 1992," 5709: 3004: 2891: 2526: 2453: 2435: 1975: 1856: 1218: 1064:

opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City (which took place five months after the

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https://olympics.com/en/news/poignant-closing-ceremony-rounds-off-challenging-games

2682:"France, United States and Refugee team given prominent slots in Tokyo 2020 parade" 2605: 2514: 2423: 2357: 1811:

This portion of the ceremony actually took place at the opening ceremony until the

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during the opening ceremony (due to a malfunction, a fourth arm meant to be lit by

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did not rise), Gretzky was escorted outside to light a second, public cauldron at

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had occurred in Sichuan. For the 2008 Opening Ceremony, Chinese basketball legend

5789: 4958: 4913: 4869: 4801: 4721: 4639: 3703: 2656: 2518: 2427: 2389: 1754: 1728: 1670: 1654:, the medals for the men's 50 km cross-country skiing event and starting on 1506: 1473: 1125:"I declare, the XXIX Olympic Games / XXIV Olympic Winter Games of Beijing, open!" 1012: 744: 641: 569:, the artistic presentations have continued to grow in scale and complexity. The 385: 180: 115: 3783: 3471:"Moscow 1980 — Closing Ceremony — Los Angeles and Moscow's flags in the stadium" 2728:"Paris 2024 confirms Seine will serve as venue for city centre Opening Ceremony" 434:

events to start two or three days before the opening ceremony. For example, the

5104: 4998: 4953: 4948: 4609: 3733:"Rio 2016! Seis intérpretes e mestre de bateria são escalados pro encerramento" 2903: 2883: 2867: 2361: 1790: 1682: 1589:

The Parade of Flags during the closing ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics

1541: 1477: 1419: 1061: 257: 175: 1826:

and was modernized several times until the recent rules were applied in 2020.

5799: 5109: 5094: 5003: 4921: 4664: 4597: 3815: 3008: 2887: 1916: 1888: 1884: 1623: 1446:: lights forming the shape of dove wings were lit on bridges and beneath the 1302: 1251: 1204: 1147: 1044: 1028: 894: 533: 381: 345: 267: 247: 140: 77: 1593: 1418:: children with dove-shaped kites ran with the first Olympic Laurel winner, 5697: 4941: 4931: 4821: 4726: 4174: 3557: 2907: 2753:"Paris 2024 Olympic organisers reveal audacious plans for opening ceremony" 2657:"The Parade of Nations Gallery at the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Museum" 1904: 1522: 1490: 1447: 1180: 1168: 1160: 1132: 996: 927: 755: 748: 720: 660: 604: 504:, the opening ceremony has been required to occur on a Friday evening. The 430: 357: 2544:"2024 Paris Olympics: Iraqi Churches 'Shocked' - Condemn Opening Ceremony" 1242:—then a domed, indoor stadium. While a scenic cauldron was jointly lit by 1234:

host city. This rule was first made evident for the first time during the

5678: 5126: 5099: 4988: 3150:"Uyghur athlete lights Olympic Cauldron as Beijing 2022 officially opens" 2972:"Uyghur athlete lights Olympic Cauldron as Beijing 2022 officially opens" 2949: 2875: 1908: 1896: 1860: 1776: 1732: 1597:

The Olympic Flame slowly going out during the London 2012 Summer Olympics

1559:

men's and women's marathon medals (at the Summer Olympics) and since the

1534: 1526: 1354: 1330: 860: 600: 252: 982:

declared the opening of the Games of Mexico City by speaking in Spanish:

914:

I declare open the Games of celebrating the Olympiad of the modern era

859:

in Paris announced plans for its Parade of Nations to be conducted as a

3100:"Olympic Flame finds permanent home for Games at Tokyo waterfront area" 2879: 2189:"'Spectators Will Be Barred at Tokyo Olympics Amid New Covid Emergency" 1281:

One of the three public flames of the 2022 Winter Olympics, located in

1247: 1116: 732: 509: 3437: 3673:"IOC President's speech – Tokyo 2020 Closing Ceremony - Olympic News" 1741:

was used during the Winter Games and was presented to the IOC at the

1604:

The closing ceremony has been required to occur on a Sunday evening.

1362: 1112: 837: 759: 712: 599:, the groups contended that the performance "appeared to reflect the 566: 1803:

was presented to the IOC at the 2018 Winter Olympics by the city of

1789:

was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of

1771:

was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of

1719:

was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of

795: 528:

The last opening ceremony held during daytime hours was that of the

4926: 4616: 3764:"Martin Garrix to Perform at 2018 Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony" 2411: 1892: 1661:

Another obligatory moment is when the newly elected members of the

1459: 1239: 1086: 963: 959: 909: 696: 596: 589: 160: 3076:"Olympic opening ceremony gets off to colorful, if bloated, start" 2040:"Figure skating-New team event at Sochi Olympics will begin early" 1548:(USOC) refused to do so, Brundage threatened to remove the entire 1191:

a coach from the host nation speaks out the Olympic Oath. For the

3379:. The International Olympic Committee. 2014-09-01. Archived from 2044: 1900: 1724: 1720: 1647: 1093: 812:

The delegations of North and South Korea march as one during the

708: 581: 453: 376: 4566: 2882:, stating, however, that he was doing so on behalf of President 1915:

as performers. The IOC also added a performance by the Dutch DJ

1863:

instead stated "I call upon the youth of the world to assemble,

3648:"London 2012: Jacques Rogge praises 'happy and glorious' games" 2474:"Beijing Dazzles: Chinese History, on Parade as Olympics Begin" 2147:"The development of the Games – Between festival and tradition" 2116:. International Olympic Committee. October 2014. Archived from 2078:. International Olympic Committee. October 2014. Archived from 1794: 1762: 1750: 1702: 1577: 1482: 771: 724: 349: 3623:"Vancouver Winter Olympics lowers curtain with joy and sorrow" 1238:

in Vancouver, which was the first held in a closed venue: the

340:

were an integral part of the games; modern Olympic Games have

1772: 1758: 1735:, US, when this flag wore out over time and ended up tearing. 1314: 864: 348:

draw their ancestry. An example of this is the prominence of

1321:

had three public cauldrons located, the main outside of the

2866:. Later that year the Vice President of the United States, 1746: 1358: 1153:

opening ceremony of the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics

802: 2542:

Writer, Alex Harrington Sports Contributing (2024-07-29).

2161:. International Olympic Committee. 2009-09-12. p. 5. 2111:"Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games" 2073:"Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games" 1837:

then makes a speech before closing the Olympics by saying:

1493:

in honor of the tradition at the Ancient Olympics. At the

636:

A traditional part of the opening ceremony starts with a "

523:

the curling mixed doubles event preliminaries first rounds

2000:

The Ancient Olympic Games:A Reconstruction of the Program

1912: 1015:

opened the Moscow Summer Olympics by speaking in Russian:

537: 16:

Ceremonial events of the ancient and modern Olympic Games

1187:

in London, continuing with the tradition started at the

1068:) using the format of the Summer Games declaration with: 814:

opening ceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics

707:

Winter Olympics when English is the primary language in

1727:, and was passed on to the next organizing city of the 1074:"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation," 352:

in both the opening and closing ceremonies. During the

2997:"Cauldron clamour caught Olympic organizers off guard" 1903:, the 2016 closing ceremony featured a tribute to the 1753:, and is passed on to the next organizing city of the 1544:

demanded their expulsion from the Olympics. After the

1517:

stand. The most famous violation of this rule was the

630:

opening ceremony of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics

5773: 3503:"The tradition of the Olympic flag handover ceremony" 2627:"IOC to allow male/female flagbearers at Tokyo Games" 1428:: performers lit candles to make the shape of a dove. 2950:"Heatherwick Olympic cauldron lit by young hopefuls" 1929: 820:

There have been exceptions to this practice. In the

424:

the opening ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics

3239:"Beijing 2008 Olympic Games – the Medal Ceremonies" 2925:"Opening Ceremony: 2010 Winter Games declared open" 2902:, California, and finally, in 1980, Vice President 2383:Frey, Jennifer; Sullivan, Kevin (7 February 1998). 1394:: people made the shapes of doves with their hands. 1047:

of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics with:

758:—especially Games held in Asia—have used different 525:were held on the same day as the opening ceremony. 3708: 3213:"The Best Ever: Exclusive Interview With Jim Ryun" 2927:. Vancouver 2010. 12 February 2010. Archived from 2242:"Press hails 'greatest ever' Olympic opening show" 2187: 1963: 647:The parade has first been held in 1908. Since the 3813: 3598:"Speech by Jacques Rogge at the Closing Ceremony" 2598:The International Journal of the History of Sport 1867:, in Paris." A similar situation occurred at the 1689:as consequence of the constraints who led to the 1406:: bicyclists wearing dove-wings were lit by LEDs. 1400:: dove figures were projected on the stage floor. 754:Host nations whose official languages do not use 5797: 2493: 2234: 1209:List of people who have lit the Olympic Cauldron 881:List of people who have opened the Olympic Games 3531: 3204: 2917: 1883:British modern music with performances held by 512:broadcast on Friday night in the Americas, the 38:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 4185:Torchbearers who have lit the Olympic cauldron 3405:"Melbourne (Equestrian – Stockholm) 1956" 3210: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1957: 1955: 1953: 938:, the openers have used the standard formula. 655:, while the host nation has entered last. The 442:began two days prior to the opening ceremony. 4582: 3799: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 2819:. The International Olympic Committee. 2015. 2703:"Olympics Open With Calls for Yugoslav Peace" 2661:United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum 2264: 2141: 2139: 2137: 1783:. Thus, the IOC decided to retire it in 2013. 1757:. This flag was used until the 2014 Games in 1573:List of people who have kept the Olympic flag 1349:Dove performance from the Sochi 2014 ceremony 921:I declare open the Olympic Winter Games of . 494:Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 313: 2447: 2382: 1871:, which were held only two years before the 1031:opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with: 3280: 3183:"When messengers of peace were burnt alive" 3051: 3049: 2795: 2096: 2058: 1950: 1434:: performers flew doves made of rice paper. 1269:in London, the cauldron located inside the 1089:to the President of the Hellenic Republic, 954:Winter Games. Other modifications include: 438:competitions for both men and women at the 4589: 4575: 3806: 3792: 3600:. Beijing 2008. 2008-08-24. Archived from 3347: 2487: 2476:. Canadian Broadcasting Centre. 2008-08-08 2134: 1993: 1991: 320: 306: 5702: 3696: 3573:"Rogge: Torino Games 'truly magnificent'" 3313:"1968 Black Athletes make silent protest" 3263:"Medal Ceremony Hostess Outfits Revealed" 2609: 2340: 2334: 1961: 1622:at the suggestion of Melbourne schoolboy 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 3761: 3177: 3175: 3046: 2624: 2591: 1646:(although 2020's marathons were held in 1592: 1584: 1576: 1458: 1344: 1333:—reflecting the three main zones of the 1276: 1212: 1151:The lighting of the cauldron during the 1146: 807: 782:held in Beijing sorted by the number of 619: 553:can most clearly see Coubertin's ideal. 487: 417: 375: 5567: 3625:. Xinhuanet. 2010-03-01. Archived from 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3436:. Hellenic Army Academy. Archived from 2618: 2385:"A Warm Welcome at the Winter Olympics" 1988: 1143:and then the standard formula followed. 1076:and then the standard formula followed. 1055:and then the standard formula followed. 990:and then the standard formula followed. 762:methods for the Parade of Nations. The 747:. The 2004 Summer Games in Greece used 628:leads the Parade of Nations during the 392:The ancient games, held in Greece from 5798: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 3029:"Gretzky lights up Vancouver Olympics" 2679: 2585: 2541: 2409: 2286: 2185: 2037: 1997: 1970:. University of Texas Press. pp. 1701:, two Greek flags were raised because 1388:: acrobats formed the shape of a dove. 932:Garmisch Partenkirchen Winter Olympics 848:being given undue prominence over the 689:both are considered official languages 371: 5566: 5158: 4570: 4536:People who have kept the Olympic flag 3787: 3725: 3172: 3073: 2537: 2535: 2314: 1831:President of the Organizing Committee 1454: 1236:2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony 887:President of the Organizing Committee 612:'" but defended the ideas behind it. 571:2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 543: 514:1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 5756: 4690:Medal table leaders by Olympic Games 3507:International Olympic Committee News 3485: 3160:from the original on 4 February 2022 2350:Tourism, Culture & Communication 2315:Strom, Stephanie (7 February 1998). 2222:from the original on 17 January 2022 885:After all nations have entered, the 874: 615: 492:Fireworks mark the beginning of the 18: 5683: 5671: 3546:from the original on 12 August 2021 2964: 2452:. International Olympic Committee. 1163:is carried horizontally (since the 816:, in which South Korea was the host 13: 3142: 2625:Grohmann, Karolos (4 March 2020). 2532: 2441: 2341:Tomlinson, Alan (1 January 2005). 1855:were postponed to 2021 due to the 1489:, the medal winners also received 1467:at the London 2012 Summer Olympics 1131:In 2016, Brazilian vice president 770:were sorted by traditional Korean 14: 5817: 5159: 5137:1906 Intercalated Games 4596: 3697:Sutcliffe, Tom (13 August 2012). 3336:. International Olympic Committee 3059:. 24 January 2017. Archived from 2637:from the original on 11 July 2021 1731:through the 1984 Summer Games in 1540:For their actions, IOC president 1382:screen displayed images of doves. 1141:"After this wonderful spectacle," 855:The organizing committee for the 680:, and 2020 Games, respectively). 5783: 5755: 5744: 5743: 5731: 5617: 5379: 5020:Art competitions at the Olympics 4837:lighters of the Olympic cauldron 4655:International sports federations 4551: 4170:People who have opened the Games 3814: 3500: 3215:. Competitor.com. Archived from 2200:from the original on 2021-07-08. 1198: 889:makes a speech, followed by the 84: 23: 3762:Iasimone, Ashley (2018-02-24). 3755: 3690: 3677:International Olympic Committee 3665: 3640: 3615: 3590: 3565: 3525: 3463: 3452: 3426: 3397: 3326: 3305: 3255: 3231: 3117: 3092: 3067: 3021: 2989: 2942: 2837: 2826:from the original on 2016-08-04 2770: 2745: 2720: 2695: 2673: 2649: 2560: 2466: 2403: 2376: 2308: 2248:. 9 August 2008. Archived from 2204: 2168:from the original on 2009-11-28 786:used to write their name using 362:International Olympic Committee 4827:People who opened the Olympics 3579:. Associated Press. 2006-02-26 3532:Stacy St. Clair (2021-08-08). 2179: 2031: 2006: 483: 1: 5708:Postponed to 2021 due to the 4865:Olympic Broadcasting Services 3473:. Olympic.org. August 3, 1980 3211:Fraioli, Mario (2010-11-29). 2611:10.1080/09523367.2023.2269099 2448:de Coubertin, Pierre (1997). 2038:Sarkar, Pritha (2012-03-29). 1922: 842:Catalan independence movement 788:Simplified Chinese characters 474:were held behind closed doors 400: 393: 3374:"Closing Ceremony Factsheet" 3189:. 2004-08-13. Archived from 2684:. Lausanne: Inside the Games 2519:10.1080/1472586x.2012.677252 2428:10.1080/10350330.2013.799008 2002:, San Diego State University 1705:was hosting the 2004 games. 1691:1980 Summer Olympics boycott 7: 5414:1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 4844:Keepers of the Olympic flag 3409:British Olympic Association 3074:Lowry, Brian (2016-08-06). 2680:Morgan, Liam (2019-12-03). 2186:Dooley, Ben (8 July 2021). 2014:"Complete Olympic Schedule" 1998:Howell, Maxwell L. (1975), 1555:As is customary, since the 1463:The medal ceremony for the 1083:Konstantinos Stephanopoulos 978:In 1968, Mexican president 388:, site of the ancient games 10: 5822: 5032:Scandals and controversies 2886:. In 1960, Vice President 2362:10.3727/109830405774791465 1962:Swaddling, Judith (1999). 1570: 1566: 1202: 1189:2010 Summer Youth Olympics 878: 459: 413: 171:Scandals and controversies 5725: 5666: 5626: 5615: 5575: 5562: 5388: 5377: 5165: 5154: 5079: 5012: 4984:Pierre de Coubertin Medal 4912: 4852: 4812: 4770: 4735: 4663: 4630: 4626: 4604: 4548: 4531: 4379: 4204: 4197: 4160: 4008: 3833: 3826: 2912:XIII Olympic Winter Games 2896:VIII Olympic Winter Games 2604:(5). Routledge: 460–489. 2592:Malanski, Daniel (2023). 1966:The Ancient Olympic Games 1911:movement, with boy group 1499:2018 Winter Olympic Games 988:"Today, 12 October 1968", 691:of Canada). While in the 166:Pierre de Coubertin Medal 5806:Olympic Games ceremonies 5548:2034 Salt Lake City–Utah 4994:Olympic Diploma of Merit 4558:Olympic Games portal 3820:Olympic Games ceremonies 3288:"Symbols and Traditions" 2952:. BBC News. 28 July 2012 2860:III Olympic Winter Games 2155:The Modern Olympic Games 1687:The Star-Spangled Banner 1663:IOC Athletes' Commission 1340: 1323:Beijing National Stadium 919:If at the Winter Games: 899:Games of the II Olympiad 844:, and concerns over the 586:a devastating earthquake 334:Olympic Games ceremonies 4165:Flag bearers by country 3243:Encyclopædia Britannica 2906:stood in for President 2872:Games of the X Olympiad 2843:The first case was the 1937:"Ancient Olympic Games" 1099:, by speaking in Greek: 1011:In 1980, Soviet leader 908:If at the Games of the 380:Lighting of the modern 5443:1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 5427:1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 5122:Olympic Esports Series 5071:Participation of women 2914:, also in Lake Placid. 2890:was sent by President 2732:www.insidethegames.biz 2410:Arning, Chris (2013), 1939:. The Olympic Movement 1849: 1598: 1590: 1582: 1468: 1353:Beginning at the post- 1350: 1286: 1222: 1156: 1060:In 2002, US President 1027:In 1984, US President 936:Berlin Summer Olympics 817: 737:Bosnia and Herzegovina 633: 497: 426: 389: 5142:Ancient Olympic Games 4972:summer (2000-present) 4712:Incentives by country 2856:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1839: 1596: 1588: 1580: 1571:Further information: 1462: 1348: 1325:, another one at the 1280: 1217:Brazilian marathoner 1216: 1203:Further information: 1150: 879:Further information: 811: 657:2004 opening ceremony 653:ancient Olympic Games 623: 491: 421: 379: 338:ancient Olympic Games 4678:All-time medal table 3743:on 11 September 2016 3513:on 25 September 2021 2853:Governor of New York 2851:. In 1932, the then- 2246:Agence France-Presse 1873:next Winter Olympics 1869:1992 Winter Olympics 1865:three years from now 1853:2020 Summer Olympics 1833:makes a speech. The 1824:1976 Summer Olympics 1801:The PyeongChang flag 1781:2012 Summer Olympics 1743:1952 Winter Olympics 1681:was raised with the 1675:1980 Summer Olympics 1652:2006 Winter Olympics 1620:1956 Summer Olympics 1561:2014 Winter Olympics 1557:2020 Summer Olympics 1546:US Olympic Committee 1531:1968 Summer Olympics 1511:2020 Summer Olympics 1495:2016 Summer Olympics 1319:2022 Winter Olympics 1267:2012 Summer Olympics 1256:Catriona Le May Doan 1228:2022 Winter Olympics 1193:2018 Winter Olympics 1185:2012 Summer Olympics 1177:1988 Summer Olympics 1165:1960 Summer Olympics 1066:September 11 attacks 857:2024 Summer Olympics 834:1992 Summer Olympics 830:1998 Winter Olympics 826:1972 Winter Olympics 822:1964 Summer Olympics 792:2020 Summer Olympics 780:2022 Winter Olympics 776:2008 Summer Olympics 768:2018 Winter Olympics 764:1988 Summer Olympics 741:2014 Winter Olympics 729:1984 Winter Olympics 717:1980 Summer Olympics 715:, respectively. The 693:1976 Summer Olympics 669:Refugee Olympic Team 665:2020 Summer Olympics 649:1928 Summer Olympics 626:the team from Greece 578:2008 Summer Olympics 563:1976 Winter Olympics 530:1998 Winter Olympics 519:2022 Winter Olympics 506:1980 Summer Olympics 502:1996 Summer Olympics 470:2022 Winter Olympics 466:2020 Summer Olympics 450:1920 Summer Olympics 440:2008 Summer Olympics 354:2004 Summer Olympics 5569:Youth Olympic Games 5534:2026 Milano Cortina 3652:The Daily Telegraph 3156:. 4 February 2022. 2218:. 17 January 2022. 1859:, so IOC President 1679:flag of Los Angeles 1465:women's uneven bars 912:(Summer Olympics): 372:Ancient forerunners 201:Women participation 4198:Closing ceremonies 3827:Opening ceremonies 3440:on 9 February 2015 3104:insidethegames.biz 3057:"London 2012 News" 2849:Theodore Roosevelt 2321:The New York Times 2194:The New York Times 1685:played instead of 1599: 1591: 1583: 1519:Black Power salute 1469: 1455:Medal presentation 1351: 1287: 1244:Nancy Greene Raine 1223: 1157: 1097:Georgios Dritsakos 980:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 818: 774:script, while the 634: 624:As per tradition, 550:artistic programme 544:Artistic programme 498: 427: 390: 42:You can assist by 5771: 5770: 5721: 5720: 5710:COVID-19 pandemic 5696:Cancelled due to 5677:Cancelled due to 5594:2018 Buenos Aires 5558: 5557: 5448:1960 Squaw Valley 5150: 5149: 4967:summer (pre-2000) 4937:Songs and anthems 4564: 4563: 4544: 4543: 4193: 4192: 3434:"National Anthem" 3315:. BBC. 1968-10-17 2892:Dwight Eisenhower 2814:"Olympic Charter" 2707:Los Angeles Times 2499:Colapinto, Cinzia 2495:Chen, Chwen Chwen 2252:on 12 August 2008 1857:COVID-19 pandemic 1815:Summer Games and 1295:Candelária Church 1219:Vanderlei de Lima 875:Opening Protocols 685:official language 638:Parade of Nations 616:Parade of Nations 478:COVID-19 pandemic 330: 329: 72: 71: 64: 5813: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5681: 5675: 5640:2016 Lillehammer 5621: 5564: 5563: 5541:2030 French Alps 5523:2018 PyeongChang 5493:1994 Lillehammer 5488:1992 Albertville 5473:1980 Lake Placid 5428: 5421: 5409:1932 Lake Placid 5383: 5348:2028 Los Angeles 5292:1984 Los Angeles 5272:1968 Mexico City 5242: 5235: 5223:1932 Los Angeles 5203: 5156: 5155: 5132:Special Olympics 5087:Paralympic Games 4755:tropical nations 4645:Olympic Congress 4628: 4627: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4202: 4201: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3739:. Archived from 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3707:. Archived from 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3551: 3539:Orlando Sentinel 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3509:. Archived from 3498: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3411:. Archived from 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3154:Inside the Games 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063:on 31 July 2012. 3053: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3001:The Toronto Star 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2976:Inside the Games 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2416:Social Semiotics 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2216:Inside the Games 2208: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2151: 2143: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1969: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1717:The Antwerp flag 1476:in athletics or 1327:Yanqing District 1311:Tuileries Garden 1260:Jack Poole Plaza 964:Emperor Naruhito 960:Emperor Hirohito 930:opened both the 850:Catalan language 846:Spanish language 405: 402: 398: 395: 322: 315: 308: 88: 74: 73: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5732: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5661: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5571: 5554: 5553: 5433:1948 St. Moritz 5426: 5419: 5404:1928 St. Moritz 5384: 5375: 5374: 5240: 5233: 5201: 5161: 5146: 5075: 5008: 4908: 4870:Olympic Channel 4848: 4808: 4802:Olympic Stadium 4766: 4750:Winter Olympics 4745:Summer Olympics 4731: 4722:Olympic diploma 4717:Stripped medals 4659: 4622: 4600: 4595: 4565: 4560: 4552: 4550: 4540: 4527: 4375: 4189: 4156: 4004: 3822: 3812: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704:The Independent 3695: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3549: 3547: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3011: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2845:St. Louis Games 2842: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2572:www.cbsnews.com 2566: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2540: 2533: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2450:Olympic Memoirs 2446: 2442: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2393: 2390:Washington Post 2381: 2377: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1829:Afterward, the 1755:Winter Olympics 1745:by the city of 1729:Summer Olympics 1671:Hymn to Liberty 1575: 1569: 1507:national anthem 1474:World Athletics 1457: 1343: 1329:, and a one at 1271:Olympic Stadium 1211: 1201: 1115:, and in 2022, 1013:Leonid Brezhnev 962:of Japan, and 883: 877: 745:Cyrillic script 743:in Russia used 642:gender equality 618: 610:The Last Supper 546: 486: 462: 416: 403: 396: 386:Olympia, Greece 374: 346:modern Olympics 326: 68: 57: 51: 48: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5819: 5809: 5808: 5793: 5792: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5701: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635:2012 Innsbruck 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5584:2010 Singapore 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:2010 Vancouver 5510: 5505: 5503:2002 Salt Lake 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:1976 Innsbruck 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:1964 Innsbruck 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5302:1992 Barcelona 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5257:1956 Melbourne 5254: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:1928 Amsterdam 5215: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5196:1912 Stockholm 5193: 5188: 5186:1904 St. Louis 5183: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5081: 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July 2024 3116: 3106:. 24 July 2021 3091: 3066: 3045: 3020: 3003:. 2010-02-16. 2988: 2963: 2941: 2916: 2904:Walter Mondale 2884:Herbert Hoover 2868:Charles Curtis 2836: 2794: 2769: 2744: 2719: 2694: 2672: 2648: 2617: 2584: 2559: 2531: 2513:(2): 188–195, 2507:Visual Studies 2486: 2465: 2458: 2440: 2422:(4): 523–544, 2402: 2375: 2333: 2307: 2285: 2263: 2233: 2203: 2178: 2133: 2095: 2057: 2030: 2005: 1987: 1980: 1949: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1819:Winter Games. 1809: 1808: 1798: 1791:Rio de Janeiro 1784: 1769:The Seoul flag 1766: 1736: 1683:Olympic Anthem 1568: 1565: 1542:Avery Brundage 1478:World Aquatics 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1420:Kipchoge Keino 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1373: 1342: 1339: 1200: 1197: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1062:George W. Bush 1057: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1043:In 1992, King 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 984: 983: 975: 974: 968: 967: 924: 923: 917: 876: 873: 617: 614: 545: 542: 485: 482: 461: 458: 415: 412: 397: 776 BCE 373: 370: 328: 327: 325: 324: 317: 310: 302: 299: 298: 297: 296: 291: 283: 282: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 242: 241: 240:Regional games 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 211: 210: 206: 205: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 95: 94: 90: 89: 81: 80: 70: 69: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5818: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5791: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:2020 Lausanne 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5478:1984 Sarajevo 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:1968 Grenoble 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:1924 Chamonix 5397: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5355:2032 Brisbane 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:1976 Montreal 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:1952 Helsinki 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160:Olympic Games 5157: 5153: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5004:Olympic Order 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4760:country codes 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598:Olympic Games 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4559: 4547: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3713:on 1 May 2022 3711: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3629:on 2012-11-06 3628: 3624: 3618: 3604:on 2013-04-17 3603: 3599: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3415:on 2008-12-06 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3386:on 2011-10-16 3382: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3335: 3334:"Mexico 1968" 3329: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3219:on 2014-03-18 3218: 3214: 3207: 3193:on 2004-08-29 3192: 3188: 3187:Deccan Herald 3184: 3178: 3176: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2931:on 2010-04-11 2930: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:Richard Nixon 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870:, opened the 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858:, opened the 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2683: 2676: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2459:92-9149-015-6 2455: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2273: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2164: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2123:on 2010-02-15 2119: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2085:on 2011-09-01 2081: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2064: 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