Ottoman Empire - Knowledge

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million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g., Turkey and Bulgaria), whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted by the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called

5968: 5715: 5226:(r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts were abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam. 3945:, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal, and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the 6476: 4806: 6781: 6451: 4148: 5073: 4186: 4329: 4700: 18689: 3953: 18713: 4496:

prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. The Ottoman economy greatly expanded during the early modern period, with particularly high growth rates during the first half of the eighteenth century. The empire's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748, adjusted for inflation.

5123:, which granted non-Muslim communities a large degree of political, legal, and religious autonomy; in essence, members of a millet were subjects of the empire but not subject to the Muslim faith or Islamic law. A millet could govern its own affairs, such as raising taxes and resolving internal legal disputes, with little or no interference from Ottoman authorities, so long as its members were loyal to the sultan and adhered to the rules concerning 18677: 3769: 17567: 18725: 299: 289: 279: 269: 259: 6991: 3600: 5503: 13343: 4598: 3829:

the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (

6543:), and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through 18701: 4067:. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative 4271: 4725:, though lower registries spoken by the common people had fewer influences from other languages compared to higher varieties used by upper classes and governmental authorities. Turkish, in its Ottoman variation, was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans. The Ottoman constitution of 1876 did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish. 5528:, slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, and the children of female slaves were born legally free. Female slaves were still sold in the Empire as late as 1908. During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice. Policies developed by various sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the 5242:

their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by the cavalrymen, they rose in rebellion. The rebellions were highly violent on both sides, but by the time the Janissaries were suppressed, it was far too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The political system was transformed by the destruction of the

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as the force of nationalism pushed against imperialism. The French took over Algeria and Tunisia. The Europeans all thought that the empire was a sick man in rapid decline. Only the Germans seemed helpful, and their support led to the Ottoman Empire joining the central powers in 1915, with the result that they came out as one of the heaviest losers of the First World War in 1918.

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period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...

4010: 4243:, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, falling behind the empire's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768. 5218:

religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan

5009:, were either established, or saw significant growth, throughout the empire's history. However, some heterodox Muslim groups were viewed as heretical and even ranked below Jews and Christians in terms of legal protection; Druze were frequent targets of persecution, with Ottoman authorities often citing the controversial rulings of 242: 4171:, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts. 5591:) operated by religious clergy primarily served Christians, although some Muslim students attended. Garnett described the schools for Christians and Jews as "organised upon European models", with "voluntary contributions" supporting their operation and most of them "well attended" and with "a high standard of education". 4787:) with their own languages, though many non-Muslim minorities such as Greeks and Armenians only spoke Turkish. In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants often spoke each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic 4476:

successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain, after the conclusion of the

12832: 6400:), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of 12147:, p. 35 "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror." 10453:

There was the ruling Ottoman group, now largely concentrated in the bureaucracy centered on the Sublime Porte, and the mass of the people, mostly peasants. The efendi looked down on "the Turk," which was a term of opprobrium indicating boorishness, and preferred to think of himself as an Osmanli. His

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Non-Muslims, particularly Christians and Jews, were present throughout the empire's history. The Ottoman imperial system was charactised by an intricate combination of official Muslim hegemony over non-Muslims and a wide degree of religious tolerance. While religious minorities were never equal under

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The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organisation developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as

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posit that the early Ottoman state was a predatory confederacy open to both Byzantine Christians and Turkish Muslims whose primary goal was attaining booty and slaves, rather than spreading Islam, and that Islam only later became the empire's primary characteristic. Other historians have followed the

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Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality

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As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish,

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was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the

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After the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was shrinking, as Russia put on heavy pressure and expanded to its south; Egypt became effectively independent in 1805, and the British later took it over, along with Cyprus. Greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive

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The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in

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were calligraphic monograms, or signatures, of the Ottoman Sultans, of which there were 35. Carved on the Sultan's seal, they bore the names of the Sultan and his father. The statement and prayer, "ever victorious", was also present in most. The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi. The ornately stylized

10591: 5267:. In each locality, they governed themselves, spoke their own language, ran their own schools, cultural and religious institutions, and paid somewhat higher taxes. They had no power outside the millet. The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups. 4678:

and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees—200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees arrived into the Ottoman Empire. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a

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Towards the end of the empire's existence life expectancy was 49 years, compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century. Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes. In 1785 around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague

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A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520–1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5. For unclear reasons, the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century. An estimate of 7,230,660

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Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the

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The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system

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s throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from

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Ethnic nationalism, based on distinctive religion and language, provided a centripetal force that eventually destroyed the Ottoman Empire. In addition, Muslim ethnic groups, which were not part of the millet system, especially the Arabs and the Kurds, were outside the Turkish culture and developed

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However, it began to rise to reach 25–32 million by 1800, with around 10 million in the European provinces (primarily in the Balkans), 11 million in the Asiatic provinces, and around 3 million in the African provinces. Population densities were higher in the European provinces,

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had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of

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among its multiethnic subjects. In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. The gradual weakening of the

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Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the

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The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art, and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure, and government) were adopted by the

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The Janissaries were a highly formidable military unit in the early years, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the Janissaries felt

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Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A parliament was formed,

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By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this, the financial and political interests of the state were

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on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913, the

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after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind

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On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman

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was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. As applied to Ottoman Turkish speakers, this term began to fall out of use at the end of the seventeenth century, and instead the word increasingly became associated with the Greek population of the

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Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols.

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The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes

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These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive; for instance, the Islamic courts, which were the Empire's primary courts, could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more

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The Janissaries had been recruited from Christians and other minorities; their abolition enabled the emergence of a Turkish elite to control the Ottoman Empire. A large number of ethnic and religious minorities were tolerated in their own separate segregated domains called millets. They were

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of 1826. Sultan Mahmud II crushed the revolt executed the leaders and disbanded the large organization. That set the stage for a slow process of modernization of government functions, as the government sought, with mixed success, to adopt the main elements of Western bureaucracy and military

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Beginning in the early 19th century, society, government, and religion were interrelated in a complex, overlapping way that was deemed inefficient by Atatürk, who systematically dismantled it after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the

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Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population. For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. For earlier periods

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Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his

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of 1839. These reforms included the "fair and public trial of all accused regardless of religion", the creation of a system of "separate competences, religious and civil", and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims. Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (1869–1876), and a code of civil

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established a schooling system serving its members. Education was therefore largely divided on ethnic and religious lines: few non-Muslims attended schools for Muslim students, and vice versa. Most institutions that served all ethnic and religious groups taught in French or other languages.

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was a system with two main dimensions: the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The state had control over the clergy. Certain

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Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the

5557:. Hence the ruling classes of all three polities were bilingual in varieties of Persian and Turkic. But in the century's final quarter, linguistic adjustments occurred in the Ottoman and Safavid realms defined by a new rigidity that favoured Ottoman Turkish and Persian, respectively. 11956:

It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish, Akabi Hikayesi (1851, Akabi's Story), was written and published in Armenian letters (for Armenian communities who read in Turkish) by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), known as Vartan Paşa, a leading Ottoman man of letters and

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constituted the major Western influence on Ottoman literature in the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period had Ottoman equivalents; in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of

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The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological

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Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls—Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

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Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th century.

4267:(New Order). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries. Consequently, the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education. 4063:. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local 4878:. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, less than a fifth of the empire's population (19%) was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks, Assyrians, and Armenians. 5518:

Ottoman Turks, who developed them into new forms, resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Although the predominant literary language of the Ottoman Empire was Turkish, Persian was the preferred vehicle for the projection of an imperial image.

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or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the

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that prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though it was exclusively nonfictional. One apparent exception was

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In Western Europe, the names Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations. This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–1923, when the newly established

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their own separate nationalism. The British sponsored Arab nationalism in the First World War, promising an independent Arab state in return for Arab support. Most Arabs supported the Sultan, but those near Mecca believed in and supported the British promise.

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remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of

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system were not hereditary at first. Even after they became inheritable, land ownership in the Ottoman Empire remained highly insecure, and the sultan revoked land grants whenever he wished. Stone argued this insecurity in land tenure strongly discouraged

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is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world, as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology, through his translations of Western works.

13323: 5188:. As the largest group of non-Muslim subjects, the Rum Millet enjoyed several special privileges in politics and commerce; however, Jews and Armenians were also well represented among the wealthy merchant class, as well as in public administration. 11838:

Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), the author, who preferred to remain anonymous, of The Story of Akabi (Akabi Hikyayesi), the first novel in Turkish, published with Armenian characters in the same year as

5042:, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the reign of Murad I (1362–1389). The caliphate was officially transferred from the Mamluks to the Ottoman sultanate in 1517, whose members were recognized as caliphs until the 4873:

Until the second half of the 15th century, the majority of Ottoman subjects were Christian. Non-Muslims remained a significant and economically influential minority, albeit declining significantly by the 19th century, due largely to migration and

10654:, p. 62It was true also that there was a partial linguistic amalgam of the peoples in the empire. Many Greeks and Armenians did not know their national languages and spoke Turkish alone, though they wrote it in Greek and Armenian characters. 4925:, who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam and brought religion to Anatolia through their migrations beginning in the 11th century. From its founding, the Ottoman Empire officially supported the 5109:) were subject to various legal restrictions, including being forbidden to carry weapons, ride on horseback, or have their homes overlook those of Muslims; likewise, they were required to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects, including the 11927:

In fact, one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western-type novel form, Akabi Hikayesi (Akabi's Story), was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha (born Osep/Hovsep Vartanian/Vartanyan, 1813–1879) and published in Armenian characters in

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was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture. It was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by

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was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which also educated the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the

241: 5671:) were more or less prescribed. Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. The vast majority of Divan poetry was 6114:. It was in these centres that most important developments in Ottoman architecture occurred and that the most monumental Ottoman architecture can be found. Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a 243: 4536:

dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in, Ottoman administrators could not see the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

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world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School, and the first separate reconnaissance division was established. In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (

1731:; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged. 9903: 3649:, have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Byzantine (Roman) state and that the Ottoman Empire was in essence a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a 177: 224: 196: 6917:, Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. Since, the Ottoman Empire is credited with the invention of several surgical instruments in use such as 6829:—who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years in Constantinople before his death. 2449:, Suleiman's reign was the zenith of the Ottoman classical period, during which Ottoman culture, arts, and political influence flourished. The empire reached its maximum territorial extent in 1683, on the eve of the 11433: 5292:

or local notables. The ayan collected taxes, formed local armies to compete with other notables, took a reactionary attitude toward political or economic change, and often defied policies handed down by the Sultan.

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not just on the floors of a room but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.

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remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. "Between 1701 and 1750, 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul, and 31 between 1751 and 1801."

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The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.

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and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan

1954:) originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century. The word subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term "Turk" ( 3934:

Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as

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The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army. He named them as the

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Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the Ottomans. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and

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reforms. It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic

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a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

4579:(1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 11286: 6890: 3738:, which in return for accepting that control became the Ottoman Empire's largest land-holder. Despite the similarities, Stone argues that a crucial difference is that the land grants under the 13322: 5116:

which was a key source of state revenue. Many Christians and Jews converted to Islam to secure full social and legal status, though most continued to practice their faith without restriction.

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Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.

5891:). This diversity was, in part, due to Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman 3689:

who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale. They argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from

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Ottoman dynastic patronage was concentrated in the historic capitals of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul (Constantinople), as well as in several other important administrative centres such as

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and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later.

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forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic

13332: 9702: 4321:, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The 2394:) in 1453, transforming it into the new Ottoman capital, the state grew into a substantial empire, expanding deep into Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. With most of the 222: 194: 175: 11598: 4728:

The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except some regions such as

7043: 4302:(reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first 11102: 10218:

The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire's population in 1826, a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain, France and America.

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Ethnic map of the Ottoman Empire in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks, Red = Greeks, Light yellow = Armenians, Blue = Kurds, Orange = Lazes, Dark Yellow = Arabs, Green = Nestorians

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Translation Located in Tajikistan and Manuscript Production during the Abuʾl-Khayrid Annexation of Khurasan (1588–1598)". In Paskaleva, Elena; van den Berg, Gabrielle (eds.).

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cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs, and

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from seeking long-term development of their land, and instead led them to adopt a strategy of short-term exploitation, which had deleterious effects on the Ottoman economy.

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By the seventeenth century, literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks, and often, in phrases such as 'senseless Turks', used the word as a term of abuse.

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The Ottoman Empire, or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman, was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the

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onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and

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With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.

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was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal power of the Ottoman sultans in the future generations.

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1323/4), which was unparalleled in both Europe (e.g., the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the

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is one of the most important examples from this period. The last Ottoman period saw more influences from Western Europe, brought in by architects such as those from the

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Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of the 19th century), ordinary people had to hire

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These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

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writes that the Ottoman state centred on "a Byzantine-Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion". Kitsikis and the American historian

1574: 1560: 1546: 1532: 1518: 1504: 1490: 1476: 1462: 1448: 1434: 1420: 1406: 1392: 1378: 1364: 1350: 1336: 1322: 1308: 1294: 1280: 1255: 1241: 1227: 1213: 1199: 1185: 1171: 1157: 1143: 1129: 1115: 1101: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1045: 1031: 1017: 1003: 989: 975: 4764:

in North Africa. In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, while

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was part of Ottoman society, with most slaves employed as domestic servants. Agricultural slavery, like that in the Americas, was relatively rare. Unlike systems of

2015:, most scholarly historians at present avoid the terms "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans, due to the empire's multinational character. 12777: 6851:

rather than astronomical, leading to its destruction in 1580 due to the rise of a clerical faction that opposed its use for that purpose. He also experimented with

6528: 5131:, which was permitted to retain its autonomy and was never subject to occupation or forced conversion; even special laws were enacted to protect it from outsiders. 4217:. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using 11460: 4390:

The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century.

18569: 16079: 10730:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". 9528: 3901:) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by 2324: 18875: 10454:

country was not Turkey, but the Ottoman State. His language was also "Ottoman"; though he might also call it "Turkish," in such a case he distinguished it from

8911:

Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, "Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan" in Peter Fibiger Bang, and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, eds.

6152:). Ottoman constructions were still abundant in Anatolia and in the Balkans (Rumelia), but in the more distant Middle Eastern and North African provinces older 3882:. On occasion, the valide sultan became involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the " 21294: 21289: 18846: 7255:(GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Constantinople were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the 7183:

Court, diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, taught in state schools, and offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some

4343:

dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (

166: 11361: 6450: 20399: 14198: 13554: 10890: 3917:, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in 8096: 6475: 18763: 12930: 7782: 6325:

was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite. A number of the Ottoman sultans have accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as

6091:. The last decades of the Ottoman Empire also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the 4293:

vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of

1675:(1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over 204: 13197: 12008: 4426:) in 1864, as part of the Tanzimat reforms. Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units: the vilayet, 1960:) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the 21284: 14128: 11283: 10815: 6937: 5482: 5729:

did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of

5679:(which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes. But there were other common genres, especially the mesnevî, a kind of 5542:

Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture. The sultans also made an important contribution in the development of Persian literature.

14208: 4317:

and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the

1964:, an educated, urban-dwelling Turkish speaker who was not a member of the military-administrative class typically referred to themselves neither as an 5619:(1334–1413). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction: there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European 1719:. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and 13998: 8750: 1680: 8982: 2062: 21314: 11538: 10870: 10667: 7676: 7162:, including historians, believe using "Constantinople" to refer to the Ottoman-era city is "politically incorrect" despite any historical accuracy. 6967:

mills moving towards steam power. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of

4117:, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in 18871: 11508: 7147:

in 1923, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the Turkish government in 1930 requested that foreign embassies and companies use

17695: 13517: 13424: 8487: 8176: 6944: 5768:, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was 4532:

that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, can be seen as one of the staging posts along with this development.

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Oleg Benesch, "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."

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were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in

4685:. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia. 4079: 2534: 10440: 9710: 7048: 5475: 4377: 3855: 1676: 19256: 8728: 7267:

on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the Republic on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.

6491: 6265:, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also, sheets for albums 18232: 17105: 11885:

Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet, the Akabi History (1851) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel.

8657:

Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results".

21329: 18827: 18395: 17774: 17490: 15127: 14955: 14870: 14609: 14240: 13581: 7038: 6775: 3470: 2418:, among other territories. Within the next few decades, much of the North African coast (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman realm. 9321: 8402: 20692: 18866: 18784: 14327: 14028: 12042: 11717: 11682: 11671: 11319: 10985: 10846: 10630: 9826: 9261: 9217: 9104: 9012: 8041: 3628: 2317: 2030: 18793: 12074: 11189: 11155: 10535: 9942: 9785: 8270: 7991: 7944: 7902: 7863: 6408:) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: 4616: 2364:, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at 18873: 18859: 18858: 18835: 18834: 18368: 17769: 16472: 14133: 13591: 13037: 12903: 11094: 9416: 4164: 3553: 3458: 778: 18867: 18830: 18802: 18789: 8580: 6044:. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional 21274: 20392: 18808: 14431: 13928: 13601: 12801:"The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy" 10773: 7260: 7053: 6836: 6818: 6785: 5264: 5162: 5067: 4609:

for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount, as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts.

3975:

This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire, which was initially undertaken in the

3969: 3448: 2484: 2460: 2219: 1273: 765: 697: 18855: 18832: 21304: 18820: 18813: 18809: 18756: 18166: 15024: 14396: 13665: 11485: 10562:"The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey" 5234: 3808: 3758: 10916: 10458:, or coarse Turkish, the common speech. His writing included a minimum of Turkish words, except for particles and auxiliary verbs. 7809:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).

4703:

1911 Ottoman calendar shown in several different languages such as: Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Hebrew, Bulgarian and French

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s) to be able to communicate with the government. Some ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (

1441: 18870: 18869: 18865: 18814: 18800: 18795: 18787: 18786: 8121:) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language. 8113:

was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (

87: 21309: 18658: 17800: 17747: 14614: 14480: 14272: 14260: 14177: 13859: 13732: 13596: 7144: 6904: 5150: 5035: 4459: 4163:

These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as

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Language was not an obvious sign of group connection and identity in the 16th century among the rulers of the Ottoman Empire,

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In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform. This process of legal modernisation began with the

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The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts was a

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Peri, Oded (1990). "The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.).

11016: 10979: 10840: 10695: 10624: 10529: 10434: 10374: 10345: 10085: 10029: 10004: 9976: 9936: 9897: 9863: 9820: 9732: 9686: 9631: 9606: 9496: 9449: 9410: 9298: 9255: 9211: 9143: 9098: 9064: 8852: 8722: 8678: 8621: 8450: 8433: 8225: 8139: 8035: 7985: 7938: 7896: 7857: 7713: 7640: 6822: 6503: 6092: 3837: 3793: 529: 15359: 13230: 13070: 12199: 11914: 11872: 11825: 10701: 10380: 9561: 8231: 8187:) // Cited: p. 26 (pdf p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 6217:(Imperial Festival Books) were albums that commemorated celebrations in the Ottoman Empire in pictorial and textual detail. 5859:), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there is doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist 1774:. While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it struggled with internal dissent, especially the 21324: 21264: 20385: 18817: 17678: 17533: 14579: 13869: 13844: 13813: 13488: 12581: 7830:

The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800

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were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (

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Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]

7670:"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." 6120:, that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. In addition to a mosque, these could include a 6020:

experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the

5034:

During Selim's reign, the Ottoman Empire saw an unprecedented and rapid expansion into the Middle East, particularly the

4560: 3511: 3362: 2115: 12769: 2491:. Throughout its more than 600 years of existence, the Ottoman Empire has left a profound legacy in the Middle East and 21061: 20261: 19261: 18783: 18616: 18156: 18146: 17213: 15852: 14525: 14485: 14459: 14413: 14154: 13901: 13549: 13253: 12558: 12060:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

11700:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

11654:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

10402: 9463: 8359: 7011: 6832: 5063: 4592: 4227:. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armor, using bows and short swords on fast 2476: 2269: 1826: 804: 111: 18812: 18801: 16165: 12606:

Bert Fragner, "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper,

11377:

Karen Barkey, and George Gavrilis, "The Ottoman millet system: non-territorial autonomy and its contemporary legacy."

9521: 9351: 8635: 18905: 18854: 18161: 18108: 18046: 17734: 17717: 15117: 13783: 13700: 13690: 13534: 11707: 11661: 8264: 7749: 7252: 7238:

1 November 1922 marks the formal ending of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed VI departed Constantinople on 17 November 1922.

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that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (

5047: 4516: 3734:. Stone also argues that although Sunni Islam was the state religion, the Ottoman state supported and controlled the 3536: 3428: 2253: 2235: 2008: 1766:

hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses; it thus joined

18788: 5815:

Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously; for instance, the poet

3716:

land-holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one's ability to raise cavalry became the Ottoman

21192: 20787: 20408: 18594: 18279: 18078: 18002: 17790: 15662: 14123: 11358: 8945: 8090: 7539:

The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the

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the law, they were granted recognition, protection, and limited freedoms under both Islamic and Ottoman tradition.

3563: 1683:, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at 18839: 12968:

Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870

12482: 11156:"The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula" 10886: 8545: 7736:. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. 2380:

in Asia Minor were assimilated into the budding Ottoman sultanate through conquest or declarations of allegiance.

21217: 20820: 20685: 19887: 18794: 18274: 17722: 16814: 15060: 14604: 14421: 14386: 14292: 14250: 13544: 13260: 12727:

Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb

8326: 7366: 7318: 6444:). Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source. 6329:, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of 6052:. The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of 5566: 5260: 4694: 3812:

pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic

3621: 2495:, as can be seen in the customs, culture, and cuisine of the various countries that were once part of its realm. 2261: 2177: 1806: 1751: 1743: 432: 20463: 19049: 18823: 12940: 11595: 5209: 21004: 20837: 20775: 18849: 18833: 18416: 18113: 18068: 17982: 17960: 17873: 17266: 15639: 15142: 14245: 14071: 14012: 13618: 13410: 12000: 8066:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In

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Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially

6021: 5993: 5979: 4914: 4512: 4251: 4224: 4180: 3096: 2070: 1553: 1497: 577: 17: 18818: 18807: 18790: 10868:

Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions

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Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions

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s, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free

1759: 21212: 21121: 20325: 18822: 18792: 18505: 18222: 17943: 17485: 17100: 16514: 15476: 14518: 14464: 14314: 14304: 13798: 13586: 13441: 12899: 7033: 6005: 5985: 5521: 5314: 5306: 4955: 4895: 3886:". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the 3590: 3541: 3342: 2049: 2024: 1176: 619: 18845: 12058:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

11698:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

11652:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the Late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

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facilitated the spread of Islam into the Turkic heartland of Central Asia. Many Turkic tribes—including the

20320: 20204: 18863: 18717: 18589: 18284: 17915: 17895: 17148: 16130: 15112: 15100: 14619: 14082: 13864: 13613: 7256: 6064: 5909:

The media of the Ottoman Empire was diverse, with newspapers and journals published in languages including

4246: 3558: 2562: 681: 18824: 18798: 13284: 12649:

Ragep, F.J. (2005). "Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions".

10022:

Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660

8754: 8569:"A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century" 8296:. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the 2577: 1148: 21171: 21166: 20782: 20629: 20330: 19367: 18843: 18840: 18544: 18171: 18151: 18073: 17997: 17742: 17548: 16180: 15993: 15907: 15802: 15717: 15634: 15132: 15004: 14859: 14490: 14454: 14436: 14403: 14374: 13889: 13375: 11534: 10109: 8972: 7816:

was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.

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school of Islamic jurisprudence, which was comparatively more flexible and discretionary in its rulings.

4929: 4887: 3438: 3226: 2589: 2488: 1814: 105: 93: 18864: 18819: 18803: 18791: 18785: 6726:, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of 4571:

to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists, such as

3678: 1684: 21227: 21222: 20678: 20598: 18825: 18267: 18242: 18120: 17970: 17807: 17795: 17661: 17034: 16140: 16055: 15644: 15542: 14149: 13454: 12812: 11512: 7544: 7527: 7151:, and that name became widely accepted internationally. Eldem Edhem, author of an entry on Istanbul in 6017: 5043: 4357: 4332: 3614: 3548: 3352: 2514: 2277: 2079: 1399: 831: 721: 18857: 18850: 18831: 15832: 13274: 8484: 8173: 5609:. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. The earliest work of Ottoman historiography for example, the 5532:

but slavery had centuries of religious backing and sanction and so was never abolished in the Empire.

5229: 21279: 21197: 20951: 20912: 20288: 19436: 19000: 18816: 18815: 18811: 18806: 18797: 18445: 18083: 18063: 17710: 16110: 15797: 15732: 15722: 15707: 15042: 14989: 14899: 13539: 13364: 10938: 8217:

The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west

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Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

7834:

Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.

6578:

cuisines. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include

5274: 20246: 20221: 20071: 19730: 19725: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18643: 18309: 18007: 17936: 17705: 16862: 15552: 15532: 15497: 15450: 15404: 14756: 14572: 14297: 14056: 14045: 13527: 8913:

Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History

8809:

Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum".

8702: 8658: 8495: 8466: 8184: 8155: 7977: 7309: 4361: 2422: 2398:

under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan

1798: 1672: 1315: 1204: 1050: 18805: 18804: 18796: 12362: 11745: 10153:

Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi (October 1979). "Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550–1620".

5804:

movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, the influence of the

3685:, according to which the early Ottoman state was a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic 1859:(also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name 1818: 21319: 21259: 21202: 20860: 20313: 20194: 19735: 19688: 19631: 19330: 19274: 19022: 18829: 18705: 17992: 17965: 17910: 17905: 17757: 16890: 16834: 16581: 16577: 16417: 16235: 16230: 15430: 15122: 15105: 15095: 15070: 14914: 14640: 14532: 14038: 13881: 12004: 11562:"Migration into Eighteenth-century 'Greater Istanbul' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp" 11222: 11193: 10785: 9329: 7005: 6041: 5801: 5765: 5757: 5624: 5580: 5278: 5120: 4800: 4613:

estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns.

4563:, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with 4356:) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The 4064: 4026: 3735: 1413: 1287: 1064: 638: 508: 20377: 18837: 17752: 12856:"First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu" 9928:

Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria

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From the early 16th century until the early 20th century, the Ottoman sultan also served as the

4309:

However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for long. Sultan

4236: 21026: 20855: 20335: 20236: 20231: 19919: 19867: 19787: 19720: 19624: 19609: 19502: 19269: 19223: 19064: 18951: 18821: 18810: 18500: 18440: 18428: 18321: 18178: 17671: 17594: 17541: 17127: 16485: 16462: 16277: 16173: 16150: 16065: 15912: 15624: 15557: 15425: 15374: 15306: 15206: 15196: 14994: 14929: 14736: 14665: 14106: 13707: 13493: 13469: 11226: 11216: 8382: 7058: 6575: 6258: 6198: 6189:, painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums, was heavily influenced by the 6009: 5997: 4524:

Middle East and the Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The

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The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402–1413

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The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire

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Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

10076:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9997:

Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

9995:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9969:

Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

9967:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9926: 9887: 9792: 8254: 7971: 7928: 7886: 7847: 7471: 7017: 6956: 6463: 6409: 4572: 4564: 4529: 4503: 4214: 3006: 2480: 1802: 1739: 20154: 17563: 15286: 13348:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 29 March 2008

13021: 12895: 10281:

Pamuk, S (August 1991). "The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century".

9855: 9400: 7574:"Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States" 6870: 6805:, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of 6310: 6037: 5971: 5038:

on the early 16th century. These conquests further solidified the Ottoman claim of being an

4483: 4167:, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the 21161: 21156: 21096: 21031: 20936: 20659: 20359: 20189: 20159: 20034: 19965: 19936: 19855: 19189: 19027: 19017: 18584: 18579: 18564: 18510: 18455: 18339: 18198: 18183: 18031: 17948: 17762: 17510: 16573: 16292: 16247: 16120: 16039: 16003: 15953: 15812: 15737: 15522: 15399: 15191: 14966: 14944: 14939: 14904: 14846: 14337: 14322: 14066: 13360: 12757: 12697: 12658: 11070: 10887:

Middle East Institute: "Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse" by Andrew Hammond

10566: 10470:"The Ottoman Constitution, promulgated the seventh Zilbridge, 1293 (11/23 December 1876)". 9290: 9056: 8568: 7259:

under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the

7251:(10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the 6840: 6727: 6220: 6174: 6165: 6153: 6060: 6013: 5962: 5571: 5339: 5144: 5080: 4525: 4018: 3779: 3700:

suggests many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires, such as that the

3172: 1738:

sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the

1511: 1371: 1092: 505: 20538: 20139: 8701:

Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia".

6936:

An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker,

6510: 6315: 6214: 6156:

styles continued to hold strong influence and were sometimes blended with Ottoman styles.

6088: 5941:

and used French-language publications, while some provincial newspapers were published in

4382: 3789: 8: 21126: 21056: 20999: 20916: 20742: 20644: 20639: 20503: 20051: 19931: 19897: 19799: 19619: 19614: 19426: 19145: 19081: 18956: 18941: 18772: 18460: 18411: 18344: 18294: 18193: 18103: 18051: 17864: 17845: 17631: 17251: 16870: 16495: 16317: 16145: 16090: 15927: 15917: 15902: 15892: 15857: 15787: 15702: 15672: 15619: 15336: 15090: 15085: 14984: 14979: 14746: 14701: 14660: 14565: 14061: 13823: 13464: 11049:

was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.

8021: 7390: 7334: 7171: 6747: 6743: 6715: 6242: 6209:

in the 15th century, while early in the following century a similar Persian academy, the

6068: 5989: 5828: 5529: 5354: 5247: 5192: 4662: 4647:

double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and

4556: 4548: 3531: 3516: 3266: 2996: 2963: 2855: 2768: 2456: 2094: 1961: 1692: 1640: 1539: 1343: 1246: 1106: 1036: 739: 213: 185: 20473: 19767: 19757: 13498: 12701: 12694:

Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures

12662: 11477: 10908: 8875:

edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 pp. 92–93

7248: 5141:, which encompassed most Eastern Orthodox Christians, was governed by the Byzantine-era 4156: 2151: 21232: 21136: 20920: 20872: 20867: 20770: 20760: 20717: 20709: 20518: 20488: 20458: 20164: 20144: 20127: 20078: 19943: 19752: 19703: 19636: 19554: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19441: 19411: 19303: 19201: 19069: 19044: 18851: 18631: 18574: 18554: 18467: 18356: 18299: 18095: 18017: 17683: 17604: 17599: 17246: 17095: 17068: 16302: 16195: 16044: 15867: 15862: 15827: 15807: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15747: 15742: 15687: 15594: 15440: 15311: 15201: 15181: 15137: 15080: 15075: 15052: 15019: 15009: 14999: 14881: 14369: 13628: 13505: 13481: 12935: 12824: 12674: 12474: 11840: 11591: 10755: 10583: 10495: 10487: 10209: 10073: 9992: 9964: 8977: 8627: 8537: 8351: 7601: 7523: 7422: 6731: 6730:

matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were

6707: 6421: 6393: 6369: 5635: 5600: 5096:", such as the right to worship, own property, and be exempt from the obligatory alms ( 5093: 5092:

system, the Ottoman Empire guaranteed limited freedoms to Christians, Jews, and other "

4941: 4729: 4464: 3526: 3382: 3186: 2971: 2167: 2125: 1720: 1567: 1357: 1260: 1162: 650: 13894: 10136: 6739: 5696: 2976: 1190: 21334: 21111: 21086: 21066: 21046: 21036: 20926: 20908: 20877: 20810: 20727: 20701: 20593: 20563: 20273: 20169: 20105: 20100: 20029: 19926: 19641: 19569: 19564: 19406: 19335: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19108: 19059: 18729: 18676: 18638: 18601: 18487: 18472: 18289: 18227: 18214: 18188: 18056: 17987: 17931: 17850: 17643: 17618: 17579: 17387: 17306: 17059: 16806: 16480: 16392: 16367: 16357: 16352: 16322: 16262: 16070: 16060: 16023: 15897: 15882: 15757: 15727: 15697: 15692: 15667: 15604: 15599: 15589: 15460: 15409: 15296: 15291: 15014: 14650: 14635: 14500: 14342: 13695: 13279: 13220: 13187: 13166: 13132: 13112: 13091: 13060: 13027: 13006: 12976: 12972: 12877: 12828: 12730: 12705: 12678: 12629: 12534: 12509: 12466: 12370: 12278: 12226: 12189: 12162: 12118: 12063: 11974: 11945: 11904: 11862: 11815: 11788: 11763: 11703: 11657: 11630: 11423: 11309: 11230: 11134: 11074: 11036: 11012: 10975: 10836: 10793: 10759: 10691: 10620: 10587: 10525: 10499: 10430: 10370: 10341: 10213: 10081: 10025: 10000: 9972: 9932: 9893: 9859: 9816: 9682: 9627: 9602: 9502: 9492: 9455: 9445: 9406: 9294: 9251: 9207: 9167:"The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents, Matrakçı Nasuh" 9139: 9128: 9094: 9060: 8848: 8718: 8674: 8617: 8529: 8429: 8394: 8343: 8260: 8221: 8031: 7981: 7934: 7892: 7853: 7745: 7709: 7636: 7605: 7593: 7140: 7023: 6798: 6746:(1910) in Constantinople. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as 6230: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6169: 5918: 5910: 5788: 5781: 5620: 5344: 4918: 4891: 4753: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4674:

Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the

4340: 4219: 4100: 3825: 3568: 3521: 3236: 3162: 3046: 3036: 3016: 2986: 2523: 2377: 1787: 1783: 1712: 1626: 1525: 1134: 1120: 994: 490: 422: 31: 12872: 12855: 11762:. The Ottoman empire and its heritage. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. pp. 33–37. 6206: 6033: 5967: 3785: 21101: 21016: 20961: 20931: 20882: 20842: 20825: 20815: 20750: 20722: 20634: 20624: 20573: 20553: 20453: 20122: 19909: 19904: 19860: 19847: 19777: 19745: 19740: 19604: 19599: 19581: 19542: 19475: 19458: 19399: 19389: 19384: 19325: 19281: 19251: 19211: 19194: 19177: 19140: 18891: 18559: 18527: 18349: 18304: 18247: 17900: 17823: 17638: 17352: 17332: 17110: 16886: 16874: 16866: 16854: 16830: 16822: 16810: 16791: 16744: 16646: 16609: 16500: 16437: 16432: 16397: 16347: 16272: 16252: 16212: 16086: 16050: 15968: 15792: 15562: 15507: 15470: 15445: 15435: 15369: 15321: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15221: 15216: 14909: 14655: 14359: 14118: 13916: 13449: 12867: 12816: 12666: 11573: 11267:

Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change

10789: 10747: 10739: 10575: 10479: 10422: 10201: 10162: 9762: 8708: 8664: 8609: 8521: 8335: 8300:

Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.

7737: 7585: 7519: 7342: 7278: 6735: 6571: 6458: 6334: 6133: 6096: 5914: 5892: 5805: 5684: 5535: 5463: 4718: 4714: 4568: 4144:

one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favour.

4034: 3960: 3956: 3646: 3494: 3246: 3216: 3178: 2678: 2492: 2465: 2450: 1989: 1660: 1607: 1427: 1078: 1008: 980: 412: 17342: 16242: 13722: 9849: 9736: 9664:

Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire

9284: 9050: 7589: 6279:, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings. 5708: 4310: 4264: 21141: 21116: 20904: 20887: 20732: 20528: 20483: 20340: 20308: 20181: 20149: 20132: 20088: 20083: 20061: 20056: 20014: 20007: 19982: 19842: 19837: 19678: 19559: 19453: 19448: 19416: 19241: 19231: 19125: 19118: 19113: 19098: 19054: 18936: 18922: 18693: 18626: 18606: 18537: 18532: 18477: 18450: 18361: 18334: 18012: 17977: 17506:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

17188: 17165: 17138: 16878: 16850: 16846: 16818: 16787: 16724: 16681: 16664: 16490: 16452: 16387: 16372: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16312: 16307: 16297: 16287: 16267: 16257: 16225: 15963: 15712: 15682: 15677: 15537: 15527: 15492: 15482: 15465: 15301: 15256: 15171: 14889: 14864: 14711: 14364: 14218: 14159: 13921: 13680: 13379: 13214: 13181: 13158: 13146: 13054: 12183: 12078: 12046: 11898: 11856: 11809: 11721: 11686: 11675: 11602: 11464: 11455: 11365: 11290: 10894: 10874: 10685: 10671: 10362: 9572: 8949: 8491: 8215: 8180: 8017: 7680: 7540: 7511: 7495: 7357: 6882: 6719: 6559: 6536: 6523: 6330: 5700: 5680: 5616: 5453: 5432: 5401: 4901: 4817: 4761: 4711: 4707: 3908: 3136: 3086: 3066: 3026: 2885: 2638: 2089: 1874: 1856: 1723:. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the 1329: 917: 427: 394: 19762: 12585: 11066:

A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility

10877:

Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105

10674:

Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105

8776:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). 7700:

Edhem, Eldem (2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).

7573: 4805: 4194: 2365: 1618:

from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern

21091: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21051: 20956: 20899: 20792: 20755: 20603: 20448: 20283: 20278: 20241: 20216: 20199: 20110: 20066: 20024: 19872: 19832: 19827: 19782: 19708: 19668: 19658: 19648: 19463: 19342: 19236: 19103: 18985: 18549: 18329: 18252: 17885: 17614: 17500: 17397: 17377: 17271: 17256: 17221: 17122: 16894: 16882: 16858: 16838: 16799: 16748: 16709: 16614: 16604: 16523: 16457: 16442: 16422: 16407: 16402: 16377: 16362: 16282: 16220: 16203: 16105: 15887: 15872: 15577: 15572: 15455: 15389: 15261: 14919: 14894: 14799: 14716: 14670: 14426: 14379: 12749: 12670: 8321: 8317: 8289: 7849:

The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870

7462: 7063: 6930: 6780: 6667: 6567: 6250: 6223:

covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in

5922: 5797: 5714: 5628: 5406: 5256: 5195:, as it accorded minority religious groups official recognition and tolerance. 5002: 4906: 4788: 4757: 4675: 4228: 3976: 3968:

with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed the

3849: 3686: 3657: 3650: 3106: 2357: 2203: 1791: 1771: 1735: 1716: 1619: 1483: 1469: 1455: 1218: 477: 452: 417: 373: 12820: 11577: 11060: 10743: 10579: 10205: 10166: 9506: 9459: 8713: 8669: 8089:

Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.).

7915:

Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...

6971:

as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.

6233:. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature ( 5816: 5704: 4948:). The Ottomans were among the earliest and most enthusiastic adopters of the 4833:(customs, legal traditions, and religion) of the Ottoman Empire; the official 4147: 3706: 3669:, who emphasizes the early Ottoman state's Islamic character, seeing it as a " 21253: 21187: 20986: 20468: 20364: 20251: 20046: 20019: 19992: 19970: 19948: 19715: 19698: 19683: 19527: 19480: 19468: 19394: 19286: 19160: 19155: 19130: 19012: 18681: 18621: 18522: 18262: 18257: 17890: 17835: 17626: 17433: 17423: 17226: 17115: 17014: 16969: 16842: 16764: 16760: 16730: 16674: 16659: 16624: 16531: 16447: 16427: 16412: 15752: 15517: 15512: 14934: 14792: 14751: 14731: 14347: 14287: 14101: 13772: 13759: 13727: 13717: 13712: 12470: 10616:

Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays

8533: 8510:"Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire" 8398: 8347: 8211: 7741: 7597: 6996: 6864: 6860: 6759: 6755: 6563: 6358: 6350: 6322: 6305: 6194: 6072: 6053: 6045: 5938: 5809: 5692: 5634:

Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the

5458: 5427: 5385: 5349: 5072: 5051: 5010: 5006: 4976: 4840: 4809: 4629: 4552: 4435: 4427: 4348: 4255: 4240: 4232: 4060: 4042: 3887: 3879: 3642: 3604: 3506: 3196: 1862: 1848: 1763: 1656: 608: 502: 19792: 19772: 15281: 14544: 13984: 13390: 13151:

Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908

12554: 11305:

Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition

9355: 8339: 6894: 4744:; Persian, only spoken by the educated; Arabic, spoken mainly in Egypt, the 327: 21146: 20976: 20847: 20765: 20649: 20578: 20558: 20256: 19997: 19987: 19953: 19882: 19877: 19804: 19594: 19576: 19537: 19532: 19512: 19507: 19379: 19372: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19246: 19184: 19165: 19150: 19086: 18653: 18611: 18237: 17688: 17412: 17198: 16826: 16768: 16752: 16714: 16566: 16536: 15842: 15364: 15326: 15226: 14809: 14233: 14203: 14093: 13933: 13911: 13818: 13510: 13459: 12881: 11733: 11711: 11665: 10416: 10101: 9486: 9439: 8631: 8613: 7364:, the common Western language among the educated in the late Ottoman Empire 6975: 6948: 6856: 6852: 6683: 6659: 6413: 6362: 6346: 6338: 6137: 6076: 6025: 5860: 5832: 5769: 5748: 5672: 5610: 5554: 5546: 5289: 5288:

At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the

5167: 5028: 5024: 5017:. In 1514, Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis ( 4855: 4829: 4540: 4508: 4443: 4314: 4290: 4275: 4202: 4185: 3697: 3682: 3674: 3306: 3276: 3126: 2504: 2426: 2295: 1632: 1615: 929: 516: 13384: 11702:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016. 11656:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016. 11033:

Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history

10426: 10192:

Shaw, S.J. (1978). "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914".

8603: 8322:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 7888:

Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic

7828:

Tezcan, Baki (2012). "Ottoman Historical Writing". In Rabasa, José (ed.).

7087:

In Ottoman Turkish, the city was known by various names, among which were

6144:, or others. These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a 6059:

Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by the

6024:

of the 16th and 17th centuries, which was also strongly influenced by the

5191:

Some modern scholars consider the millet system to be an early example of

4299: 21131: 21009: 20994: 20966: 20802: 20588: 20568: 20498: 20478: 19975: 19960: 19809: 19522: 19431: 19421: 19347: 18995: 18990: 18517: 17828: 17402: 17054: 16999: 16704: 16634: 16074: 15583: 15379: 15271: 15266: 15186: 14777: 14761: 14033: 13742: 13608: 9247:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

9090:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

8207: 7088: 6839:

in 1577, where he carried out observations until 1580. He calculated the

6583: 6428: 6417: 6049: 6029: 5975: 5882: 5872: 5850: 5836: 5793: 5742: 5730: 5666: 5655: 5644: 5173: 5128: 4937: 4922: 4863: 4824: 4633: 4477: 4328: 4318: 4047: 3992: 3666: 3661: 3499: 3206: 3154: 2728: 2472: 2411: 2369: 2012: 1860: 1775: 1767: 1755: 1724: 1696: 448: 138: 57: 9378:

Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions

8942: 8462: 8151: 4699: 4386:

Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1899 (year 1317 Hijri)

1671:, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under 20894: 20523: 20428: 20002: 19819: 19693: 19653: 19586: 17382: 17347: 17203: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17044: 16382: 15629: 15567: 15486: 14726: 14691: 14282: 13906: 12478: 12454: 11278:

Kemal H. Karpat, "The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908."

10557: 10491: 9889:

Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition

8541: 8509: 8355: 8067: 6960: 6908: 6810: 6751: 6623: 6437: 6405: 6401: 5550: 5246:, a powerful military/governmental/police force, which revolted in the 5135: 4667: 4544: 4511:

was founded in 1856 in Constantinople. On 26 August 1896, the bank was

4480:. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants. 3952: 3724: 3316: 3286: 2688: 2609: 2544: 2353: 1232: 360: 18741: 17009: 13749: 13216:

Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State

12367:

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

12090:

Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 25 (PDF p. 27)

12029:

Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 32 (PDF p. 34)

9203:

Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis

6377: 6373: 6116: 4625: 4283: 3913: 3871:, which was established as the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, 1838: 20941: 20583: 20493: 19892: 19663: 19547: 19517: 19298: 19172: 18963: 17428: 17407: 17372: 17367: 17316: 17276: 17261: 17231: 17134: 17085: 16994: 16756: 16669: 16629: 16550: 16546: 15988: 15978: 15547: 14854: 14741: 14277: 14050: 13977: 13960: 13754: 10751: 8297: 7548: 6952: 6913: 6848: 6826: 6794: 6647: 6467: 6326: 6100: 5605:

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and

5243: 5223: 5219: 5177: 5076: 5039: 5019: 4995:, found fertile ground in Ottoman lands; many Sufi religious orders ( 4992: 4910: 4875: 4851: 4813: 4772:

period French became the common Western language among the educated.

4580: 4488: 4406: 4303: 4092: 3864: 3296: 3116: 2403: 2384: 1762:

in 1913 that established a one-party regime. The CUP allied with the

1668: 1611: 566: 20670: 17417: 13633: 13163:

Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550–1922

12531:

Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire

12506:

Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire

11415: 10483: 9402:

Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900

8525: 8381:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

6679: 6016:

architecture and other architectural traditions in the Middle East.

5863:

wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (

3768: 1988:), or "Roman", meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former 298: 288: 278: 268: 258: 30:

This article is about the empire. For the associated caliphate, see

21151: 20946: 20543: 20533: 20508: 20443: 20438: 19293: 19076: 19034: 18973: 18373: 17700: 17459: 17392: 17337: 17286: 17241: 17090: 17064: 17039: 16989: 16964: 16781: 16594: 16558: 16542: 16125: 16008: 15998: 15817: 15316: 14588: 14076: 13808: 13522: 13396: 12800: 11998: 10687:

Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought

10338:

Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922

7217: 6922: 6643: 6619: 6615: 6595: 6591: 6540: 6381: 6372:

used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the

5930: 5502: 5282: 5158: 5119:

The Ottomans developed a unique sociopolitical system known as the

4984: 4964: 4926: 4769: 4417: 4325:

was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.

4279: 4118: 4059:. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local 3873: 3797: 3745: 3256: 3056: 2836: 2698: 2628: 2391: 2211: 1754:

under a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous

1726: 1695:, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the 1688: 1636: 377: 18383: 14228: 13833: 10367:

Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson

6885:, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities 6847:. However, the observatory's primary purpose was almost certainly 6763: 6631: 5831:

is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the

5718: 5623:, short story, or novel. Analog genres did exist, though, in both 4971:

The Ottoman Empire had a wide variety of Islamic sects, including

4741: 921: 343: 21021: 20832: 20608: 20513: 20407: 19206: 19135: 19091: 18946: 17469: 17449: 17362: 16979: 16974: 16954: 16907: 16776: 16694: 16639: 16619: 16599: 16589: 16554: 16018: 15973: 15948: 15502: 15211: 14829: 14782: 14721: 14645: 14599: 14223: 13993: 13967: 13648: 13643: 13402: 10223: 7185: 7118: 7108: 7094: 6926: 6918: 6806: 6802: 6611: 6544: 6283: 6225: 6121: 5752: 5736: 5661: 5650: 5639: 5525: 5511: 5104: 5014: 4980: 4835: 4784: 4681: 4597: 4294: 4239:

racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the

4168: 4135: 4022: 3926: 3918: 3896: 3892: 3868: 3841: 3730: 3712: 3653: 3076: 2865: 2845: 2778: 2758: 2718: 2668: 2658: 2648: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2399: 2395: 2345: 1983: 1922: 1888: 1868: 1852: 1652: 1644: 925: 913: 596: 554: 472: 131: 49: 19007: 14213: 11621:

Comstock-Skipp, Jaimee (2023). "Turk amongst Tajiks: The Turkic

10264: 10262: 9171:

Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education, Series D

8602:

Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011).

7044:

List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire

6635: 6548: 6345:. Compositionally, it is organized around rhythmic units called 2498: 909: 20433: 19039: 18914: 18378: 17571: 17566: 17495: 17454: 17236: 17193: 17143: 17004: 16959: 16949: 16933: 16927: 16912: 16902: 16738: 16699: 16689: 16654: 16100: 16013: 15276: 15176: 14819: 14675: 14495: 13972: 13955: 13803: 13001:

Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989). Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.).

12611: 12181: 11900:

Imagined identities: identity formation in the age of globalism

11404:

Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World

10781: 10152: 10047:

An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914

9851:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

9286:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

9052:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

8451:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 8140:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 7811:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

6723: 6691: 6687: 6579: 6389: 6354: 6275: 6141: 6129: 6125: 6111: 6107: 5950: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5857:

The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed

5507: 5437: 5375: 5088: 4997: 4988: 4949: 4933: 4859: 4845: 4776: 4765: 4745: 4722: 4621: 4601: 4447: 4431: 4410: 4409:("lord of lords" or governor), and was further subdivided into 4394: 4210: 4206: 4190: 4096: 4056: 4030: 3983: 3420: 2925: 2895: 2818: 2748: 2708: 2415: 2407: 2373: 2004: 1822: 1809:

the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the

1700: 1603: 817: 462: 458: 407: 364: 339: 314: 18782: 13372: 13108:

The Ottoman Centuries: the Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

12221:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman".

12113:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Ottoman".

10317: 10305: 10293: 8871:

Norman Stone, "Turkey in the Russian Mirror", pp. 86–100 from

8072:

The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

7547:

in 1565, or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as

7414: 7402: 7383: 6903:

was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major

5937:. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities in the empire used French as a 5127:

A quintessential example is the ancient Orthodox community of

4270: 19673: 17464: 17049: 16984: 16719: 14557: 11811:

Neither Shiraz nor Paris: papers on modern Turkish literature

10259: 10247: 10235: 9808: 8293: 8284: 7323: 6844: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6639: 6627: 6599: 6587: 6552: 6292: 6288: 6181:

lost its function with the Westernization of Ottoman culture.

5925:, but there were also French-language newspapers produced in 5846: 5676: 5606: 5237:

was built in 1725 by the local Italian community of Istanbul.

5204: 5111: 5097: 4972: 4648: 4365: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4073: 3939:. The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a 3936: 3818: 3718: 3670: 2945: 2935: 2915: 2905: 2875: 2808: 2798: 2788: 2738: 2434: 2361: 1758:, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, 352: 12617: 11903:(First ed.). : Syracuse University Press. p. 329. 11095:"Greek monastery manuscripts tell new story of Ottoman rule" 8426:

Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913

5711:(1611–1682) is an outstanding example of travel literature. 4420:

were introduced with the promulgation of the "Vilayet Law" (

2471:

The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in

1706:

While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a

20423: 17505: 17281: 15983: 14824: 14814: 14804: 14787: 13989: 9695: 7296: 7290: 6964: 6897:'s French astronomical work (written in 1637) into Arabic. 6702: 6651: 6607: 6603: 4439: 4105: 4014: 3903: 3813: 3690: 2618: 2485:

Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara

18883: 12756:, pp. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 12434: 10513: 10511: 10509: 9847: 9484: 9282: 9048: 7649: 7284: 6555:, and from there on spread to the rest of the population. 6028:. The most important architect of the Classical period is 5153:

designated the highest religious and political authority (

2406:

in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western

1821:

against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the

12422: 12342: 12332: 12330: 11192:. The American Forum for Global Education. Archived from 9441:

Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

7685:

Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey

6968: 6397: 6385: 3941: 2349: 12623: 12130:

that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.

9522:"Review of 'Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. Law and Modernity'" 8937:

Ronald C. Jennings, "Some thoughts on the Gazi-thesis."

8220:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. 8074:. University of California Press. p. 92 (note 27). 6314:

Musicians and dancers entertaining the crowds, from the

5796:

can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the

4866:, and believed Sufism was the correct way to reach God. 4468:

Coins of the Sultanate of Rûm and the Ottoman Empire at

4091:

law system had been developed from a combination of the

4009: 1778:. During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in 13131:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. 12103:, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485. 11940:

Gürçaglar, Şehnaz; Paker, Saliha; Milton, John (2015).

11616: 11614: 11612: 10909:"Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism" 10506: 9786:"The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power" 9569:

Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook

9027: 8795:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. 8027:

Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature

7635:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. 7436: 7198:

Among Greek-speaking community; spoken by some sultans.

5198: 3807:

Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the

3677:. Many historians led in 1937 by the Turkish historian 1999:

empire, a meaning that it still bears in Turkey today.

1659:

into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the

17491:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

12608:

A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East

12327: 12303: 12223:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12115:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11787:. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 389. 10729: 10645: 10173: 9624:

Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants

8573:

Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic

7408: 7396: 7143:). Kostantiniyye became obsolete in Turkish after the 6951:

for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as

6229:

or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the

6004:

The architecture of the empire developed from earlier

4201:

of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the

12412: 12410: 12395: 12315: 12277:(Second ed.). British Museum Press. p. 75. 12214: 11384: 10130:"Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" 8793:

The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power

8601: 7299: 5945:. The use of French in the media persisted until the 5852:

Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed

5687:; the two most notable examples of this form are the 4559:

policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in

4555:

of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a

4313:

distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist

3800:

between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.

2011:

chose Turkey as the sole official name. According to

16942: 12250:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 12175: 12052: 11939: 11609: 9599:

The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line

8883: 8881: 7287: 6986: 6087:

was evident in many types of buildings, such as the

12657:(125). Science History Publications Ltd.: 359–371. 12455:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II" 12360: 9571:. Greenwood Press. pp. 223–224. Archived from 9559: 9130:

Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire

7488: 7476: 7293: 7281: 7216:

Foreign language among educated people in the post-

5869:

Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery

4710:was the official language of the Empire. It was an 12624:Ágoston and Alan Masters, Gábor and Bruce (2009). 12533:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 153. 12508:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 152. 12407: 12159:Sinan: Ottoman Architecture & its Values Today 9127: 8283:The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of 7813:. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. 7447:is an archaic version. The definite article forms 6193:art form, though it also included elements of the 4055:), dynastic law, co-existed with religious law or 4035:can be initiated by either the husband or the wife 3722:system, and that the Ottoman land measurement the 1622:between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. 9812:Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans 8939:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 8878: 8830:The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1453 to 1768 8455:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 8312: 8310: 8308: 8144:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 8088: 7155:, stated that the majority of the Turkish people 4651:and five times the population density of Arabia. 21251: 12112: 12084: 12023: 11648: 11646: 10106:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 9405:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. 8997: 8380: 8016: 7572:McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (20 October 2015). 6843:of the Sun's orbit and the annual motion of the 5103:) required of Muslims. However, non-Muslims (or 5036:conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 4223:, which were short but wide cannons, during the 2483:. The sultanate was officially abolished by the 2425:in the 16th century, when it stretched from the 1691:) and control over a significant portion of the 13212: 12140: 12138: 12101:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture 11994: 11992: 11990: 11166:. Loyola University New Orleans. Archived from 11153: 10612: 10354: 10311: 10044: 9925:Mundy, Martha; Smith, Richard Saumarez (2007). 9735:. Turkey in the First World War. Archived from 9666:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–202. 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 8915:(Cambridge University Press, 2012) pp. 175–193. 8202: 8200: 8198: 8133: 8131: 8129: 7734:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 7633:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 7454: 7448: 7442: 6539:is the cuisine of the capital, Constantinople ( 6201:and painting. A Greek academy of painters, the 5978:in the 16th century and a major example of the 4360:fought on many fronts during World War I, from 4083:, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era. 13157: 12805:The British Journal for the History of Science 12729:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. 11854: 11620: 10939:"Sufism in the Ottoman Empire Research Papers" 10796:. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. 10517: 10323: 10299: 10268: 10253: 10241: 10229: 10066: 9985: 9957: 9519: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9044: 9042: 8751:"Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri – Turkish Naval Forces" 8316: 8305: 8259:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. 7049:List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings 6744:MKE Ankaragücü (formerly Turan Sanatkarangücü) 6714:The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were 5949:in 1923 and for a few years thereafter in the 5751:, a type of writing descended from the Arabic 5575:The Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884. 4670:is one of the best preserved Ottoman villages. 4378:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire 3959:, Ottoman ambassador to the United States, in 3641:Several historians, such as British historian 1855:, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling 21295:States and territories disestablished in 1923 21290:States and territories disestablished in 1922 20686: 20393: 18899: 18757: 17549: 16181: 14573: 14549: 13418: 13123:popular history espouses old "decline" thesis 13020:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 12754:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 12582:"Karagoz, Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre" 12361:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair; Sheila S. (2009). 12291: 12220: 11942:Tradition, Tension, and Translation in Turkey 11692: 11643: 11416:Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 11124: 11122: 11120: 10835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–114. 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 9885: 9488:The Ashgate research companion to Islamic law 9239: 9237: 9235: 8457:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). 8442: 8383:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 8146:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). 7832:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. 7785:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 7732:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b). 7571: 7395:'Ottoman Authority/Governance/Rule', 7350: 6485:was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire. 5921:. Many of these publications were centred in 5483: 4421: 4071:, i.e., laws, a system based upon the Turkic 3622: 2499:Historiographical debate on the Ottoman state 2318: 1993: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1955: 1949: 1912: 1878: 1829:in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire. 1598:, historically and colloquially known as the 870:5,200,000 km (2,000,000 sq mi) 862:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi) 20356:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 17524:State with limited international recognition 12960: 12958: 12691: 12555:"Karagöz and Hacivat, a Turkish shadow play" 12522: 12354: 12135: 12032: 11987: 11627:Memory and Commemoration across Central Asia 11280:International Journal of Middle East Studies 11011:. University of Michigan Press. p. 25. 10365:. In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). 10283:International Journal of Middle East Studies 10194:International Journal of Middle East Studies 10100: 9560:Epstein, Lee; O'Connor, Karen; Grub, Diana. 9546: 8417: 8206: 8195: 8126: 7039:List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire 6905:medical encyclopaedia from the Islamic world 6881:), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath 6776:Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire 6299: 5787:Due to historically close ties with France, 4364:in the west to the Caucasus in the east and 2376:(Adrianople) in 1369. At the same time, the 1655:by the mid-14th century, transforming their 1606:centred in Anatolia that controlled much of 13219:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 13023:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800 12724: 12106: 11999:Baruh, Lorans Tanatar; Sara Yontan Musnik. 11944:. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 5. 11782: 11511:. Michigan State University. Archived from 10135:. Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from 10123: 10121: 10119: 9681:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–135. 9679:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged 9513: 9383: 9039: 8836: 7695: 7693: 7482: 7124: 6083:motifs were introduced and a trend towards 5142: 5057: 4487:A European bronze medal from the period of 4371: 4193:in battle, holding the crescent banner, by 3867:, was claimed by the sultans starting with 3821:Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty. 2031:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire 1928: 1894: 878:2,550,000 km (980,000 sq mi) 854:1,220,000 km (470,000 sq mi) 21285:States and territories established in 1299 20693: 20679: 20400: 20386: 18906: 18892: 18764: 18750: 17556: 17542: 16188: 16174: 14580: 14566: 13425: 13411: 13019: 13000: 12964: 12770:"Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?" 12440: 12182:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 11757: 11308:. Stanford University Press. p. 141. 11215:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). 11133:. New Delhi: Vij Books India. p. 97. 11117: 10716: 9924: 9232: 8428:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. 7655: 5721:, one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets 5490: 5476: 4768:was used for Islamic prayers. In the post- 4551:in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the 4446:, to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the 3629: 3615: 2325: 2311: 297: 287: 277: 267: 257: 13085: 12955: 12871: 12798: 12001:"Francophone press in the Ottoman Empire" 11506: 11301: 11218:The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism 11214: 10967: 10472:The American Journal of International Law 10369:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. 10045:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1971). 9437: 9033: 8712: 8668: 8459:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 8148:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 8030:. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. 7764: 7731: 7054:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire 6837:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 6786:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 6769: 6384:), other Middle Eastern instruments (the 6361:, which bear some resemblance to Western 5068:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 4858:. Most of the Ottoman Sultans adhered to 3970:Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire 3838:direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant 16471: 13342: 13145: 12600: 12497: 12369:. Oxford University Press. p. 379. 12272: 12150: 11971:Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1 11861:. New York: Facts On File. p. 440. 11478:"Historiography xiv. The Ottoman Empire" 11390: 11069:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 11006: 10828: 10524:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69. 10335: 10127: 10116: 10080:. Oxford University Press. p. 218. 9999:. Oxford University Press. p. 217. 9971:. Oxford University Press. p. 209. 9809:Raymond Detrez; Barbara Segaert (2008). 9344: 9134:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 8700: 8423: 8256:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire 7772: 7690: 7630: 7263:was achieved through the signing of the 6869: 6779: 6701: 6527: 6309: 6173: 5984: 5966: 5713: 5570: 5501: 5273: 5235:Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul 5228: 5208: 5071: 4954: 4804: 4698: 4661: 4615: 4596: 4502: 4482: 4463: 4381: 4327: 4269: 4245: 4184: 4146: 4045:over its subjects. At the same time the 4008: 3951: 3854: 3809:state organisation of the Ottoman Empire 3759:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire 2360:. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby 1711:those of its chief European rivals, the 282: 21315:Former countries of the interwar period 20180: 18771: 13104: 12853: 12685: 12579: 12528: 12503: 12156: 11855:Masters, Bruce; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). 11559: 10778:Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies 10657: 10651: 10418:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 10414: 10179: 10072: 10019: 9991: 9963: 9670: 9661: 9646: 8964: 8847:. Istanbul: The Isis Press. p. 8. 8808: 8775: 8566: 8448: 8137: 7969: 7780: 6907:. Though his work was largely based on 6547:events, and through the cooking at the 6497:A musical gathering in the 18th century 6259:illuminated and illustrated manuscripts 4854:, or politico-religious leader, of the 4021:, as depicted in an Ottoman miniature. 1651:much of Anatolia and expanded into the 943:Predecessor states and successor states 14: 21252: 18486: 14615:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 13356:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 13052: 12928: 12557:. All About Turkey. 20 November 2006. 12336: 12309: 12297: 12144: 11896: 11807: 11572:. Louvain: Éditions Klincksieck: 165. 10808:"Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'" 10683: 10200:(3). Cambridge University Press: 325. 10128:Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). 9596: 9398: 9199: 9173:. Research in Mathematical Education. 8970: 8842: 8827: 7973:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court 7926: 7884: 7827: 7666: 7664: 7624: 7145:proclamation of the Republic of Turkey 6269:consisted of illuminated calligraphy ( 5780:). It was written in Turkish but with 4460:Economic history of the Ottoman Empire 4041:The Ottoman legal system accepted the 1992:in the Balkans and Anatolia. The term 20700: 20674: 20381: 18887: 18745: 17537: 16169: 14845: 14561: 14548: 13406: 13385:Ottoman and Turkish Studies Resources 13179: 13126: 12648: 12428: 12416: 12401: 12348: 12321: 11968: 11509:"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire" 11488:from the original on 17 November 2020 11101:. Associated Press. 21 October 2022. 11059: 11009:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography 10906: 10849:from the original on 21 November 2023 10818:from the original on 6 February 2018. 10772:Alpyağıl, Recep (28 November 2016). " 10360: 10280: 9848:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 9783: 9777: 9703:"Petition created for submarine name" 9676: 9485:P.J. Bearman; Rudolph Peters (2016). 9352:"Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman Kanun" 9283:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 9243: 9125: 9086: 9049:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 8899:The nature of the early Ottoman state 8896: 8790: 8656: 8638:from the original on 20 December 2023 8362:from the original on 19 November 2018 8252: 7845: 7699: 6891:Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci 6093:First National Architectural Movement 4133:, or judge. Since the closing of the 4109:, or consensus of the members of the 18712: 18700: 13200:from the original on 14 January 2023 13088:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition 13073:from the original on 14 January 2023 13040:from the original on 14 January 2023 13003:Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey 12906:from the original on 25 January 2019 12692:Sevim Tekeli (1997). "Taqi al-Din". 12651:Journal for the History of Astronomy 12628:. Infobase Publishing. p. 583. 12485:from the original on 1 November 2022 12452: 12383:from the original on 14 January 2023 12245: 12202:from the original on 14 January 2023 11917:from the original on 14 January 2023 11875:from the original on 14 January 2023 11828:from the original on 14 January 2023 11605:, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2011) 11436:from the original on 14 January 2023 11322:from the original on 14 January 2023 11128: 11105:from the original on 24 October 2022 10805: 10704:from the original on 14 January 2023 10633:from the original on 14 January 2023 10556: 10538:from the original on 14 January 2023 10521:Persian Historiography And Geography 10443:from the original on 14 January 2023 10383:from the original on 14 January 2023 10191: 9945:from the original on 14 January 2023 9906:from the original on 14 January 2023 9829:from the original on 14 January 2023 9534:from the original on 12 October 2013 9466:from the original on 14 January 2023 9419:from the original on 14 January 2023 9264:from the original on 14 January 2023 9220:from the original on 14 January 2023 9181:from the original on 11 January 2013 9107:from the original on 14 January 2023 8731:from the original on 15 January 2024 8583:from the original on 26 January 2024 8473:from the original on 11 October 2019 8273:from the original on 14 January 2023 8234:from the original on 14 January 2023 8162:from the original on 11 October 2019 8099:from the original on 24 October 2022 8065: 8044:from the original on 21 October 2022 7994:from the original on 21 October 2022 7947:from the original on 14 January 2023 7933:. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. 7930:Persian Historiography and Geography 7905:from the original on 21 October 2022 7866:from the original on 14 January 2023 7808: 7612:from the original on 14 January 2023 7518:" from the Ottoman victory over the 7313: 7119: 7109: 7095: 7029:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire 6063:in Western Europe, resulting in the 5865:Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr 5819:also wrote the important 1876 novel 5737: 5662: 5651: 5640: 5199:Social-political-religious structure 4791:spoke Turkish as a second language. 3991:spawned a branch of Ottoman-Turkish 3704:tax of Byzantium became the Ottoman 2372:in 1354 and moving their capital to 2356:just south of the Byzantine capital 1984: 1923: 1889: 1869: 1734:Beginning in the late 19th century, 132: 50: 21330:Historical transcontinental empires 21208:History of the Mediterranean region 13252:For a more comprehensive list, see 12561:from the original on 24 August 2019 12188:. Infobase Publishing. p. 50. 11751: 11535:"Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery" 9918: 9879: 9761:. Turkish Air Force. Archived from 9527:. Sabancı Üniversitesi. p. 2. 7661: 7631:Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977). 5050:(and the exile of the last caliph, 4561:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 4405:) was the territory of office of a 4013:An unhappy wife complaining to the 3921:or the Balkans, a process known as 3792:were the primary residences of the 2475:, when its remaining territory was 1825:in the Anatolian heartland and the 24: 14610:List of current sovereign monarchs 13850:(reform and constitutional period) 13432: 13254:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire 13247: 13213:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). 12626:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 12185:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 12011:from the original on 16 April 2018 11973:. İletişim Yayınları. p. 19. 11858:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 11419:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 10988:from the original on 23 April 2024 10949:from the original on 23 March 2022 10594:from the original on 15 April 2021 10403:Constitution of the Ottoman Empire 9791:. pp. 177–200. Archived from 9491:. London: Routledge. p. 109. 9399:Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). 9015:from the original on 16 March 2016 8971:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). 8778:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 8507: 8095:. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. 7702:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7153:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7012:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire 6159: 5064:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire 5044:office's abolition on 3 March 1924 4593:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire 3673:state" dedicated to expanding the 2421:The empire reached its apex under 25: 21346: 13738:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts 13701:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 13293: 13056:A History of Ottoman Architecture 12929:Horton, Paul (July–August 1977). 12835:from the original on 28 July 2020 12780:from the original on 13 June 2018 9601:. Robert Hale Ltd. pp. 3–6. 9250:. Psychology Press. p. 197. 9093:. Psychology Press. p. 199. 8985:from the original on 12 July 2018 8548:from the original on 10 July 2022 8498:) // Cited: p. 36 (pdf p. 38/338) 8387:Journal of World-Systems Research 7578:Atlantic Journal of Communication 7545:declaration by the Sultan of Aceh 5996:of Ottoman architecture, showing 4517:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 3859:Ambassadors at the Topkapı Palace 3177:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as 2487:on 1 November 1922 following the 1827:abolition of the Ottoman monarchy 1752:competitive multi-party elections 21275:1923 disestablishments in Europe 21193:Bibliography of European history 20788:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 20409:States in late medieval Anatolia 18723: 18711: 18699: 18688: 18687: 18675: 18079:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 17565: 16513: 16197: 15128:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13733:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers 13391:Historians of the Ottoman Empire 13341: 13329: 13319: 13233:from the original on 21 May 2024 12922: 12888: 12847: 12792: 12762: 12743: 12718: 12642: 12573: 12547: 12446: 12266: 12239: 12093: 11962: 11933: 11890: 11848: 11801: 11776: 11758:Kastritsis, Dimitris J. (2007). 11738:Turkish Life in Town and Country 11727: 11584: 11553: 11541:from the original on 21 May 2009 11527: 11500: 11470: 11448: 11409: 11396: 11371: 11355:Comparative Civilizations Review 11347: 11334: 11295: 11272: 11259: 11246: 11208: 11182: 11147: 11087: 11053: 11025: 11000: 10961: 10931: 10919:from the original on 6 June 2013 10900: 10880: 10861: 10822: 10799: 10766: 10677: 10606: 10550: 10463: 10408: 10395: 10329: 10289:(3). Cambridge University Press. 10274: 9621: 9322:"Islamic Perspective on Divorce" 8845:Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700 8405:from the original on 20 May 2019 8077:(Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–169. 7530:by the Turkish Republic in 1924. 7277: 7174:; among Arabic-speaking citizens 6989: 6756:Turkish Fatherland Football Club 6532:Turkish women baking bread, 1790 6502: 6490: 6474: 6449: 6349:, which are somewhat similar to 6032:, whose major works include the 5323: 5180:were under the authority of the 5165:came under the authority of the 4567:in 1673 and 1740, which lowered 4306:in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire. 3778: 3767: 3598: 3141:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia) 2533: 2464:Ottoman Empire gave rise to the 2061: 1948:The Turkish word for "Ottoman" ( 1877:, the empire was referred to as 1572: 1558: 1544: 1530: 1516: 1502: 1488: 1474: 1460: 1446: 1432: 1418: 1404: 1390: 1376: 1362: 1348: 1334: 1320: 1306: 1292: 1278: 1253: 1239: 1225: 1211: 1197: 1183: 1169: 1155: 1141: 1127: 1113: 1099: 1085: 1071: 1057: 1043: 1029: 1015: 1001: 987: 973: 499:1299–1876; 1878–1908; 1920–1922) 239: 220: 192: 173: 104: 86: 21305:Former countries in the Balkans 21218:History of Western civilization 20821:Christianity in the Middle Ages 18724: 17496:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 14605:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 13814:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance 12873:10.4321/S1130-14732006000200012 10185: 10146: 10094: 10053: 10038: 10013: 9841: 9802: 9751: 9725: 9655: 9640: 9615: 9590: 9478: 9431: 9370: 9314: 9276: 9193: 9159: 9119: 9080: 8955: 8931: 8918: 8905: 8890: 8873:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 8865: 8821: 8802: 8784: 8769: 8753:. 29 March 2010. Archived from 8743: 8694: 8650: 8595: 8560: 8501: 8374: 8327:International Studies Quarterly 8246: 8109:As a result, we can claim that 8082: 8059: 8010: 7963: 7920: 7878: 7839: 7821: 7802: 7533: 7504: 7339:'Sublime Ottoman State' 7270: 7241: 7232: 7223: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7177: 5992:in Istanbul, an example of the 5956: 5567:Education in the Ottoman Empire 5013:, a member of the conservative 4695:Languages of the Ottoman Empire 4586: 4139:, or 'Gate of Interpretation', 3863:The highest position in Islam, 3831: 3665:lead of the Austrian historian 2445:in the north. According to the 2337:The Ottoman Empire was founded 1744:Committee of Union and Progress 21270:1923 disestablishments in Asia 21062:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 21005:Christianity in the modern era 20776:Christianity in late antiquity 14587: 13555:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims 12931:"Topkapi's Turkish Timepieces" 11814:. Istanbul: ISIS. p. 20. 11160:The Student Historical Journal 11154:Krummerich, Sean (1998–1999). 11129:Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). 10974:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. 10968:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 10794:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0232 10690:. Princeton University Press. 10363:"Turkey in the Russian Mirror" 9438:Streusand, Douglas E. (2010). 8605:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 8567:Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017). 7783:"Istanbul, not Constantinople" 7758: 7725: 7565: 7551:in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585. 7407:, 'Ottoman State' and 7165: 7081: 5149:(Code of Justinian), with the 5086:In accordance with the Muslim 4915:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 4779:as "special request-writers" ( 4181:Military of the Ottoman Empire 3728:was the same as the Byzantine 3656:guise. The American historian 2997:Kingdom of Alexander the Great 676:• Upper house (unelected) 13: 1: 21310:Former countries in West Asia 21213:History of the European Union 17486:Organization of Turkic States 14446: 12774:How To Talk About Art History 12584:. Karagoz.net. Archived from 12248:"The Ottoman Artistic Legacy" 11785:Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür 8704:The Battle for Central Europe 8660:The Battle for Central Europe 7590:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439 7229:The sultan from 1512 to 1520. 7156: 7069: 7034:Outline of the Ottoman Empire 6889:In 1660, the Ottoman scholar 6859:in 1551, when he described a 5594: 5307:Culture of the Ottoman Empire 4940:, the pursuit of science and 4896:Ottoman persecution of Alevis 4816:of Islam and a member of the 4637: 4160:procedure also were enacted. 3752: 2567: 2338: 2025:History of the Ottoman Empire 1746:(CUP), which established the 1736:various Ottoman intellectuals 727: 546: 496: 333: 75: 18570:Intangible cultural heritage 17916:Southeastern Anatolia Region 17748:Proclamation of the republic 14620:List of monarchy referendums 13373:Ottoman Text Archive Project 13285:Resources in other libraries 12725:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2015). 11342:A History of the Middle East 10806:Koru, Selim (24 July 2015). 10415:Davison, Roderic H. (1964). 10061:The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922 9376:Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., 8424:Erickson, Edward J. (2003). 7558: 7419:, 'Ottoman Empire' 7415: 7403: 7384: 7324: 7257:occupation of Constantinople 7207:Decrees in the 15th century. 7089: 7074: 5883: 5873: 5851: 5837: 5743: 5731: 5667: 5656: 5645: 5579:In the Ottoman Empire, each 5560: 4991:, a diverse body of Islamic 4423:Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi 3845: 3840:of the first Ottoman sultan 2378:numerous small Turkic states 1861: 1725: 692:• Lower house (elected) 139: 58: 7: 21325:Former monarchies of Europe 21265:1299 establishments in Asia 21172:Russian invasion of Ukraine 20783:Crisis of the Third Century 20630:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 18913: 17841:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 13999:Vassal and tributary states 13161:; Spivey, Diane M. (2000). 12225:. Oxford University Press. 12117:. Oxford University Press. 10907:Urban, Mark (4 June 2013). 10832:The Oxford History of Islam 10110:University of Chicago Press 10024:. Brill. pp. 238–239. 9931:. I.B. Tauris. p. 50. 9815:. Peter Lang. p. 167. 9733:"Story of Turkish Aviation" 8707:. Brill. pp. 277–286. 8663:. Brill. pp. 263–275. 8608:. Purdue University Press. 7489: 7477: 7437: 6982: 6943:In the early 19th century, 6006:Seljuk Turkish architecture 5905:Media of the Ottoman Empire 5615:, was composed by the poet 5587:Several "foreign schools" ( 4913:before adopting Islam. The 4888:Islam in the Ottoman Empire 4794: 4688: 4489:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror 4470:Aydın Archaeological Museum 4235:horses (progenitors of the 4174: 3512:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 3227:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 2489:Turkish War of Independence 2194:Decline & Modernization 1815:Turkish War of Independence 10: 21351: 21300:Former countries in Africa 21228:Military history of Europe 21223:Maritime history of Europe 17672:Conquest of Constantinople 13251: 13086:Itzkowitz, Norman (1980). 12993: 12813:Cambridge University Press 12671:10.1177/002182860503600401 11596:"Has-bahçede 'Ayş u Tarab" 11131:A Concise History of Islam 10829:Esposito, John L. (1999). 10340:. Darwin Press. p. . 10324:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10300:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10269:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10254:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10242:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10230:Quataert & Spivey 2000 9649:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700 8005:newly converted young men. 7775:The First Turkish Republic 7528:abolition of the Caliphate 7409: 7397: 7376: 6773: 6521: 6517: 6303: 6257:). In the Ottoman Empire, 6163: 6018:Early Ottoman architecture 5960: 5902: 5598: 5564: 5304: 5300: 5202: 5061: 4899: 4885: 4798: 4692: 4604:under Ottoman rule in 1900 4590: 4457: 4453: 4375: 4358:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 4178: 4002: 3756: 2502: 2278:Abolition of the Caliphate 2270:Abolition of the Sultanate 2207:(late 18th and early 19th) 2028: 2022: 2018: 1836: 1665:conquest of Constantinople 1635:, founded in northwestern 1625:The empire emerged from a 1400:Principality of Montenegro 753:Conquest of Constantinople 303:The Ottoman Empire in 1914 293:The Ottoman Empire in 1739 283:The Ottoman Empire in 1683 273:The Ottoman Empire in 1566 263:The Ottoman Empire in 1481 29: 27:Turkish empire (1299–1922) 21198:Genetic history of Europe 21180: 20985: 20801: 20741: 20708: 20617: 20416: 20349: 20301: 19818: 19222: 18921: 18779: 18671: 18404: 18320: 18213: 18179:The constitutional system 18139: 18094: 18039: 18030: 17924: 17872: 17863: 17816: 17783: 17733: 17711:Second Constitutional Era 17696:Decline and modernization 17652: 17613: 17587: 17578: 17519: 17478: 17442: 17325: 17299: 17212: 17164: 17157: 17078: 17027: 16522: 16511: 16211: 16032: 15941: 15655: 15418: 15352: 15164: 15155: 15051: 15033: 14965: 14880: 14838: 14770: 14684: 14628: 14595: 14555: 14550:Links to related articles 14513: 14473: 14445: 14412: 14313: 14268: 14259: 14176: 14142: 14092: 14020: 14011: 13948: 13880: 13842: 13781: 13770: 13673: 13664: 13572: 13565: 13518:Decline and modernization 13440: 13280:Resources in your library 13026:. Yale University Press. 12821:10.1017/S0007087403005302 12799:Ben-Zaken, Avner (2004). 12529:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005). 12504:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005). 12157:Goodwin, Godfrey (1993). 11578:10.2143/TURC.30.0.2004296 11560:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1998). 11035:. Leiden: Brill. p. 287. 10744:10.1080/01419870701491937 10732:Ethnic and Racial Studies 10580:10.1080/00905990500504871 10336:McCarthy, Justin (1995). 10206:10.1017/S0020743800033602 10167:10.1080/00263207908700415 9597:Milner, Mordaunt (1990). 9200:Karpat, Kemal H. (1973). 8973:"Center of Ottoman Power" 8926:A Bridge Between Cultures 8714:10.1163/9789004396234_014 8670:10.1163/9789004396234_013 8490:20 September 2019 at the 8179:20 September 2019 at the 8111:Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı 7846:Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). 7687:. Retrieved 26 June 2013. 7541:Ottoman Sultan and Caliph 7520:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 7483: 7466: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7426: 7103:with the Arabic suffix), 6697: 6300:Music and performing arts 6205:, was established in the 5974:in Istanbul, designed by 5812:movements was paramount. 5741:, also transliterated as 5186:Armenian Apostolic Church 4341:Ottoman military aviation 4252:Ertugrul Cavalry Regiment 4005:Law of the Ottoman Empire 3393:Decline and modernization 3343:Periods of Ottoman Empire 2468:in the mid-19th century. 1811:United Kingdom and France 1748:Second Constitutional Era 952: 948: 941: 937: 905: 901: 891: 887: 882: 874: 866: 858: 850: 845: 841: 828: 814: 801: 788: 775: 762: 749: 736: 718: 714: 706: 690: 674: 660: 656: 644: 634:• 1320–1331 (first) 632: 628: 618: 614: 602: 592:• 1517–1520 (first) 590: 586: 576: 572: 560: 542: 538: 528: 483: 471: 441: 400: 390: 320: 310: 254: 152: 124: 82: 74: 41: 18162:Ministry of the Interior 18147:Administrative divisions 17706:First Constitutional Era 17101:Timeline of the Göktürks 14757:Self-proclaimed monarchy 14046:Six Divisions of Cavalry 13582:Foreign Affairs Ministry 13387:– University of Michigan 11808:Mignon, Laurent (2005). 11422:. Infobase. p. 64. 10684:Yılmaz, Hüseyin (2018). 10613:Kemal H. Karpat (2002). 9677:Aksan, Virginia (2007). 9651:. UCL Press. p. 10. 9647:Murphey, Rhoads (1999). 9177:(1): 19–31. March 2010. 8897:Lowry, Heath W. (2003). 8514:The Geographical Journal 8496:Martin Luther University 8467:Orient-Institut Istanbul 8449:Strauss, Johann (2010). 8185:Martin Luther University 8156:Orient-Institut Istanbul 8138:Strauss, Johann (2010). 7978:Indiana University Press 7927:Spuler, Bertold (2003). 7891:. Springer. p. 50. 7781:Society (4 March 2014). 7742:10.1017/CBO9780511614972 7099:) (replacing the suffix 6945:Egypt under Muhammad Ali 6863:driven by a rudimentary 6732:Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club 6724:equestrian javelin throw 6466:, the music band of the 6095:, by architects such as 5898: 5879:Just Seventeen Years Old 5827:), while the journalist 5725:Until the 19th century, 5394:Languages and literature 5058:Christianity and Judaism 5023:), whom he considered a 4881: 4372:Administrative divisions 3911:for the Christians, the 3645:and the Greek historian 2423:Suleiman the Magnificent 2388:conquered Constantinople 1799:aftermath of World War I 1673:Suleiman the Magnificent 1316:Principality of Bulgaria 1051:Principality of Theodoro 646:• 1920–1922 (last) 604:• 1922–1924 (last) 562:• 1918–1922 (last) 517:Triumvirate dictatorship 21203:History of Christianity 18109:Parliamentary elections 17911:Eastern Anatolia Region 17906:Central Anatolia Region 17588:Ancient and Middle Ages 15025:Vatican City (Holy See) 14039:Agha of the Janissaries 13686:List of Ottoman sultans 13393:– University of Chicago 12939:: 10–13. Archived from 12273:Carswell, John (2006). 12099:"Seljuk architecture", 12077:14 January 2023 at the 12045:14 January 2023 at the 12005:French National Library 11734:Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane 11720:1 November 2022 at the 11685:1 November 2022 at the 11674:1 November 2022 at the 11463:1 November 2022 at the 11364:9 November 2019 at the 11223:Oxford University Press 11007:S. Swayd, Samy (2009). 10873:1 November 2022 at the 10786:Oxford University Press 10670:1 November 2022 at the 10518:Bertold Spuler (2003). 10020:Darling, Linda (1996). 9707:Ellesmere Port Standard 9662:Ágoston, Gábor (2005). 9126:Lewis, Bernard (1963). 8924:Sinan Ed Kuneralp, ed. 8340:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 7970:Fetvacı, Emine (2013). 7499: 7490:Othōmanikē Avtokratoria 7253:Grand National Assembly 7006:16 Great Turkic Empires 6909:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 6875:Girl Reciting the Qurān 6801:, a Greek scholar from 6736:Galatasaray Sports Club 6323:Ottoman classical music 6022:Classical Ottoman style 6008:, with influences from 5980:Classical Ottoman style 5766:Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi 5625:Turkish folk literature 5551:Abu'l-Khayrid Shibanids 5279:Hemdat Israel Synagogue 5222:. His successor Sultan 5105: 4801:Millet (Ottoman Empire) 4354:Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi 4323:Ottoman Navy Foundation 4225:Siege of Constantinople 3927: 3897: 3736:Eastern Orthodox Church 1832: 1065:Second Bulgarian Empire 509:constitutional monarchy 391:Official languages 21027:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18280:Science and technology 18114:Presidential elections 17595:Prehistory of Anatolia 16815:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15307:Islands of Refreshment 14737:Legitimacy (political) 14241:Science and technology 13691:Roman succession claim 13300:Listen to this article 13180:Rogan, Eugene (2011). 13105:Kinross, Lord (1979). 12441:Blair & Bloom 1995 12161:. London: Saqi Books. 11897:Pultar, Gönül (2013). 11357:55.55 (2006): 6:37–55 10619:. Brill. p. 266. 10361:Stone, Norman (2005). 10155:Middle Eastern Studies 9886:Maḥmūd Yazbak (1998). 9854:. USAK Books. p. 9289:. USAK Books. p. 9244:Black, Antony (2001). 9206:. Brill. p. 204. 9087:Black, Antony (2001). 9055:. USAK Books. p. 8828:Greene, Molly (2015). 8614:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12 8253:Pamuk, Şevket (2000). 7683:. Official website of 7656:Atasoy & Raby 1989 7484:Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία 7361: 7351: 7346: 7220:/late imperial period. 7059:Ottoman wars in Europe 6901:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu 6886: 6789: 6770:Science and technology 6740:Fenerbahçe Sports Club 6711: 6533: 6353:in Western music, and 6319: 6182: 6001: 5982: 5845:). An earlier play, a 5722: 5683:and thus a variety of 5576: 5514: 5285: 5238: 5214: 5143: 5083: 4968: 4961:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 4821: 4752:, Iraq, North Africa, 4704: 4671: 4643: 4605: 4577:Dictionary of Commerce 4520: 4492: 4472: 4422: 4387: 4336: 4286: 4259: 4197: 4152: 4151:An Ottoman trial, 1877 4038: 3998: 3964: 3860: 3696:The British historian 3564:Constitutional history 3449:Provisional government 3403:Defeat and dissolution 2553:Prehistory of Anatolia 2447:Ottoman decline thesis 2433:in the west, and from 2246:2nd Constitutional Era 2220:1st Constitutional Era 2103:Fall of Constantinople 1994: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1913: 1879: 1386:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1023:Despotate of the Morea 701:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 685:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 669:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 513:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 171:(1829–1839, 1918–1922) 21107:Industrial Revolution 20655:Philaretos Brachamios 20326:Medieval great powers 18275:Free trade agreements 18157:Intelligence Services 17954:North Anatolian Fault 17312:Proto-Turkic language 16943:Extinct Turkic groups 15118:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14707:Criticism of monarchy 14697:Abolition of monarchy 14114:Dragoman of the Fleet 13829:Dragoman of the Porte 13619:Armenian Constitution 13506:Stagnation and reform 13127:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 13053:Freely, John (2011). 11969:Moran, Berna (1997). 11629:. Brill. p. 54. 11402:Youssef M. Choueiri, 11289:17 April 2018 at the 11282:3#3 (1972): 243–281. 10893:7 August 2018 at the 10812:The National Interest 10427:10.1515/9781400878765 9892:. Brill. p. 28. 9784:Imber, Colin (2002). 9444:. Milton: Routledge. 9354:. BBC. Archived from 8948:28 March 2020 at the 8843:Soucek, Svat (2015). 8791:Imber, Colin (2009). 7852:. Brill. p. 30. 7765:Shaw & Shaw 1977b 7673:Ottoman Capital Bursa 7514:also held the title " 7478:Othōmanikē Epikrateia 7347:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 7018:Empire of the Sultans 6974:In the 19th century, 6957:textile manufacturing 6873: 6809:. Another example is 6783: 6748:Karşıyaka Sports Club 6705: 6531: 6313: 6304:Further information: 6177: 6164:Further information: 6154:Islamic architectural 5988: 5970: 5874:Henüz on Yedi Yaşında 5717: 5574: 5505: 5277: 5232: 5212: 5075: 4958: 4808: 4717:highly influenced by 4702: 4665: 4619: 4600: 4573:John Ramsay McCulloch 4530:Treaty of Balta Liman 4506: 4486: 4467: 4385: 4339:The establishment of 4331: 4273: 4249: 4188: 4150: 4012: 3955: 3858: 3007:Kingdom of Cappadocia 2563:Palaeolithic Anatolia 1905:Sublime Ottoman State 1880:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿO 1819:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1760:leading a coup d'état 1740:Young Turk Revolution 779:Constitutional Era II 401:Common languages 43:Sublime Ottoman State 21162:European debt crisis 21157:European integration 21097:Age of Enlightenment 20937:Republic of Florence 20336:European colonialism 20321:Ancient great powers 18659:World heritage sites 18184:Turkish Armed Forces 18069:Constitutional Court 17983:Flora and vegetation 17961:Environmental issues 17949:East Anatolian Fault 17896:Mediterranean Region 17511:World Turks Qurultai 14950:United Arab Emirates 13834:Outer Palace Service 13750:Inner Palace Service 13365:More spoken articles 13183:The Arabs: A History 13129:Ottoman Architecture 13005:. Alexandria Press. 12975:. pp. 193–196. 12854:Bademci, G. (2006). 12758:University of Aleppo 12062:. Routledge, 2016. ( 11783:Murat Belge (2005). 11601:26 July 2019 at the 11515:on 11 September 2009 11467:(I.B. Tauris, 2014). 11256:(2002), pp. 173–192. 11190:"Turkish Toleration" 10567:Nationalities Papers 10312:Hamed-Troyansky 2024 9520:Selçuk Akşin Somel. 9009:dolmabahcepalace.com 8092:Archivum Ottomanicum 7704:. Infobase. p. 7679:5 March 2016 at the 7467:Оθωμανική Επικράτεια 7438:Otomanskata Imperiya 7416:Osmanean Kaysrut'iwn 7410:Օսմանեան կայսրութիւն 7325:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO 7261:Government of Ankara 6927:scalpels and lancets 6722:, horseback riding, 6221:Ottoman illumination 6166:Ottoman illumination 6061:Baroque architecture 5963:Ottoman architecture 5151:Ecumenical Patriarch 5145:Corpus Juris Civilis 5077:Mehmed the Conqueror 4909:practiced a form of 4528:, also known as the 4526:Anglo-Ottoman Treaty 4205:included Janissary, 4017:about her husband's 3173:Eastern Roman Empire 1512:Italian Tripolitania 1372:Revolutionary Serbia 1302:Caucasus Viceroyalty 1093:Despotate of Dobruja 766:Constitutional Era I 140:Devlet-i Ebed-müddet 59:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO 21127:Revolutions of 1848 21057:Early modern France 20838:Anglo-Saxon England 20743:Classical antiquity 20645:Knights Hospitaller 20640:Empire of Trebizond 20331:Modern great powers 18773:History of Anatolia 18228:Banking and Finance 17846:History of Anatolia 17743:War of Independence 17735:Republic of Türkiye 17632:Battle of Manzikert 17252:Karachay-Cherkessia 16146:Trinidad and Tobago 16033:Commonwealth realms 15918:United Baltic Duchy 15061:Antigua and Barbuda 15053:Commonwealth realms 14747:Order of succession 14029:Classic period army 13870:Chamber of Deputies 13845:Imperial Government 13378:19 May 2024 at the 12965:Jean Batou (1991). 12943:on 22 November 2008 12902:. 3 November 2017. 12702:2008ehst.book.....S 12663:2005JHA....36..359R 12614:and New York, p. 52 12453:Atil, Esin (1973). 12431:, pp. 571–596. 12351:, pp. 605–606. 12254:on 13 February 2009 11406:(2001), pp. 56–100. 11381:15.1 (2016): 24–42. 10232:, pp. 110–111. 10142:on 28 October 2011. 9005:"Dolmabahce Palace" 8941:76 (1986): 151–161 7885:Fortna, B. (2012). 7172:Liturgical language 6799:Georgios Amiroutzes 6483:Karagöz and Hacivat 6433:Karagöz and Hacivat 6243:Islamic calligraphy 6069:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 5881:), and Naturalism ( 5861:Ahmed Midhat Efendi 5843:The Poet's Marriage 5530:Ottoman slave trade 5248:Auspicious Incident 5193:religious pluralism 4932:, which emphasized 4839:(school of Islamic 4827:was the prevailing 4549:deindustrialisation 4539:Economic historian 3679:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü 3517:History of Anatolia 3439:War of Independence 3267:Empire of Trebizond 3131:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD 2578:Mesolithic Anatolia 2461:nationalist revolts 1962:early modern period 1839:Osman I § Name 1770:on the side of the 1742:of 1908 led by the 1703:for six centuries. 1693:Mediterranean Basin 1540:Sheikhdom of Kuwait 1247:Hospitaller Tripoli 1107:Despotate of Lovech 1037:Empire of Trebizond 832:Caliphate abolished 805:Sultanate abolished 792:Ottoman coup d'état 698:Chamber of Deputies 682:Chamber of Notables 549:1299–1323/4 (first) 145:"The Eternal State" 21233:Crusading movement 21137:Russian Revolution 20972:Hundred Years' War 20868:Maritime republics 20771:Early Christianity 20761:Hellenistic period 20718:Paleolithic Europe 20519:Kadi Burhan al-Din 18285:Telecommunications 18074:Court of Cassation 17775:Multi-party period 17684:Ottoman Old Regime 17605:Byzantine Anatolia 17600:Classical Anatolia 17443:Traditional sports 17247:Kabardino-Balkaria 16867:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 13656:Translation Office 13540:2nd Constitutional 13528:1st Constitutional 13482:Sultanate of Women 13111:. Harper Collins. 12936:Saudi Aramco World 12588:on 31 January 2013 11742:G.P. Putnam's Sons 11302:Amit Bein (2011). 11269:(1996) pp. 138–142 11265:Fatma Muge Gocek, 11252:Philip D. Curtin, 10401:Article 18 of the 8978:The New York Times 8508:P., E. A. (1916). 8469:. pp. 21–51. 8320:(September 1997). 8158:. pp. 21–51. 7524:Battle of Ridaniya 7494: • 7461: • 7450:Османската империя 7421: • 7404:Osmanean Petut'iwn 7398:Օսմանեան պետութիւն 7385:Osmanean Têrut'iwn 7377:Օսմանեան տէրութիւն 7371: • 7367:Minority languages 7356: • 7341: • 7308: • 7265:Treaty of Lausanne 6887: 6790: 6712: 6534: 6422:Turkish folk music 6320: 6282:The art of carpet 6211:Nakkashane-i-Irani 6187:Ottoman miniatures 6183: 6148:agreement (Arabic 6038:Süleymaniye Mosque 6002: 5983: 5972:Süleymaniye Mosque 5951:Republic of Turkey 5774:The Story of Akabi 5723: 5719:Ahmet Nedîm Efendi 5675:in nature: either 5660:) and opposition ( 5601:Ottoman literature 5589:Frerler mektebleri 5577: 5515: 5286: 5239: 5215: 5094:people of the book 5084: 5048:Republic of Turkey 4969: 4927:Maturidi school of 4822: 4705: 4672: 4644: 4606: 4521: 4515:by members of the 4493: 4473: 4388: 4337: 4287: 4260: 4198: 4153: 4039: 3965: 3884:Sultanate of Women 3861: 3559:Diplomatic history 3471:Multi-party period 3421:Republic of Turkey 3197:Great Seljuk State 3187:Rashidun Caliphate 2972:Classical Anatolia 2590:Neolithic Anatolia 2402:, who assumed the 2126:Sultanate of Women 2009:Turkish government 1976:, but rather as a 1823:Republic of Turkey 1568:Sultanate of Egypt 1358:Kingdom of Romania 1261:Kingdom of Tlemcen 1177:Kingdom of Croatia 1163:Kingdom of Hungary 818:Republic of Turkey 651:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 21247: 21246: 21241: 21240: 21167:COVID-19 pandemic 21112:French Revolution 21087:Habsburg monarchy 21067:Cossack Hetmanate 21047:Portuguese Empire 21037:Absolute monarchy 21032:Thirty Years' War 20927:Holy Roman Empire 20852:Bulgarian Empire 20811:Early Middle Ages 20728:Bronze Age Europe 20702:History of Europe 20668: 20667: 20375: 20374: 20297: 20296: 20262:Polish–Lithuanian 19437:Gurjara-Pratihara 18881: 18880: 18739: 18738: 18667: 18666: 18209: 18208: 18152:Foreign relations 18126:Political parties 18026: 18025: 17859: 17858: 17851:History of Thrace 17753:Atatürk's reforms 17644:Anatolian beyliks 17531: 17530: 17307:Old Turkic script 17295: 17294: 17106:Timeline 500–1300 17023: 17022: 16509: 16508: 16368:Kipchak languages 16323:Karamanli Turkish 16163: 16162: 16159: 16158: 15848:Piedmont-Sardinia 15600:Sip Song Chau Tai 15410:Thirteen Colonies 15151: 15150: 14542: 14541: 14509: 14508: 14501:Star and crescent 14172: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14007: 14006: 13944: 13943: 13696:Ottoman Caliphate 13577:Foreign relations 13334: 13324: 13261:Library resources 13226:978-1-5036-3696-5 13193:978-0-465-03248-8 13172:978-0-7914-4431-3 13138:978-1-85149-604-4 13118:978-0-688-08093-8 13097:978-0-226-38806-9 13066:978-1-84564-506-9 13033:978-0-300-06465-0 13012:978-0-500-97374-5 12982:978-2-600-04293-2 12776:. 27 April 2017. 12736:978-1-107-04296-4 12711:978-0-7923-4066-9 12635:978-1-4381-1025-7 12540:978-1-85043-760-4 12515:978-1-85043-760-4 12376:978-0-19-530991-1 12284:978-0-7141-2441-4 12232:978-0-19-530991-1 12195:978-1-4381-1025-7 12168:978-0-86356-172-6 12124:978-0-19-530991-1 12068:978-1-317-11845-9 11980:978-975-470-054-1 11951:978-90-272-6847-1 11910:978-0-8156-3342-6 11868:978-1-4381-1025-7 11821:978-975-428-303-7 11794:978-975-8998-03-6 11769:978-90-04-15836-8 11636:978-90-04-54099-6 11429:978-1-4381-1025-7 11340:Peter Mansfield, 11315:978-0-8047-7311-9 11236:978-0-19-513991-4 11140:978-93-81411-09-4 11080:978-0-8050-7932-6 11041:978-90-04-07785-0 11018:978-0-9662932-0-3 10981:978-1-4408-5353-1 10842:978-0-19-510799-9 10697:978-1-4008-8804-7 10626:978-90-04-12101-0 10531:978-9971-77-488-2 10436:978-1-4008-7876-5 10376:978-0-297-84913-1 10347:978-0-87850-094-9 10112:. pp. 31–32. 10087:978-0-19-713561-7 10059:Donald Quataert, 10031:978-90-04-10289-7 10006:978-0-19-713561-7 9978:978-0-19-713561-7 9938:978-1-84511-291-2 9899:978-90-04-11051-9 9865:978-605-4030-01-9 9822:978-90-5201-374-9 9765:on 7 October 2011 9688:978-0-582-30807-7 9633:978-1-163-19167-5 9608:978-0-85131-476-1 9498:978-1-315-61309-3 9451:978-0-429-96813-6 9412:978-0-521-00926-3 9358:on 9 October 2013 9300:978-605-4030-01-9 9257:978-0-415-93243-1 9213:978-90-04-03817-2 9145:978-0-8061-1060-8 9100:978-0-415-93243-1 9066:978-605-4030-01-9 8961:Stone, pp. 94–95. 8887:Stone, pp. 86–100 8854:978-975-428-554-3 8724:978-90-04-39623-4 8680:978-90-04-39623-4 8623:978-1-61249-179-0 8485:info page on book 8435:978-0-275-97888-4 8227:978-0-521-22310-2 8174:info page on book 8037:978-0-85773-657-4 8022:Melville, Charles 7987:978-0-253-00678-3 7940:978-9971-77-488-2 7898:978-0-230-30041-5 7859:978-90-04-31354-5 7773:Robinson (1965). 7715:978-1-4381-1025-7 7658:, pp. 19–20. 7642:978-0-521-29166-8 7475: 7459:were synonymous 7444:Отоманска империя 7435: 7394: 7382: 7338: 7322: 7314:دولت عليه عثمانيه 7141:Names of Istanbul 7024:Gunpowder empires 6938:Meshur Sheyh Dede 6752:Altay Sports Club 6716:Turkish wrestling 6511:Surname-i Hümayun 6316:Surname-i Hümayun 6231:Ottoman miniature 6215:Surname-i Hümayun 6185:The tradition of 6179:Ottoman miniature 6170:Ottoman miniature 6048:with elements of 5947:end of the empire 5893:social structures 5789:French literature 5500: 5499: 5040:Islamic caliphate 4892:Ottoman Caliphate 4756:and parts of the 3826:House of Habsburg 3790:Dolmabahçe Palace 3639: 3638: 3605:Turkey portal 3522:History of Thrace 3479: 3478: 3429:Periods of Turkey 3411: 3410: 3325: 3324: 3237:Anatolian beyliks 3163:Medieval Anatolia 3145: 3144: 3047:Kingdom of Pontus 3037:Ptolemaic Kingdom 2987:Achaemenid Empire 2954: 2953: 2827: 2826: 2600: 2599: 2335: 2334: 2265:(1918–1922) 2257:(1914–1918) 2249:(1908–1920) 2239:(1908–1922) 2223:(1876–1878) 2215:(1839–1876) 2197:(1789–1908) 2181:(1718–1730) 2171:(1703–1789) 2155:(1656–1703) 2145:(1566–1703) 2129:(1533–1656) 2119:(1453–1566) 2098:(1402–1413) 2083:(1299–1453) 1890:دولت عليه عثمانیه 1813:. The successful 1801:, the victorious 1708:period of decline 1647:. His successors 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1526:Italian Cyrenaica 1288:Hellenic Republic 1266: 1265: 1135:Kingdom of Bosnia 1121:Serbian Despotate 995:Anatolian beyliks 491:Absolute monarchy 244: 225: 197: 178: 66: 51:دولت عليه عثمانیه 32:Ottoman Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 21342: 21280:Overseas empires 21102:Great Divergence 21017:Age of Discovery 20962:Late Middle Ages 20932:High Middle Ages 20843:Byzantine Empire 20826:Christianization 20816:Migration Period 20751:Classical Greece 20723:Neolithic Europe 20695: 20688: 20681: 20672: 20671: 20635:Empire of Nicaea 20625:Byzantine Empire 20618:Christian states 20574:Sultanate of Rum 20402: 20395: 20388: 20379: 20378: 20178: 20177: 19843:Austro-Hungarian 19543:Chagatai Khanate 18908: 18901: 18894: 18885: 18884: 18766: 18759: 18752: 18743: 18742: 18727: 18726: 18715: 18714: 18703: 18702: 18691: 18690: 18679: 18484: 18483: 18369:Cities and towns 18350:Turkish language 18305:Turkish Airlines 18121:Electoral system 18084:Council of State 18037: 18036: 17971:Waste management 17901:Black Sea Region 17879: 17870: 17869: 17824:Turkic migration 17770:One-party period 17639:Sultanate of Rum 17585: 17584: 17570: 17569: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17535: 17534: 17353:Tibetan Buddhism 17333:Turkic mythology 17214:Autonomous areas 17166:Sovereign states 17162: 17161: 16940: 16939: 16922: 16897: 16794: 16771: 16733: 16684: 16649: 16610:Crimean Karaites 16584: 16561: 16517: 16469: 16468: 16348:Khorasani Turkic 16202: 16201: 16200: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16167: 16166: 16087:Irish Free State 15853:Poland–Lithuania 15162: 15161: 15113:Papua New Guinea 14843: 14842: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14559: 14558: 14546: 14545: 14273:Social structure 14266: 14265: 14119:Imperial Arsenal 14018: 14017: 13852: 13791: 13789:(classic period) 13784:Imperial Council 13779: 13778: 13671: 13670: 13570: 13569: 13427: 13420: 13413: 13404: 13403: 13355: 13353: 13345: 13344: 13336: 13335: 13326: 13325: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13242: 13240: 13238: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13176: 13159:Quataert, Donald 13154: 13147:Quataert, Donald 13142: 13122: 13101: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13016: 12987: 12986: 12962: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12913: 12911: 12896:"Ottoman Empire" 12892: 12886: 12885: 12875: 12851: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12766: 12760: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12646: 12640: 12639: 12621: 12615: 12604: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12526: 12520: 12519: 12501: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12325: 12319: 12313: 12307: 12301: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12110: 12104: 12097: 12091: 12088: 12082: 12056: 12050: 12036: 12030: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12016: 11996: 11985: 11984: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11880: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11835: 11833: 11805: 11799: 11798: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11755: 11749: 11731: 11725: 11696: 11690: 11650: 11641: 11640: 11618: 11607: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11504: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11474: 11468: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11413: 11407: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11375: 11369: 11351: 11345: 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11299: 11293: 11276: 11270: 11263: 11257: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11196:on 20 March 2001 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11126: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11057: 11051: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10904: 10898: 10889:, 22 July 2015. 10884: 10878: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10803: 10797: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10727: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10681: 10675: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10515: 10504: 10503: 10478:(4): 376. 1908. 10467: 10461: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10412: 10406: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10134: 10125: 10114: 10113: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10070: 10064: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10017: 10011: 10010: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9798:on 26 July 2014. 9797: 9790: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9713:on 23 April 2008 9709:. 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Archived from 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9241: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9133: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9046: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8953: 8935: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8876: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8757:on 29 March 2010 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8716: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8672: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8505: 8499: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8314: 8303: 8302: 8280: 8278: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8204: 8193: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8135: 8124: 8123: 8106: 8104: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8018:Yarshater, Ehsan 8014: 8008: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7910: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7778: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7697: 7688: 7668: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7569: 7552: 7537: 7531: 7508: 7502: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7456:Османска империя 7452: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7428: 7427:Османска империя 7418: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7381:romanized: 7380: 7378: 7373:Western Armenian 7354: 7333: 7331: 7317: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7274: 7268: 7249:Treaty of Sèvres 7245: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7190: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7085: 6999: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6879:Kuran Okuyan Kız 6825:originally from 6795:Sultan Mehmet II 6562:, and including 6506: 6494: 6481:The shadow play 6478: 6453: 6427:The traditional 6237:), calligraphy ( 6203:Nakkashane-i-Rum 6097:Mimar Kemaleddin 6089:Dolmabaçe Palace 5886: 5876: 5854: 5840: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5689:Leyli and Majnun 5685:narrative poetry 5670: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5327: 5311: 5310: 5148: 5108: 4930:Islamic theology 4738:Megleno-Romanian 4642: 4641: 1880–1893 4639: 4425: 4157:Edict of Gülhane 4111:Muslim community 3957:Yusuf Ziya Pasha 3930: 3900: 3847: 3835: 3834: 1918–1922 3833: 3782: 3771: 3647:Dimitri Kitsikis 3631: 3624: 3617: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3569:Cultural history 3554:Military history 3549:Economic history 3495:Turkic migration 3459:One-party period 3435: 3434: 3349: 3348: 3247:County of Edessa 3217:Sultanate of Rum 3179:Empire of Nicaea 3169: 3168: 2983: 2982: 2977:Classical Thrace 2842: 2841: 2679:Achaeans (Homer) 2615: 2614: 2582:c. 11,000– 2569: 2559: 2558: 2537: 2527: 2509: 2508: 2493:Southeast Europe 2466:Eastern Question 2451:Battle of Vienna 2437:in the south to 2352:in northwestern 2343: 2340: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2250: 2240: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2198: 2182: 2172: 2156: 2146: 2130: 2120: 2099: 2084: 2065: 2035: 2034: 1997: 1990:Byzantine Empire 1987: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1959: 1953: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1847:is a historical 1730: 1661:Byzantine Empire 1608:Southeast Europe 1576: 1575: 1562: 1561: 1554:Kingdom of Yemen 1548: 1547: 1534: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1506: 1505: 1492: 1491: 1478: 1477: 1464: 1463: 1450: 1449: 1436: 1435: 1428:Kingdom of Hejaz 1422: 1421: 1408: 1407: 1394: 1393: 1380: 1379: 1366: 1365: 1352: 1351: 1338: 1337: 1324: 1323: 1310: 1309: 1296: 1295: 1282: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1257: 1256: 1243: 1242: 1229: 1228: 1215: 1214: 1205:Mamluk Sultanate 1201: 1200: 1187: 1186: 1173: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1145: 1144: 1131: 1130: 1117: 1116: 1103: 1102: 1089: 1088: 1079:Tsardom of Vidin 1075: 1074: 1061: 1060: 1047: 1046: 1033: 1032: 1019: 1018: 1009:Byzantine Empire 1005: 1004: 991: 990: 981:Sultanate of Rum 977: 976: 970: 969: 954: 953: 939: 938: 732: 729: 702: 686: 670: 666:General Assembly 550: 548: 498: 335: 304: 301: 294: 291: 284: 281: 274: 271: 264: 261: 246: 245: 227: 226: 199: 198: 180: 179: 142: 135: 134: 117: 108: 99: 90: 77: 65: 56: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 21350: 21349: 21345: 21344: 21343: 21341: 21340: 21339: 21250: 21249: 21248: 21243: 21242: 21237: 21176: 21142:Interwar period 21117:Napoleonic Wars 20981: 20952:Mongol invasion 20905:Crown of Aragon 20797: 20737: 20733:Iron Age Europe 20704: 20699: 20669: 20664: 20660:Zaccaria family 20613: 20412: 20406: 20376: 20371: 20360:American Empire 20345: 20341:African empires 20293: 20176: 19868:Central African 19814: 19632:Romano-Germanic 19218: 18952:Middle Assyrian 18925: 18917: 18912: 18882: 18877: 18876: 18874: 18775: 18770: 18740: 18735: 18663: 18482: 18478:Women in Turkey 18446:Law enforcement 18400: 18396:Life expectancy 18362:Islam in Turkey 18316: 18205: 18167:National Police 18135: 18090: 18022: 18013:Turkish Riviera 17920: 17877: 17876: 17855: 17812: 17779: 17758:Language reform 17729: 17648: 17609: 17574: 17564: 17562: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17515: 17474: 17438: 17321: 17291: 17208: 17189:Northern Cyprus 17153: 17139:Altai Mountains 17074: 17019: 16938: 16918: 16863:North Macedonia 16805: 16786: 16743: 16729: 16725:Siberian Tatars 16680: 16665:Khorasani Turks 16645: 16572: 16541: 16518: 16505: 16467: 16388:Ottoman Turkish 16308:Karachay-Balkar 16207: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16164: 16155: 16080:princely states 16028: 15964:Kingdom of Fiji 15937: 15683:Austria-Hungary 15651: 15414: 15348: 15147: 15133:Solomon Islands 15047: 15029: 14961: 14876: 14834: 14766: 14712:Democratization 14680: 14624: 14591: 14586: 14551: 14543: 14538: 14505: 14469: 14441: 14408: 14309: 14298:Ottoman Turkish 14255: 14164: 14138: 14088: 14083:Modernized army 14067:Sekban-i Djedid 14003: 13940: 13895:Shaykh al-Islām 13876: 13853: 13848: 13847: 13838: 13792: 13787: 13786: 13766: 13681:Ottoman dynasty 13660: 13561: 13436: 13431: 13380:Wayback Machine 13369: 13368: 13357: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13339: 13330: 13320: 13315: 13309: 13305: 13304: 13303:(2 parts, 13302: 13299: 13296: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13248:Further reading 13245: 13236: 13234: 13227: 13203: 13201: 13194: 13173: 13139: 13119: 13098: 13076: 13074: 13067: 13043: 13041: 13034: 13013: 12996: 12991: 12990: 12983: 12963: 12956: 12946: 12944: 12927: 12923: 12909: 12907: 12894: 12893: 12889: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12797: 12793: 12783: 12781: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12748: 12744: 12737: 12723: 12719: 12712: 12690: 12686: 12647: 12643: 12636: 12622: 12618: 12605: 12601: 12591: 12589: 12578: 12574: 12564: 12562: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12527: 12523: 12516: 12502: 12498: 12488: 12486: 12451: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12427: 12423: 12415: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12386: 12384: 12377: 12359: 12355: 12347: 12343: 12335: 12328: 12320: 12316: 12308: 12304: 12296: 12292: 12285: 12271: 12267: 12257: 12255: 12244: 12240: 12233: 12219: 12215: 12205: 12203: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12169: 12155: 12151: 12143: 12136: 12125: 12111: 12107: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12085: 12079:Wayback Machine 12057: 12053: 12047:Wayback Machine 12037: 12033: 12028: 12024: 12014: 12012: 11997: 11988: 11981: 11967: 11963: 11952: 11938: 11934: 11920: 11918: 11911: 11895: 11891: 11878: 11876: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11831: 11829: 11822: 11806: 11802: 11795: 11781: 11777: 11770: 11756: 11752: 11732: 11728: 11722:Wayback Machine 11697: 11693: 11687:Wayback Machine 11676:Wayback Machine 11651: 11644: 11637: 11619: 11610: 11603:Wayback Machine 11589: 11585: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11518: 11516: 11507:Halil Inalcik. 11505: 11501: 11491: 11489: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11465:Wayback Machine 11454:Naci Yorulmaz, 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11430: 11414: 11410: 11401: 11397: 11389: 11385: 11376: 11372: 11366:Wayback Machine 11352: 11348: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11316: 11300: 11296: 11291:Wayback Machine 11277: 11273: 11264: 11260: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11170:on 10 June 2009 11152: 11148: 11141: 11127: 11118: 11108: 11106: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11058: 11054: 11030: 11026: 11019: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10966: 10962: 10952: 10950: 10937: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10905: 10901: 10895:Wayback Machine 10885: 10881: 10875:Wayback Machine 10866: 10862: 10852: 10850: 10843: 10827: 10823: 10804: 10800: 10771: 10767: 10728: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10698: 10682: 10678: 10672:Wayback Machine 10663:Gunduz, Sinasi 10662: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10636: 10634: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10555: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10532: 10516: 10507: 10484:10.2307/2212668 10469: 10468: 10464: 10446: 10444: 10437: 10413: 10409: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10377: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10334: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10310: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10279: 10275: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10190: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10151: 10147: 10139: 10132: 10126: 10117: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10071: 10067: 10058: 10054: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10018: 10014: 10007: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9939: 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9900: 9884: 9880: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9795: 9788: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9716: 9714: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9675: 9671: 9660: 9656: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9595: 9591: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9564: 9558: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9518: 9514: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9467: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9413: 9397: 9384: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9335: 9333: 9332:on 4 March 2019 9320: 9319: 9315: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9184: 9182: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9047: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8950:Wayback Machine 8936: 8932: 8923: 8919: 8910: 8906: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8879: 8870: 8866: 8855: 8841: 8837: 8826: 8822: 8807: 8803: 8789: 8785: 8774: 8770: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8725: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8639: 8624: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8526:10.2307/1779249 8506: 8502: 8492:Wayback Machine 8476: 8474: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8315: 8306: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8228: 8205: 8196: 8181:Wayback Machine 8165: 8163: 8136: 8127: 8117:) and firmans ( 8102: 8100: 8087: 8083: 8064: 8060: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8015: 8011: 7997: 7995: 7988: 7968: 7964: 7950: 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7908: 7906: 7899: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7826: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7792: 7790: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7698: 7691: 7681:Wayback Machine 7669: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7538: 7534: 7526:in 1517 to the 7512:Ottoman dynasty 7509: 7505: 7500:Imperio otomano 7493: 7460: 7420: 7370: 7365: 7355: 7352:Osmanlı Devleti 7340: 7310:Ottoman Turkish 7307: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6883:Osman Hamdi Bey 6778: 6772: 6720:Turkish archery 6700: 6630:/keftés/kofta, 6537:Ottoman cuisine 6526: 6524:Ottoman cuisine 6520: 6513: 6507: 6498: 6495: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6459:Surname-i Vehbi 6456:Miniature from 6454: 6410:Janissary music 6331:Byzantine music 6308: 6302: 6245:, bookbinding ( 6172: 6162: 6160:Decorative arts 6065:Ottoman Baroque 6042:Selimiye Mosque 5994:classical style 5965: 5959: 5907: 5901: 5778:Akabi Hikyayesi 5646:mura'ât-i nazîr 5617:Taceddin Ahmedi 5603: 5597: 5569: 5563: 5526:chattel slavery 5506:Depiction of a 5496: 5402:Ottoman Turkish 5363:Performing arts 5316: 5309: 5303: 5207: 5201: 5070: 5062:Main articles: 5060: 5001:), such as the 4904: 4902:Islam in Turkey 4898: 4886:Main articles: 4884: 4818:Ottoman dynasty 4803: 4797: 4715:Turkic language 4708:Ottoman Turkish 4697: 4691: 4640: 4595: 4589: 4547:contributed to 4462: 4456: 4444:village council 4380: 4374: 4345:Tayyare Mektebi 4183: 4177: 4128: 4007: 4001: 3949:head of state. 3909:boarding school 3830: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3794:Ottoman sultans 3783: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3681:championed the 3635: 3599: 3597: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3574:Genetic history 3489: 3481: 3480: 3464: 3433: 3423: 3413: 3412: 3347: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3146: 3137:Sasanian Empire 3097:Armenian Empire 3087:Parthian Empire 3067:Attalid kingdom 3027:Seleucid Empire 2981: 2966: 2956: 2955: 2839: 2829: 2828: 2639:Akkadian Empire 2612: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2594:c. 8,000– 2583: 2571: 2557: 2547: 2525: 2518: 2507: 2501: 2429:in the east to 2341: 2331: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2108: 2107: 2097: 2090:Beylik of Osman 2085: 2082: 2053: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2021: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1875:Ottoman Turkish 1851:of the name of 1841: 1835: 1750:and introduced 1721:global prestige 1717:Russian empires 1639:in 1299 by the 1573: 1559: 1545: 1531: 1517: 1503: 1489: 1475: 1461: 1447: 1433: 1419: 1414:Emirate of Asir 1405: 1391: 1377: 1363: 1349: 1335: 1330:Eastern Rumelia 1321: 1307: 1293: 1279: 1274:State of Turkey 1254: 1240: 1226: 1212: 1198: 1191:League of Lezhë 1184: 1170: 1156: 1142: 1128: 1114: 1100: 1086: 1072: 1058: 1044: 1030: 1016: 1002: 988: 974: 944: 894: 834: 824:29 October 1923 821: 810:1 November 1922 807: 797:23 January 1913 794: 781: 768: 755: 742: 730: 724: 700: 696: 693: 684: 680: 677: 668: 664: 647: 635: 605: 593: 563: 551: 545: 524: 467: 437: 395:Ottoman Turkish 386: 306: 305: 302: 295: 292: 285: 275: 272: 265: 262: 250: 247: 240: 236: 228: 221: 217: 208: 200: 193: 189: 181: 174: 170: 167:Mahmudiye Marşı 162: 161: 148: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 70: 69: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21348: 21338: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21320:Former empires 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21260:Ottoman Empire 21245: 21244: 21239: 21238: 21236: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21184: 21182: 21178: 21177: 21175: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21092:Russian Empire 21089: 21084: 21082:British Empire 21079: 21077:Dutch Republic 21074: 21072:Swedish Empire 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21052:Spanish Empire 21049: 21044: 21042:Ottoman Empire 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21013: 21012: 21002: 20997: 20991: 20989: 20983: 20982: 20980: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20957:Serbian Empire 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20891: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20865: 20864: 20863: 20858: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20829: 20828: 20818: 20813: 20807: 20805: 20799: 20798: 20796: 20795: 20793:Late antiquity 20790: 20785: 20780: 20779: 20778: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20756:Roman Republic 20753: 20747: 20745: 20739: 20738: 20736: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20714: 20712: 20706: 20705: 20698: 20697: 20690: 20683: 20675: 20666: 20665: 20663: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20621: 20619: 20615: 20614: 20612: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20549:Ottoman Empire 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20449:Candaroğulları 20446: 20441: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20420: 20418: 20414: 20413: 20405: 20404: 20397: 20390: 20382: 20373: 20372: 20370: 20369: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20353: 20351: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20317: 20316: 20305: 20303: 20299: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20270: 20269: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20213: 20212: 20207: 20197: 20192: 20186: 20184: 20175: 20174: 20173: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20142: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20125: 20120: 20119: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20098: 20093: 20092: 20091: 20086: 20076: 20075: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20044: 20043: 20042: 20037: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20012: 20011: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19980: 19979: 19978: 19973: 19963: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19951: 19941: 19940: 19939: 19934: 19924: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19907: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19870: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19858: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19824: 19822: 19816: 19815: 19813: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19796: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19755: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19645: 19644: 19639: 19629: 19628: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19573: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19552: 19551: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19473: 19472: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19446: 19445: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19382: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19340: 19339: 19338: 19333: 19323: 19322: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19296: 19291: 19290: 19289: 19279: 19278: 19277: 19272: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19234: 19228: 19226: 19224:Post-classical 19220: 19219: 19217: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19204: 19199: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19182: 19181: 19180: 19170: 19169: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19122: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19096: 19095: 19094: 19089: 19079: 19074: 19073: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19031: 19030: 19025: 19023:Middle Kingdom 19020: 19010: 19005: 19004: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18983: 18982: 18981: 18979:Neo-Babylonian 18976: 18971: 18969:Old Babylonian 18961: 18960: 18959: 18954: 18944: 18939: 18933: 18931: 18919: 18918: 18911: 18910: 18903: 18896: 18888: 18879: 18878: 18781: 18780: 18777: 18776: 18769: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18746: 18737: 18736: 18734: 18733: 18721: 18709: 18697: 18685: 18672: 18669: 18668: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18635: 18634: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18598: 18597: 18595:Radio stations 18592: 18587: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18541: 18540: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18498: 18492: 18490: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18464: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18443: 18438: 18437: 18436: 18426: 18421: 18420: 18419: 18408: 18406: 18402: 18401: 18399: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18354: 18353: 18352: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18330:Turkish people 18326: 18324: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18314: 18313: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18295:Transportation 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18271: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18219: 18217: 18211: 18210: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18203: 18202: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18181: 18176: 18175: 18174: 18169: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18143: 18141: 18137: 18136: 18134: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18117: 18116: 18111: 18100: 18098: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18088: 18087: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18061: 18060: 18059: 18049: 18043: 18041: 18034: 18028: 18027: 18024: 18023: 18021: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18003:National parks 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17974: 17973: 17968: 17958: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17941: 17940: 17939: 17937:Climate change 17928: 17926: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17886:Marmara Region 17882: 17880: 17878:(west to east) 17867: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17856: 17854: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17832: 17831: 17820: 17818: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17810: 17805: 17804: 17803: 17793: 17791:Constitutional 17787: 17785: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17766: 17765: 17760: 17750: 17745: 17739: 17737: 17731: 17730: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17725: 17715: 17714: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17681: 17679:Transformation 17676: 17675: 17674: 17664: 17658: 17656: 17654:Ottoman Empire 17650: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17635: 17634: 17623: 17621: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17591: 17589: 17582: 17576: 17575: 17561: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17538: 17529: 17528: 17520: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17501:Turkic Academy 17498: 17493: 17488: 17482: 17480: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17398:Khalwati order 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17378:Bektashi Order 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17329: 17327: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17303: 17301: 17297: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17257:Karakalpakstan 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17222:Altai Republic 17218: 17216: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17170: 17168: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17132: 17131: 17130: 17123:Nomadic empire 17120: 17119: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17082: 17080: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17072: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17031: 17029: 17025: 17024: 17021: 17020: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16946: 16944: 16937: 16936: 16931: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16899: 16898: 16891:Western Thrace 16797: 16796: 16795: 16779: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16736: 16735: 16734: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16615:Crimean Tatars 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16534: 16528: 16526: 16520: 16519: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16477: 16475: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16418:Siberian Tatar 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16223: 16217: 16215: 16209: 16208: 16193: 16192: 16185: 16178: 16170: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16084: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16042: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15938: 15936: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15838:Ottoman Empire 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15798:Kartli-Kakheti 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15659: 15657: 15653: 15652: 15650: 15649: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15480: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15356: 15354: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15346: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15207:Central Africa 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15168: 15166: 15159: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15145: 15143:United Kingdom 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15057: 15055: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14971: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14886: 14884: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14851: 14849: 14840: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14800:Prince regnant 14797: 14796: 14795: 14785: 14780: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14717:Decolonization 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14671:Personal union 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14641:Constitutional 14638: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14585: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14562: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14529: 14522: 14514: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14477: 14475: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14451: 14449: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14418: 14416: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14319: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14302: 14301: 14300: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14269: 14263: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14182: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14146: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14098: 14096: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14086: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14062:Nizam-i Djedid 14053: 14048: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14024: 14022: 14015: 14009: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13987: 13985:Mutasarrifates 13982: 13981: 13980: 13970: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13926: 13925: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13886: 13884: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13856: 13854: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13824:Reis ül-Küttab 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13795: 13793: 13782: 13776: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13760:Palace Schools 13757: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13708:Imperial Harem 13705: 13704: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13677: 13675: 13674:House of Osman 13668: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13646: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13525: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13494:Decline thesis 13489:Transformation 13486: 13485: 13484: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13470:Constantinople 13467: 13462: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13434:Ottoman Empire 13430: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13397:Turkey in Asia 13394: 13388: 13382: 13358: 13347: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13327: 13316: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294:External links 13292: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13271: 13270: 13266:Ottoman Empire 13259: 13258: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13225: 13210: 13192: 13177: 13171: 13165:. SUNY Press. 13155: 13143: 13137: 13124: 13117: 13102: 13096: 13083: 13065: 13050: 13032: 13017: 13011: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12981: 12973:Librairie Droz 12954: 12921: 12887: 12866:(2): 162–165. 12846: 12791: 12761: 12750:Ahmad Y Hassan 12742: 12735: 12717: 12710: 12684: 12641: 12634: 12616: 12599: 12572: 12546: 12539: 12521: 12514: 12496: 12459:Ars Orientalis 12445: 12443:, p. 251. 12433: 12421: 12406: 12404:, p. 679. 12394: 12375: 12353: 12341: 12339:, p. 393. 12326: 12324:, p. 526. 12314: 12312:, p. 355. 12302: 12290: 12283: 12265: 12238: 12231: 12213: 12194: 12174: 12167: 12149: 12134: 12123: 12105: 12092: 12083: 12051: 12031: 12022: 11986: 11979: 11961: 11950: 11932: 11909: 11889: 11867: 11847: 11820: 11800: 11793: 11775: 11768: 11750: 11726: 11691: 11642: 11635: 11608: 11583: 11552: 11526: 11499: 11469: 11447: 11428: 11408: 11395: 11383: 11370: 11346: 11333: 11314: 11294: 11271: 11258: 11245: 11235: 11207: 11181: 11146: 11139: 11116: 11086: 11079: 11052: 11024: 11017: 10999: 10980: 10960: 10930: 10899: 10879: 10860: 10841: 10821: 10798: 10765: 10738:(2): 358–389. 10715: 10696: 10676: 10656: 10644: 10625: 10605: 10549: 10530: 10505: 10462: 10435: 10407: 10394: 10375: 10353: 10346: 10328: 10326:, p. 116. 10316: 10304: 10302:, p. 115. 10292: 10273: 10271:, p. 114. 10258: 10256:, p. 113. 10246: 10244:, p. 112. 10234: 10222: 10184: 10182:, p. 281. 10172: 10161:(3): 322–345. 10145: 10115: 10093: 10086: 10074:İnalcık, Halil 10065: 10052: 10049:. p. 120. 10037: 10030: 10012: 10005: 9993:İnalcık, Halil 9984: 9977: 9965:İnalcık, Halil 9956: 9937: 9917: 9898: 9878: 9864: 9840: 9821: 9801: 9776: 9750: 9739:on 12 May 2012 9724: 9694: 9687: 9669: 9654: 9639: 9632: 9622:Wall, John F. 9614: 9607: 9589: 9578:on 25 May 2013 9545: 9512: 9497: 9477: 9450: 9430: 9411: 9382: 9369: 9343: 9313: 9299: 9275: 9256: 9231: 9212: 9192: 9158: 9144: 9118: 9099: 9079: 9065: 9038: 9034:Itzkowitz 1980 9026: 8996: 8963: 8954: 8930: 8917: 8904: 8889: 8877: 8864: 8853: 8835: 8820: 8801: 8783: 8768: 8742: 8723: 8693: 8679: 8649: 8622: 8594: 8559: 8520:(6): 470–472. 8500: 8441: 8434: 8416: 8373: 8318:Rein Taagepera 8304: 8265: 8245: 8226: 8212:Lewis, Bernard 8194: 8125: 8081: 8058: 8036: 8024:, eds. (359). 8009: 7986: 7980:. p. 31. 7962: 7939: 7919: 7897: 7877: 7858: 7838: 7820: 7801: 7789:on 7 July 2020 7777:. p. 298. 7757: 7750: 7724: 7714: 7689: 7660: 7648: 7641: 7623: 7584:(5): 269–283. 7563: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7543:, such as the 7532: 7503: 7362:Empire ottoman 7269: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7209: 7200: 7191: 7176: 7164: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7064:Turkic history 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7001: 7000: 6984: 6981: 6774:Main article: 6771: 6768: 6699: 6696: 6668:Turkish coffee 6576:Middle Eastern 6522:Main article: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6455: 6448: 6335:Armenian music 6301: 6298: 6251:paper marbling 6207:Topkapi Palace 6161: 6158: 6142:primary school 6136:, a market, a 6034:Şehzade Mosque 5961:Main article: 5958: 5955: 5923:Constantinople 5903:Main article: 5900: 5897: 5838:Şair Evlenmesi 5829:İbrahim Şinasi 5636:Persian poetry 5599:Main article: 5596: 5593: 5565:Main article: 5562: 5559: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5317:Ottoman Empire 5315:Culture of the 5305:Main article: 5302: 5299: 5200: 5197: 5079:and Patriarch 5059: 5056: 5054:, to France). 5029:Safavid Empire 5027:for the rival 5015:Hanbali school 4907:Turkic peoples 4883: 4880: 4796: 4793: 4758:Horn of Africa 4693:Main article: 4690: 4687: 4591:Main article: 4588: 4585: 4458:Main article: 4455: 4452: 4376:Main article: 4373: 4370: 4368:in the south. 4333:Ottoman pilots 4179:Main article: 4176: 4173: 4099:, or words of 4003:Main article: 4000: 3997: 3977:Greek language 3850:Imperial Harem 3786:Topkapı Palace 3784: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757:Main article: 3754: 3751: 3710:tax, that the 3658:Speros Vryonis 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475:(1945–present) 3473: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3373:Transformation 3369: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3107:Roman Republic 3103: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2930:859–595/585 BC 2928: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2823:859–595/585 BC 2821: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2570:500,000– 2565: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2500: 2497: 2358:Constantinople 2333: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2292:Historiography 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2209: 2204:Nizam-i Djedid 2200: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2142:Transformation 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2057: 2055:Ottoman Empire 2046: 2045: 2038: 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1857:House of Osman 1834: 1831: 1772:Central Powers 1685:Constantinople 1643:tribal leader 1620:Central Europe 1600:Turkish Empire 1596:Ottoman Empire 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1498:French Tunisia 1494: 1493: 1486: 1484:British Cyprus 1480: 1479: 1472: 1470:French Algeria 1466: 1465: 1458: 1456:Mandatory Iraq 1452: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1221: 1219:Hafsid Kingdom 1216: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1012: 1011: 1006: 998: 997: 992: 984: 983: 978: 966: 965: 960: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 935: 934: 932: 907: 903: 902: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 872: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 848: 847: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 829: 826: 825: 822: 815: 812: 811: 808: 802: 799: 798: 795: 789: 786: 785: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 763: 760: 759: 756: 750: 747: 746: 743: 737: 734: 733: 725: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 704: 703: 694: 691: 688: 687: 678: 675: 672: 671: 662: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 645: 642: 641: 639:Alaeddin Pasha 636: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 611: 606: 603: 600: 599: 594: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 569: 564: 561: 558: 557: 552: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 525: 523: 522: 519: 514: 511: 500: 493: 487: 485: 481: 480: 475: 469: 468: 466: 465: 456: 445: 443: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 387: 385: 384: 381: 374:Constantinople 371: 368: 358: 355: 350: 347: 337: 330: 324: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 255: 252: 251: 249: 248: 238: 233:Reşadiye Marşı 229: 219: 214:Hamidiye Marşı 210: 201: 191: 186:Mecidiye Marşı 182: 172: 159: 158: 157: 150: 149: 147: 146: 143: 136: 128: 122: 121: 110: 103: 102: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 72: 71: 68: 67: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 18:Ottoman Turkey 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21347: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21257: 21255: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21188:Art of Europe 21186: 21185: 21183: 21179: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21011: 21008: 21007: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20992: 20990: 20988: 20987:Modern period 20984: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20922: 20918: 20914: 20910: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20870: 20869: 20866: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20853: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20827: 20824: 20823: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20808: 20806: 20804: 20800: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20777: 20774: 20773: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20748: 20746: 20744: 20740: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20711: 20707: 20703: 20696: 20691: 20689: 20684: 20682: 20677: 20676: 20673: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20616: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20469:Danishmendids 20467: 20465: 20464:Çubukoğulları 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20421: 20419: 20417:Muslim states 20415: 20410: 20403: 20398: 20396: 20391: 20389: 20384: 20383: 20380: 20366: 20365:Soviet empire 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20354: 20352: 20350:Miscellaneous 20348: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20310: 20307: 20306: 20304: 20300: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20268: 20265: 20264: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20202: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20183: 20179: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20134: 20131: 20130: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20103: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20081: 20080: 20077: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20045: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20032: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20013: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19981: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19949:German Empire 19947: 19946: 19945: 19942: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19925: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19825: 19823: 19821: 19817: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19760: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19718: 19717: 19714: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19691: 19690: 19689:Turco-Persian 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19634: 19633: 19630: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19597: 19596: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19553: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19478: 19477: 19474: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19451: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19429: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19387: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19345: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19328: 19327: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19285: 19284: 19283: 19280: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19267: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19225: 19221: 19213: 19210: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19187: 19186: 19183: 19179: 19176: 19175: 19174: 19171: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19138: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19101: 19100: 19097: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19047: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18966: 18965: 18962: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18949: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18909: 18904: 18902: 18897: 18895: 18890: 18889: 18886: 18778: 18774: 18767: 18762: 18760: 18755: 18753: 18748: 18747: 18744: 18732: 18731: 18722: 18720: 18719: 18710: 18708: 18707: 18698: 18696: 18695: 18686: 18684: 18683: 18678: 18674: 18673: 18670: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18582: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18493: 18491: 18489: 18485: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18448: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18431: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18413: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18403: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18367: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18358: 18355: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18323: 18319: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18297: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18216: 18212: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18138: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18097: 18093: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18065: 18062: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18029: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17966:Air pollution 17964: 17963: 17962: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17891:Aegean Region 17889: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17836:Turkification 17834: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17825: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17815: 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17788: 17786: 17782: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17738: 17736: 17732: 17724: 17721: 17720: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17698: 17697: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17686: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17668: 17667:Classical Age 17665: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17655: 17651: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17627:Seljuk Empire 17625: 17624: 17622: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17577: 17573: 17568: 17559: 17554: 17552: 17547: 17545: 17540: 17539: 17536: 17525: 17518: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17479:Organizations 17477: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17435: 17434:Vattisen Yaly 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17324: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17227:Bashkortostan 17225: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17215: 17211: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17171: 17169: 17167: 17163: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17136: 17133: 17129: 17126: 17125: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17116:Turkification 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17077: 17070: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17030: 17026: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16945: 16941: 16935: 16932: 16929: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16915: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16884: 16880: 16876: 16872: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16803: 16802: 16801: 16798: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16770: 16766: 16762: 16758: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16737: 16732: 16731:Baraba Tatars 16728: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16583: 16579: 16575: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16565: 16560: 16556: 16552: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16525: 16521: 16516: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16486:Common Turkic 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16464: 16463:Western Yugur 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16278:Crimean Tatar 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16214: 16210: 16205: 16191: 16186: 16184: 16179: 16177: 16172: 16171: 16168: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16076: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15959:Easter Island 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15940: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15654: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15585: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15498:Jabal Shammar 15496: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15351: 15345: 15344: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15054: 15050: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15032: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14990:Liechtenstein 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14957: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14872: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14794: 14793:Queen regnant 14791: 14790: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14769: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14752:Republicanism 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14732:Head of state 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14666:Non-sovereign 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14590: 14583: 14578: 14576: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14560: 14554: 14547: 14535: 14534: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14472: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14444: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14385: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14303: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14288:Ottoman court 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14175: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14129:Naval battles 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14102:Kapudan Pasha 14100: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14059: 14058: 14057:Reform period 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13947: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13879: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13769: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13718:Haseki sultan 13716: 13714: 13713:Valide sultan 13711: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13592:United States 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13571: 13568: 13564: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13487: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13478: 13477:Classical Age 13475: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13450:Osman's Dream 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13428: 13423: 13421: 13416: 13414: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13328: 13318: 13317: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13255: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13218: 13217: 13211: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13109: 13103: 13099: 13093: 13089: 13084: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13059:. WIT Press. 13058: 13057: 13051: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13025: 13024: 13018: 13014: 13008: 13004: 12999: 12998: 12984: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12969: 12961: 12959: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12883: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12850: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12795: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12746: 12738: 12732: 12728: 12721: 12713: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12645: 12637: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12609: 12603: 12587: 12583: 12580:Emin Şenyer. 12576: 12560: 12556: 12550: 12542: 12536: 12532: 12525: 12517: 12511: 12507: 12500: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12437: 12430: 12425: 12418: 12413: 12411: 12403: 12398: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12357: 12350: 12345: 12338: 12333: 12331: 12323: 12318: 12311: 12306: 12300:, p. 355 12299: 12294: 12286: 12280: 12276: 12275:Iznik Pottery 12269: 12253: 12249: 12242: 12234: 12228: 12224: 12217: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12187: 12186: 12178: 12170: 12164: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12141: 12139: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12096: 12087: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12035: 12026: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11982: 11976: 11972: 11965: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11929: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11893: 11886: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11860: 11859: 11851: 11844: 11842: 11827: 11823: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11804: 11796: 11790: 11786: 11779: 11771: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11730: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11708:9781317118442 11705: 11701: 11695: 11688: 11684: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11667: 11663: 11662:9781317118442 11659: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11638: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11592:Halil İnalcık 11587: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11412: 11405: 11399: 11392: 11391:Quataert 1983 11387: 11380: 11379:Ethnopolitics 11374: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11344:(1991) p. 31. 11343: 11337: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11298: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11268: 11262: 11255: 11249: 11242: 11238: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11219: 11211: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11142: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11003: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10964: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10883: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10864: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10680: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10609: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10457: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10411: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10320: 10314:, p. 49. 10313: 10308: 10301: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10231: 10226: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10089: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10063:(2005) p. 24 10062: 10056: 10048: 10041: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9980: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9882: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9805: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9698: 9690: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9629: 9626:. p. 8. 9625: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9562:"Middle East" 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9481: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9434: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9379: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9302: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9279: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9147: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9083: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9043: 9036:, p. 38. 9035: 9030: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8958: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8927: 8921: 8914: 8908: 8901:. SUNY Press. 8900: 8893: 8884: 8882: 8874: 8868: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8832:. p. 51. 8831: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8780:. p. 26. 8779: 8772: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8697: 8682: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8653: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8454: 8453:Kanun-ı Esasi 8445: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8272: 8268: 8266:0-521-44197-8 8262: 8258: 8257: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8192:communities." 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8142:Kanun-ı Esasi 8134: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8006: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7959: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7923: 7916: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7753: 7751:9780511614972 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7667: 7665: 7657: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7564: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7479: 7473: 7464: 7439: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7405: 7392: 7386: 7374: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7320: 7311: 7304: 7273: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7134:full of Islam 7116: 7106: 7102: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6997:Turkey portal 6987: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949:steam engines 6946: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6865:steam turbine 6862: 6858: 6857:Ottoman Egypt 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819:mathematician 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6708:Beşiktaş J.K. 6704: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6525: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6363:musical modes 6360: 6357:units called 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6343:Persian music 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306:Ottoman Music 6297: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6213:, was added. 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6197:tradition of 6196: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6073:Balyan family 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6046:Byzantine art 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5939:lingua franca 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5733: 5728: 5727:Ottoman prose 5720: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5709:Evliya Çelebi 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681:verse romance 5678: 5674: 5669: 5658: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:Oil wrestling 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5233:The original 5231: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5161:). Likewise, 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5052:Abdülmecid II 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4865: 4862:and followed 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4841:jurisprudence 4838: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4812:was the last 4811: 4810:Abdülmecid II 4807: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4635: 4631: 4630:Galata Bridge 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565:capitulations 4562: 4558: 4557:liberal trade 4554: 4553:protectionism 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436:mutasarrifate 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335:in early 1912 4334: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311:Abdülhamid II 4307: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276:Ottoman fleet 4272: 4268: 4266: 4265:Nizam-ı Cedid 4257: 4256:Galata Bridge 4254:crossing the 4253: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4241:Mongol Empire 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:jurisprudence 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4043:religious law 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3979:to the west. 3978: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961:Washington DC 3958: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3888:palace school 3885: 3881: 3880:valide sultan 3876: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3687:Turkic tribes 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:Edward Gibbon 3632: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Turkification 3505: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3363:Classical Age 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101:190 BC–428 AD 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091:247 BC–224 AD 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2964:Classical Age 2960: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2936:Median Empire 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441:and parts of 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390:(today named 2389: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2116:Classical Age 2112: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1939:Ottoman State 1924:دولت عثمانيه‎ 1919: 1917: 1906: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:anglicisation 1846: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:occupied and 1804: 1803:Allied Powers 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:German Empire 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681:vassal states 1679:and numerous 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:petty kingdom 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 986: 985: 982: 979: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 951: 947: 940: 936: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 908: 904: 900: 896: 890: 886: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 836: 833: 827: 823: 819: 813: 809: 806: 800: 796: 793: 787: 783: 780: 774: 770: 767: 761: 757: 754: 748: 744: 741: 735: 726: 723: 717: 713: 709: 705: 699: 695: 689: 683: 679: 673: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 643: 640: 637: 631: 627: 623: 621: 617: 613: 610: 609:Abdulmejid II 607: 601: 598: 595: 589: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 568: 565: 559: 556: 553: 541: 537: 533: 531: 527: 520: 518: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506:parliamentary 504: 501: 494: 492: 489: 488: 486: 482: 479: 476: 474: 470: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 447: 446: 444: 440: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 403: 399: 396: 393: 389: 382: 379: 375: 372: 369: 366: 362: 359: 356: 354: 351: 348: 345: 341: 338: 331: 329: 326: 325: 323: 319: 316: 313: 309: 300: 290: 280: 270: 260: 253: 234: 230: 215: 211: 209:(1861–1876) 206: 205:Aziziye Marşı 202: 187: 183: 168: 164: 163: 155: 151: 144: 141: 137: 130: 129: 127: 123: 113: 107: 95: 89: 81: 73: 64: 62: 55: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 21147:World War II 21041: 21000:Early modern 20977:Kalmar Union 20848:Papal States 20766:Roman Empire 20650:Latin Empire 20579:Sahib Ataids 20559:Qara Qoyunlu 20548: 20411:(after 1071) 20116:Contemporary 20095: 19966:Indo-Persian 19954:Nazi Germany 19898:Contemporary 19800:Vijayanagara 19699:Great Seljuk 19610:Thessalonica 19538:Golden Horde 19178:Carthaginian 18957:Neo-Assyrian 18942:Neo-Sumerian 18728: 18716: 18704: 18692: 18680: 18565:Illumination 18501:Architecture 18429:Human rights 18417:Universities 18335:Ethnic Kurds 18322:Demographics 18233:Construction 17653: 17413:Qalandariyya 17388:Christianity 17199:Turkmenistan 17137: / 17128:Turco-Mongol 16567:Azerbaijanis 16136:South Africa 16131:Sierra Leone 16078: 15908:Two Sicilies 15843:Papal States 15837: 15643: 15582: 15475: 15341: 15101:Cook Islands 14954: 14940:Saudi Arabia 14869: 14531: 14526:Bibliography 14524: 14517: 14486:Coat of arms 14460:Christianity 14414:Demographics 14397:of Armenians 14338:Illumination 14323:Architecture 14204:Central bank 14155:Conscription 14081: 14072:Mansure Army 14055: 14027: 13934:Hakham Bashi 13902:Christianity 13849: 13799:Grand Vizier 13788: 13640:Civil codes 13614:Constitution 13460:Ghaza thesis 13433: 13275:Online books 13265: 13235:. Retrieved 13215: 13202:. Retrieved 13182: 13162: 13150: 13128: 13107: 13087: 13075:. Retrieved 13055: 13042:. Retrieved 13022: 13002: 12967: 12945:. Retrieved 12941:the original 12934: 12924: 12915: 12908:. Retrieved 12890: 12863: 12860:Neurocirugía 12859: 12849: 12837:. Retrieved 12808: 12804: 12794: 12782:. Retrieved 12773: 12764: 12753: 12745: 12726: 12720: 12693: 12687: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12625: 12619: 12607: 12602: 12590:. Retrieved 12586:the original 12575: 12563:. Retrieved 12549: 12530: 12524: 12505: 12499: 12487:. Retrieved 12462: 12458: 12448: 12436: 12424: 12397: 12385:. Retrieved 12366: 12363:"Kemalettin" 12356: 12344: 12317: 12305: 12293: 12274: 12268: 12256:. Retrieved 12252:the original 12241: 12222: 12216: 12204:. Retrieved 12184: 12177: 12158: 12152: 12128: 12114: 12108: 12100: 12095: 12086: 12059: 12054: 12038:Kendall, p. 12034: 12025: 12013:. Retrieved 11970: 11964: 11955: 11941: 11935: 11926: 11919:. Retrieved 11899: 11892: 11884: 11877:. Retrieved 11857: 11850: 11837: 11830:. Retrieved 11810: 11803: 11784: 11778: 11759: 11753: 11737: 11729: 11712:Google Books 11699: 11694: 11666:Google Books 11653: 11626: 11622: 11590: 11586: 11569: 11565: 11555: 11543:. Retrieved 11529: 11517:. Retrieved 11513:the original 11502: 11490:. Retrieved 11481: 11472: 11456: 11450: 11438:. Retrieved 11418: 11411: 11403: 11398: 11386: 11378: 11373: 11354: 11349: 11341: 11336: 11324:. Retrieved 11304: 11297: 11279: 11274: 11266: 11261: 11253: 11248: 11240: 11217: 11210: 11198:. Retrieved 11194:the original 11184: 11172:. Retrieved 11168:the original 11163: 11159: 11149: 11130: 11107:. Retrieved 11098: 11089: 11065: 11061:Akçam, Taner 11055: 11046: 11044: 11032: 11027: 11008: 11002: 10990:. Retrieved 10970: 10963: 10951:. Retrieved 10943:Academia.edu 10942: 10933: 10921:. Retrieved 10912: 10902: 10882: 10863: 10851:. Retrieved 10831: 10824: 10811: 10801: 10777: 10768: 10735: 10731: 10708:16 September 10706:. Retrieved 10686: 10679: 10659: 10652:Davison 1964 10647: 10635:. Retrieved 10615: 10608: 10596:. Retrieved 10574:(1): 71–90. 10571: 10565: 10552: 10540:. Retrieved 10520: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10455: 10452: 10445:. Retrieved 10417: 10410: 10405: (1876) 10397: 10385:. Retrieved 10366: 10356: 10337: 10331: 10319: 10307: 10295: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10249: 10237: 10225: 10217: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10180:Kinross 1979 10175: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10137:the original 10105: 10102:Paul Bairoch 10096: 10077: 10068: 10060: 10055: 10046: 10040: 10021: 10015: 9996: 9987: 9968: 9959: 9947:. Retrieved 9927: 9920: 9908:. Retrieved 9888: 9881: 9869:. Retrieved 9850: 9843: 9831:. Retrieved 9811: 9804: 9793:the original 9779: 9767:. Retrieved 9763:the original 9753: 9741:. Retrieved 9737:the original 9727: 9715:. Retrieved 9711:the original 9706: 9697: 9678: 9672: 9663: 9657: 9648: 9642: 9623: 9617: 9598: 9592: 9580:. Retrieved 9573:the original 9568: 9536:. Retrieved 9515: 9487: 9480: 9468:. 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Penguin. 12592:11 February 12465:: 103–120. 12337:Freely 2011 12310:Freely 2011 12298:Freely 2011 12145:Freely 2011 11957:journalist. 11744:, 1904. p. 11492:25 December 11225:. pp. 11200:11 February 11174:11 February 10992:13 February 10853:16 November 10558:Kahl, Thede 10456:kaba türkçe 9717:11 February 9582:15 February 9538:15 February 9423:11 February 9306:12 February 9151:11 February 9072:11 February 8735:19 December 8686:19 December 8642:26 December 8632:j.ctt6wq7kw 8579:: 179–190. 8068:Green, Nile 7160: 2010 6961:paper mills 6940:, in 1702. 6929:as well as 6893:translated 6853:steam power 6833:Taqi al-Din 6754:(1914) and 6718:, hunting, 6706:Members of 6598:/tzatziki, 6584:döner kebab 6468:Janissaries 6429:shadow play 6418:Belly dance 6370:instruments 6085:eclecticism 6054:Iznik tiles 6050:Chinese art 6030:Mimar Sinan 5990:Blue Mosque 5976:Mimar Sinan 5817:Namık Kemal 5794:Romanticism 5705:Seyahatnâme 5641:مراعات نظير 5355:Calligraphy 5332:Visual arts 5244:Janissaries 5174:Chief Rabbi 5172:or Ottoman 5129:Mount Athos 4938:rationality 4923:Oghuz Turks 4864:Sufi orders 4825:Sunni Islam 4740:-inhabited 4634:Golden Horn 4478:Reconquista 4319:Golden Horn 4250:Modernised 4031:Islamic law 3993:calligraphy 3707:Resm-i çift 3667:Paul Wittek 3662:Heath Lowry 3500:Oghuz Turks 3465:(1930–1945) 3463:(1923–1930) 3453:(1920–1923) 3443:(1919–1922) 3407:(1908–1922) 3397:(1789–1908) 3387:(1703–1789) 3377:(1566–1703) 3367:(1453–1566) 3357:(1299–1453) 3335:Ottoman Era 3321:(1378–1501) 3311:(1375–1468) 3301:(1256–1335) 3291:(1250–1487) 3281:(1204–1261) 3271:(1204–1461) 3261:(1101–1409) 3251:(1098–1150) 3241:(1081–1423) 3231:(1078–1375) 3221:(1077–1307) 3211:(1071–1178) 3207:Danishmends 3201:(1037–1194) 2920:1000–545 BC 2910:1000–700 BC 2900:1000–560 BC 2890:1100–560 BC 2880:1150–547 BC 2870:1200–700 BC 2860:1200–800 BC 2850:1200–800 BC 2813:1000–545 BC 2803:1000–700 BC 2793:1150–547 BC 2783:1200–700 BC 2773:1200–800 BC 2763:1200–800 BC 2743:1450–350 BC 2729:Hayasa-Azzi 2623:3000–700 BC 2524:History of 2477:partitioned 2473:World War I 2412:Mesopotamia 2370:Dardanelles 2348:as a small 2342: 1299 2254:World War I 2236:Dissolution 2152:Köprülü Era 2095:Interregnum 2013:Svat Soucek 1914:Devlet-i ʿO 1807:partitioned 1776:Arab Revolt 1768:World War I 1756:Balkan Wars 1697:Middle East 1667:in 1453 by 958:Preceded by 758:29 May 1453 740:Interregnum 731: 1299 661:Legislature 521:(1913–1918) 449:Sunni Islam 433:many others 383:(1453–1922) 370:(1363–1453) 357:(1335–1363) 349:(1331–1335) 237:(1909–1918) 218:(1876–1909) 190:(1839–1861) 133:دولت ابدمدت 116:(1882–1922) 98:(1844–1922) 21254:Categories 20895:Viking Age 20710:Prehistory 20564:Ramadanids 20524:Karamanids 20474:Dilmachids 20429:Aq Qoyunlu 20274:Portuguese 20155:Revival Le 20145:Vietnamese 19788:Later Tran 19758:Vietnamese 19654:Singhasari 19642:Holy Roman 19266:Bulgarian 19202:Satavahana 19173:Phoenician 19109:Achaemenid 19070:Indo-Greek 19050:Macedonian 18964:Babylonian 18590:Newspapers 18575:Literature 18555:Folk dance 18456:Corruption 18340:Minorities 18268:Renewables 18223:Automotive 18032:Government 17763:Secularism 17383:Burkhanism 17348:Aiyy Faith 17267:Nakhchivan 17204:Uzbekistan 17184:Kyrgyzstan 17179:Kazakhstan 17174:Azerbaijan 17045:Burkhanism 16871:Montenegro 16835:Dodecanese 16496:Old Uyghur 16481:Old Turkic 16383:Old Turkic 16318:Karakalpak 16141:Tanganyika 16056:The Gambia 15984:Niuē-Fekai 15923:Yugoslavia 15823:Montenegro 15630:Upper Yafa 15625:Upper Asir 15262:Madagascar 14995:Luxembourg 14727:Government 14692:Abdication 14661:Hereditary 14589:Monarchies 14370:Literature 14283:Ottomanism 13978:Sanjakbeys 13961:Beylerbeys 13949:Provincial 13666:Government 13629:Family law 13361:Audio help 13352:2008-03-29 12839:29 January 12696:. Kluwer. 12610:, London, 12429:Kuban 2010 12417:Kuban 2010 12402:Kuban 2010 12349:Kuban 2010 12322:Kuban 2010 12246:Eli Shah. 11921:17 January 11832:17 January 11109:24 October 9769:6 November 9759:"Founding" 9743:6 November 9507:1082195426 9460:1202464532 9326:Mwlusa.org 9185:29 January 8393:(2): 223. 8334:(3): 498. 8292:sultan at 8277:21 October 8103:23 October 8048:21 October 7998:21 October 7951:21 October 7909:21 October 7870:21 October 7767:, p. 7070:References 6895:Noël Duret 6861:steam jack 6835:built the 6815:astronomer 6811:Ali Qushji 6634:/boureki, 6438:tambourine 6414:Roma music 6402:folk music 6263:Nakkashane 6000:influence. 5810:Parnassian 5802:Naturalist 5776:(Turkish: 5758:Muhayyelât 5701:Şeyh Gâlib 5697:Hüsn ü Aşk 5595:Literature 5371:Shadowplay 5255:primarily 5203:See also: 5168:Haham Başı 4942:philosophy 4917:under the 4900:See also: 4799:See also: 4668:Safranbolu 4628:) and the 4545:free trade 4280:Bosphorous 3753:Government 3383:Old Regime 3317:Ak Koyunlu 3287:Karamanids 3071:282–129 BC 3021:306–168 BC 3017:Antigonids 3011:322–130 BC 3001:334–301 BC 2991:559–331 BC 2950:685–547 BC 2940:678–549 BC 2689:Kizzuwatna 2610:Bronze Age 2545:Prehistory 2503:See also: 2383:As Sultan 2354:Asia Minor 2168:Old Regime 2029:See also: 1837:See also: 1233:Aq Qoyunlu 897:24,000,000 883:Population 484:Government 473:Demonym(s) 361:Adrianople 336:1299–1331) 20942:Feudalism 20913:Catalonia 20584:Saltukids 20494:Eshrefids 20459:Chobanids 20267:Couronian 19905:Ethiopian 19893:Manchukuo 19848:Brazilian 19694:Ghaznavid 19664:Srivijaya 19615:Trebizond 19600:Byzantine 19582:North Sea 19577:Norwegian 19565:Almoravid 19548:Ilkhanate 19518:Majapahit 19491:Muromachi 19400:Solomonic 19385:Ethiopian 19299:Caliphate 19232:Aragonese 19060:Ptolemaic 18644:TV series 18602:Miniature 18545:Festivals 18461:Terrorism 18412:Education 18345:Languages 18189:Air Force 18104:Elections 18052:Executive 17998:Mountains 17865:Geography 17784:Overviews 17723:Partition 17689:Tulip era 17429:Zahediyeh 17424:Safaviyya 17373:Bayramiye 17368:Batiniyya 17343:Shamanism 17326:Religions 17317:Turkology 17277:Tatarstan 17262:Khakassia 17232:Chuvashia 17158:Locations 17135:Tian Shan 17111:Migration 17086:Turkestan 17069:Hungarian 17060:Turkesism 16757:Kryashens 16745:Astrakhan 16670:Krymchaks 16630:Karachays 16551:Telengits 16547:Kumandins 16473:Alphabets 16303:Ili Turki 16213:Languages 16111:Mauritius 16004:Rarotonga 15989:Nuku Hiva 15979:Mangareva 15954:Bora Bora 15833:Neuchâtel 15803:Lithuania 15708:Catalonia 15595:Sri Lanka 15548:Manchukuo 15523:Kurdistan 15477:Indonesia 15400:Talamanca 15360:Araucanía 15343:and other 15322:Wassoulou 15066:Australia 14742:Oligarchy 14422:Armenians 14387:Education 14343:Miniature 14293:Languages 14278:Devshirme 14251:Transport 14051:Timariots 13917:Bulgarian 13809:Kazaskers 13771:Central ( 13755:Kapi Agha 13624:Electoral 13550:Abolition 13545:Partition 13308:hour and 12910:26 August 12829:171015647 12679:119066552 12565:20 August 12489:12 August 12471:0571-1371 12258:26 August 11843:'s novel. 11545:26 August 11519:26 August 10760:143541451 10752:11729/308 10588:161615853 10500:246006581 10214:161326705 9362:5 October 8860:contexts. 8534:0016-7398 8399:1076-156X 8348:0020-8833 8298:Ilkhanids 7606:146299650 7598:1545-6870 7559:Citations 7549:Lanzarote 7472:romanized 7432:romanized 7423:Bulgarian 7319:romanized 7096:قسطنطينيه 7075:Footnotes 6953:ironworks 6923:catheters 6914:Al-Tasrif 6827:Samarkand 6823:physicist 6648:tsikoudia 6327:Selim III 6195:Byzantine 6101:Vedat Tek 6010:Byzantine 5998:Byzantine 5884:Müşâhedât 5825:Awakening 5806:Symbolist 5561:Education 5345:Miniature 5224:Mahmud II 5220:Selim III 5178:Armenians 5020:Qizilbash 4993:mysticism 4911:shamanism 4876:secession 4781:arzuhâlci 4581:Corn Laws 4407:Beylerbey 4304:submarine 4300:Abdülaziz 4220:falconets 4019:impotence 3923:Devshirme 3746:Timariots 3702:zeugarion 3297:Ilkhanate 3191:(637–656) 3117:Commagene 3111:133–27 BC 3081:281–64 BC 3061:297–74 BC 3051:302–64 BC 3041:305–30 BC 3031:305–64 BC 2572:10,000 BC 2457:From 1699 2410:, Egypt, 2404:Caliphate 2385:Mehmed II 2178:Tulip Era 1970:nor as a 1843:The word 1817:, led by 1788:Assyrians 1784:Armenians 1669:Mehmed II 1663:with the 1649:conquered 1612:West Asia 1602:, was an 784:1908–1920 771:1876–1878 745:1402–1413 567:Mehmed VI 442:Religion 78:1299–1922 21335:Maturidi 21181:See also 21152:Cold War 20947:Crusades 20917:Valencia 20544:Menteshe 20529:Karasids 20509:Hamidids 20504:Hacıemir 20489:Erzincan 20484:Eretnids 20444:Aydinids 20439:Artuqids 20247:Japanese 20210:Scottish 20190:American 20182:Colonial 20111:Imperial 20079:Moroccan 20015:Japanese 19993:Afsharid 19852:Burmese 19838:Austrian 19793:Later Le 19768:Early Le 19753:Venetian 19679:Tiwanaku 19592:Hellenic 19555:Moroccan 19486:Kamakura 19476:Japanese 19459:Saffarid 19412:Georgian 19326:Chalukya 19304:Rashidun 19294:Calakmul 19262:Bruneian 19141:Haryanka 19119:Sasanian 19114:Parthian 19065:Bactrian 19055:Seleucid 19035:Goguryeo 19013:Egyptian 18947:Assyrian 18937:Akkadian 18928:Colonies 18694:Category 18632:Football 18617:Painting 18560:Folklore 18468:Marriage 18374:Istanbul 18357:Religion 18310:Railways 18300:Aviation 18238:Currency 18096:Politics 18064:Judicial 18040:Branches 18018:Wildlife 17808:Military 17796:Economic 17701:Tanzimat 17393:Hurufism 17338:Tengrism 17287:Xinjiang 17242:Gagauzia 17091:Mongolia 17065:Turanism 17040:Kemalism 17028:Politics 16990:Kipchaks 16970:Göktürks 16965:Dughlats 16819:Bulgaria 16807:Abkhazia 16782:Turkmens 16765:Nağaybäk 16595:Bashkirs 16559:Tubalars 16543:Chelkans 16537:Altaians 16491:Cyrillic 16393:Pecheneg 16358:Krymchak 16263:Chagatai 16236:Southern 16231:Northern 16126:Rhodesia 16121:Pakistan 16040:Barbados 16009:Rimatara 15999:Rapa Iti 15928:Valencia 15903:Tavolara 15893:Scotland 15858:Portugal 15818:Moldavia 15703:Bulgaria 15698:Brittany 15673:Asturias 15553:Mongolia 15543:Maldives 15405:Trinidad 15395:Suriname 15353:Americas 15337:Zimbabwe 15332:Zanzibar 15317:Wituland 15292:Ngazidja 15287:Ndzuwani 15222:Ethiopia 14945:Thailand 14925:Malaysia 14905:Cambodia 14855:Eswatini 14651:Elective 14636:Absolute 14533:Category 14447:Religion 14360:Clothing 14246:Taxation 14209:Currency 14150:Aviation 14124:Admirals 14077:Hamidieh 14013:Military 13994:Kadiluks 13968:Vilayets 13922:Armenian 13860:Assembly 13597:Treaties 13566:Politics 13523:Tanzimat 13376:Archived 13363: · 13231:Archived 13198:Archived 13149:(1983). 13071:Archived 13038:Archived 12904:Archived 12882:16721484 12833:Archived 12815:: 1–28. 12778:Archived 12752:(1976), 12559:Archived 12483:Archived 12381:Archived 12200:Archived 12075:Archived 12043:Archived 12009:Archived 11915:Archived 11873:Archived 11841:Hisarian 11826:Archived 11718:Archived 11683:Archived 11672:Archived 11623:Shāhnāma 11599:Archived 11539:Archived 11486:Archived 11461:Archived 11434:Archived 11362:Archived 11320:Archived 11287:Archived 11103:Archived 11063:(2006). 10986:Archived 10953:23 March 10947:Archived 10917:Archived 10913:BBC News 10891:Archived 10871:Archived 10847:Archived 10816:Archived 10774:Māturīdī 10702:Archived 10668:Archived 10631:Archived 10592:Archived 10560:(2006). 10536:Archived 10441:Archived 10381:Archived 10104:(1995). 9943:Archived 9904:Archived 9827:Archived 9529:Archived 9470:9 August 9464:Archived 9417:Archived 9262:Archived 9218:Archived 9179:Archived 9105:Archived 9019:4 August 9013:Archived 8983:Archived 8946:Archived 8811:Muqarnas 8761:12 March 8729:Archived 8636:Archived 8587:26 March 8581:Archived 8546:Archived 8488:Archived 8471:Archived 8463:Würzburg 8403:Archived 8360:Archived 8271:Archived 8232:Archived 8214:(1995). 8189:Tanzimat 8177:Archived 8160:Archived 8152:Würzburg 8097:Archived 8042:Archived 7992:Archived 7945:Archived 7903:Archived 7864:Archived 7793:28 March 7677:Archived 7616:24 March 7610:Archived 7218:Tanzimat 7186:madrasas 7149:Istanbul 7120:اسلامبول 7115:Islambol 7105:Istanbul 6983:See also 6797:ordered 6760:Ülküspor 6750:(1912), 6742:(1907), 6738:(1905), 6734:(1903), 6728:football 6644:tsipouro 6624:yuvarlak 6620:moussaka 6616:lahmacun 6610:cheese, 6592:shawarma 6572:Armenian 6541:Istanbul 6464:Mehteran 5931:Salonika 5887:, 1891; 5877:, 1881; 5867:, 1873; 5784:script. 5782:Armenian 5772:'s 1851 5695:and the 5510:shop in 5464:Clothing 5283:Istanbul 5261:Armenian 5176:, while 5159:ethnarch 5003:Bektashi 4985:Alawites 4977:Ismailis 4967:, Turkey 4965:Istanbul 4919:Abbasids 4836:Madh'hab 4795:Religion 4785:mahalles 4770:Tanzimat 4736:and the 4689:Language 4620:View of 4583:debate. 4513:occupied 4418:Vilayets 4399:Pashalik 4349:Yeşilköy 4229:Turkoman 4215:Mehterân 4189:Ottoman 4175:Military 4165:Nizamiye 4119:Istanbul 4101:Muhammad 3947:de facto 3928:Devşirme 3836:) was a 3819:orthodox 3798:Istanbul 3591:Timeline 3527:Religion 3488:By topic 3257:Artuqids 3057:Bithynia 2906:Tuwanuwa 2837:Iron Age 2799:Tuwanuwa 2699:Hittites 2629:Hattians 2596:5,500 BC 2584:9,000 BC 2515:a series 2513:Part of 2414:and the 2392:Istanbul 2071:Timeline 2041:a series 2039:Part of 1782:against 1780:genocide 1727:Tanzimat 1713:Habsburg 1689:Istanbul 1641:Turkoman 1637:Anatolia 906:Currency 423:Chagatai 378:Istanbul 21022:Baroque 20921:Majorca 20833:Francia 20609:Tzachas 20514:Inalids 20314:largest 20309:Empires 20289:Swedish 20284:Spanish 20279:Russian 20242:Italian 20217:Chinese 20205:English 20200:British 20195:Belgian 20170:Vietnam 20160:Tay son 20106:Tsarist 20101:Russian 20096:Ottoman 20062:Dzungar 20057:Khoshut 20030:Mexican 20025:Maratha 20008:Pahlavi 19988:Safavid 19983:Iranian 19910:Haitian 19873:Chinese 19833:Ashanti 19805:Wagadou 19731:Eastern 19726:Western 19709:Timurid 19669:Tibetan 19659:Songhai 19649:Serbian 19570:Almohad 19560:Idrisid 19464:Samanid 19454:Tahirid 19449:Iranian 19427:Kannauj 19407:Genoese 19343:Chinese 19336:Eastern 19331:Western 19319:Fatimid 19314:Abbasid 19309:Umayyad 19282:Burmese 19242:Ayyubid 19237:Angevin 19207:Xianbei 19195:Eastern 19190:Western 19136:Magadha 19099:Iranian 19092:Xiongnu 19077:Hittite 18986:Chinese 18974:Kassite 18923:Ancient 18915:Empires 18730:Outline 18706:Commons 18639:Theater 18622:Pottery 18538:Ottoman 18533:Cuisine 18511:Ottoman 18488:Culture 18473:Poverty 18405:Society 18290:Tourism 18243:Defense 18215:Economy 18057:Cabinet 17988:Geology 17932:Climate 17874:Regions 17801:Ottoman 17619:Beyliks 17615:Seljuks 17580:History 17470:Chovgan 17450:Kyz kuu 17363:Alevism 17300:Studies 17096:History 17079:Origins 17010:Türgesh 16980:Khazars 16975:Karluks 16955:Bulgars 16930:(Sakha) 16908:Uyghurs 16887:Tunisia 16875:Romania 16855:Lebanon 16823:Croatia 16811:Algeria 16800:Turkish 16792:Iranian 16777:Tofalar 16749:Chinese 16710:Qashqai 16695:Naimans 16640:Kazakhs 16620:Dolgans 16605:Chuvash 16600:Chulyms 16590:Balkars 16582:Georgia 16578:Armenia 16555:Teleuts 16532:Afshars 16524:Peoples 16501:Persian 16438:Turkmen 16433:Turkish 16398:Qashqai 16353:Kipchak 16273:Chuvash 16253:Bashkir 16116:Nigeria 16091:Ireland 16019:Tahuata 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