618:. The first, according to him, is adaptive for eradicating obstructions when heading toward a realistic goal whereas the second is the forceful response to narcissistic injury. Kernberg however, sees Kohut's ideas as de-emphasizing the power of aggression. He allies more to the Freudian conceptualization, by proposing that narcissistic behavior results from pathological development in which aggressive drives play a central role. He argues that narcissism on the whole involves a strong aggressive drive that cannot possibly be analyzed separately from the libidinal one. As he says, "one cannot study the vicissitudes of normal and pathological narcissism without relating the development of the respective internalized object relations to both libidinal and aggressive drive alternatives."
666:
and understood. The patient is groping toward self-cure, by trying to extract from others what was missing early in his development. Heinz Kohut feels the patient knows what he needs, regardless of what the analyst may think he knows. He stresses the importance of hopes in maturity and throughout development. There is an enduring need for ideals and idealization that vitalizes self experience. In his work with narcissistic patients, the defining feature of Heinz Kohut's psychoanalytic methodology became therefore empathic immersion (or vicarious inspection), whereby he tried to put himself in his patient's shoes. This view is certainly in contrast with Freud's early view of the analyzability of narcissistic defenses as discussed above.
522:
characteristics of narcissistic personalities. Those characteristics (through a process of pathological differentiation and integration of ego and superego structures) are the consequence of pathological object relationships. Pathological narcissism is not merely the libidinal investment in the self but in a pathological, underdeveloped structure of the self. This pathological structure presents defences against early self and object images, which are either libidinally or aggressively invested. The psychoanalytic process brings to the surface primitive object relations, conflicts and defences, which are typical of the developmental stages that precede the stability of the object.
684:
their role in health and creativity and in consolidating certain kinds of developmentally crucial relationships with others. The developmental-arrest approach (Kohut) had generated a perspective on narcissism which stresses the growth-enhancing function of narcissistic illusions, but overlooks the extent to which they often constrict and interfere in real engagements between the analysand and other people, including the analyst". Mitchell recommends a "subtle dialectic between articulating and embracing the analysand's illusions on the one hand, and the provision of larger context in which they can be experienced, on the other".
675:
recommends this methodology for treating these patients, self-psychology regards
Kernberg as creating narcissism instead of treating it. On the other hand, Kernberg (from the more traditional point of view) sees the approach of Kohut as leading to nothing. An unquestioning acceptance of the patient's illusions with the assumption that they will eventually diminish of their own accord represents a collusion with the patient's defenses. The analytic process is thereby subverted and the analyst never emerges as a figure who can meaningfully help the patient.
531:
related to individuals with narcissistic, borderline, and psychotic psychopathology. Still, their perspectives concerning the causes, psychic organization, and treatment of these disorders have been considerably different. Taken as a whole, Kohut is regarded as a self theorist who radically departed from
Sigmund Freud's conjectural conceptualizations, focusing mostly on people's need for self-organization and self-expression. Kernberg in contrast, remained faithful to the Freudian metapsychology, concentrating more on people's struggle between
627:
patients, such as the neurotics. He distinguished three types, namely the idealizing, the mirror, or the twinship transference. His debate with
Kernberg concerns mostly the idealizing transference, which, according to Kohut, relates to a fixation at an archaic level of normal development. Still Kernberg believed that the idealizing transference is nothing more than a pathological type of idealization that is produced as a response to the substantial instigation of the grandiose self in the transference.
648:
pathological structure. "The analyst must be continuously focusing on the particular quality of the transference in these cases and consistently counteract the patient's efforts toward omnipotent control and devaluation". This traditional emphasis on aggressive interpretation of narcissistic phenomena derives from and is wholly consistent with Freud's early view of narcissistic neuroses as unanalysable and narcissistic defenses as generating the most recalcitrant resistances to the analytic process.
1264:
798:
psychotic personality organization; one has failed to accomplish the first developmental task and is stuck in stage II. Although in this stage differentiation between self and object has taken place the good and bad self and object representations are strictly separated through the mechanism of splitting in order to protect the ideal, good relationship with the mother from contamination by bad self representations and bad representations of her.
460:. Although both focused on narcissistic, borderline, and psychotic patients, the focus and content of their theory and treatment has been considerably differentiated. Their major diversities emerged in response to their conceptualizations regarding the relationship between Narcissistic and Borderline personalities, normal vs. pathological narcissism, their ideas about narcissistic idealization and the
661:
within treatment should be one where a full narcissistic transference should be encouraged instead of being challenged. To establish this, the analyst should be able to show empathic comprehension, which entails a receptivity to the narcissistic illusions and an avoidance at all costs of anything which would challenge them or suggest they are unrealistic.
473:
normal narcissism as the libidinal investment of the self. However, it needs to be emphasized that this libidinal investment of the self is not merely derived from an instinctual source of libidinal energy. On the contrary, it stems from the several relationships between the self and other intrapsychic structures, such as the ego the superego and the id.
315:
identity diffusion, and leads to disturbed relationships with others and with self. The distorted perceptions of self, others, and associated affects are the focus of treatment as they emerge in the relationship with the therapist (transference). The consistent interpretation of these distorted perceptions is considered the mechanism of change.
237:, later became director of the hospital until 1965. He was the Supervising and Training Analyst of the Topeka Institute for Psychoanalysis, and Director of the Psychotherapy Research Project of Menninger Foundation. During this time, the insight of his colleague Herman van der Waals contributed in raising Kernberg's awareness and interest in
693:
psychopathologies. Whereby failing the first developmental task, which is psychic clarification of self and other, an increased risk of development of varieties of psychosis results. Not accomplishing the second task (overcoming splitting) results in an increased risk of developing a borderline personality disorder.
42:
709:
in the first months of his life as struggling to sort out his experience on the basis of the affective valence of this experience. The infant moves back and forth between two different affective states. One state is characterized as pleasurable and gratified; the other state is unpleasurable, painful
660:
regards narcissistic illusions within the analytic situation as representations of the patient's attempt to establish crucial developmental opportunities. These narcissistic illusions thus give an opportunity for revitalization of the self. Therefore, Heinz Kohut advocates that the analyst's position
647:
Kernberg requests a methodological and persistent interpretation of the defensive function of grandiosity and idealization as they emerge in transference. The role of the analyst should be neutral rather than supportive, especially during the confrontation process, in order to modify the narcissist's
521:
In
Kernberg's view, narcissistic personalities are differentiated from both normal adult narcissism and from fixation at or regression to normal infantile narcissism. Fixation at a primitive stage of development or lack of development of specific intrapsychic structures is not adequate to explain the
838:
with others. The child's good and bad affects become consolidated and shaped into libidinal and aggressive drives. Good, pleasurable interactions with others consolidate, over time, into a pleasure-seeking (libidinal) drive. In the same way bad, unsatisfying and frustrating interactions with others,
674:
Both Kohut and
Kernberg regarded each other's approaches as counterproductive. From Kohut's point of view, the methodical interpretive approach recommended by Kernberg is interpreted by the narcissistically vulnerable patient as an assault and generates intense narcissistic rage. As Kernberg instead
626:
Kohut departed from the classical
Freudian view, which suggested that some patients could not be analyzed given that they lacked the ability to develop transferences. He postulated that narcissistic patients are capable of presenting transferences but these are somewhat different from those of other
592:
One of the main arguments between Kohut and
Kernberg is about normal and pathological narcissism. As mentioned earlier, Kohut assumes that a narcissistic personality suffers from developmental arrest. Specifically, he assumes that this type of personality mirrors adaptive narcissistic wishes, needs,
749:
can see objects as being both good and bad. Next to seeing "whole" objects, the child is required to see the self as being loving and hating, as being good and bad at the same time. When one fails to accomplish this second developmental task, this will result in a borderline pathology, meaning that
696:
Furthermore, his developmental model includes
Kernberg's view about drives, in which he differs from Freud. Kernberg was obviously inspired by Melanie Klein, whose model draws mainly on the paranoid-schizoid position and on the depressive position. More elaborate information on Kernberg's ideas can
472:
According to
Kernberg, the self is an intrapsychic structure consisting of multiple self representations. It is a realistic self which integrates both good and bad self-images. That is, the self constitutes a structure that combines libidinally and aggressively invested components. Kernberg defines
723:
The first developmental task embodies being able to make a distinction between what is self and what is other. When this task would not be accomplished, one cannot develop a dependable sense of the self as separate and distinct because one cannot make a distinction between one's own experience and
683:
However, Stephen A. Mitchell offers an integrative relational approach in which the perspectives of both
Kernberg and Kohut are connected. In his opinion, "the more traditional approach to narcissism highlights the important ways in which the narcissistic illusions are used defensively, but misses
665:
used the concepts of narcissistic transference and self-object needs. He also stressed the significance of infantilism and what appear to be excessive demands on the analyst and everyone else. Rather than instinctual wishes to be renounced, they are missed developmental needs to be warmly received
513:
Narcissistic choice of object. This type is more severe than the first one but more rare. The representation of the infantile self is projected on an object and then identified through that same object. Thus, a libidinal association is generated, where the functions of the self and the object have
509:
Regression to the regulation of infantile self-esteem. The ideal ego is dominated by infantile pursuits, values and prohibitions. The regulation of self-esteem is overly dependent on expressions or defences against infantile pleasures, which are discarded in adult life. This is the mildest type of
808:
During this stage the 'good' (libidinally invested) and 'bad' (aggressively invested) self and object representations are integrated into a definite self-system and a total object representation. One is able to comprehend the possibility of the self or other containing both positive and negative
439:
are elements of psychological structure. In borderline pathology, the lack of integration of the internal object relations dyads corresponds to a 'split' psychological structure in which totally negative representations are split off/segregated from idealized positive representations of self and
530:
Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut can be considered to be two theorists that have markedly influenced past and current psychoanalytic thinking. Both focused on the observation and treatment of patients who were otherwise thought to be unsuitable for analytic therapy. Their main work has been mostly
314:
TFP entails two to three 45 or 50-minute sessions per week. It views the individual as holding unreconciled and contradictory internalized representations of self and significant others that are affectively charged. The defense against these contradictory internalized object relations is called
797:
In this stage the 'good' self-object representation differentiates into a 'good' self and a 'good' object and shortly thereafter the 'bad' self-object representation differentiates into a 'bad' self and a 'bad' object. A failure of the child to differentiate between self and other results in a
740:
The second developmental task is to overcome splitting. When the first developmental task is accomplished, one is able to differentiate between self-images and object images; however, these images remain segregated affectively. Loving self images and images of good objects are held together by
373:
The treatment begins with the development of the treatment contract, which consists of general guidelines that apply for all clients and of specific items developed from problem areas of the individual client that could interfere with the therapy progress. The contract also contains therapist
343:
The major goals of TFP are better behavioral control, increased affect regulation, more intimate and gratifying relationships and the ability to pursue life goals. This is believed to be accomplished through the development of integrated representations of self and others, the modification of
692:
One of Kernberg's major contributions is his developmental model. This model is built on the developmental tasks one has to complete in order to develop healthy relationships. When one fails to accomplish a certain developmental task, this responds to the increased risk to develop certain
809:
characteristics. A failure of this results in a borderline personality organization; one has failed to accomplish the second developmental task and is stuck in stage III. Consequently, the good self and object must still be protected from the aggression by the splitting of good and bad.
745:, or libidinal affects. Hateful images of the self and bad, frustrating object images are held together by negative or aggressive affects. The good is separated from the bad. The developmental task is accomplished when the child is able to see objects as "whole", meaning that the
601:
by the parental environment. Here, the grandiose self is nothing more than an archaic form that prospectively ought to become the normal self. When this does not occur then pathological narcissism emerges. In his explanation of pathological narcissism, he pays attention on the
551:
individual is quite similar to that of the borderline person since the former has a fairly underlying borderline personality organization which becomes obvious when one looks at the defenses of splitting and projective identification. He identifies constitutional along with
165:(which was primarily developed in the United States and the United Kingdom) with Kleinian and other object relations perspectives (which was developed primarily in the United Kingdom and South America). His integrative writings were central to the development of modern
334:
often applied by BPO patients are splitting, denial, projective identification, primitive devaluation / idealization and omnipotence. Reality testing is negatively influenced by the primitive defense mechanisms as they change a person's perception of self and others.
786:
In the beginning of this stage the child is unable to integrate opposing affective valences. Libidinally invested and aggressively invested representations are strictly separated into a 'good' self-object representation and a 'bad' self-object representation.
568:. Equally, a narcissistic personality is more apt for analysis since it is characterized by a more resilient self. According to Kohut, the environment alone is the major cause of troubles for these persons. Moreover, although both focus on the concept of the
758:
Kernberg's model of self and object development rests on five stages that delineate the growth of the internalized object relations units, some of which already start taking place during the precipitating stage. The stages are not static, but fluent.
486:
This is a normal self-esteem based on normal structures of the self. The individual has introjected whole representations of objects, has stable objects relationships and a solid moral system. The superego is fully developed and individualized.
563:
who treats the child on the surface (callously) with little regard for his/her feelings and needs. Kohut on the other hand, sees borderline personality as totally distinct from the narcissistic one and less able to benefit from the analytic
440:
other (seeing people as all good or all bad). The putative global mechanism of change in patients treated with TFP is the integration of these polarized affect states and representations of self and other into a more coherent whole.
456:, narcissistic choice of object, narcissistic personality disorder) with narcissistic personality disorder being the most severe of all. Still, narcissism has been a great source of disagreement between Otto Kernberg and
422:
In TFP, hypothesized mechanisms of change derive from Kernberg's developmentally based theory of Borderline Personality Organisation, conceptualized in terms of unintegrated and undifferentiated affects and
517:
Narcissistic personality disorder. This type is different from both normal adult narcissism and from regression to normal infantile narcissism. It is the most severe type and is suitable for psychoanalysis.
580:
while for Kernberg it is a pathological development, different from normal narcissism. For Kohut treatment should be primarily centered on encouraging the patient's narcissistic desires, wishes, and
996:
The personality disorders institute/Borderline personality disorder research foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: rationale, methods, and patient characteristics.
584:
to open up during the process of transference. For Kernberg, the goal of treatment should be to use confrontation strategies so as to help the patient integrate his/her internal fragmented world.
547:
One of the main disagreements between the two theorists revolves around their conceptualization among narcissistic and borderline disorders. According to Kernberg, the defensive structure of the
413:
the identification and recapitulation of dominant object relational patterns (from unintegrated and undifferentiated affects and representations of self and others to a more coherent whole).
448:
Otto Kernberg states that there are three types of narcissism: normal adult narcissism, normal infantile narcissism, and pathological narcissism. Pathological narcissism, defined as the
253:
732:, psychic fragmentation) we can see a lack of being able to separate between internal and external world, own experience and experience of others, own mind and the mind of another.
214:
352:
world. To do this, the client's affectively charged internal representations of previous relationships are consistently interpreted as the therapist becomes aware of them in the
323:
Kernberg designed TFP especially for patients with BPO. In his model, these patients suffer from identity diffusion, primitive defense operations and unstable reality testing.
389:(b) the diagnostic elaboration of the corresponding self and object representation in the transference, and of their enactment in the transference /countertransference and
834:
In contrast with Freud's perspective, drives are not inborn according to Kernberg. The libidinal and aggressive drives are shaped, developed over time by experiences of
291:, the 1975 Edward A. Strecker Award from the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, the 1981 George E. Daniels Merit Award of the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine.
326:
Identity diffusion results from pathological object relations and involves contradictory character traits, discontinuity of self and either very idealized or devalued
283:. He developed a novel and useful framework for coordinating personality disorders along dimensions of structural organization and severity. He was awarded the 1972
2136:
826:
By successfully completing all the developmental tasks, the child has developed a neurotic personality organization, which is the strongest personality structure.
307:, which is intended to be suitable for Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) patients. BPO patients are described as experiencing so-called 'splits' in their
495:
Regulation of self-esteem occurs through gratifications related to the age, which include or imply a normal infantile system of values, demands or prohibitions.
360:. Techniques of clarification, confrontation, and interpretation are used within the evolving transference relationship between the patient and the therapist.
1134:
Cohen, M. (2000). Love Relations: Normality and Pathology: Otto Kernberg, Yale University Press. Journal of American Academic Psychoanalysis, 28, 181-184.
2197:
2141:
256:. In 1976 he was appointed as Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell University and Director of the Institute for Personality Disorders Institute of the
2247:
2187:
2131:
614:
is of secondary importance in respect to the libidinal drive and that is why one should differentiate between ordinary aggression and narcissistic
750:
objects or the self cannot be seen as both good and bad; something is good, or it is bad, but both affects cannot be in the same object together.
2146:
392:(c) the integration of the split-off self representations, leading to an integrated sense of self and others which resolves identity diffusion.
1231:
Solan, R. (1998). Narcissistic Fragility in the Process of Befriending the Unfamiliar. Psychoanal. Amer. J. Psycho-Anal., Vol. 58:(2)163-186.
1237:
Solan, R. (1999). The Interaction Between Self and Other: A Different Perspective on Narcissism. Psychoanal. Study of the Child, 54: 193–215.
288:
311:
and thinking, and the intended aim of the treatment is focused on the integration of split off parts of self and object representations.
1147:
Christopher, J.C., Bickhard, M.H., & Lambeth, G.S. (2001). "Otto Kernberg's object relations theory: A metapsychological critique."
261:
724:
the experience of others. This failure is hypothesized to be the major precursor for all psychotic states. In schizophrenic symptoms (
2207:
949:
374:
responsibilities. The client and the therapist must agree to the content of the treatment contract before the therapy can proceed.
1251:
New York: Basic Books. Kernberg, O. (2001) The suicidal risk in severe personality disorders: differential diagnosis and treatment
1332:
2151:
185:
to Jewish parents, Leo Kernberg, and Sonia Paula Friedmann Kernberg, Kernberg was an only child. Kernberg and his family fled
1064:
452:
in a pathological structure of the self, is further divided into three types (regression to the regulation of the infantile
2202:
245:
2242:
2217:
1436:
2156:
1384:
304:
1086:
Mitchell, S.A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis: An integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1441:
1414:
1409:
1025:
The mechanisms of change in the treatment of borderline personality disorder with transference focused psychotherapy.
656:
In contrast to seeing primitive grandiosity or idealization as a representation of a defensive retreat from reality,
238:
2212:
1537:
803:
Stage 4 (36+ months through the oedipal period): The integration of self representations and object representations
234:
2161:
2105:
151:
2252:
1661:
431:
and other. Partial representations of self and other are paired and linked by an affect in mental units called
1782:
1651:
1374:
111:
107:
17:
1217:
Koenigsberg, H.W., Kernberg, O.F., Stone, M.H., Appelbaum, A.H., Yeomans, F.E., & Diamond, D.D. (2000).
642:
2110:
1723:
1610:
1431:
1421:
257:
2237:
1960:
1461:
1356:
1325:
349:
248:. In 1974 he was appointed Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of
226:
2227:
1732:
1404:
651:
1787:
1770:
1557:
935:
572:
in their narcissistic personality theorizing, they provide different explanations for it. For Kohut,
405:
1023:
Levy, K.N., Clarkin, J.F., Yeomans, F.E., Scott, L.N., Wasserman, R.H.,& Kernberg, O.F. (2006).
1656:
1471:
1394:
353:
556:
factors as the source of disturbance for these individuals by stressing the important role of the
1765:
1547:
1486:
769:
This stage is marked by undifferentiated self-object representations. This stage is equated with
276:
1297:
2232:
2222:
2192:
2095:
1696:
1575:
1565:
1542:
1318:
820:
386:(a) the diagnostic description of a particular internalized object relation in the transference
230:
218:
143:
710:
and frustrating. Regardless of what one is in, no distinction is made between self and other.
1797:
1646:
1600:
1453:
1369:
1284:
1056:
963:
878:
598:
147:
348:
and the resolution of identity diffusion that perpetuate the fragmentation of the patient's
2182:
2075:
1910:
1835:
1701:
1636:
542:
449:
280:
244:
In 1973 he moved to New York where he was Director of the General Clinical Service of the
8:
1807:
1718:
1595:
1466:
1203:
Kernberg, O.F., Selzer, M.A., Koenigsberg H.A., Carr, A.C. & Appelbaum, A.H. (1989).
742:
643:
The analytical situation concerning pathological narcissism according to Otto F. Kernberg
639:
regard the analytic process as well as the role of the analyst in quite different terms.
560:
553:
308:
249:
202:
115:
103:
78:
Psychoanalytic theories on borderline personality organization and narcissistic pathology
1212:
The suicidal risk in severe personality disorders: Differential diagnosis and treatment.
1935:
1750:
1641:
1570:
1277:
885:
The suicidal risk in severe personality disorders: Differential diagnosis and treatment
835:
1880:
2080:
2050:
2010:
1890:
1678:
1605:
1522:
1426:
1269:
1060:
428:
345:
331:
718:
652:
The analytical situation concerning pathological narcissism according to Heinz Kohut
621:
2085:
1925:
1727:
1706:
1686:
1512:
914:
792:
Stage 3 (6–8 months to 18–36 months): Differentiation of self from object relations
594:
432:
327:
265:
166:
2100:
2030:
2015:
1970:
1820:
1775:
1532:
1476:
1233:[https://web.archive.org/web/20030417141513/http://www.springerlink.com/]
770:
464:
self, as well as the psychoanalytic technique and the narcissistic transference.
424:
2070:
2065:
2040:
2025:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1855:
1825:
1760:
1379:
906:
615:
300:
284:
210:
170:
162:
93:
1232:
918:
268:, a child psychiatrist and also a Cornell professor, until her death in 2006.
2176:
2090:
1975:
1955:
1940:
1930:
1895:
1865:
1711:
1620:
1517:
1507:
1341:
1163:
Love Relations: Normality and Pathology: Otto Kernberg, Yale University Press
725:
669:
565:
222:
131:
2115:
2060:
2035:
1995:
1980:
1945:
1905:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1792:
1527:
994:
Clarkin, J.F., Levy, K.N., Lenzenweger, M.F., & Kernberg, O.F. (2004).
931:
873:
611:
396:
During the first year of treatment, TFP focuses on a hierarchy of issues:
357:
186:
2045:
2020:
1950:
1915:
1830:
1755:
1502:
1481:
1242:
A Primer of Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for the Borderline Patient
662:
657:
636:
630:
461:
457:
453:
443:
1009:
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorders.
543:
Relationship between narcissistic personality and borderline personality
2005:
1920:
1815:
1177:
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorders
548:
536:
272:
206:
155:
139:
41:
1965:
1900:
1885:
1615:
976:
839:
become consolidated into a destructive (aggressive) drive over time.
779:
158:
135:
436:
1691:
1364:
1263:
729:
607:
401:
254:
Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research
198:
719:
First developmental task: psychic clarification of self and other
622:
Relationship between narcissistic idealization and grandiose self
194:
1310:
735:
161:. In addition, his work has been central in integrating postwar
706:
603:
557:
182:
905:
Koch, Barry J.; Bendicsen, Harold K.; Palombo, Joseph (2009).
1298:
Kernberg’s Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism.
1123:
Freud and beyond. A history of modern psychoanalytic thought.
1108:
Kohut, H. (1959). Introspection, empathy and psychoanalysis.
746:
190:
1226:
Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought
887:. Journal of Personality Disorders. The Guilford Press, 2001
1249:
Treating the Borderline Patient: A Contract-based Approach.
1240:
Yeomans, F.E., Clarkin, J.F., & Kernberg, O.F. (2002).
1165:. Journal of American Academic Psychoanalysis, 28, 181–184.
1054:
Severe personality disorders: psychotherapeutic strategies.
581:
532:
1219:
Borderline Patients: Extending the Limits of Treatability.
1198:
Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies
1154:
Clarkin, J.F., Yeomans, F.E., & Kernberg O.F. (1999).
861:
Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies
670:
Approaches as regarded by Heinz Kohut and Otto F. Kernberg
1247:
Yeomans, F.E., Selzer, M.A., & Clarkin, J.F. (1992).
2137:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
932:
Otto Kernberg, M.D., Menninger Clinic at Topeka, Kansas
271:
His principal contributions have been in the fields of
1110:
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 7,
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
823:
are consolidated in definite intrapsychic structures.
814:
Stage 5: Consolidation of superego and ego integration
631:
Psychoanalytic technique and narcissistic transference
610:
of how this disorder develops. For him the aggression
444:
Theory on narcissism and the controversy with H. Kohut
130:(born 10 September 1928) is an Austrian-born American
697:
be found in a recent publication by Cohen M. (2000).
678:
587:
294:
1259:
1214:
Journal of Personality Disorders. The Guilford Press
904:
1205:
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy of Borderline Patients.
1191:
Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis
1179:. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practise. 4/2:67-90.
1170:
Kernberg Versus Kohut: A (Case) Study in Contrasts.
1069:
1035:
1033:
867:
Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions
855:
Object relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis
597:that, nevertheless, have not been satisfied during
2142:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
1184:Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism.
1041:Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism
849:Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism
687:
2174:
2132:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
1030:
907:"Guide to Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories"
578:"fixation of an archaic 'normal' primitive self"
2147:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1027:Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 481-501.
539:. Their main differences are summarized below.
233:. In 1961 he emigrated to the U.S. joining the
1175:Foelsch, P. A. & Kernberg, O. F. (1998).
998:Journal of Personality Disorder, 18(1), 52-72.
490:
1326:
736:Second developmental task: overcome splitting
410:the various ways of destroying the treatments
289:New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute
829:
382:TFP consists of the following three-steps:
299:Otto Kernberg designed an intensive form of
252:and Training and Supervising Analyst at the
1007:Foelsch, P.A.,& Kernberg, O.F. (1998).
990:
988:
986:
984:
773:, Pine and Bergman's conception of autism.
2198:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
1333:
1319:
1019:
1017:
498:
481:
262:International Psychoanalytical Association
40:
1283:Kernberg, O. F., and Michels, R. (2009).
1121:Mitchell, S.A. & Black, M.J. (1995).
778:Stage 2 (2 months to 6–8 months): Normal
606:forces or charges in order to provide an
217:. He first came to the U.S. in 1959 on a
1224:Mitchell, S.A. & Black, M., (1995).
1172:Clinical Social Work Journal, 27, 71–86.
1156:Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality
981:
863:, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1984
305:Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)
258:New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
2248:Borderline personality disorder experts
2188:Austrian emigrants to the United States
1200:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1014:
1011:Psychotherapy in Practice, 4(2), 67-90.
874:Love Relations: Normality and Pathology
753:
467:
417:
27:Austrian psychoanalyst and psychologist
14:
2175:
2152:European Association for Psychotherapy
713:
476:
377:
363:
264:from 1997 to 2001. He was married to
1314:
764:Stage 1 (0 to 1 month): Normal autism
525:
318:
246:New York State Psychiatric Institute
1437:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
950:An Interview with Otto Kernberg, MD
24:
2157:Society for Psychotherapy Research
1385:Transference focused psychotherapy
679:An integrative relational approach
588:Normal vs. pathological narcissism
295:Transference-focused psychotherapy
146:. He is most widely known for his
25:
2264:
1442:Rational emotive behavior therapy
1415:Functional analytic psychotherapy
1410:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1340:
1255:
1097:Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis.
964:The Americanization of Narcissism
1285:Borderline Personality Disorder.
1262:
977:Paulina Kernberg NY Sun Obituary
235:C.F. Menninger Memorial Hospital
221:fellowship to study research in
2208:Johns Hopkins University alumni
2162:World Council for Psychotherapy
1244:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1046:
857:, New York, Jason Aronson, 1976
851:, New York, Jason Aronson, 1975
842:
700:
338:
1288:American Journal of Psychiatry
1158:. New York: J. Wiley and Sons.
1001:
970:
955:
941:
925:
898:
688:Kernberg's developmental model
215:Chilean Psychoanalytic Society
13:
1:
1375:Mentalization-based treatment
1141:
869:, Yale University Press, 1992
112:NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
108:Weill Cornell Medical College
1432:Dialectical behavior therapy
1422:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1278:Interview with Otto Kernberg
1149:Theory & Psychology, 11,
301:psychoanalytic psychotherapy
176:
7:
2203:Columbia University faculty
1462:Emotionally focused therapy
491:Normal infantile narcissism
368:
10:
2269:
2243:Object relations theorists
2218:Cornell University faculty
1733:Systematic desensitization
1662:Practitioner–scholar model
1405:Clinical behavior analysis
1193:. New York: Jason Aronson.
406:self-destructive behaviors
260:. He was President of the
239:narcissistic personalities
2124:
1848:
1806:
1743:
1677:
1670:
1629:
1588:
1556:
1495:
1452:
1393:
1355:
1348:
1043:. New York: Jason Aronson
936:Kansas Historical Society
919:10.1007/978-0-387-88455-4
830:Kernberg's view on drives
350:internal representational
169:, a school within modern
121:
99:
89:
82:
74:
48:
39:
32:
1744:Other individual therapy
1228:. Basic Books: New York.
891:
354:therapeutic relationship
2213:American psychoanalysts
1766:Cognitive restructuring
1487:Person-centered therapy
1210:Kernberg, O.F. (2001).
1196:Kernberg, O.F. (1984).
1189:Kernberg, O.F. (1976).
1182:Kernberg, O.F. (1975).
1095:Mitchell, A.A. (1993).
510:narcissistic pathology.
499:Pathological narcissism
482:Normal adult narcissism
277:object relations theory
189:in 1939, emigrating to
148:psychoanalytic theories
128:Otto Friedmann Kernberg
53:Otto Friedmann Kernberg
1697:Contingency management
1576:Transtheoretical model
1566:Eclectic psychotherapy
1543:Transactional analysis
1221:New York: Basic Books.
1207:New York: Basic Books.
1168:Consolini, G. (1999).
1125:New York: Basic Books.
1099:New York: Basic Books.
231:Johns Hopkins Hospital
219:Rockefeller Foundation
152:borderline personality
144:Weill Cornell Medicine
2253:Jewish psychoanalysts
1647:Common factors theory
1611:Residential treatment
1057:Yale University Press
1039:Kernberg, O. (1975).
879:Yale University Press
635:Otto F. Kernberg and
599:childhood development
281:personality disorders
2076:Lorna Smith Benjamin
1911:Harry Stack Sullivan
1836:Sensitivity training
1637:Clinical formulation
1186:. New York: Aronson.
821:ego, superego and id
754:Developmental stages
468:Theory on narcissism
450:libidinal investment
418:Mechanisms of change
346:defensive operations
1808:Group psychotherapy
1719:Counterconditioning
1596:Brief psychotherapy
1467:Existential therapy
1280:(Psychotherapy.net)
1052:Kernberg, Otto F.,
961:Lunbeck, E. (2014)
714:Developmental tasks
477:Types of narcissism
400:the containment of
378:Therapeutic process
364:Treatment procedure
250:Columbia University
203:University of Chile
116:University of Chile
104:Columbia University
2238:Narcissism writers
1936:Milton H. Erickson
1771:Emotion regulation
1751:Autogenic training
1642:Clinical pluralism
1571:Multimodal therapy
1370:Analytical therapy
1161:Cohen, M. (2000).
526:Kernberg vs. Kohut
332:Defense operations
2228:Jewish physicians
2170:
2169:
2096:William R. Miller
2081:Marsha M. Linehan
2051:Jean Baker Miller
2011:Salvador Minuchin
1891:Ludwig Binswanger
1844:
1843:
1679:Behaviour therapy
1606:Online counseling
1584:
1583:
1523:Narrative therapy
1427:Cognitive therapy
1301:Psychiatric Times
1270:Psychiatry portal
1065:978-0-300-05349-4
705:Kernberg saw the
319:Suitable patients
205:, and afterwards
154:organization and
125:
124:
84:Scientific career
63:10 September 1928
16:(Redirected from
2260:
2086:Vittorio Guidano
2056:Otto F. Kernberg
1926:Donald Winnicott
1783:Free association
1728:Exposure therapy
1707:Stimulus control
1687:Aversion therapy
1675:
1674:
1538:Systemic therapy
1513:Feminist therapy
1365:Adlerian therapy
1353:
1352:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1067:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1012:
1005:
999:
992:
979:
974:
968:
959:
953:
945:
939:
929:
923:
922:
902:
574:"grandiose self"
570:"grandiose self"
328:object relations
266:Paulina Kernberg
167:object relations
66:
62:
60:
44:
34:Otto F. Kernberg
30:
29:
21:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2120:
2101:Steven C. Hayes
2031:Paul Watzlawick
2016:Paul Watzlawick
1971:Virginia Axline
1881:Sándor Ferenczi
1840:
1821:Couples therapy
1802:
1776:Affect labeling
1739:
1724:Desensitization
1666:
1652:Discontinuation
1625:
1580:
1552:
1533:Reality therapy
1491:
1477:Gestalt therapy
1448:
1396:
1389:
1344:
1339:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1070:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1002:
993:
982:
975:
971:
960:
956:
946:
942:
930:
926:
903:
899:
894:
845:
832:
756:
738:
721:
716:
703:
690:
681:
672:
654:
645:
633:
624:
590:
545:
528:
514:been exchanged.
501:
493:
484:
479:
470:
446:
433:object relation
425:representations
420:
380:
371:
366:
356:, that is, the
341:
321:
297:
179:
114:
110:
106:
70:
69:Vienna, Austria
67:
64:
58:
56:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Arnold Lazarus
2068:
2066:Irvin D. Yalom
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Eugene Gendlin
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Ogden Lindsley
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Virginia Satir
1998:
1993:
1991:James Bugental
1988:
1986:Silvano Arieti
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Philippe Pinel
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Family therapy
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1761:Clean language
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1621:Support groups
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1401:
1399:
1395:Cognitive and
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:Psychoanalysis
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1295:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1257:
1256:External links
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1114:
1101:
1088:
1068:
1059:, 1993, 395p,
1045:
1029:
1013:
1000:
980:
969:
954:
947:Rankin (2006)
940:
924:
896:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
882:
870:
864:
858:
852:
844:
841:
831:
828:
819:In this stage
817:
816:
806:
805:
795:
794:
784:
783:
767:
766:
755:
752:
737:
734:
726:hallucinations
720:
717:
715:
712:
702:
699:
689:
686:
680:
677:
671:
668:
653:
650:
644:
641:
632:
629:
623:
620:
589:
586:
544:
541:
527:
524:
519:
518:
515:
511:
506:
505:
504:Three subtypes
500:
497:
492:
489:
483:
480:
478:
475:
469:
466:
445:
442:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
408:
394:
393:
390:
387:
379:
376:
370:
367:
365:
362:
340:
337:
320:
317:
296:
293:
285:Heinz Hartmann
211:psychoanalysis
178:
175:
171:psychoanalysis
163:ego psychology
123:
122:
119:
118:
101:
97:
96:
94:Psychoanalysis
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
76:
75:Known for
72:
71:
68:
52:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2265:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Psychiatrists
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Living people
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Austrian Jews
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Jeffrey Young
2109:
2107:
2106:Michael White
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Les Greenberg
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Carl Whitaker
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Viktor Frankl
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Jacques Lacan
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Wilhelm Reich
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Melanie Klein
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Sigmund Freud
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:Token economy
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Music therapy
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Dance therapy
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:Psychodynamic
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Psychotherapy
1336:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
989:
987:
985:
978:
973:
966:
965:
958:
952:
951:
944:
937:
933:
928:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
897:
886:
883:
880:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
840:
837:
827:
824:
822:
815:
812:
811:
810:
804:
801:
800:
799:
793:
790:
789:
788:
782:
781:
776:
775:
774:
772:
765:
762:
761:
760:
751:
748:
744:
733:
731:
727:
711:
708:
698:
694:
685:
676:
667:
664:
659:
649:
640:
638:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
585:
583:
579:
576:reflects the
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
554:environmental
550:
540:
538:
534:
523:
516:
512:
508:
507:
503:
502:
496:
488:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
438:
435:dyads. These
434:
430:
426:
412:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:
397:
391:
388:
385:
384:
383:
375:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
336:
333:
329:
324:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
287:Award of the
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:psychotherapy
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:. He studied
192:
188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:psychoanalyst
129:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:(age 96)
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
18:Otto Kernberg
2125:Associations
2116:Peter Fonagy
2061:Nathan Azrin
2055:
2036:Arthur Janov
1996:Joseph Wolpe
1981:Albert Ellis
1961:George Kelly
1946:Erik Erikson
1906:Karen Horney
1876:Alfred Adler
1871:Pierre Janet
1861:Josef Breuer
1793:Hypnotherapy
1528:Play therapy
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1024:
1008:
1003:
995:
972:
967:, pp.65, 293
962:
957:
948:
943:
927:
911:SpringerLink
910:
900:
884:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
843:Publications
836:interactions
833:
825:
818:
813:
807:
802:
796:
791:
785:
777:
768:
763:
757:
739:
722:
704:
701:First months
695:
691:
682:
673:
655:
646:
634:
625:
591:
577:
573:
569:
549:narcissistic
546:
529:
520:
494:
485:
471:
447:
421:
395:
381:
372:
358:transference
342:
339:Goals of TFP
325:
322:
313:
298:
270:
243:
227:Jerome Frank
187:Nazi Germany
180:
156:narcissistic
127:
126:
100:Institutions
83:
2183:1928 births
2046:R. D. Laing
2021:Haim Ginott
1951:Carl Rogers
1916:Fritz Perls
1831:Psychodrama
1756:Biofeedback
1558:Integrative
1503:Art therapy
1482:Logotherapy
663:Heinz Kohut
658:Heinz Kohut
637:Heinz Kohut
458:Heinz Kohut
454:self-esteem
2177:Categories
2006:Aaron Beck
1921:Anna Freud
1816:Co-therapy
1671:Techniques
1601:Counseling
1589:Approaches
1454:Humanistic
1397:behavioral
1294:, 505–508.
1142:References
595:objectives
537:aggression
344:primitive
273:narcissism
207:psychiatry
140:psychiatry
59:1928-09-10
1966:Rollo May
1901:Otto Rank
1886:Carl Jung
1616:Self-help
780:symbiosis
741:positive
730:delusions
604:libidinal
566:treatment
561:surrogate
462:grandiose
303:known as
213:with the
177:Biography
159:pathology
136:professor
1798:Modeling
1788:Homework
1692:Chaining
1630:Research
1472:Focusing
1151:687-711.
1112:459-483.
608:etiology
402:suicidal
369:Contract
199:medicine
181:Born in
1702:Shaping
1657:History
1349:Schools
938:website
934:at the
743:affects
229:at the
201:at the
195:biology
1849:People
1063:
881:, 1995
771:Mahler
707:infant
558:mother
309:affect
183:Vienna
90:Fields
1496:Other
892:Notes
747:child
612:drive
582:needs
437:dyads
225:with
191:Chile
1548:List
1307:(2).
1061:ISBN
616:rage
593:and
535:and
533:love
429:self
404:and
279:and
209:and
197:and
134:and
49:Born
1292:166
915:doi
427:of
150:on
142:at
138:of
2179::
1305:26
1303:,
1290:,
1071:^
1032:^
1016:^
983:^
913:.
909:.
877:.
728:,
330:.
275:,
241:.
173:.
61:)
1726:/
1334:e
1327:t
1320:v
921:.
917::
57:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
