1397:(1936). Cogni claimed that a racial affinity existed between the Mediterranean and Nordic racial subtypes of the Aryan race, and he also claimed that the intermixing of Nordic Aryans and Mediterranean Aryans in Italy produced a superior synthesis of Aryan Italians. Cogni addressed the issue of the racial differences which existed between northern and southern Italians, declaring that southern Italians were mixed between Aryan and non-Aryan races. He claimed that this mixture was most likely caused by infiltrations by Asiatic peoples in Roman times and later Arab invasions. As such, Cogni viewed Southern Italian Mediterraneans as being polluted with orientalizing tendencies. He would later change his view and claim that Nordics and Southern Italians were closely related to each other, both racially and spiritually, and that the two ethnic groups were closely related to each other. He believed that Nordics and Italians were generally responsible for inventing what are considered the best features of European civilization. Initially Mussolini was not impressed with Cogni's work; however, Cogni's ideas entered into the official Fascist racial policy several years later.
672:
871:
470:(1887), he wrote, "In Latin malus ... could indicate the vulgar man as the dark one, especially as the black-haired one, as the pre-Aryan dweller of the Italian soil which distinguished itself most clearly through his colour from the blonds who became their masters, namely the Aryan conquering race." However, Nietzsche thought of these "blond beasts" not as a racial type, but as the ideal aristocratic personality, which can appear in any society: "the Roman, Arabic, German, and Japanese nobility, the Homeric heroes, the Scandinavian Vikings, are all alike in this need."
3201:. Original text in German: "Wer von uns ist reinrassisch? Selbst die, die äußerlich nordisch aussehen, sind vielleicht innerlich Bastarde. Das kann man nicht festlegen. Weil er blond und blauäugig ist, deshalb ist er noch kein reinrassischer Mensch. Er kann sogar innerlich feig und verkommen sein. Dann offenbart sich seine Bastardisierung irgendwo anders. Wir müssen uns vor einem Rassendünkel hüten. Rassendünkel würde genau so verheerend sein wie der Klassenhass.
2200:
Mediterranean race are well known, and this race, while inferior in bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Alpine, is probably the superior of both, certainly of the
Alpines, in intellectual attainments." Grant accepts that Mediterraneans created Semitic and Egyptian cultures, but insisted that Greece was "invigorated" by Nordics, and that "Roman ideals of family life, loyalty and truth, point clearly to a Nordic rather than to a Mediterranean origin"
304:
251:
1363:, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and angrily denounced Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the Nazis' belief in the existence of a common Nordic "Germanic race" was absurd, saying that "a Germanic race does not exist. ... We repeat. Does not exist. Scientists say so. Hitler says so." That Germans were not purely Nordic was indeed acknowledged by Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. GĂĽnther in his book
1304:
1269:
of this order, the vitality of these men, because they will always be replaced; to create an order which will spread the idea of Nordic blood so far that we will attract all Nordic blood in the world, take away the blood from our adversaries, absorb it so that never again, looking at it from the viewpoint of grand policy, Nordic blood, in great quantities and to an extent worth mentioning, will fight against us.
528:(1901) that there was no evidence that the upper tiers of ancient societies were Nordic, insisting that historical and anthropological evidence contradicted such claims. Sergi argued that Mediterraneans constituted "the greatest race in the world", with a creative edge absent in the Nordic race. According to him, Mediterraneans were the creators of all the major ancient civilisations, from
2173:"All these are roads taken by Nordic tribes: by the Phrygians to Troy and Asia Minor; by the Nordic Hellenes to Greece; by the Nordic Italics (Romans) to Italy; by the Nordic Kelts to France and Spain. To these lands these tribes bring their Indo-European languages, and as the ruling class force them on to the subject, mainly Mediterranean, lower orders."
752:. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want and misery, which in their many forms were brought about by the climate.
1291:, the vice-president of the Italian Academy, who in 1921 said that Italy needed "a great revolution ..., a return to the genius of the noble Aryan race, which is after all our race, but that has been overcome by the Semitic civilisation and mentality". At least some of the stereotypes about Southern Italians were created by
1065:
In establishing a restrictive entry system for
Germany in 1925, Hitler wrote of his admiration for America's immigration laws: "The American Union categorically refuses the immigration of physically unhealthy elements, and simply excludes the immigration of certain races." German praise for America's
613:
agreed, stating "Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend. The
Nordics propagate themselves successfully. With other races, the outcome shows deterioration on both sides." Grant argues that Nordics founded the United States and the English "language", and formed the
487:
Among all the disputes and uncertainties of the ethnographers about the races of Europe, one fact stands out clearly—namely, that we can distinguish a race of northerly distribution and origin, characterised physically by fair colour of hair and skin and eyes, by tall stature and dolichocephaly (i.e.
1453:
With the rise of Nazism many critics pointed to the flaws in the theory, repeating the arguments made by Sergi and others that the evidence of ancient Nordic achievement is thin when set against the civilizations of the
Mediterranean and elsewhere. The equation of Nordic and Aryan identity was also
1400:
In 1938, Mussolini started to fear that the
Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society if Italian Fascism did not recognize the Nordic heritage of Italians. Therefore, in the summer of 1938, the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having a Nordic heritage and
1268:
The ultimate aim for those 11 years during which I have been the
Reichsfuehrer SS has been invariably the same: to create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany; which unfailingly and without sparing itself can be made use of because the greatest losses can do no harm to the vitality
1204:
J. Kaup led a movement opposed to GĂĽnther. Kaup took the view that a German nation, all of whose citizens belonged to a "German race" in a populationist sense, offered a more convenient sociotechnical tool than GĂĽnther's concept of an ideal Nordic type to which only a very few
Germans could belong.
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that they claimed had been instilled into
Mediterraneans by the propagation of such theories by German and British Nordicists, who viewed Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate, and thus, in their view, inferior. However, traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to
1341:
Italian
Fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were considered Nordic, such as fair skin, blond hair and light eyes- traits which most Italians do not have. The antipathy by Mussolini and other
1358:
In the early 1930s, in response to the Nazi Party's rise to power in
Germany, strong tensions which were caused by racial issues arose between the Fascists and the Nazis, because the Fascists did not agree with Hitler's emphasis on a Nordicist conception of the Aryan race. In 1934, after Austrian
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Who of us is racially pure? Even if somebody's appearance is Nordic he might be a bastard inside. That somebody is blond and blue-eyed does not mean that he is racially pure. He might even be a degenerate coward. Bastardization shows in different aspects. We have to be on our guard against racial
998:
The pessimism of Gobineau's message did not lend itself to political action because he did not believe that humanity could be saved from racial degeneration. However, writing in April 1939, Rowbotham declared: "So after nearly a hundred years, the fantastic pessimistic philosophy of the brilliant
539:
This argument was later repeated by C. G. Seligman, who wrote that "it must, I think, be recognised that the Mediterranean race has actually more achievement to its credit than any other". Even Carleton Coon insisted that among Greeks "the Nordic element is weak, as it probably has been since the
1286:
as non-Nordic and therefore biologically inferior. Nordicism was controversial in Italy because of common Nordicist perceptions of Mediterranean people, and especially Southern Italians, being racially degenerate. The distinction between a superior Northern Italy and a degenerate and an inferior
793:
quite a small group which, under stress of rapidly changing conditions (climate, beasts of the chase) was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which persist today as the exclusive heritage of the Nordic race ...
585:
Grant used the theory as justification for immigration policies of the 1920s, arguing that the immigrants from certain areas of Europe, such as Italians and other Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans, represented a lesser type of European and their numbers in the United States should not be
1200:
GĂĽnther's work agreed with Grant's, and the German anthropologist frequently stated that the Germans were not a fully Nordic people.. Hitler himself was later to downplay the importance of Nordicism in public for this very reason.. The standard tripartite model placed most of the population of
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wrote (in a book which was banned in the Third Reich) that the fact that "birds can be taught to talk better than other animals is explained by the fact that their mouths are Nordic in structure". He further claimed that in humans, "the shape of the Nordic gum allows a superior movement of the
554:
is not a matter of either racial pride or of racial prejudice; it is a matter of love of country, of a true sentiment which is based upon knowledge and the lessons of history rather than upon the sentimentalism which is fostered by ignorance. If I were asked: What is the greatest danger which
1409:
who settled in the area of Italy after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and he also claimed that the intermixing of Mediterranean Romans with the Germanic Lombards was the last significant act of racial mixing that occurred in Italy, because no racial mixing had occurred since then.
555:
threatens the American republic to-day? I would certainly reply: The gradual dying out among our people of those hereditary traits through which the principles of our religious, political and social foundations were laid down and their insidious replacement by traits of less noble character.
1197:. Ironically, in the first edition of his popular book, Grant classified the Germans as a primarily Nordic racial group, but in the second edition (published after the US had entered World War I), Grant re-classified the now enemy power as a nation which was dominated by "inferior" Alpines.
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His racist ideology, through rooted in social and political concerns and though claiming to explain the nature of society itself, could not on his own terms effect any transformation. But Gobineau unfortunately failed to realize the degree to which such a theory—whatever his own view of its
508:
Some Nordicists admitted that the Mediterranean race was superior to the Nordic in terms of artistic ability. However, the Nordic race was still considered superior on the basis that, although Mediterranean peoples were culturally sophisticated, it was the Nordics who were alleged to be the
2199:
According to Madision Grant, "The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of soldiers, sailors, adventurers and explorers, but above all, of rulers, organisers and aristocrats in sharp contrast to the essentially peasant character of the Alpines ... The mental characteristics of the
1384:
By 1936, the tensions which existed between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany lessened, and relations between the two nations became more amicable. In 1936, Mussolini decided to launch a racial programme in Italy, and he was interested in the racial studies which were being conducted by
1355:(1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race. Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex, initially rejecting Nordicism.
1347:
having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been dipigmented from a darker skin. This theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology. Anthropologist
355:, holding that Europeans ("Aryans") were an innately superior branch of humanity, responsible for most of its greatest achievements. Aryanism was derived from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages constituted a distinctive race or subrace of the larger
1208:
Nazi legislation which identified the ethnic and "racial" affinities of the Jews reflected the populationist concept of race. Discrimination was not limited to Jews who belonged to the "Oriental-Armenoid" race, it was directed against all members of the Jewish ethnic population.
1160:, who joined the Nazi Party in 1932, was praised as a pioneer in racial thinking, a shining light of Nordic theory. Most official Nazi comments on the Nordic race were based on GĂĽnther's works, and Alfred Rosenberg presented GĂĽnther with a medal for his work in anthropology.
1212:
By 1939, Hitler had abandoned Nordicist rhetoric in favor of the belief that the German people as a whole were united by distinct "spiritual" qualities. Nevertheless, Nazi eugenics policies continued to favor Nordics over Alpines and other racial groups, particularly during
492:
Nordicists claimed that Nordics had formed upper tiers of ancient civilisations, even in the Mediterranean civilisations of antiquity, which had declined once this dominant race had been assimilated. Thus they argued that ancient evidence suggested that leading Romans like
855:
Günther criticised the Völkish idea, stating that the Germans were not racially unified, but were actually one of the most racially diverse peoples in Europe. Despite this, many Völkists who merged Völkism and Nordicism, most notably the Nazis, embraced Günther's ideas.
1249:, which was responsible for "the numbers of strong and healthy children running around the area". Hitler went on to say that " shows that elite troops should really be sent wherever the composition of the people is poor, in order to improve it." Indeed, Hitler and
1295:, an Italian Jewish criminologist and anthropologist of Sephardic descent. For his controversial theories, Lombroso was expelled from the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology in 1882. The Lombrosian doctrine is currently considered pseudoscientific.
1076:, was continuous throughout the early 1930s. Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models; race-based U.S. citizenship and anti-miscegenation laws directly inspired the Nazis' two principal Nuremberg Laws—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.
516:
was usually regarded as inferior to both the Nordic and Mediterranean races, making up the traditional peasant class of Europe while Nordics occupied the aristocracy and led the world in technology, and Mediterraneans were regarded as more imaginative.
1240:
had, in his view, improved the quality of the young people who he saw there in 1940, in a "Nordicizing process, the results of which are today incontestable". He also said he observed the same process at work in the area of his mountain home near
1550:
of Indo-European origins challenged the Nordicist equation of Aryan and Nordic identity, since it placed the earliest Indo-European speakers around central Asia and/or far-eastern Europe (although according to the Kurgan hypothesis some
1119:
wrote of a "Nordic-Atlantean" master race whose civilisation was “lost through inward corruption and betrayal”. According to Rosenberg, the Nordic race had evolved in a now-lost landmass off the coast of Europe (perhaps the mythical
625:
was signed into law by President Coolidge. This was designed to reduce the number of immigrants from Southern Europe, Southeast Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia, exclude Asian immigrants altogether, and favour immigration from
1228:, while the great racial currents were exercising their influence, our people received so varied a share of attributes, these latter blossomed to their full value only because of the presence of the Nordic racial nucleus.
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was "race suicide". In this book, Europeans who are not of Germanic origin but have Nordic characteristics such as blonde/red hair and blue/green/gray eyes, were considered to be a Nordic admixture and suitable for
1190:. Madison Grant's book was the first non-German book to be translated and published by the Nazi Reich press, and Grant proudly displayed to his friends a letter from Hitler claiming that the book was "his Bible."
1401:
it also recognized Italians as being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent. At a meeting of PNF members in June 1938, Mussolini stated that he was Nordic and he declared that the previous policy which focused on
488:
long shape of head), and mentally by great independence of character, individual initiative and tenacity of will. Many names have been used to denote this type, ... . It is also called the Nordic type.
1004:
impotence—might be capable of use and adaptation by others to affect society and history. His work would in time be plundered by racists with an interest in preaching explicitly reformatory doctrines.
740:, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste or race is fairer in colour than the rest and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the
2522:
Hagemann, R. (2000). Pionier der genetik und zuchtungsforschung : seine wissenschaftlichen leistungen und ihre ausstrahlung auf genetik, biologie und zuchtungsforschung von heute. R. Kovar.
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French diplomat is seized upon and twisted to the use of a mystic demagogue who finds in the idea of the pure Aryan an excuse for thrusting civilization dangerously near back to the Dark Ages."
1512:, the categorisation of peoples into "superior" and "inferior" groups fell even further out of political and scientific favour, eventually leading to the characterisation of such theories as
2740:
2298:
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Erwin Baur (1875–1933) – Pioner der Genetik und Züchtungsforschung: seine wissenschaftlichen Leistungen und ihre Ausstrahlung auf Genetik, Biologie und Züchtungsforschung von heute
370:(1855). Though Gobineau did not equate Nordic people with Aryans, he argued that Germanic people were the best modern representatives of the Aryan race. Adapting the comments of
540:
days of Homer ... It is my personal reaction to the living Greeks that their continuity with their ancestors of the ancient world is remarkable, rather than the opposite."
813:, linked by common blood. While Volkism was popular mainly among Germany's lower classes and offered a romanticised version of ethnic nationalism, Nordicism attracted German
614:
ruling classes of ancient Greece and Rome. An analysis performed by Grant alleges that Northwestern Europeans are less criminal than Southern and Eastern Europeans (see also
1438:(1934) argued that the most dynamic civilisations have arisen from racially mixed cultures. This required the abandonment of Grant's gradations of "white" in favour of the "
1389:. Cogni was a Nordicist, but he did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists. Cogni traveled to Germany, was impressed by
2510:
Erwin Baur (1875–1933) – Pioneer of research into genetics and breeding: his scientific achievements and their influence on today's genetics, biology and breeding research
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would be replaced with a focus on Aryanism. In July 1938, Mussolini declared that Italians had a strong Nordic heritage, particularly through the heritage of the Germanic
931:
theory to argue that social traits were innate, claiming that there was a racial nature associated with certain general traits such as inventiveness or criminal behavior.
1516:. The tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book
1193:
The Nazi state used such ideas about the differences between European races as justifications for their various discriminatory and coercive policies which culminated in
609:
as examples of Nordics). Admixture was "race suicide" and unless eugenic policies were enacted, the Nordic race would be supplanted by inferior races. Future president
794:
Philological, archaeological and anthropological researches combine to indicate that the primal home of the Indo-Germanic languages must have been in Northern Europe.
1505:'s fascist government racial theories were not prominent. Mussolini stated, "Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist."
3543:
2689:
2983:
1058:
1257:– a racial elite chosen on the basis of "pure" Nordic qualities – as the basis for the racial "regeneration" of Europe following the final victory of Nazism.
3341:
1369:(1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), where GĂĽnther recognized the Germans as being composed of five Aryan racial subtypes: Nordic, Mediterranean,
1331:; however, in response to pro-Nordicist Nazism's rising influence, Mussolini promoted Aryanism and argued that Italians have a Nordic-Mediterranean heritage.
957:
3530:
1527:
were heavily criticising Nordicism. In 1961 Gregor called it a "philosophy of despair", on the grounds that its obsession with purity doomed it to ultimate
1393:, and sought to implement his own version of these racial theories in Italy. On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book
1246:
3696:
Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England; Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press, 2008, 2010. p. 150.
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in 1935, which forbade sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, and later additionally forbidding Slavs and Romani. The Nazis used the
457:, in which he argued that the "dolichocephalic-blond" people were natural leaders, destined to rule over more brachycephalic (short-skulled) people.
1132:. Like Grant and others, Rosenberg argued that the entrepreneurial energy of the Nordics had "degenerated" when they mixed with "inferior" peoples.
2744:
3622:
1575:, if used at all. While the term is still present in English, which has retained it in some contexts as a translation of the traditional Latin
464:
also referred in his writings to "blond beasts": lion-like amoral adventurers who were supposed to be the progenitors of creative cultures. In
3772:
1245:, which he described as having, when he first came there, a mongrel population, the quality of which was much improved by the presence of his
3801:
1261:
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1224:
I shall have no peace of mind until I have planted a seed of Nordic blood wherever the population stands in need of regeneration. If at the
1052:(1922). An advocate of the U.S. immigration laws that favored Northern Europeans, Stoddard wrote primarily on the alleged dangers posed by "
798:
They went on to argue that "the original Indo-Germanic civilisation" was carried by Nordic migrants to India, and that the physiognomies of
4060:
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jokingly rhapsodized the "Nordic man" in a poem and essay in which he satirised the stereotypes of Nordics, Alpines and Mediterraneans.
3568:
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to Ripley's categories. He used the term "Ostic" instead of "Alpine". He focused on the races' supposedly distinct mental attributes.
385:
By the 1880s, a number of linguists and anthropologists argued that the Aryans themselves had originated somewhere in northern Europe.
340:
by referring to a set of physical characteristics: the concurrence of somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a
2036:
4051:
1148:. In some cases, the "Nordic" concept became an almost abstract ideal rather than a mere racial categorization. In 1933 for example,
430:. It was Huxley who also concluded that the Melanochroi, whom he described as "dark whites", are of a mixture of the Xanthochroi and
82:
3212:
1571:, has fallen out of favour amongst German-speaking scholars, and is restricted to a somewhat ironical usage similar to the archaic
985:
or Germanic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany and later attracted a strong following in the
2203:
168:
3055:
1418:
Even before the rise of Nazism, Grant's concept of "race" lost some favour in the US in the polarising political climate after
3011:
2064:
On the genealogy of morals : a polemic : by way of clarification and supplement to my last book, Beyond good and evil
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By this time, Germany was well-accustomed to theories of race and racial superiority due to the long-standing influence of the
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increased. Grant and others urged this as well as the complete restriction of non-Europeans, such as the Chinese and Japanese.
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721:, because of the tough landscape in which Nordic peoples evolved. This had ensured that weaker individuals had not survived.
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who regarded themselves to have Nordic racial heritage considered themselves a civilised people while negatively regarding
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theory, they argued that the "Nordic" qualities of initiative and will-power identified by earlier writers had arisen from
3291:
3531:
http://www.corriere.it/cultura/09_aprile_28/stella_lombroso_catalogo_assurdita_8bd638b2-33c2-11de-8558-00144f02aabc.shtml
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but Rosenberg did not use the term "master race". He used the term "Herrenvolk" (i. e., ruling people) twice in his book
445:(1888), which argued that the original Aryans could be identified by their blond hair and other Nordic features, such as
1124:), migrated through northern Europe and expanded further south to Iran and India where it founded the Aryan cultures of
3831:
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3463:
2945:' description of the English in "The Truth about Kitchener". ("The Myth of the Twentieth Century") – pp. 26, 660 – 1930
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1236:, Hitler described how the presence of German and English soldiers in the combat areas which he had served in during
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3271:"The Racial Analysis of Human Populations in Relation to Their Ethnogenesis". Andrzej Wiercinski; Tadeusz Bielicki,
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1094:(published 1925–1926); he regarded it as scientific proof of the racial basis of civilisation. The Nazi ideologist
900:("Aryanism") were developed in the 19th century, maintaining the belief that white people were members of an Aryan "
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By the early 19th century, Nordicism was attached to emerging theories of racial hierarchy. The German philosopher
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2690:"Close-up of Richard Jenne, the last child killed by the head nurse at the Kaufbeuren-Irsee euthanasia facility"
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Seligman, C.G. (1924). "Presidential Address. Anthropology and Psychology: A Study of Some Points of Contact".
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in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing, which he argued had destroyed the "purity" of the
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and of Aryanism. He viewed the Nordic racial subtype as the apex of the racial hierarchy within the Aryan race.
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709:, which insisted on the innate superiority of the Nordic race. Adapting the arguments of German philosopher
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1430:. By the 1930s, criticism of the Nordicist model was growing in Britain and America. The British historian
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innovators and the conquerors, having an adventurous spirit that the spirit of no other race could match.
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Gerald R. Gems. Sport and the Shaping of Italian American Identity. Syracuse University Press, 2013. P57.
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In Germany the influence of Nordicism remained powerful – it became known there as "Nordischer Gedanke" (
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which was superior to all other races, including other Aryans (Indo-Europeans), he used the racial term
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By the early 20th century, the concept of a "masterly" Nordic race had become familiar enough that the
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Grant argued the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements (he lists
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eventually migrate into Central and Northern Europe and become the ancestors of the Nordic peoples.)
3780:
1842:
3976:"Book Review: Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education"
3197:, Published by the German Labour Front, Printed by Buch- und Tiefdruck GmbH, 1935. Dr. Robert Ley:
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Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der seelischgeistigen Gestaltungskämpfe unserer Zeit
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to refer to fair-skinned Europeans, as opposed to darker Mediterranean people, whom Huxley called
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844:), published 1922, GĂĽnther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the
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3468:. Vol. 4. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 1946. pp. 553–572. Archived from
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2011:
2005:
1381:, while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five subtypes.
769:, that the Nordic race had been responsible for most of humanity's great achievements, and that
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Napoleone Colajanni, Ire e spropositi di Cesare Lombroso, Filippo Tropea editore, Catania, 1890
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991:, emphasized the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan or Germanic peoples and
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and could be identified by the distinctive Nordic characteristics of light hair and blue eyes.
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Italian Fascists to Nordicism was over the existence of what they viewed as the Mediterranean
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In Italy, the influence of Nordicism had a divisive effect in which the influence resulted in
1217:, when decisions were being made about the incorporation of conquered peoples into the Reich.
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1021:'s chief racial theorist, oversaw the construction of a human racial "ladder" that justified
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Alexander, Charles (1962). "Prophet of American Racism: Madison Grant and the Nordic Myth".
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3389:. Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company. p. 37.
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of converting the inferiority complex, at least temporarily, into a feeling of superiority.
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1338:'s stance towards Nordicism changed from initially being hostile to later being favorable.
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about Nordicism was highly influential among racial thinking and government policy making.
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The Races of Europe: Construction of National Identities in the Social Sciences, 1839-1939
1442:"—which was embraced by white supremacists and black leaders alike. Among the latter were
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and of the Nazi Party organisation, discussed racial purity and the Nordic race in 1935:
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8:
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Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration
3382:
3216:
2959:
2378:
1478:
1470:
1343:
1323:
1167:
960:, at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000
725:
710:
650:
461:
417:
172:
148:
101:
1156:
Alongside such extreme views, a more mainstream Nordic theory became institutionalized.
4075:
3902:
3616:
3254:
2883:
2874:
2854:
2795:
Drummond, Elizabeth (2005). "Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
2777:
2573:
2512:] (in German). Munich: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV.
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1986:
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426:
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63:
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2487:
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2078:
2068:
2015:
1990:
1796:
1769:
1742:
1715:
1688:
1646:
1641:
1606:
1547:
1513:
1431:
1319:
823:, one of Fischer's students, first defined "Nordic thought" in his programmatic book
718:
606:
450:
348:
230:
87:
3953:
Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education
956:
According to the 2012 annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service, the
3894:
3246:
3028:
3007:
2979:
2955:
2846:
2557:
1976:
1865:
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1447:
1427:
1402:
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1307:
1279:
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1116:
1095:
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845:
782:
655:
151:
nations that were associated with this supposed race influenced the United States'
73:
4002:
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
2647:(Paperback). Poland Under Nazi Occupation (1st ed.) (Polonia Pub. House). p. 219.
2244:
976:
3122:
2938:
2664:
2342:
1922:
1817:
1661:
1651:
1524:
1490:
1335:
1292:
889:
865:
814:
610:
431:
386:
341:
313:
160:
109:
1899:
449:(long skull). The argument was given extra impetus by the French anthropologist
147:. The notion of the superiority of the "Nordic race" and the superiority of the
2643:
Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz; Robert, Edward (translator) (1961).
1580:
1539:
1288:
1283:
1187:
1125:
992:
940:
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660:
615:
521:
502:
474:
446:
394:
356:
329:
164:
128:
105:
1943:
4069:
3598:
Alle origini dell'antropologia italiana: Giustiniano Nicolucci e il suo tempo
3498:
Graham Bradshaw, Tom Bishop, Alexander C. Y. Huang, and Jonathan Gil Harris.
3040:
3032:
2903:
Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau
2569:
2453:
2416:
2082:
1443:
1439:
1242:
1194:
1179:
1149:
950:
936:
770:
760:
737:
698:
643:
627:
573:
390:
234:
136:
113:
53:
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arrogance. Racial arrogance would be as devastating as hatred among classes.
3424:
3398:
1626:
1532:
1509:
1386:
1370:
1214:
917:
905:
885:
874:
849:
602:
533:
520:
Opponents of Nordicism rejected these arguments. The anti-Nordicist writer
477:
379:
375:
333:
222:
184:
96:(1899). The ideology became popular in the late-19th and 20th centuries in
3082:
Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law
2992:] (in German). Munich: Hoheneichen-Verlag. p. 214. Archived from
2781:
2062:
943:
through compulsory sterilization of sick individuals and extermination of
2710:
1458:
1419:
1374:
1237:
1030:
1026:
982:
945:
901:
745:
639:
529:
513:
410:
196:
46:
38:
2887:
1944:"On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind"
1153:
tongue, which is the reason why Nordic talking and singing are richer".
378:
writers, he argued that "pure" Northerners regenerated Europe after the
4024:
The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
3285:
2858:
2652:
2577:
2469:
2457:
2449:
1656:
1563:
1466:
1303:
1183:
1163:
1090:
1072:
1018:
949:("subhumans"): Jews, Slavs, and Romani, which eventually culminated in
893:
878:
702:
694:
406:
352:
303:
275: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
217:
192:
188:
3906:
3318:"Nazi Program to breed Master race, Lebensborn Children Break Silence"
3258:
1877:
1501:
nationalists took it up in Italy, but even after the establishment of
579:
The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History
3956:
2465:
1616:
1601:
1528:
961:
749:
714:
176:
124:
117:
20:
3145:
2850:
2561:
1964:
1962:
923:
To preserve the Aryan race or Nordic race, the Nazis introduced the
250:
3898:
3250:
2941:
described them as fair skinned and blue eyed) and secondly quoting
2800:
2797:
Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
2632:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
1981:
1869:
1588:
1498:
1413:
1406:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1042:
897:
809:, with its philosophy that Germans constituted a unique people, or
757:
733:
570:
226:
204:
30:
3342:"Opening Statement of the Prosecution in the Einsatzgruppen Trial"
3056:"American laws against 'coloreds' influenced Nazi racial planners"
975:, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the
682:
racial theorist who helped to popularise Nordicism in his country.
569:
In the United States, the primary spokesman for Nordicism was the
191:
claimed that the Nordic race was the most superior branch of the "
2934:
2741:"Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz – Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012"
2323:
The Conquest of a Continent, or the Expansion of Races in America
1482:
1186:
were also appointed to senior positions overseeing the policy of
1053:
827:(1927). He became the most influential German in this field; his
786:
741:
679:
635:
631:
594:
402:
398:
371:
332:
initially proposed "nordique" (simply meaning "northern") as an "
317:
155:(which effectively banned or severely limited the immigration of
132:
3094:
3146:"Der genealogische Verein "Roland" in Dresden im Dritten Reich"
2435:
Grundlagen der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene
2364:
Grundlagen der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene
932:
598:
550:
onservation of that race which has given us the true spirit of
180:
140:
2634:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 5.
785:
ideas. According to the authors, the Nordic race arose in the
3728:
3726:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3595:
Francesco Fedele; Alberto Baldi (1988). Guida Editori (ed.).
3594:
987:
732:
The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient
590:
498:
144:
2961:
The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under Man
1050:
The Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man
389:
proposed that the Aryans originated in the vast Rokitno, or
3664:
3215:. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Archived from
2872:
Rowbotham, Arnold (1939). "Gobineau and the Aryan Terror".
2837:
Fortier, Paul (Autumn 1967). "Gobineau and German Racism".
896:
in Germany during the early 20th century. These notions of
494:
156:
3723:
3699:
3529:
Gian Antonio Stella, Corriere della Sera, 28 aprile 2009,
3289:
2206:. p. art 2, ch. 11; part 2, chapter 5. Archived from
1711:
Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview
1220:
In 1942, Hitler made the following statement in private:
649:
The spread of these ideas also affected popular culture.
139:, "Teutonicism" in Germany, and "Frankisism" in Northern
3661:. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers, 2008. p. 8.
3213:"Eugenics – Breeding a Better Citizenry Through Science"
409:
who popularised the idea that the Aryans had emerged in
1254:
52:. Some notable and influential Nordicist works include
3012:"Toward a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism"
2827:: Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 62.
2669:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
2432:
2361:
1963:
Vacher de Lapouge (trans Clossen, C), Georges (1899).
1059:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
888:
promulgated Nordicism based on the idea of a superior
127:
is superior to all others was originally embraced as "
3885:
Snowdon, Frank M (1940). "Race Propaganda in Italy".
3027:(2). Translated by Marella & Jon Morris: 25–55 .
2717:, Chapter VI, first section (London, 1991, rev. 2001)
2007:
Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism
958:
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
904:" that was superior to other races, particularly the
653:
invokes Grant's ideas through a character in part of
382:
declined due to racial "dilution" of its leadership.
171:, and it was also present in other countries outside
3174:. US: Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. p. 281.
3097:"Racism: elimination of human beings of minor value"
3195:
Tatsachen – Die Leipziger DAF-Tagung 2.-6.Dez. 1935
1546:mentioning a "Nordid Race". The development of the
1008:
3520:Francesca Chirico, Linkiesta 11 novembre 2012, rif
3121:. Florida International University. Archived from
2269:
2067:. Douglas Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
781:This argument derived from earlier eugenicist and
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3006:
2978:
2954:
2406:(4th ed.). C. Scribner's sons. p. xxxi.
231:six million Jews and eleven million other victims
4067:
1414:Post-Nazi re-evaluation and decline of Nordicism
221:, 'living space'—was the immediate catalyst for
3749:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. pp. 59–60.
2760:Infected Christianity: A Study of Modern Racism
2655:. Retrieved March 12, 2014. at Wayback machine.
2448:
1815:
1583:), it should not be translated into German as "
1327:Initially, Mussolini was a strong proponent of
1025:, by promoting the Nordic theory that regarded
3990:Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940
3629:
3397:; originally published as the introduction to
2230:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1856:Gregor, A James (1961). "Nordicism Revisted".
1761:
1707:
1681:Sharma, Ram Nath; Sharma, Rajendra K. (1997).
1287:Southern Italy was promoted by the Neapolitan
728:attributed cultural primacy to the white race:
693:This phrase, coined by the German eugenicists
3275:, Vol. 3, No. 1. (February 1962), pp. 2+9-46.
3199:Fatherland, Race, Discipline and Love of Life
3095:Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies.
3084:. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–43.
2618:Nazi Culture:The Nordic Race as an Ideal Type
69:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3648:. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 188.
3403:Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter
2546:Field, Geoffrey G. (1977). "Nordic Racism".
2377:
1809:
1680:
908:, who were described as the "Semitic race",
397:, now covering much of the southern part of
4057:critique of the Nordic doctrine (full text)
3736:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 61.
3720:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 60.
3687:. London; New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 45.
2010:. US: University of Chicago Press. p.
1965:"Old and New Aspects of the Aryan Question"
1755:
1708:Smedley, Audrey; Smedley, Brian D. (2012).
1144:, the Nordic theory became the norm within
1056:" peoples to white civilization, and wrote
3690:
3621:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3290:Gumkowski, Janusz; Kazimierz Leszczynski.
3288:program sought to extend the Nordic race.
3088:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2439:, Volume II, p. 249. see: Lutzhöft 1971:15
1587:" except when referring to the historical
1561:The original German term used by Ripley, "
368:Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3315:
3236:
2871:
2692:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2620:. New York: Schocken Books. p. 1799.
2410:
2368:, Volume II, p. 273 see: Lutzhöft 1971:15
2343:"Talking (and singing) of the Nordic Man"
2177:"The Racial Elements of European History"
2095:
2060:
2034:
1980:
1201:Hitler's Germany in the Alpine category.
825:Der Nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen
642:, while also permitting immigration from
291:Learn how and when to remove this message
83:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3670:Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern.
3500:The Shakespearean International Yearbook
2825:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
2794:
2503:
2433:Baur, E.; Fischer, E; Lenz, F. (1923) .
2362:Baur, E.; Fischer, E; Lenz, F. (1923) .
2296:
2227:
2195:
2193:
2003:
1302:
967:
869:
670:
302:
4061:"Nordicism revisited, by A James Gregor
3950:
3884:
3859:
3760:Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce
3585:, Editori Laterza, Bari 2010, pp. 92–93
3465:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV
3447:
3387:Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader
3079:
3073:
2900:
2836:
2615:
2534:
2472:. London: Allen and Unwin. p. 191.
2272:The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940
2174:
1734:
1567:", which is translated into English as
328:The Russian-born French anthropologist
169:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
4068:
4018:
3919:
3567:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3385:(1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in
2757:
2730:. University of Michigan Press. 2006.
2590:
2264:
2179:. Methuen. p. chapter 8, part one
1855:
1728:
1701:
877:was a proponent of the concept of the
336:" (a term that he coined). He defined
3999:
3864:. London: Routledge. pp. 81–83.
3829:
3169:
2682:
2595:. New York: Macmillan. p. 1799.
2545:
2484:Human heredity: Principles and issues
2399:
2319:
2201:
2190:
2061:Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (2008).
1788:
1674:
1477:No race has suffered so much from an
1359:Nazis killed the Austrian Chancellor
3418:
2423:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
2242:
1782:
1298:
918:associated with "cultural sterility"
829:Short Ethnology of the German People
273:adding citations to reliable sources
244:
3502:. Ashgate Publishing, 2011. p. 203.
3116:
3053:
2326:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
1538:As late as 1977 the Swedish author
1469:Germanic nationalism arose from an
1079:
1023:Hitler's racial and ethnic policies
831:(1929) was very widely circulated.
16:Ideology of "Nordic race" supremacy
13:
3944:
3762:. Palgrave MacMillan, 2008. p. 86.
3674:. Barnes & Noble, 1963. p. 57.
3541:Duccio Canestrini, dicembre 2009,
2823:Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul.
2671:. Oxford University Press. p. 30.
2340:
1941:
1920:
1762:Van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1987).
1687:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1115:as a race of Nordic supermen, and
420:agreed with him, coining the term
86:(1899); and, to a lesser extent,
14:
4092:
4045:
3808:. August 13, 1934. Archived from
3210:
3172:New Foundations of Racial Science
3143:
3119:"The Occult and Nazism Redefined"
2990:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
2645:Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe
2247:. p. Chapter XII, Section 14
1969:The American Journal of Sociology
1792:Critical Approaches to Literature
1579:(most notably the aforementioned
1450:, at least in his later thought.
1105:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
859:
437:This distinction was repeated by
4053:The Racial Basis of Civilization
3862:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3747:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3734:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3718:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3685:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
3646:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
2728:Cultural Locations of Disability
2276:. US: Harvard University Press.
1366:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
1009:Influence from the United States
837:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
543:
324:as an example of the Nordic type
249:
72:(1853); the various writings of
3913:
3878:
3853:
3823:
3794:
3765:
3752:
3739:
3677:
3651:
3588:
3575:
3535:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3492:
3483:
3456:
3441:
3412:
3376:
3363:
3334:
3316:Crossland, David (2006-11-07).
3309:
3278:
3265:
3230:
3204:
3188:
3163:
3137:
3110:
3047:
3000:
2972:
2948:
2923:
2894:
2865:
2830:
2817:
2788:
2764:McGill-Queen's University Press
2751:
2733:
2720:
2704:
2658:
2637:
2624:
2609:
2593:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
2584:
2549:Journal of the History of Ideas
2525:
2516:
2497:
2476:
2442:
2426:
2393:
2371:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2290:
2258:
2236:
2221:
2204:"The Passing of the Great Race"
2167:
2146:
2125:
2104:
2089:
2054:
2028:
1997:
1956:
1935:
1892:"Deniker, J., The Races of Man"
1544:The Races and Peoples of Europe
1523:Already race academics such as
1262:SS-Leibstandarte "Adolf Hitler"
1070:, previously found in Hitler's
524:argued in his influential book
260:needs additional citations for
175:and the United States, such as
3996:Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag.
3292:"Poland under Nazi Occupation"
2726:Snyder, S. & D. Mitchell.
2100:. US: Arno Press. p. 159.
1914:
1884:
1849:
705:, appeared in their 1921 work
1:
3988:Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971):
3802:"Anthropologists on Aryanism"
2421:The Passing of the Great Race
2403:The Passing of the Great Race
2389:. p. Vol. 2, Section 92.
2035:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887).
1668:
1111:Nazi racial theories saw the
766:The Passing of the Great Race
240:
59:The Passing of the Great Race
4028:University of Illinois Press
3371:Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–44
2901:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970).
2616:GĂĽnther, Hans F. K. (1981).
2175:GĂĽnther, Hans F. K. (1927).
2037:"On the Genealogy of Morals"
1142:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
935:ideals were combined with a
842:Race-Lore of the German Volk
802:"disclose a Nordic origin".
362:Its principal proponent was
7:
4000:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009).
2907:Littlehampton Book Services
2096:McDougall, William (1973).
1594:
1260:Addressing officers of the
1135:
483:, writing in 1920, stated:
203:). The full application of
123:The belief that the Nordic
78:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
10:
4097:
4004:. Univ. of Vermont Press.
3450:Heinrich Himmler's Camelot
3419:Hale, Christopher (2003).
3080:Whitman, James Q. (2017).
2715:Hitler: A Profile in Power
2133:"Pluatarch, Life of Sulla"
1612:Basking in reflected glory
1317:
1314:Italian fascism and racism
1311:
863:
713:(1788-1860) and others to
666:
505:were blond or red-haired.
467:On the Genealogy of Morals
18:
3951:Jackson, John P. (2005).
3832:"The Spread of Hitlerism"
3346:Nuremberg Trial Documents
3099:. University of Minnesota
2933:, first referring to the
2504:Hagemann, Rudolf (1999).
2297:Coolidge, Calvin (1921).
2232:. 54. January – June: 30.
2154:"Pluatarch, Life of Cato"
2112:"Suetonius, Life of Nero"
1735:McManon, Richard (2016).
763:argued in his 1916 book,
347:In the mid-19th century,
3920:Gregor, A James (1961).
3448:Russell, Stuart (1999).
3033:10.1163/1569206041551663
2385:Parerga and Paralipomena
2299:"Whose Country is This?"
2004:Detwiler, Bruce (1990).
1816:Paulist Fathers (1927).
1273:
1102:s arguments in his book
1088:shortly before he wrote
898:Aryan racial superiority
748:, and the rulers of the
351:developed the theory of
233:in what is now known as
225:and led directly to the
98:Germanic-speaking Europe
19:Not to be confused with
3860:Gilette, Aaron (2001).
2966:Charles Scribner's Sons
2943:Victor Wallace Germains
2400:Grant, Madison (1921).
2320:Grant, Madison (1933).
2243:Coon, Carleton (1939).
2202:Grant, Madison (1916).
678:(1891–1968), prominent
623:Immigration Act of 1924
401:and the north-west of
153:Immigration Act of 1924
35:historical race concept
3601:. Napoli. p. 66.
3020:Historical Materialism
2839:Comparative Literature
2591:Snyder, Louis (1981).
1837:Cite journal requires
1495:
1332:
1271:
1230:
1226:time of the migrations
1177:
1006:
882:
796:
754:
683:
562:Henry Fairfield Osborn
557:
526:The Mediterranean Race
490:
325:
227:industrial mass murder
3922:"Nordicism revisited"
3758:Christopher Hibbert.
3583:Il razzismo in Europa
3452:. Kressman-Backmayer.
3060:www.timesofisrael.com
2799:. Santa Barbara, CA:
2758:Davies, Alan (1988).
2266:Guterl, Matthew Pratt
2245:"The Races of Europe"
1765:The Ethnic Phenomenon
1714:. Avalon Publishing.
1622:Know-Nothing movement
1475:
1318:Further information:
1306:
1266:
1247:SS Bodyguard Regiment
1222:
1172:
1001:
968:Influence from France
929:Mendelian inheritance
873:
864:Further information:
791:
730:
674:
548:
485:
306:
149:Northwestern European
3830:Fodor, M.W. (1936).
3812:on November 25, 2010
3672:General anthropology
3383:Schramm, Percy Ernst
3369:Trevor-Roper, Hugh,
3273:Current Anthropology
3170:Gauch, Hans (1934).
2996:on November 4, 2012.
2482:Cumming, M. (2013).
2379:Schopenhauer, Arthur
1923:"The Aryan Question"
1789:Tyson, Lois (2018).
1637:Nazi racial theories
1632:Martial races theory
1553:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1391:Nazi racial theories
1068:institutional racism
309:Meyers Blitz-Lexikon
269:improve this article
195:" and constituted a
187:. By the 1930s, the
4055:by Frank H. Hankins
3980:History Cooperative
3407:Hitler's Table Talk
3373:, 1973 ed., p. 475
2630:Henry Friedlander.
2437:. MĂĽnchen: Lehmann.
2366:. MĂĽnchen: Lehmann.
1518:The Origin of Races
1479:inferiority complex
1471:inferiority complex
1454:widely criticized.
1353:The races of Europe
1344:inferiority complex
1324:Italian racial laws
1253:planned to use the
1168:German Labour Front
800:upper-caste Indians
726:Arthur Schopenhauer
711:Arthur Schopenhauer
651:F. Scott Fitzgerald
462:Friedrich Nietzsche
418:Thomas Henry Huxley
173:Northwestern Europe
102:Northwestern Europe
93:The Races of Europe
4020:Tucker, William H.
3427:. pp. 74–87.
3125:on 2 December 2001
2909:Ltd. p. 260.
2875:The Sewanee Review
2766:. pp. 57–58.
2747:on March 21, 2015.
1487:National Socialism
1436:A Study of History
1361:Engelbert Dollfuss
1333:
1264:, Himmler stated:
1166:, the head of the
1158:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
1084:Adolf Hitler read
1041:from the title of
973:Arthur de Gobineau
883:
821:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
684:
676:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
364:Arthur de Gobineau
326:
215:in the pursuit of
209:invasion of Poland
205:this belief system
64:Arthur de Gobineau
4081:Scientific racism
4037:978-0-252-07463-9
4011:978-1-58465-715-6
3966:978-0-8147-4271-6
3871:978-0-415-25292-8
3434:978-0-593-04952-5
3421:Himmler's Crusade
3211:Marks, Jonathan.
3181:978-1-56924-917-8
3008:Losurdo, Domenico
2980:Rosenberg, Alfred
2956:Stoddard, Lothrop
2810:978-1-85109-439-4
2677:978-0-19-280436-5
2602:978-1-56924-917-8
2341:Belloc, Hilaire.
2303:Good Housekeeping
2283:978-0-674-01012-3
2074:978-0-19-953708-2
2021:978-0-226-14354-5
1647:White nationalism
1642:The Race Question
1607:Aryan certificate
1514:scientific racism
1432:Arnold J. Toynbee
1320:Manifesto of Race
1299:Fascist Nordicism
1284:Southern Italians
1280:Northern Italians
817:and eugenicists.
807:Völkisch movement
750:South Sea Islands
719:natural selection
607:Leonardo da Vinci
576:. His 1916 book,
481:William McDougall
451:Vacher de Lapouge
349:scientific racism
301:
300:
293:
165:Eastern Europeans
88:William Z. Ripley
4088:
4041:
4015:
3995:
3983:
3973:Lay summary in:
3970:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3838:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3779:. Archived from
3769:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3745:Aaron Gillette.
3743:
3737:
3732:Aaron Gillette.
3730:
3721:
3716:Aaron Gillette.
3714:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3683:Aaron Gillette.
3681:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3649:
3644:Aaron Gillette.
3642:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3592:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:. Archived from
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3416:
3410:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3348:. Archived from
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:. Archived from
3282:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3208:
3202:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3144:Weiss, Volkmar.
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3117:Mizrach, Steve.
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2952:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:. Archived from
2737:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2662:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2543:
2532:
2531:Lutzhöft 1971:15
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2039:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2025:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1942:Huxley, Thomas.
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1921:Huxley, Thomas.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1818:"Catholic World"
1813:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1503:Benito Mussolini
1448:W. E. B. Du Bois
1446:, and, in part,
1428:Great Depression
1422:, including the
1403:Mediterraneanism
1349:Carleton S. Coon
1329:Mediterraneanism
1308:Benito Mussolini
1117:Alfred Rosenberg
1096:Alfred Rosenberg
1080:Later influences
1046:Lothrop Stoddard
1015:Alfred Rosenberg
937:eugenics program
846:East Baltic race
783:Social Darwinist
656:The Great Gatsby
565:
460:The philosopher
296:
289:
285:
282:
276:
253:
245:
213:further conquest
167:) and the later
112:, as well as in
74:Lothrop Stoddard
33:which views the
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4066:
4065:
4048:
4038:
4012:
3993:
3974:
3967:
3947:
3945:Further reading
3942:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3773:"W.E.B. Dubois"
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3630:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3544:"Archived copy"
3542:
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3536:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
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3497:
3493:
3488:
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3126:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3054:Lebovic, Matt.
3052:
3048:
3014:
3005:
3001:
2977:
2973:
2953:
2949:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2899:
2895:
2870:
2866:
2851:10.2307/1769493
2835:
2831:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2803:. p. 640.
2793:
2789:
2774:
2756:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2665:Peter Longerich
2663:
2659:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2589:
2585:
2562:10.2307/2708681
2544:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2447:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2415:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
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2339:
2335:
2318:
2314:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2263:
2259:
2250:
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2222:
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2211:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1998:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1854:
1850:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:Renordification
1652:White supremacy
1597:
1525:A. James Gregor
1424:Great Migration
1416:
1336:Italian Fascism
1326:
1316:
1301:
1293:Cesare Lombroso
1276:
1138:
1100:Human Heredity'
1082:
1011:
970:
939:that aimed for
890:Germanic people
868:
866:Nazism and race
862:
815:anthropologists
669:
611:Calvin Coolidge
567:
564:, July 13, 1916
559:
546:
387:Theodor Poesche
342:dolichocephalic
322:Karl von MĂĽller
297:
286:
280:
277:
266:
254:
243:
110:Northern Europe
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4047:
4046:External links
4044:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4016:
4010:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3965:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3912:
3899:10.2307/272514
3893:(2): 103–111.
3877:
3870:
3852:
3822:
3793:
3764:
3751:
3738:
3722:
3698:
3689:
3676:
3663:
3657:Alan W. Ertl.
3650:
3628:
3608:978-8870429503
3607:
3587:
3574:
3534:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3491:
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3333:
3308:
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3264:
3251:10.2307/274146
3229:
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3180:
3162:
3150:www.v-weiss.de
3136:
3109:
3087:
3072:
3046:
2999:
2971:
2947:
2922:
2916:978-0297000853
2915:
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2787:
2773:978-0773506510
2772:
2750:
2732:
2719:
2703:
2681:
2657:
2636:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2583:
2556:(3): 523–540.
2533:
2524:
2515:
2496:
2475:
2462:Human Heredity
2454:Fischer, Eugen
2441:
2425:
2417:Grant, Madison
2409:
2392:
2370:
2354:
2333:
2312:
2289:
2282:
2257:
2235:
2220:
2189:
2166:
2145:
2124:
2103:
2098:The Group Mind
2088:
2073:
2053:
2027:
2020:
1996:
1982:10.1086/210895
1975:(3): 329–346.
1955:
1934:
1913:
1883:
1870:10.2307/273538
1864:(4): 352–360.
1848:
1839:|journal=
1808:
1802:978-1351049894
1801:
1781:
1775:978-0275927097
1774:
1754:
1748:978-1137318466
1747:
1727:
1721:978-0813345543
1720:
1700:
1694:978-8171566730
1693:
1672:
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1665:
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1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1581:Teutonic Order
1540:Bertil Lundman
1489:was a kind of
1465:, argued that
1415:
1412:
1312:Main article:
1300:
1297:
1289:Carlo Formichi
1275:
1272:
1188:Racial Hygiene
1146:German culture
1137:
1134:
1126:Zoroastrianism
1098:also repeated
1086:Human Heredity
1081:
1078:
1010:
1007:
993:Jewish culture
969:
966:
941:racial hygiene
925:Nuremberg Laws
861:
860:Nazi Nordicism
858:
707:Human Heredity
688:Nordic thought
668:
665:
661:Hilaire Belloc
616:Race and crime
547:
545:
542:
522:Giuseppe Sergi
447:dolichocephaly
443:The Aryan Race
439:Charles Morris
416:The biologist
395:Russian Empire
393:, then in the
357:Caucasian race
330:Joseph Deniker
299:
298:
257:
255:
248:
242:
239:
129:Anglo-Saxonism
106:Central Europe
15:
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4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3842:on 2007-07-15
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3806:Time Magazine
3803:
3797:
3783:on 2004-06-28
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3581:G. L. Mosse,
3578:
3570:
3564:
3550:on 2017-01-03
3549:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3486:
3472:on 2007-08-17
3471:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:Picker, Henry
3396:
3395:0-89874-962-X
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3352:on 2007-04-17
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:on 2012-05-27
3297:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3219:on 2007-07-03
3218:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3124:
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3113:
3098:
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3057:
3050:
3042:
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3034:
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3022:
3021:
3015:(PDF, 0.2 MB)
3013:
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3003:
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2987:
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2981:
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2957:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2937:(saying that
2936:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
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2300:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2210:on 2007-06-08
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2170:
2155:
2149:
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2043:on 2007-06-07
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1191:
1189:
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1181:
1180:Eugen Fischer
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1154:
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1150:Hermann Gauch
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978:ancien régime
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2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2030:
2006:
1999:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1895:
1886:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1830:cite journal
1821:
1811:
1791:
1784:
1768:. ABC-CLIO.
1764:
1757:
1741:. Springer.
1737:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1684:Anthropology
1683:
1676:
1627:Ku Klux Klan
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1533:isolationism
1522:
1517:
1510:World War II
1507:
1496:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1435:
1417:
1399:
1394:
1387:Giulio Cogni
1383:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1351:in his work
1340:
1334:
1277:
1267:
1259:
1234:"table talk"
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:World War II
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1178:
1173:
1162:
1155:
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1103:
1099:
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1057:
1049:
1038:
1012:
1002:
997:
986:
977:
971:
955:
944:
922:
886:Nazi Germany
884:
875:Adolf Hitler
854:
850:Dinaric race
841:
835:
833:
828:
824:
819:
810:
804:
797:
792:
780:
776:Aryanization
764:
755:
731:
723:
706:
692:
687:
685:
654:
648:
620:
603:Michelangelo
588:
584:
577:
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525:
519:
511:
507:
491:
486:
478:psychologist
472:
465:
459:
454:
453:in his book
442:
441:in his book
436:
432:Australioids
425:
421:
415:
384:
380:Roman Empire
367:
361:
346:
337:
334:ethnic group
327:
307:
287:
281:January 2021
278:
267:Please help
262:verification
259:
223:World War II
216:
200:
185:South Africa
159:, and other
122:
91:
81:
67:
57:
50:racial group
26:
25:
3994:(in German)
3322:Der Spiegel
2711:Ian Kershaw
2458:Lenz, Fritz
2450:Baur, Erwin
2309:(2): 13–14.
1896:nordish.net
1491:Coué method
1481:as has the
1459:M. W. Fodor
1420:World War I
1395:Il Razzismo
1379:East Baltic
1238:World War I
1039:Untermensch
1031:master race
916:, who they
902:master race
640:Scandinavia
552:Americanism
530:Mesopotamia
514:Alpine race
427:Melanochroi
422:Xanthochroi
411:Scandinavia
197:master race
39:Nordic race
4070:Categories
3934:2007-07-19
3846:2007-07-19
3836:The Nation
3816:2007-07-19
3787:2007-07-19
3554:2016-11-30
3476:2007-07-19
3356:2007-07-20
3327:2007-07-20
3302:2007-07-19
3286:Lebensborn
3223:2007-07-19
3155:22 October
3103:2007-07-27
2882:(2): 165.
2845:(4): 348.
2782:j.ctt80fx5
2653:B0006BXJZ6
2492:1133106870
2470:Cedar Paul
2348:2007-07-19
2251:2007-07-18
2214:2007-07-18
2183:2007-07-18
2160:2008-05-14
2156:. May 2008
2139:2008-05-14
2135:. May 2008
2118:2008-05-14
2114:. May 2008
2047:2007-07-18
1949:2007-07-16
1928:2007-07-16
1906:22 October
1669:References
1657:Wotansvolk
1585:Teutonisch
1577:Teutonicus
1564:Theodiscus
1467:racialized
1463:The Nation
1184:Fritz Lenz
1164:Robert Ley
1113:Atlanteans
1091:Mein Kampf
1073:Mein Kampf
1019:Nazi Party
894:Aryan race
879:Aryan race
758:eugenicist
703:Fritz Lenz
695:Erwin Baur
571:eugenicist
407:Karl Penka
374:and other
241:Background
218:Lebensraum
201:Herrenvolk
193:Aryan race
43:endangered
4076:Nordicism
3957:NYU Press
3617:cite book
3041:1465-4466
2570:1086-3222
2083:228195164
1991:222440526
1617:Borealism
1602:Apartheid
1529:pessimism
1062:in 1920.
962:neo-Nazis
771:admixture
738:Egyptians
715:Darwinian
320:war hero
177:Australia
125:phenotype
118:Australia
27:Nordicism
21:Nordicity
4022:(2007).
3563:cite web
3129:16 April
3065:July 30,
3010:(2004).
2982:(1930).
2958:(1922).
2935:Amorites
2931:The Myth
2888:27535529
2801:ABC-CLIO
2696:July 29,
2667:(2010).
2464:. trans
2460:(1931).
2419:(1916).
2381:(1851).
2268:(2004).
1595:See also
1589:Teutones
1569:Teutonic
1520:(1962).
1457:In 1936
1426:and the
1407:Lombards
1136:Timeline
1130:Hinduism
1122:Atlantis
1108:(1930).
1043:Klansman
1029:as the "
789:, from:
742:Brahmins
353:Aryanism
338:nordique
316:) shows
161:Southern
135:and the
62:(1916);
56:'s book
47:superior
41:" as an
37:of the "
31:ideology
3777:Encarta
3401:(1963)
2859:1769493
2578:2708681
1573:teutsch
1499:Lombard
1371:Dinaric
1251:Himmler
1232:In his
1054:colored
1027:Nordics
914:Gypsies
834:In his
787:ice age
667:Germany
636:Germany
632:Ireland
595:Raphael
475:British
455:L’Aryen
403:Ukraine
399:Belarus
372:Tacitus
366:in his
344:skull.
133:England
4034:
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3963:
3929:Phylon
3907:272514
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3887:Phylon
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3259:274146
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3239:Phylon
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1799:
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1508:After
1483:German
1375:Alpine
1017:, the
983:Nordic
912:, and
744:, the
734:Hindus
680:German
659:, and
605:, and
599:Titian
318:German
183:, and
181:Canada
141:France
108:, and
29:is an
3925:(PDF)
3903:JSTOR
3255:JSTOR
2988:[
2939:Sayce
2884:JSTOR
2855:JSTOR
2778:JSTOR
2574:JSTOR
2508:[
1987:S2CID
1874:JSTOR
1497:Some
1274:Italy
1140:With
1033:," a
988:Reich
910:Slavs
746:Incas
591:Dante
499:Sulla
376:Roman
207:—the
189:Nazis
145:Italy
131:" in
4032:ISBN
4006:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3623:link
3603:ISBN
3569:link
3429:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3284:The
3176:ISBN
3157:2017
3131:2015
3067:2022
3037:ISSN
2911:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2698:2011
2673:ISBN
2649:ASIN
2597:ISBN
2566:ISSN
2488:ISBN
2468:and
2466:Eden
2278:ISBN
2079:OCLC
2069:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1908:2017
1843:help
1797:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1531:and
1377:and
1322:and
1182:and
1128:and
1035:race
933:Nazi
906:Jews
848:and
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756:The
736:and
701:and
638:and
621:The
534:Rome
512:The
503:Cato
501:and
495:Nero
211:and
163:and
157:Jews
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116:and
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