530:, involves the four interrelated concepts of 1) The Individual Person, 2) Deliberate Action, 3) Reality and the Real World, and 4) Language or Verbal Behavior. All four concepts require full articulation for any one of them to be fully intelligible. More specifically, a Person is an individual whose history is, paradigmatically, a history of Deliberate Action in a Dramaturgical pattern. Deliberate Action is a form of behavior in which a person (a) engages in an Intentional Action, (b) is cognizant of that, and (c) has chosen to do that. A person is not always engaged in a deliberate action but has the eligibility to do so. A human being is an individual who is both a person and a specimen of Homo sapiens. Since persons are deliberate actors, they also employ hedonic, prudent, aesthetic and ethical reasons when selecting, choosing or deciding on a course of action. As part of our "social contract" we expect that the typical person can make use of all four of these motivational perspectives. Individual persons will weigh these motives in a manner that reflects their personal characteristics. That life is lived in a "dramaturgical" pattern is to say that people make sense, that their lives have patterns of significance. The paradigm case allows for nonhuman persons, potential persons, nascent persons, manufactured persons, former persons, "deficit case" persons, and "primitive" persons. By using a paradigm case methodology, different observers can point to where they agree and where they disagree about whether an entity qualifies as a person.
1137:'s two-tiered account distinguishes between basic sentience and the higher standard of self-consciousness which constitutes personhood. His approach has been criticized for accepting the personhood of some animals, but rejecting the personhood of people with disabilities such as dementia. It has also been given as an example of the limits of a capacities-based definition of personhood, in that they tend to be defined in ways that reinforce existing systems of power and privilege by preferring the capacities that are valued by those who write the definitions. A squirrel would value agility and balance in defining personhood; a tree might grant personhood on the basis of height and longevity, and a long-time academic, "a human being with a fully functioning cerebral cortex who resides in a social context where the workings of this part of the brain are particularly prized", would just as predictably value the qualities that benefited his own life and overlook the ones that had little relationship to his own life.
665:
the
Personhood Alliance were once affiliates of National Right to Life. Organizations like Georgia Right to Life, Cleveland Right to Life, and Alaska Right to Life left National Right to Life and joined the Personhood Alliance after refusing to support National Right to Life's proposed legislation that included exceptions like the rape and incest exceptions. The Personhood Alliance describes itself as "a Christ-centered, biblically informed organization dedicated to the non-violent advancement of the recognition and protection of the God-given, inalienable right to life of all human beings as legal persons, at every stage of their biological development and in every circumstance."
1186:'s Ministry of Forests and Environment banned the importation or capture of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) for entertainment, exhibition, or interaction purposes, on the basis that "cetaceans in general are highly intelligent and sensitive" and that it "is morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment." It noted that "various scientists" have argued they should be seen as "non-human persons" with commensurate rights, but did not take an official position on this, and indeed did not have the legal authority to do so.
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36:
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366:. The term's literal means an existence as a "being-there" or "there-being." Heidegger writes that, "Dasein itself has a special distinctiveness as compared with other entities; it is ontically distinguished by the fact that, in its very Being, that Being is an issue for it." For Heidegger, the way in which Being is an issue for a person as Dasein is their future oriented caring. This distinguishes Dasein from function or performance criteria of personhood.
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Calvert argues that the 17th and 18th
Century Quaker concept of Personhood applied to women, and the prevalence of Quakers in the population of several colonies, such as New Jersey and Pennsylvania, at the time that the original Constitution was drafted and ratified likely influenced the choice of the term "Person" for the Constitution instead of the term "Man", which was used in the
603:§8) to include "every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development." That statute also states that "Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being 'born alive' as defined in this section."
1438:. The law was challenged in federal court on constitutional grounds by Drewes Farms Partnership, with the state government of Ohio joining as an intervenor. The law was overturned due to the vagueness of at least three portions of the law, with the court also criticizing the applicability of the law to other Lake Erie-bordering jurisdictions' laws regarding the lake.
1946:. A person is a being who has a sense of self, has a notion of the future and the past, can hold values, make choices; in short, can adopt life-plans. At least, a person must be the kind of any who is in principle capable of all this, however damaged these capacities may be in practice." Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person",
343:, the problem with the naturalist view is that it depends solely on a "performance criterion" to determine what is an agent. Thus, other things (e.g. machines or animals) that exhibit "similarly complex adaptive behaviour" could not be distinguished from persons. Instead, Taylor proposes a significance-based view of personhood:
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original
Constitution was ratified) had concepts of coverture and "head-and-master", which meant that women legally lost rights upon marriage, including rights to ownership of property and other rights of adult participation in the political economy; single women retained these rights, however, and voted in some jurisdictions.
729:, may not value our lives. …To support Roe vs. Wade is not merely to allow a medical procedure. It is to acknowledge that the government has the power to say who is a person and who is not. Who, then, is to limit the groups to whom it is applied? This is what makes "personhood" such an important public policy issue.
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disputed the conclusion of Reed v. Reed, arguing that women do not have equal protection under the 14th amendment as "persons" because the
Constitution's use of the gender-neutral term "Person" means that the Constitution does not require discrimination on the basis of sex, but also does not prohibit
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Digital technologies have been argued to hold the potential to give rise to notions of posthumous personhood, where the digital remains of the dead are reanimated through artificial intelligence and allow the dead to maintain interactions with the living. If they were to closely resemble a person in
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Other commentators have noted that some of the ratifiers of the US Constitution (in 1787) also, in contemporaneous contexts, ratified state level
Constitutions that saw women as Persons and required them to be treated as such, including granting women rights such as the right to vote. Professor Jane
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this or that, may also want to have (or not to have) certain desires and motives. They are capable of wanting to be different, in their preferences and purposes, from what they are. Many animals appear to have the capacity for what I shall call "first-order desires" or "desires of the first order,"
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counties approved personhood during the 2010 primary election with 75% in favor of a non-binding resolution declaring that the "right to life is vested in each human being from their earliest biological beginning until natural death". During the 2012 Republican primary a similar question was placed
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Currently, the personhood movement is led by the
Personhood Alliance, a coalition of state and national personhood organizations headquartered in Washington DC. The Personhood Alliance was founded in 2014 and currently has 22 affiliated organizations. A significant number of the state affiliates of
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The life of each human being begins at conception ... Effective
January 1, 1988, the laws of this state shall be interpreted and construed to acknowledge on behalf of the unborn child at every stage of development, all the rights, privileges, and immunities available to other persons, citizens, and
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A person is recognized by law as such, not because they are human, but because rights and duties are ascribed to them. The person is the legal subject or substance of which the rights and duties are attributes. An individual human being considered to be having such attributes is what lawyers call a
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The definition of
Boethius as it stands can hardly be considered a satisfactory one. The words taken literally can be applied to the rational soul of man, and also the human nature of Christ. That St. Thomas accepts it is presumably due to the fact that he found it in possession, and recognized as
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disagree with this assertion. Balkin states that, at a minimum "the fourteenth amendment was intended to prohibit some forms of sex discrimination – discrimination in basic civil rights against single women." Many local marriage laws at the time the 14th
Amendment was ratified (as well as when the
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understanding of personhood. Catechism 2270 reads: "Human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception. From the first moment of his existence, a human being must be recognized as having the rights of a person – among which is the inviolable right of every innocent
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agrees, adding, "Nor is this a dispute about the state imposing a religious or philosophical view. After all, your life and mine are not protected because of some religious or philosophical belief that others are required to have about us. More accurately, the law protects us precisely in spite of
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were found to exist, under what circumstances would they be counted as "persons"? Do we have to consider any "willing and communicative (capable to register its own will) autonomous body" in the universe, no matter the species, an individual (a person)? Do they deserve equal rights with the human
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In March 2007 Georgia became the first state in the nation to introduce a legislative resolution to amend the state constitution to define and recognize the personhood of fetuses. The
Georgia Catholic Conference and National Right to Life supported the effort. The resolution failed to attract the
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has suggested that the focus on the issue of personhood in abortion debates has often been a means for depriving women of their rights. She writes that "the legal double standard concerning the bodily integrity of pregnant and nonpregnant bodies, the construction of women as fetal incubators, the
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with a number of state-level affiliates, which describes itself as a nonprofit Christian ministry. and seeks to ban abortion. Personhood USA was co-founded by Cal Zastrow and Keith Mason in 2008 following the Colorado for Equal Rights campaign to enact a state constitutional personhood amendment.
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Others, such as Colleen Carroll Campbell, say that the personhood movement is a natural progression of society in protecting the equal rights of all members of the human species. She writes, "The basic philosophical premise behind these amendments is eminently reasonable. And the alternative on
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What if personal identity is constituted in, and sustained through, our relations with others, such that were we to erase our relations with our significant others we would also erase the conditions of our self-intelligibility? As it turns out, this erasure... is precisely what is experimentally
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as a "non-human subject" in an unsuccessful habeas corpus case regarding the release of the orangutan from captivity at the Buenos Aires zoo. The status of the orangutan as a "non-human subject" needed to be clarified by the court. Court cases relevant to this orangutan were continuing in 2015.
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Philosopher Thomas I. White argues that the criteria for a person are: is alive, is aware, feels positive and negative sensations, has emotions, has a sense of self, (controls its own behaviour, recognises other persons and treats them appropriately, and has a variety of sophisticated cognitive
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who has the natural inherent capacity to give rise to human functions, whether or not those functions are ever attained. ...A human person who lacks the ability to think rationally (either because she is too young or she suffers from a disability) is still a human person because of her nature.
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Questions pertaining to the personhood of women and the personhood of fetuses have legal and ethical consequences for reproductive rights beyond abortion as well. For example, some fetal homicide laws have resulted in jail time for women suspected of drug use during a pregnancy that ended in a
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In philosophy, the word "person" may refer to various concepts. The concept of personhood is difficult to define in a way that is universally accepted, due to its historical and cultural variability and the controversies surrounding its use in some contexts. Capacities or attributes common to
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to their constitution that "acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right." This was repealed in 2018 by the
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of personhood have been scientifically studied. Typical questions addressed in social psychology are the accuracy of attribution, processes of perception and the formation of bias. Various other scientific and medical disciplines address the myriad of issues in the development of
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has advanced a seven-tiered account based on cognitive capacity and linguistic mastery. Amanda Stoel suggested that rights should be granted based on a scale of degrees of personhood, allowing entities currently denied any right to be recognized some rights, but not as many.
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argues that one person's right to bodily autonomy trumps another's right to life, and therefore abortion does not violate a fetus's right to life: Instead abortion should be understood as the pregnant women withdrawing her own body from use, which causes the fetus to die.
783:, ruled in April 2012 that the proposed amendment was unconstitutional under the federal Constitution and blocked inclusion of the referendum question on the ballot. In October 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the state Supreme Court's ruling.
347:
What is crucial about agents is that things matter to them. We thus cannot simply identify agents by a performance criterion, nor assimilate animals to machines... there are matters of significance for human beings which are peculiarly human, and have no analogue with
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bestowal of 'super-subject' status to the fetus, and the emergence of a father's-rights ideology" demonstrate "that the current terms of the abortion debate – as a contest between fetal claims to personhood and women's right to choose – are limited and misleading."
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ruled that frozen embryos were "extrauterine children" subject to the Wrongful Death of a Minor Act, based on protections for unborn children in the state constitution These protections were added in 2018 by ballot referendum, as Amendment 930 to the
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Processes through which personhood is recognized socially and legally vary cross-culturally, demonstrating that notions of personhood are not universal. Anthropologist Beth Conklin has shown how personhood is tied to social relations among the
661:(IVF), but would not lead to the practice being outlawed. Jonathan F. Will says that the personhood framework could produce significant restrictions on IVF to the extent that reproductive clinics find it impossible to provide the services.
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them or assuming cognitive disability due to the existence of physical disability. The concept of disability as being worse than death can be seen as a denial of disabled people's personhood, such as when medical professionals suggest
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in both chambers required for it to be placed on the ballot. Georgia legislators have filed a personhood resolution every session since 2007. In May 2008 Georgia Right to Life hosted the first nationwide Personhood Symposium targeting
187:. In the 21st century, corporate personhood is an existing Western concept; granting non-human entities personhood, which has also been referred to a "personhood movement", can bridge Western and Indigenous legal systems.
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In general usage, a human being (i.e. natural person), though by statute term may include a firm, labor organizations, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, or
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The criteria for being a person... are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our
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which are simply desires to do or not to do one thing or another. No animal other than man, however, appears to have the capacity for reflective self-evaluation that is manifested in the formation of second-order desires.
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and that legal attributes such as rights, powers, and duties followed the role. The same individuals as actors could play different roles, each with its own legal attributes, sometimes even in the same court appearance.
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The theoretical landscape of personhood theory has been altered recently by controversy in the bioethics community concerning an emerging community of scholars, researchers, and activists identifying with an explicitly
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in the majority opinion when he wrote: "If this suggestion of personhood is established, the appellant's case, of course, collapses, for the fetus' right to life would then be guaranteed specifically by the Amendment."
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of 2002 provides a legal structure that those born at any gestational stage that are either breathing, have heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or any voluntary muscle movement are living, individual human persons.
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Will, Jonathan F. (2013) "Beyond Abortion: Why the personhood movement implicates reproductive choice". American Journal of Law and Medicine. (Boston: American Society of Law and Medicine) 39 (4): 601–602.
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It is because an entity has an essence and falls within a natural kind that it can possess a unity of dispositions, capacities, parts and properties at a given time and can maintain identity through change.
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To a person therefore belongs a threefold incommunicability, expressed in notes (b), (c), and (d). The human soul belongs to the nature as a part of it, and is therefore not a person, even when existing
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In 2006, a 16-year-old girl was charged in Mississippi with murder for the still-birth of her daughter on the basis that the girl had smoked cocaine while pregnant. These charges were later dismissed.
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The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. From this it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual.
1991:
718:, then the very concept of human rights loses meaning. And all of us – born and unborn, strong and weak, young and old – someday will find ourselves on the wrong end of that cruel measuring stick."
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Adults with cognitive disabilities are regularly denied rights generally granted to all adult persons such as the right to marry and consent to sex, and the right to vote. They may also lack legal
777:
Personhood proponents in Oklahoma sought to amend the state constitution to define personhood as beginning at conception. The state Supreme Court, citing the U.S. Supreme Court's 1992 decision in
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Schwartz, Wynn. (1982) The Problem of Other Possible Persons: Dolphins, Primates, and Aliens. in, Advances in Descriptive Psychology, vol 2, (eds: Davis & Mitchel), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
1043:, and related subjects, consider that certain or even all animals should also be considered to be persons and thus granted legal personhood. Commonly named species in this context include the
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system of hardware and software, are eventually created, what criteria would determine their personhood? Likewise, at what point would human-created biological life achieve personhood?
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or theism and deism. Religiously speaking, the degree of personhood granted to a deity (along with their universal centrality to a given religion) may be seen to have an impact on the
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Some medical organizations have described the potential effects of personhood legislation as potentially harmful to patients and the practice of medicine, particularly in the cases of
199:, Brazil. Bruce Knauft's studies of the Gebusi people of Papua New Guinea depict a context in which individuals become persons incrementally, again through social relations. Likewise,
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also failed to gain approval with around 58% of voters disapproving. In an interview after the referendum, Mason ascribed the failure of the initiative to a political campaign run by
377:
What is crucial morally is the being of a person, not his or her functioning. A human person does not come into existence when human function arises, but rather, a human person is an
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approved a constitution to recognize that nature "...has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution."
1850:, the ultimate possessor of his or her nature and all its acts, the ultimate subject of predication of all his or her attributes; that which exists in another is not a person; (d)
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since the 1870s. In 2012, an agreement to grant legal personhood to the river was signed between the New Zealand government and the Whanganui River Māori Trust. One guardian from
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606:
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, many US States have their own definition of personhood which expands upon the federal definition of personhood, and
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is a path of life and a divine field; not exhibiting personhood of itself, but "if well-nourished", is supposedly beneficial towards persons and the components of personhood.
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In the summer of 2008 a citizen initiated amendment was proposed for the Colorado constitution. Three attempts to enact the from-fertilization definition of personhood into
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1716:, thus having an indirect impact on the formation of an individual's personality. The non-centrality of the kami allow an individual to take an ambivalent stance towards
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parliament included restrictions on the use of 'non-human hominids' in research or teaching when passing the Animal Welfare Act (1999). In 2007, the parliament of the
4172:
1209:, had to provide a legally sufficient reason for their imprisonment. This view was rejected and the writ was reversed by the officiating judge shortly thereafter.
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1786:, which often incorporated a small megaphone. The word was transformed from its theater use into a term with strict technical theological meaning by
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activists. This symposium was instrumental in spawning the group Personhood USA and the various state personhood efforts that followed. Voters in 46
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refined the word to mean "an individual substance of a rational nature." This can be re-stated as "that which possesses an intellect and a will."
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1304:"to not be affected by mega-infrastructure and development projects that affect the balance of ecosystems and the local inhabitant communities".
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such discrimination, adding "Nobody ever thought that that's what it meant. Nobody ever voted for that." Many others, including law professor
4062:"Animal Welfare Act 1999 No 142 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 85 Restrictions on use of non-human hominids – New Zealand Legislation"
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2020:
Coklin, Beth A.; Morgan, Lynn M. (1996). "Babies, Bodies, and the Production of Personhood in North America and a Native Amazonian Society".
1938:"Where it is more than simply a synonym for 'human being', 'person' figures primarily in moral and legal discourse. A person is a being with
486:, a far more philosophically sophisticated meditation on personal identity than is found in most of the contemporary literature on the topic.
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has offered a Paradigm Case Formulation of Persons as a format allowing judges to identify qualities of personhood in different entities.
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1410:, sometimes translated as "an integrated, living whole". Efforts to grant it special legal protection have been pursued by the Whanganui
147:
Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate and has been questioned critically during the abolition of human and nonhuman
3389:"What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Reed v. Reed, and how has it affected women's rights in the United States? - eNotes.com"
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with the result being that abortion, as well as forms of birth control that act to deprive the human embryo of necessary sustenance in
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2250:"Abortion, Metaphysics and Morality: A Review of Francis Beckwith's Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice"
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In 2015, for the first time, two chimpanzees, Hercules and Leo, were thought to be "legal persons", having been granted a writ of
299:, a philosopher of the early 6th century CE, gives the definition of "person" as "an individual substance of a rational nature" ("
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1842:-- it must form a complete nature; that which is a part, either actually or "aptitudinally" does not satisfy the definition; (c)
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Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 98–102
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Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person", Philosophical Papers. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97–114
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School of Law, a collection of writings that summarizes his work to date and makes the case for non-human animals as persons.
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4532:"Towards a postmortal society of virtualised ancestors? The Virtual Deceased Person and the preservation of the social bond"
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A political movement in the United States seeks to define the beginning of human personhood as starting from the moment of
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Pollock, First Book of Jurispr. 110. Gray, Nature and Sources of Law, ch. II. Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Edition, p 1300
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1087:, and intricate social rules. The idea of extending personhood to all animals has the support of legal scholars such as
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would still be considered persons. Some animal rights groups have also championed recognition for animals as "persons".
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offer – which severs humanity from personhood – is fraught with peril. If being human is not enough to entitle one to
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over time; and is therefore capable of framing representations about the world, formulating plans and acting on them.
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629:, personhood is the status of a human being having individual human rights. The term was used by Justice Blackmun in
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White, Michael J.; Li, Yan (1991). "Second-Language Fluency and Person Perception in China and the United States".
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1163:. A decade later, Germany guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 amendment to its constitution, becoming the first
424:, "What philosophers have lately come to accept as analysis of the concept of a person is not actually analysis of
4173:"First Time in World History Judge Recognizes Two Chimpanzees as Legal Persons, Grants them Writ of Habeas Corpus"
1806:. Christianity is thus the first philosophical system to use the word "person" in its modern sense. Subsequently,
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4038:"Animal Welfare Act 1999 No 142 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 2 Interpretation – New Zealand Legislation"
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657:, could become illegal. Supporters of the movement also state that it would have some effect on the practice of
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Various concepts of personhood are listed in no particular order with no overarching structure or organization.
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Since the new millennium, treating parts of nature like waterways as persons has become increasingly popular.
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Those who become disabled later in life often experience a change in how they are perceived, including others
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4450:"Turning the Tides: Judge Finds Lake Erie Bill of Rights Unconstitutional - National Agricultural Law Center"
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Finally, in 2019, Sandra was granted nonhuman personhood and freed from captivity to a Florida sanctuary.
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passed joint resolutions. The goal is to protect it long-term given its appeal for energy producers like
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1263:) with standing to own, possess, enter contracts, as well as to sue or be sued in court, or even to be
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1175:, an autonomous province of Spain, passed the world's first legislation granting legal rights to all
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Consequently, it makes sense to speak of a human being’s lack if and only if she is an actual person.
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residents of this state, unborn children have protectable interests in life, health, and well-being.
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courses are (as of 2008) taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the United States. On May 9, 2008,
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on the ballot statewide and passed with a super-majority (66%) of the vote in 158 of 159 counties.
62:
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1823:, i.e., a substance, complete, subsisting per se, existing apart from others (III, Q. xvi, a. 12,
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the traditional definition. He explains it in terms that practically constitute a new definition.
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According to other sources, which also admit that the origin of the term is not completely clear,
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3907:"Lessons in Psychology: Freedom, Liberation, and Reaction: The Problem of Other Possible Persons"
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3303:"LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine, Burdick-Aysenne v. Center for Reproductive Medicine"
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Speculatively, there are several other likely categories of beings where personhood is at issue.
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became the first river in Canada to be granted legal personhood, after the local municipality of
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The legal definition of persons may include or exclude children depending on the context. The US
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4702:
4624:
4155:
3820:
2981:
1962:
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as legal persons. The judges cited Whanganui river in New Zealand as precedent for the action.
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1006:
658:
552:
523:
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4778:
2423:
2166:
2067:
1499:
1332:. It has since the right to flow, maintain biodiversity, be free from pollution, and to sue.
1313:
1230:
1001:. Philosophical arguments have been made against the cognitively disabled being able to have
888:
884:
820:
433:
5757:
3636:
Wang, Violet. “The Right to Sexuality.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 4 June 2019, .
804:
returned full control over regulation of abortion to the states. The concurring decision of
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3691:"The person in the disabled body: a perspective on culture and personhood from the margins"
3320:
3298:
1321:
1268:
1222:
1123:
1084:
1030:
954:
883:
The personhood of women also has consequences for the ethics of abortion. For example, in "
824:
743:
180:
2845:
2569:
Black's Law Dictionary, 5th edition, citing the National Labor Relations Act, section 2(1)
958:
and after slavery was abolished, black men continued to fight for personhood by claiming,
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defines a "person" as being a conscious, thinking being, which knows that it is a person (
8:
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1909:
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brain's thought patterns, memories and other attributes could be transposed into a device
922:
370:
329:
278:
160:
4473:
Meese, James; Nansen, Bjorn; Kohn, Tamara; Arnold, Michael; Gibbs, Martin (2015-10-02).
4259:"In Canadian first, Quebec whitewater river declared legal 'person' with its own rights"
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6708:
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6344:
6324:
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5013:
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2600:
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2249:
2053:
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1968:
1502:, even if a person changed so much as to no longer be considered a member of the human
1190:
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1096:
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771:
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696:
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Proponents of the movement regard personhood as an attempt to directly challenge the
539:
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concept at all." He suggests that the concept of a person is intimately connected to
227:
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54:
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3720:
3702:
3655:
3425:"Justice Scalia: Women Don't Have Constitutional Protection Against Discrimination"
2535:
2397:
P.G Ossorio, The Behavior Of Persons, Ann Arbor: Descriptive Psychology Press, 2013
2307:
2261:
2033:
2029:
1755:
1301:
1256:
1218:
1172:
998:
845:
512:
387:
Francis Beckwith, "Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection"
359:
133:
4548:
4531:
4490:
2747:
1834:, we have a definition comprising the five notes that go to make up a person: (a)
1434:
passed the "Lake Erie Bill of Rights" (LEBOR), which granted personhood rights to
1280:, that corporations have the same rights as natural persons to enforce contracts.
766:, a 2011 initiative to amend the state constitution by referendum in the state of
362:
developed his understanding of the distinctive kind of being which a person is as
6920:
6612:
6423:
6169:
6159:
5860:
4888:
4808:
4773:
4669:
3821:"Personhood Redefined: Animal Rights Strategy Gets at the Essence of Being Human"
3083:
1889:
1473:
1430:
has been granted personhood by the Yurok Tribe. Also in February 2019, voters in
1399:
1133:
Other theorists attempt to demarcate between degrees of personhood. For example,
1088:
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949:
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417:
200:
192:
141:
58:
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2807:
1942:, or a bearer of rights. But underlying the moral status, as its condition, are
1403:
373:, who argues that it is rather the underlying personal unity of the individual:
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6617:
6545:
6289:
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6139:
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6038:
4883:
4308:
3850:
3406:
3263:
A Stillborn Child, A Charge of Murder and the Disputed Case Law on ‘Fetal Harm’
2212:/ Translated by John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson. London: S.C.M., 1962. 32
1617:
1519:
1164:
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934:
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421:
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129:
4235:"Quebec's Magpie River becomes first in Canada to be granted legal personhood"
3707:
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2311:
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2161:
2049:
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1713:
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1427:
1202:
1140:
1040:
739:
734:
650:
527:
333:
164:
3077:
http://www.joniandfriends.org/help-and-resources/other-resources/personhood/
2885:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2003, 71–97.
2295:
1783:
599:
In Federal law, the concept of legal personhood is formalized by statute (1
491:
Nikolas Kompridis, "Technology's Challenge to Democracy: What of the Human?"
6751:
6678:
6457:
6447:
6366:
6116:
6023:
5973:
5838:
5833:
5747:
5709:
4768:
4681:
4108:"Campaigns | Dolphin + Whale Project | International Marine Mammal Project"
3783:
3734:
3514:
3317:"Alabama Supreme Court rules frozen embryos are 'children' under state law"
2441:
2361:
2319:
2273:
1762:, when it became apparent that different individuals could assume the same
1759:
1431:
1361:
1325:
1260:
1252:
1134:
1005:. In many countries, including the US, psychiatric illness can be cited to
1002:
850:
808:
cited Christian theology to support the decision, raising complaints about
721:
715:
504:
496:
393:
369:
Others also dispute functional criteria of personhood, such as philosopher
310:
274:
156:
125:
1451:
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is a concept long debated by religion and philosophy. With respect to the
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6736:
6686:
6668:
6579:
6540:
6334:
6245:
6228:
5843:
4284:"Colombian Supreme Court Recognizes Rights of the Amazon River Ecosystem"
2265:
1705:
spirituality (thus avoiding fully declared non-spirituality) because the
1507:
1379:
1248:
1168:
960:
864:
858:
grants equal protection to all "persons". In 2011, Supreme Court Justice
767:
706:
638:
631:
113:
4558:
2208:
Heidegger, Martin. "The Ontological Priority of the Question of Being."
378:
196:
6761:
6101:
4499:
4430:"Hello! My Name Is…Erie? Personhood for the Great Lakes | LawSci Forum"
3689:
Agmon, Maayan; Sa’ar, Amalia; Araten-Bergman, Tal (15 September 2016).
2982:"lifeissues.net | Mississippi Personhood Amendment Should be Supported"
2381:
Harry G. Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person",
1914:
1787:
1721:
1710:
1662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1594:
1345:
1264:
1226:
1176:
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1100:
1056:
1018:
755:
726:
322:
318:
101:
3863:"Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason", Val Plumwood
2058:
1522:? Would the patient still be considered a person after the operation?
1467:, as Most sentences are questions; should be rewritten as statements..
844:
guaranteed women in the right to vote, it was not until 1971 that the
203:
has also examined the construction of personhood in Papua New Guinea.
6807:
6802:
6769:
6741:
6629:
6624:
6560:
6535:
6482:
6396:
6111:
6043:
2832:
2124:
To Sing With Pigs Is Human: The Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea
1435:
1418:
and one from the Whanganui are responsible for protecting the river.
1194:
938:
450:
Harry G. Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"
429:
326:
314:
109:
4335:"Ganges and Yamuna rivers granted same legal rights as human beings"
3774:
3757:
3538:
Quaker Constitutionalism and the Political Thought of John Dickinson
3245:"U.S. Supreme Court declines to review Oklahoma personhood decision"
2339:|first=J. P.|title=James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate 2=
1992:"This Canadian river is now legally a person. It's not the only one"
1637:
896:
miscarriage, like one Alabama woman who was sentenced to ten years.
798:, and gained relevance when the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision in
6816:
6788:
6774:
6641:
6607:
6565:
6550:
6510:
6255:
5848:
4823:
4763:
4640:
4132:"Dolphins gain unprecedented protection in India | DW | 24.05.2013"
2464:, Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, January 10, 2010; Midgley, Mary.
1807:
1747:
1064:
1048:
1036:
759:
669:
522:
Another approach to personhood, Paradigm Case Formulation, used in
296:
172:
168:
152:
3211:"Personhood USA Blames Planned Parenthood For Loss in Mississippi"
2595:
2593:
1701:
Many generally non-religious Japanese people maintain a degree of
1109:
Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation
396:
and moral belief referred to as the substance view of personhood.
6812:
6797:
6793:
6555:
6505:
6497:
6487:
6391:
6379:
6238:
6134:
6128:
3588:"A Radical New Ploy to Destroy Roe v. Wade—Which Just Might Work"
2641:"Numerous flaws in 'personhood' movement, says family law expert"
2224:"Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection"
1803:
1734:
1717:
1511:
1510:
replaced before one loses their personhood? also in the case for
1503:
1367:
1297:
1076:
1060:
1052:
926:
915:
904:
516:
148:
121:
3646:
Kittay, Eva Feder (2008). "At the Margins of Moral Personhood".
3407:"Timeline of Personhood Rights and Powers, by Jan Edwards et al"
758:
have failed. Following two attempts to enact similar changes in
6784:
6597:
6530:
6470:
6465:
6272:
5939:
4598:
2590:
1799:
1754:. Its meaning in the latter Roman period changed to indicate a
1702:
1691:
1624:
its interaction with others, they could be considered persons.
1387:
1383:
1122:
Those who oppose personhood for non-human animals are known as
1080:
911:
854:
that the law cannot discriminate between the sexes because the
412:
J. P Moreland, "James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate"
363:
290:
286:
176:
137:
97:
2774:"Toughest U.S. Abortion Law Nears Passage in Mississippi Vote"
2697:
612:
declined to overturn the state of Missouri's law stating that
6592:
6520:
6071:
3799:
Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights
3443:"Supreme Court Justice Scalia Takes On Women's Rights - TIME"
2620:"'Personhood' Anti-Abortion Movement Gains National Momentum"
1515:
1183:
837:
668:
A precursor to the Personhood Alliance was Personhood USA, a
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
4475:"Posthumous personhood and the affordances of digital media"
3563:"Moral and Philosophical Arguments Against Fetal Personhood"
2869:"Doctors call Mississippi "personhood" initiative dangerous"
1247:
are legally considered persons. In many jurisdictions, some
6602:
6144:
4609:
4584:. Crestwood: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997, pp. 27–49
3192:"Anti-abortion 'personhood' amendment fails in Mississippi"
2765:
2408:"Technology's Challenge to Democracy: What of the Human?",
2028:(4). American Anthropological Association, Wiley: 657–694.
1846:--the person exists in itself and for itself; he or she is
1763:
1706:
1068:
3226:"Group requests personhood appeal from U.S. Supreme Court"
2883:
Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body
2500:
1821:
substantia, completa, per se subsistens, separata ab aliia
392:
This belief in the underlying unity of an individual is a
3654:(2–3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 137–156.
3202:
2808:"Personhood USA Launches Petition Drive To Ban Abortions"
2611:
1695:
1411:
1240:
1072:
1044:
941:
in the United States became citizens. In 1870, under the
285:, a notion of the past and future, and the possession of
105:
4582:
Being As Communion: Studies in Personhood and the Church
3688:
3275:
Judge dismisses Rennie Gibbs' depraved heart murder case
3170:"Mississippi voters reject life at conception amendment"
2296:"The explanatory power of the substance view of persons"
1858:, which has no existence apart from the individual; (e)
1724:
and understandings of personhood by mortal individuals.
1035:
Some philosophers and those involved in animal welfare,
3804:
3639:
2784:
1267:, in selected jurisdictions. This is known as legal or
840:
has important legal consequences. Although in 1920 the
511:
abilities. While many of White's criteria are somewhat
4361:"Agreement entitles Whanganui River to legal identity"
4232:
4194:"Judge reverses 'human rights' status for chimpanzees"
2643:. Washington University in St. Louis. November 7, 2011
4472:
3143:"Colorado Definition of Person, Initiative 48 (2008)"
2724:"Georgia Right to Life Forms National Pro-Life Group"
1608:
Ethics of artificial intelligence § Robot rights
590:". According to Black's Law Dictionary, a person is:
575:
Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
3932:"MINDS THAT MATTER: SEVEN DEGREES OF MORAL STANDING"
3285:"Sanctity of Unborn life", Article I, §36.06 of the
2793:"Mississippi voters reject anti-abortion initiative"
2150:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97–114.
2099:
The Gebusi: Lives Transformed in a Rainforest World
3977:"Germany guarantees animal rights in constitution"
3097:"Georgia Voters Say 'YES' to Personhood Amendment"
1961:
1601:
1514:If people are considered persons because of their
100:. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in
4309:"Ecuador Adopts Rights of Nature in Constitution"
3164:
3162:
2660:
2170:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company
1746:, with the same meaning, and that from the Greek
1378:In 2017, a court in the northern Indian state of
1352:granted the Amazon river ecosystem legal rights.
140:, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and
7224:
4156:"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit"
3953:"THE MEME OF ALTRUISM AND DEGREES OF PERSONHOOD"
3297:
2462:Fellow Champions Dolphins as “Non-Human Persons”
2343:"James Rachels and the Active Euthanasia Debate"
1963:"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit"
1950:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, 97.
4405:"Lake Erie now has legal rights, just like you"
2477:, Ann Arbor: Descriptive Psychology Press, 2013
2439:
1709:are not as central to the Shinto religion as a
3503:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 1776.
3358:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
3159:
2895:Campbell, Colleen Carroll (November 2, 2011).
2771:
2350:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1782:, with an obvious link to the above-mentioned
972:The legal definition of "person" has excluded
436:according to first- and second-order desires:
5955:
4625:
3208:
2790:
2617:
1126:or human supremacists, and more pejoratively
542:and other disciplines, phenomena such as the
440:Besides wanting and choosing and being moved
420:writes that, in reference to a definition by
43:The examples and perspective in this article
6859:
6639:
4358:
3790:
2019:
1189:In 2014, a hybrid, zoo-born orangutan named
801:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
687:decision, thus filling a legal void left by
206:
4084:
3971:
3969:
3585:
3333:
3189:
2229:. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
2146:Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person",
2126:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1989:
5962:
5948:
4632:
4618:
3823:. Association of American Medical Colleges
3796:
3695:International Journal for Equity in Health
3461:"Let's Put It in Writing: Women Are Equal"
3336:"Opinion: Alabama ushers in the theocracy"
3242:
1506:. For example, how much of a human can be
503:). She also wrote that the law can create
480:dramatized in the “science fiction” film,
4557:
4547:
4498:
4386:"Tribe Gives Personhood To Klamath River"
4251:
3929:
3773:
3724:
3706:
2846:"Catholics and the Personhood Initiative"
2528:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
2057:
1678:Learn how and when to remove this message
1573:Learn how and when to remove this message
1283:
568:In 1983, the people of Ireland added the
475:, or interpersonal, basis to personhood:
353:Charles Taylor, "The Concept of a Person"
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
6847:
4313:Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature
4017:
3966:
3904:
3243:Hoberbrock, Barbara (October 30, 2012).
3223:
2894:
2866:
2340:
2293:
2254:The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy
903:
836:In the United States, the personhood of
725:the beliefs of others who, in their own
637:
4529:
3881:Dementia: Living in the Memories of God
3877:
3805:Darwin, Meet Dershowitz (Winter 2002).
3560:
3535:
2525:
2501:Schneider; Hastdorf; Ellsworth (1979).
2121:
1402:of New Zealand is revered by the local
1274:In 1819, the US Supreme Court ruled in
609:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
432:, and describes the structure of human
14:
7225:
4530:Hurtado, Joshua Hurtado (2021-01-25).
4402:
3960:Journal of Personal Cyberconsciousness
3758:"Comfort Care as Denial of Personhood"
3645:
3477:
2926:Pavone, Fr. Frank (November 2, 2011).
2925:
2721:
2661:Michelle Goldberg (October 24, 2011).
2159:
2153:
2096:
1959:
1798:), in order to distinguish the three "
1525:
325:, the term may designate any human or
301:Naturæ rationalis individua substantia
273:definitions of personhood can include
6846:
6203:
5943:
4613:
4233:Chloe Rose Stuart-Ulin (2021-02-24).
4206:
4175:. Nonhuman Rights Project. 2015-04-20
3950:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3755:
3586:Zuylen-Wood, Simon van (2011-09-02).
2881:Susan Bordo, "Are Mothers Persons?",
2487:
2485:
2483:
2393:
2391:
2294:Beckwith, Francis (January 1, 2004).
2247:
2101:(3 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1976:from the original on 24 January 2010.
1007:imprison an adult without due process
937:. In 1868, under the 14th Amendment,
876:and in the contemporaneously drafted
483:Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
4794:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
4378:
4226:
4078:
3962:. Terasem Movement, Inc. p. 35.
3813:
3445:. September 23, 2010. Archived from
2897:"Personhood begins when life begins"
2805:
2385:, Vol. 68, No.1 (Jan 14, 1971), 5–7.
2221:
1985:
1983:
1660:adding citations to reliable sources
1631:
1529:
1445:
1024:
914:used during the campaign to abolish
210:
29:
4869:Societal attitudes towards abortion
4789:Legalized abortion and crime effect
4359:Shuttleworth, Kate (Aug 30, 2012).
4020:"German animals given legal rights"
3561:Hammers, Camels With (2014-06-13).
2772:Esmé E. Deprez (November 4, 2011).
2430:. Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 52–62.
1774:could be related to the Latin verb
1690:In China's religious philosophy of
1021:to non-suicidal disabled patients.
967:
945:, black men got the right to vote.
642:Personhood protest in front of the
108:and is closely tied with legal and
24:
6205:
6204:
4819:Misinformation related to abortion
4729:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
3998:"Germany guarantees animal rights"
3898:
3866:
3356:"Article 5, The Fifth Commandment"
3099:(Press release). ChristianNewsWire
3094:
3054:"SR 420 2013-2014 Regular Session"
3030:"SR 153 2011-2012 Regular Session"
3006:"SR 328 2009-2010 Regular Session"
2958:"HR 536 2007-2008 Regular Session"
2843:
2791:Rich Phillips (November 9, 2011).
2601:"Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)"
2480:
2388:
1545:tone or style may not reflect the
1441:
1421:
25:
7284:
4734:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
4591:
4427:
3334:Ruth Marcus (February 20, 2024).
3224:Krehbiel, Randy (July 31, 2012).
2503:Person Perception. Second Edition
1980:
1960:Liptak, Adam (January 21, 2010).
1900:Ethics of artificial intelligence
1151:In 1992, Switzerland amended its
986:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
7207:
7206:
5969:
5924:
5923:
4597:
4574:
4523:
4466:
4442:
4421:
4396:
4352:
4332:
4326:
4301:
4276:
4200:
4186:
4165:
4148:
3501:Constitution of New Jersey, 1776
3478:Balkin, Jack (January 4, 2011).
3123:results.enr.clarityelections.com
2440:Thomas I. White (June 2, 2010).
1862:--excludes all non-intellectual
1636:
1555:guide to writing better articles
1534:
1450:
1342:Constitutional Court of Colombia
1085:apparent intelligence, sentience
580:
215:
34:
4879:Termination for medical reasons
4124:
4100:
4054:
4030:
4018:Connolly, Kate (22 June 2002).
4011:
3990:
3944:
3923:
3884:. SCM Press. pp. 128–129.
3857:
3835:
3756:Peace, William J. (July 2012).
3749:
3682:
3630:
3620:"Pub.L. 107-207, 116 Stat. 926"
3612:
3579:
3554:
3529:
3507:
3493:
3471:
3453:
3435:
3417:
3399:
3381:
3370:
3348:
3327:
3309:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3183:
3135:
3111:
3088:
3070:
3046:
3022:
2998:
2974:
2950:
2919:
2888:
2875:
2860:
2837:
2825:
2799:
2740:
2722:Wirthe, Michelle (2014-06-17).
2715:
2690:
2673:
2654:
2633:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2519:
2494:
2467:
2455:
2433:
2417:
2400:
2375:
2333:
2287:
2241:
2215:
2202:
2193:
2148:Philosophical Papers. Volume 1.
1948:Philosophical Papers. Volume 1.
1854:--this excludes the universal,
1838:-- this excludes accident; (b)
1758:of a theatrical performance or
1727:
1647:needs additional citations for
1602:Artificial intelligence or life
1212:
6848:
3979:. Associated Press. 2002-05-18
3540:. Cambridge University Press.
2806:Moon, Patti (March 15, 2012).
2248:Nobis, Nathan (May 19, 2011).
2184:
2140:
2115:
2090:
2034:10.1525/eth.1996.24.4.02a00040
2013:
1953:
1932:
1393:
810:separation of church and state
13:
1:
7273:Concepts in social philosophy
4724:Beginning of human personhood
4549:10.1080/13576275.2021.1878349
4491:10.1080/13576275.2015.1083724
4207:Vidal, John (10 April 2011).
4087:"Going ape over human rights"
3905:Schwartz, Wynn (2013-06-30).
3648:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
2867:Rob Mank (November 4, 2011).
2812:News Channel 13, ABC Colorado
1925:
1738:is probably derived from the
1300:passed a law recognizing the
1277:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1205:. This meant their detainer,
623:beginning of human personhood
185:beginning of human personhood
4834:Paternal rights and abortion
4639:
4403:Samuel, Sigal (2019-02-26).
3878:Swinton, John (2017-01-31).
3515:"New Jersey Women's History"
3273:The Dispatch, 3 April 2014:
3209:Laura Bassett (2011-11-09).
2618:Laura Bassett (2011-11-08).
1905:Natural person in French law
1344:granted legal rights to the
796:Alabama Constitution of 1901
7:
4759:Ethical aspects of abortion
3261:ProPublica, 18 March 2014:
2663:"Will Mississippi Ban IVF?"
1996:National Geographic Society
1883:
1627:
1463:to comply with Knowledge's
1335:
1322:Innu Council of Ekuanitshit
1239:In statutory and corporate
1193:was termed by the court in
992:
979:
933:, but not elsewhere in the
878:French Constitution of 1791
874:Declaration of Independence
780:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
644:United States Supreme Court
533:
235:. The specific problem is:
124:. According to law, only a
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
7289:
6054:Weberian (three-component)
4719:Abortion and mental health
4239:Canada's National Observer
4085:Thomas Rose (2007-08-02).
3930:Friedland, Julian (2004).
3377:Equal Protection for Women
3190:Aaron Blake (2011-11-08).
2928:"Taking 'personhood' back"
1990:Chloe Berge (2022-04-15).
1605:
1359:
1355:
1291:
1216:
1028:
929:was unsupported by law in
899:
814:
563:
7202:
7143:
7035:
7003:
6970:
6896:
6868:
6855:
6842:
6760:
6717:
6677:
6659:
6578:
6496:
6456:
6365:
6358:
6313:
6216:
6212:
6199:
6062:
6016:
6012:
5983:
5919:
5869:
5781:
5708:
5633:
5562:
5481:
5248:
5072:
4909:
4902:
4711:
4698:Abortion-rights movements
4690:
4647:
3847:Animal Legal Defense Fund
3797:Dershowitz, Alan (2004).
3708:10.1186/s12939-016-0437-2
3660:10.1007/s11673-008-9102-9
2424:"Persons and non-persons"
2383:The Journal of Philosophy
2312:10.1080/13803600490489861
2122:Goodale, Jane C. (1995).
1588:
1498:position, which supports
1350:Supreme Court of Colombia
1330:Innergex Renewable Energy
1307:
1105:Columbia University Press
952:became famous for asking
558:
471:, there might also be an
332:who possesses continuous
207:Philosophical definitions
96:is the status of being a
7176:Pre-industrial East Asia
4959:Central African Republic
4744:Abortion under communism
3624:frwebgate.access.gpo.gov
3480:"Scalia on Sex Equality"
2540:10.1177/0261927X91102002
2426:, in Peter Singer (ed),
2341:Moreland, J. P. (1988).
2160:Geddes, Leonard (1911).
1895:Environmental personhood
1614:artificial intelligences
1476:may contain suggestions.
1461:may need to be rewritten
1373:
1155:to recognize animals as
831:
791:Supreme Court of Alabama
752:U.S. state constitutions
27:Status of being a person
6224:Administrative detainee
5794:Dilation and evacuation
5743:Conscientious objection
5728:History of abortion law
4754:Crisis pregnancy center
4703:Anti-abortion movements
4454:nationalaglawcenter.org
3287:Constitution of Alabama
3119:"GA - Election Results"
2475:The Behavior of Persons
515:, some animals such as
179:, and in debates about
6640:
5799:Dilation and curettage
5763:Late-term restrictions
5283:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4859:Sex-selective abortion
4739:Anti-abortion violence
4365:The New Zealand Herald
4209:"Sunday 10 April 2011"
4154:For corporations, see
3951:Stoel, Amanda (2012).
3762:Hastings Center Report
3536:Calvert, Jane (2009).
3517:. Alice Paul Institute
3172:. BBC. 9 November 2011
2097:Knauft, Bruce (2012).
1940:a certain moral status
1881:
1312:In February 2021, the
1284:Environmental entities
1235:Foundation (nonprofit)
1207:Stony Brook University
918:
789:In February 2024, the
689:Justice Harry Blackmun
659:in-vitro fertilization
646:
619:
597:
524:descriptive psychology
494:
465:
453:
415:
403:clarifies this point:
390:
356:
7181:Pre-industrial Europe
5856:Self-induced abortion
4854:Self-induced abortion
4779:Genetics and abortion
4675:Philosophical aspects
4580:Met. John Zizioulas,
4392:. September 29, 2019.
3911:Lessons in Psychology
3807:The Animals' Advocate
3301:(February 16, 2024).
2907:on September 18, 2012
2834:Retrieved 2014-11-02.
2428:In Defense of Animals
2222:Beckwith, Francis J.
2167:Catholic Encyclopedia
1876:Catholic Encyclopedia
1812:
1500:morphological freedom
1314:Magpie River (Quebec)
1231:Voluntary association
1167:member to do so. The
1124:human exceptionalists
1041:the rights of animals
907:
889:Judith Jarvis Thomson
885:A Defense of Abortion
823:has advanced a human
641:
614:
592:
538:As an application of
477:
454:
438:
405:
375:
345:
7038: or countries
6849:By country or region
6087:Class discrimination
5819:Menstrual extraction
5768:Parental involvement
5230:United Arab Emirates
4844:Prenatal development
4606:at Wikimedia Commons
4162:, December 21, 2014.
4112:savedolphins.eii.org
3843:"Animal law courses"
3323:. February 20, 2024.
3321:The Associated Press
1830:If to this be added
1819:signifies, he says,
1817:Individua substantia
1656:improve this article
1269:corporate personhood
1223:Corporate personhood
1031:Great ape personhood
242:improve this section
231:to meet Knowledge's
181:corporate personhood
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
6570:Vanniar (Chieftain)
5829:Abortifacient drugs
5549:Trinidad and Tobago
4864:Sidewalk counseling
4849:Reproductive rights
4814:Minors and abortion
4066:legislation.govt.nz
4042:legislation.govt.nz
3937:Between the Species
3567:Camels With Hammers
3341:The Washington Post
2938:on February 5, 2013
2932:The Washington Post
2901:The Washington Post
2831:Pro-Life Profiles,
2752:Personhood Alliance
2702:Personhood Alliance
2698:"Map of Affiliates"
2406:Nikolas Kompridis,
2300:Christian Bioethics
1910:Nonperson treatment
1526:Hypothetical beings
1518:, then what if the
1083:, because of their
976:in some countries.
722:Father Frank Pavone
371:Francis J. Beckwith
161:reproductive rights
151:, in debates about
7151:18th-century Spain
7005:Standard of living
6709:Upper middle class
6704:Lower middle class
6295:Political prisoner
6077:Chattering classes
6049:Spoon class theory
5723:Constitutional law
5514:Dominican Republic
4839:Post-abortion care
4799:Limit of viability
4784:Late-term abortion
3801:. pp. 198–99.
3431:. January 3, 2011.
3213:. Huffington Post.
3082:2014-03-01 at the
2986:www.lifeissues.net
2754:. 20 November 2018
2704:. 12 November 2018
2505:. Addison Wesley.
2266:10.1093/jmp/jhr015
1969:The New York Times
1944:certain capacities
1860:rationalis naturae
1856:substantia secunda
1832:rationalis naturae
1616:, intelligent and
1117:Rutgers University
1097:Harvard Law School
974:indigenous peoples
919:
806:Justice Tom Parker
772:Planned Parenthood
685:U.S. Supreme Court
647:
462:Harry G. Frankfurt
7253:Legal terminology
7220:
7219:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7031:
7030:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6732:Lumpenproletariat
6234:illegal immigrant
6195:
6194:
6107:Classless society
5937:
5936:
5789:Vacuum aspiration
5704:
5703:
4602:Media related to
4000:. CNN. 2002-06-21
3891:978-0-334-04964-7
3626:. August 5, 2002.
3547:978-0-521-88436-5
2622:. Huffington Post
2580:"Policy Research"
2002:on April 15, 2022
1920:Valladolid debate
1852:separata ab aliis
1844:per se subsistens
1688:
1687:
1680:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1549:used on Knowledge
1547:encyclopedic tone
1491:
1490:
1465:quality standards
1257:juridical persons
1245:social constructs
1113:Gary L. Francione
1025:Non-human animals
931:England and Wales
540:social psychology
526:and developed by
469:Nikolas Kompridis
306:According to the
270:
269:
262:
233:quality standards
224:This section may
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
18:Non-human animals
16:(Redirected from
7280:
7210:
7209:
7037:
6938:Mexican-American
6866:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6844:
6843:
6645:
6588:Business magnate
6478:Knowledge worker
6363:
6362:
6251:dual or multiple
6214:
6213:
6201:
6200:
6155:Social exclusion
6150:Social cleansing
6064:
6014:
6013:
6003:Economic classes
5964:
5957:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5927:
5926:
5824:Medical abortion
5758:Informed consent
5748:Fetal protection
5600:Papua New Guinea
5590:Marshall Islands
4907:
4906:
4829:One-child policy
4634:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4502:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4263:Montreal CTVnews
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4196:. 21 April 2015.
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4169:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3849:. Archived from
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3728:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3592:The New Republic
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3467:. June 10, 2011.
3457:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3299:Justice Mitchell
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:Becker, Daniel.
3092:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:www.legis.ga.gov
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3034:www.legis.ga.gov
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:www.legis.ga.gov
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2962:www.legis.ga.gov
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2903:. Archived from
2892:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2748:"Mission/Vision"
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:"Dolphin people"
2437:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1998:. Archived from
1987:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1879:
1792:Adversus Praxean
1780:sounding through
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1640:
1632:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:for suggestions.
1553:See Knowledge's
1538:
1537:
1530:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1454:
1446:
1302:rights of nature
1219:Juridical person
1173:Balearic Islands
1145:Julian Friedland
968:Original peoples
955:Ain't I a Woman?
925:determined that
923:Somersett's Case
846:US Supreme Court
828:being to life."
570:Eighth Amendment
492:
463:
451:
413:
388:
360:Martin Heidegger
354:
313:tradition, from
293:, among others.
265:
258:
254:
251:
245:
219:
218:
211:
134:juridical person
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7248:Equality rights
7238:Abortion debate
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7190:
7139:
7027:
6999:
6966:
6950:Underprivileged
6892:
6851:
6850:
6826:
6756:
6713:
6673:
6655:
6574:
6492:
6452:
6354:
6309:
6208:
6207:
6191:
6170:Social position
6160:Social mobility
6058:
6008:
5979:
5978:
5968:
5938:
5933:
5915:
5865:
5861:Unsafe abortion
5777:
5773:Spousal consent
5733:Laws by country
5700:
5629:
5610:Solomon Islands
5558:
5477:
5403:North Macedonia
5244:
5195:Northern Cyprus
5068:
4898:
4889:Unsafe abortion
4774:Forced abortion
4707:
4686:
4670:Abortion debate
4643:
4638:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4528:
4524:
4471:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4333:Safi, Michael.
4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4241:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4016:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3841:
3840:
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3809:. Vol. 21.
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2065:
2064:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1981:
1958:
1954:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1890:Abortion debate
1886:
1880:
1874:
1796:Against Praxeas
1784:theatrical mask
1732:The Latin word
1730:
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1673:
1667:
1664:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1610:
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1591:
1579:
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1543:This article's
1539:
1535:
1528:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1468:
1455:
1444:
1442:Modified humans
1424:
1400:Whanganui River
1396:
1382:recognized the
1376:
1364:
1358:
1348:; in 2018, the
1338:
1310:
1294:
1286:
1255:are considered
1237:
1217:Main articles:
1215:
1089:Alan Dershowitz
1033:
1027:
995:
982:
970:
950:Sojourner Truth
902:
834:
817:
701:molar pregnancy
627:abortion debate
583:
566:
561:
536:
513:anthropocentric
493:
490:
473:intersubjective
464:
461:
452:
449:
418:Harry Frankfurt
414:
411:
389:
386:
355:
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311:epistemological
266:
255:
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239:
220:
216:
209:
201:Jane C. Goodale
142:legal liability
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52:
39:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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7258:Legal concepts
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7243:Egalitarianism
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7203:
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7156:Ancient Greece
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6290:Migrant worker
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6186:Status Anxiety
6182:
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6162:
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6140:Ranked society
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6082:Class conflict
6079:
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6065: topics
6060:
6059:
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6039:Mudsill theory
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5804:Intact D&X
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5473:United Kingdom
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5298:Czech Republic
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4894:Women's rights
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4884:Toxic abortion
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4592:External links
4590:
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4522:
4485:(4): 408–420.
4465:
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4077:
4053:
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3856:
3853:on 2008-03-06.
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3528:
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3449:on 2010-09-23.
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2260:(3): 261–273.
2240:
2214:
2210:Being and Time
2201:
2192:
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2152:
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2132:
2114:
2108:978-0078034923
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2012:
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1924:
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1360:Main article:
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1259:(a subtype of
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1165:European Union
1093:Laurence Tribe
1026:
1023:
994:
991:
981:
978:
969:
966:
943:15th Amendment
935:British Empire
909:Am I not a man
901:
898:
860:Antonin Scalia
856:14th amendment
842:19th Amendment
833:
830:
825:exceptionalist
816:
813:
735:super majority
674:umbrella group
588:natural person
582:
579:
565:
562:
560:
557:
535:
532:
501:self-awareness
488:
459:
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422:P. F. Strawson
409:
401:J. P. Moreland
384:
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341:Charles Taylor
283:self-awareness
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177:ethical theory
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49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
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7268:Transhumanism
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7135:United States
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6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Socioeconomic
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:Social stigma
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6165:Social orphan
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:Nouveau riche
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:Class traitor
6095:
6093:
6092:Class society
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Gilbert model
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5930:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Six-week bans
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:South America
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5554:United States
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:North America
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Liechtenstein
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Malthusianism
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Birth control
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4431:
4424:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4088:
4081:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2848:. CatholiCity
2847:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2778:Bloomberg.com
2775:
2768:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:(2): 99–113.
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2512:0-201-06768-4
2508:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2076:|format=
2069:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:in his work,
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:, literally:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:This section
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1566:
1563:February 2024
1556:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:transhumanist
1485:
1482:February 2024
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1459:This section
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Klamath River
1426:In 2019, the
1422:United States
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:In 2016, the
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:legal persons
1258:
1254:
1253:organizations
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:habeas corpus
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Wynn Schwartz
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:by Professor
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1014:infantilizing
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
977:
975:
965:
964:
962:
957:
956:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
913:
910:
906:
897:
893:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
869:
866:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
829:
826:
822:
812:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
784:
782:
781:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
740:anti-abortion
736:
730:
728:
723:
719:
717:
711:
708:
704:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:fertilization
645:
640:
636:
634:
633:
628:
624:
618:
613:
611:
610:
604:
602:
596:
591:
589:
581:United States
578:
576:
571:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
528:Peter Ossorio
525:
520:
518:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
487:
485:
484:
476:
474:
470:
467:According to
458:
446:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
408:
404:
402:
397:
395:
383:
380:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
349:
344:
342:
339:According to
337:
335:
334:consciousness
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
264:
261:
253:
243:
238:
234:
230:
229:
222:
213:
212:
204:
202:
198:
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:activism, in
166:
165:animal rights
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
82:
74:
71:December 2012
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7263:Human rights
7186:Soviet Union
7161:Ancient Rome
7018:Homelessness
6943:Upper Middle
6815: /
6796: /
6787: /
6752:Working poor
6648:
6635:Robber baron
6458:Intellectual
6448:Royal family
6412:Ancient Rome
6266:second-class
6184:
6127:
6126: /
6121:
6117:High society
6024:Elite theory
6001:
5994:
5987:
5974:Social class
5884:Christianity
5839:Mifepristone
5834:Methotrexate
5814:Instillation
5738:Buffer zones
5210:Saudi Arabia
5039:South Africa
5034:Sierra Leone
4939:Burkina Faso
4809:Men's rights
4769:Fetal rights
4682:Abortion law
4581:
4576:
4559:10138/353467
4539:
4535:
4525:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4457:. Retrieved
4453:
4444:
4433:. Retrieved
4423:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4339:The Guardian
4338:
4328:
4316:. Retrieved
4312:
4303:
4292:. Retrieved
4290:. 2018-04-20
4287:
4278:
4267:. Retrieved
4265:. 2021-02-23
4262:
4253:
4242:. Retrieved
4238:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4213:The Guardian
4212:
4202:
4188:
4177:. Retrieved
4167:
4159:
4150:
4139:. Retrieved
4135:
4126:
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