2247:
742:, "mouth," in this composition, and like in the other passages her birth corresponds to Enki announcing a specific body part. Ninti makes a similarly brief appearance as her sister, rather than mother, according to Dina Katz because the names of the eight deities in this scene were "not selected for theological reasons but to suit body parts," with Ninti's name being reinterpreted as a pun on the word
642:
in 1964, with later revisions made in 1991. It is commonly quoted in professional literature today. Three copies are presently known, one from Nippur and two from unknown locations. Due to lack of references to historical events and the purposely archaic style of literary texts it is not possible to
667:
indicate that the instructions given in the hymn as usually translated do not fully align with known information about the production of beer in ancient
Mesopotamia, which creates the need for further analysis and a retranslation of fragments of the composition in accordance with newer discoveries.
498:
with an explanatory column they are stated to be sisters instead. According to
Richard L. Litke, a tradition in which Ninkasi was the wife of Siraš, in this case seemingly treated as a male deity, might be attested in a single source, most likely a late copy of an Old Babylonian list of deities,
676:. It is also likely that the references to honey present in the hymn are a purely literary device meant to highlight the quality and aroma of beer prepared by Ninkasi, as it was an expensive luxury good and as such was not used to prepare any ordinary drinks. In administrative texts, only
499:
though he notes it might also be interpreted as a reference to the two being sisters instead. According to
Manfred Krebernik, no references to either of them having a spouse is known. A further deity associated with both of them was Patindu, a god linked with ritual
571:, commonly regarded as his mother in law, who in addition to being a goddess of writing was also associated with grain, which was also indirectly linked to Ninkasi as the main resource used to produce beer. A single document in which Ninkasi appears alongside
464:
rather than by her mother. Ninhursag was generally not associated with raising children otherwise, and the childhood of deities is typically not described in
Mesopotamian texts. It is possible that a deity corresponding to Ninti precedes Ninkasi and
567:, Ninimma, Ennugi, Kusu, Ninšar and Ninkasi appears in an offering list from the Ur III period and in an esoteric explanatory text. It has been proposed that Ninkasi's classification as a deity from the circle of Enlil relied on his link with
714:, the passage about the goddess should be understood as a part of an elaborate metaphorical description of beer Lugalbanda plans to serve, and she is not herself a participant in the events of the myth. She is also referenced in passing in
516:"), Mekù (or Menkù, "beautiful me" or "beautiful crown"), Ememete (or Menmete, "ornate speech" or "ornate crown"), Kitušgirizal ("magnificent seat") and Nušiligga ("not drying up"). Additionally, according to Andrew R. George, the
1918:
301:, but there is no evidence that she was the tutelary deity of a specific city at any point in time. She was instead worshiped as a "universal" deity in various parts of Mesopotamia. While a city is mentioned in the
246:
described her as "one of (...) minor deities without a strongly defined personality who merely symbolise the object or phenomenon that they are associated with." While he also described her as a divine barmaid,
203:, which appears in names of both male and female deities, and the name of a product, place or object. In one of the earliest Mesopotamian god lists, some forty percent of the deities have names starting with
607:, possibly in reference to the use of fire in beer production, though it has been called into question if it was necessary, and experiments show that it is plausible that Mesopotamian brewers relied on cold
210:
It has been proposed that the deity KAŠ.DIN.NAM should be understood as a late form of
Ninkasi. A second attested spelling of this name is KAŠ.DIN.NU. The Sumerian compound KAŠ.DIN represents the word
289:
It is possible that in art
Ninkasi was depicted holding a cup. Furthermore, she might be among the deities shown in banquet scenes on items such as gaming boards and fragments of musical instruments.
684:
products are attested as ingredients used in brewing, not honey or herbs. Even researchers who do assume aromatics were actually used admit it is uncertain if the flavor would survive fermentation.
440:
periods, examples include Amar-Ninkasi and Ur-Ninkasi. The name Kurunnītu appears in two neo-Babylonian theophoric names, both of them feminine: KAŠ.DIN.NAM-šarrat and KAŠ.DIN.NAM-tabni.
305:, it should be understood not as a reference to a hitherto unknown cult center, but rather as a poetic indication that any city where beer was drunk can be considered a city of Ninkasi.
120:, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both positive and negative consequences of the consumption of beer. In god lists, such as the
187:
510:
mentions a group of five children of
Ninkasi. According to Manfred Krebernik, their names seem to allude to terms related to beer, binge drinking and inebriation: Meḫuš ("glowing
142:. She could also be paired with Siraš, a goddess of similar character, who sometimes was regarded as her sister. A possible association between her and the underworld deities
594:. It has been proposed that this possible association between beer and underworld deities was meant to serve as a reflection of negative effects of alcohol consumption.
227:, the name was most likely read as Kurunnītu, though Kurunnam has also been proposed. Beaulieu considers the former option to be more likely, as the syllabic spelling
195:, has been tentatively translated as "mistress barmaid," though its precise etymology remains a matter of debate. Like many other names of deities originating in the
590:. Similarly, Kurunnītu in multiple documents appears in association with the goddess Bēlet-balāṭi, who might be a late form of Manungal, and as such was likely an
268:
While typically regarded as a goddess, in some late sources
Ninkasi could appear as a male deity, a phenomenon also attested in the cases of the artisan goddess
248:
472:
Ninkasi and Siraš were commonly associated with each other, but the nature of the connection between them varies between sources. In the god list
2079:
2142:
2193:
343:, but their names are lost and their locations are uncertain. There is also evidence that she was worshiped in Egiparku, a sanctuary of
242:
Ninkasi was the goddess of beer, and as such was associated with its production, consumption and effects - both positive and negative.
706:'s family. He refers to her as "the expert woman, who redounds to her mother's credit," and states that her fermenting vat is made of
724:(a type of vessel) of Ninkasi" puts the hero to sleep, which is most likely another metaphor pertaining to the consumption of beer.
1519:
2023:
1991:
1960:
1931:
1899:
1626:
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1551:
1532:
298:
1700:
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It is assumed that it is a poetic description of the process of brewing. It indicates that the main ingredient used was
185:, means "mistress of beer." The explanation "lady who fills the mouth" has been proposed in the past but according to
2578:
1727:
378:. A festival held in Babylon in honor of the same goddess involved Kurunnītu (KAŠ.DIN.NAM), as well as Belet Eanna (
2186:
788:
1521:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
2568:
716:
591:
155:
2013:
694:
359:
as "dragon of heaven") was built there by the official Sin-balassu-iqbi, who was active during the period of
161:
711:
243:
234:
is also attested. The equivalence between this deity and
Ninkasi is directly attested in two lamentations.
660:. However, recent studies conducted by archaeologist Adelheid Otto, brewing technician Martin Zarnkow and
223:), a type of beer regarded, in Mesopotamian texts, as being of a particularly high quality . According to
2179:
2563:
333:
643:
precisely date the composition of the hymn, but it is agreed that the known tablets come from the
2156:
2148:
773:
150:
is also attested, possibly in reference to the possible negative effects of alcohol consumption.
2137:
332:, where she appears for the first time in offering lists from the Ur III period. According to a
2164:
763:
1575:. Athlone Publications in Egyptology & Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Bloomsbury Academic.
2573:
2084:
1570:
644:
368:
374:
Attestations of worship of Kurunnītu are rare. In Nippur she was venerated in the temple of
258:
argues that she was not connected with the sale of beer and with professions related to it.
2302:
759:
623:
is also attested, but the reasons behind the juxtaposition of these deities are not known.
427:
253:
105:
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8:
767:
664:
479:
360:
224:
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2060:
1834:
1762:
1681:
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781:
339:
text she had her own temple in this city. Two temples of Ninkasi are mentioned in the
116:. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name
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2019:
1997:
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1956:
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1905:
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1801:
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1733:
1723:
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1665:
1632:
1622:
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1557:
1547:
1528:
487:
469:(also known as Siris), another goddess associated with beer, in the Nippur god list.
216:
196:
153:
A number of works of Mesopotamian literature refer to Ninkasi, for example the myths
2246:
780:, founded in 2006, is named after her as well. As of 2013, it was the third largest
2009:
1920:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
1793:
1657:
491:
437:
433:
356:
308:
The worship of Ninkasi is attested in Early Dynastic administrative documents from
127:
1616:
2276:
2124:
2100:
1872:
1853:
1597:
466:
200:
82:
402:
in this case). A few documents indicate that she was worshiped in Uruk, and the
1701:"World's Best Homebrewers Honored at 43rd Annual National Homebrew Competition"
777:
548:
512:
375:
1980:"Bierbrauen in Versen: Eine neue Edition und Interpretation der Ninkasi-Hymne"
1797:
1636:
702:
describes Ninkasi and her activity in detail while planning a banquet for the
2557:
2398:
2056:
2001:
1970:
1941:
1909:
1830:
1805:
1758:
1753:. 48/49. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 76–89.
1669:
792:
661:
517:
321:
313:
1737:
1561:
2231:
1952:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
755:
728:
707:
639:
407:
399:
336:
169:, is also known. It is commonly discussed and quoted in modern literature.
551:, Ninšar, Ninkasi and Ninmada appear in sequence in at least two sources,
352:
191:
should be considered implausible. A possible earlier writing of the name,
2388:
2342:
1646:"Kassite housing at Ur: the dates of the EM, YC, XNCF, AH and KPS houses"
1615:
Civil, Miguel (2017) . "A Hymn to the Beer Goddess and a Drinking Song".
731:
mentions Ninšar slaughtering cattle and sheep while Ninkasi brewed beer.
415:
411:
2064:
1838:
1766:
1677:
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2448:
2428:
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2226:
2040:
1814:
1746:
1661:
1645:
1148:
1146:
699:
483:
474:
419:
414:
plundered a statue of her from Uruk in 693 BC. Another was returned to
122:
2080:"Oregon craft brew legend Ninkasi expands, Total Domination is coming"
908:
906:
656:, presumably a type of bread, assumed to be dry and similar to modern
616:
199:, it is assumed to be a combination of the grammatically neutral word
2532:
2423:
2393:
2352:
2281:
2171:
2051:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
673:
638:
A hymn dedicated to Ninkasi is known. A translation was published by
612:
560:
461:
364:
328:. She is also well attested as one of the members of the pantheon of
316:. It is also possible that in the same period she had a sanctuary in
309:
273:
178:
1979:
1950:
1143:
1050:
1011:
999:
860:
858:
540:
2542:
2522:
2312:
1618:
Studies in Sumerian Civilization. Selected writings of Miguel Civil
1038:
987:
903:
657:
500:
1986:. Fribourg, Göttingen: Academic Press Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1781:
1438:
870:
599:
265:, common in older literature, is no longer regarded as plausible.
2486:
2443:
2413:
2357:
2332:
891:
855:
608:
583:
536:
521:
423:
395:
387:
147:
139:
135:
113:
93:
734:
Ninkasi is one of the eight deities born in the end of the myth
703:
2517:
2501:
2438:
2433:
2408:
2403:
2378:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2271:
677:
652:
587:
579:
568:
544:
503:
whose name might mean "he who makes the stream of wine sweet."
436:
invoking Ninkasi are already known from the Early Dynastic and
391:
379:
344:
329:
283:
278:
269:
143:
45:
1366:
1354:
188:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
2527:
2481:
2362:
2266:
2236:
1390:
1342:
1294:
1028:
1026:
681:
620:
604:
572:
564:
532:
495:
453:
403:
317:
131:
72:
1131:
2496:
2471:
2453:
2261:
2216:
1119:
960:
578:
The Weidner god list places both Ninkasi and Siraš between
528:
449:
383:
325:
262:
109:
68:
1621:. Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona.
1378:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1253:
1217:
1109:
1107:
1023:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
927:
925:
923:
921:
845:
843:
841:
839:
410:
various elements of jewelry were prepared for her statue.
2286:
2221:
1265:
1163:
1161:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
351:. A socle dedicated to her, E-ušumgalanna ("house of the
1188:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1065:
486:
Ninkasi in the Sumerian version corresponds to Siraš in
92:
Meḫuš, Mekù, Ememete, Kitušgirizal, Nušiligga, possibly
1813:
Katz, Solomon H.; Maytag, Fritz; Civil, Miguel (1991).
1467:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1241:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1104:
937:
918:
836:
348:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1414:
1178:
1176:
1158:
805:
710:, while her cask - from silver and gold. According to
543:, or his snake charmer Ninmada. For example, Ninimma,
1984:
Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Pascal Attinger
1544:
The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period
1517:
1484:
1482:
1152:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1044:
1017:
1005:
993:
977:
975:
973:
912:
897:
885:
864:
531:," and in this role appears in lists of courtiers of
130:, she usually appears among the courtiers of the god
1426:
1277:
1200:
478:
they are equated with each other and in a bilingual
1720:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1595:
1518:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1450:
1444:
1402:
1229:
1173:
261:The proposal that Ninkasi was also associated with
1494:
1479:
970:
443:
1825:(4). Archaeological Institute of America: 24–33.
738:. Her name is reinterpreted as a pun on the word
398:(who both acted as the divine representatives of
2555:
1596:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
2041:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
1812:
1396:
1348:
1300:
426:(boundary stone) inscription from the reign of
165:. A hymn dedicated to her, known simply as the
2038:
1747:"Göttliche Gärtner? Eine bemerkenswerte Liste"
1137:
795:" during their National Homebrew Competition.
2187:
2143:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
2015:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. 5th edition
575:also likely depends on a similar connection.
527:Ninkasi was also regarded as the "brewer of
1977:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1259:
1032:
2194:
2180:
2098:
1271:
1926:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
1870:
1851:
1194:
964:
931:
849:
524:could be regarded as Ninkasi's daughter.
406:archive attests that during the reign of
2008:
1948:
1541:
1473:
1247:
1167:
1125:
1113:
830:
1889:
1643:
1223:
1098:
603:Ninkasi appears alongside the fire god
559:. Another similar group, consisting of
2556:
2201:
2077:
1717:
1698:
1500:
1488:
1211:
1086:
1071:
2175:
1916:
1894:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
1744:
1656:. Cambridge University Press: 19–64.
1614:
1568:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1288:
1235:
1182:
981:
535:alongside deities such as his scribe
297:Ninkasi was already worshiped in the
1779:
1461:
749:
13:
1792:(3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342.
631:
482:version of one of the myths about
14:
2590:
2130:
1153:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1057:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1045:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1018:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1006:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
994:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
913:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
898:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
886:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
865:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
720:, where at one point "the wooden
668:Sallaberger argues that the term
2245:
2099:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
789:American Homebrewers Association
727:A fragment of a myth known from
2157:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
2039:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
1782:"Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two"
1510:
1445:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
717:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
444:Associations with other deities
156:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
770:, is named after the goddess.
687:
582:, the goddess of prisons, and
1:
2149:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
1978:Sallaberger, Walther (2012).
1699:Fulton, Mariel (2021-06-20).
1546:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1542:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
1397:Katz, Maytag & Civil 1991
1349:Katz, Maytag & Civil 1991
1301:Katz, Maytag & Civil 1991
798:
695:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
626:
422:. She is also attested in a
162:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird
2105:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1890:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1877:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1858:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1722:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1602:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
237:
134:, alongside deities such as
16:Mesopotamian goddess of beer
7:
2138:Hymn to Ninkasi (Ninkasi A)
2118:
2078:Verive, John (2013-08-16).
1949:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
1871:Krebernik, Manfred (2005),
1852:Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
177:Ninkasi's name, written in
10:
2595:
2045:Archiv für Orientforschung
1955:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
1917:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
1854:"Nin-kasi und Siraš/Siris"
1751:Archiv für Orientforschung
1718:George, Andrew R. (1993).
597:In the incantation series
490:, but in a version of the
292:
2510:
2462:
2371:
2295:
2254:
2243:
2209:
1892:Babylonian creation myths
1815:"Brewing an Ancient Beer"
1798:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365
611:. A grouping of Ninkasi,
386:), Belet Ninua ("Lady of
367:, before the rise of the
88:
78:
64:
59:
51:
41:
33:
26:
21:
2579:Deities of wine and beer
758:, discovered in 1988 by
37:KAŠ.DIN.NAM (Kurunnītu?)
1745:Jursa, Michael (2001).
1572:Reading Sumerian Poetry
774:Ninkasi Brewing Company
456:, but according to the
448:Ninkasi's parents were
324:, she was worshiped in
172:
2569:Mesopotamian goddesses
1786:Bibliotheca Orientalis
1569:Black, Jeremy (1998).
764:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
672:is likely to refer to
2085:The Los Angeles Times
1644:Clayden, Tim (2014).
645:Old Babylonian period
557:Canonical Temple List
369:Neo-Babylonian Empire
341:Canonical Temple List
312:, the cult center of
299:Early Dynastic period
282:(attendant deity) of
2303:Dumuzid the Shepherd
760:Carolyn S. Shoemaker
460:, she was raised by
428:Marduk-apla-iddina I
106:Mesopotamian goddess
2296:Other major deities
1780:Katz, Dina (2008).
1705:Brewers Association
1375:, pp. 312–313.
1363:, pp. 292–293.
1226:, pp. 213–214.
1138:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
1128:, pp. 321–322.
791:annually issues a "
768:Palomar Observatory
665:Walther Sallaberger
225:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
2203:Sumerian mythology
2165:Enki and Ninhursag
1662:10.1017/irq.2014.3
782:craft beer brewery
736:Enki and Ninhursag
2564:Alcohol goddesses
2551:
2550:
2210:Primordial beings
2025:978-3-540-00238-3
2010:Schmadel, Lutz D.
1993:978-3-7278-1724-3
1962:978-3-86835-019-7
1933:978-0-9667495-0-2
1901:978-1-57506-861-9
1628:978-84-9168-237-0
1582:978-0-485-93003-0
1553:978-90-04-13024-1
1534:978-3-7278-1738-0
1423:, pp. 85–86.
1101:, pp. 53–54.
680:and occasionally
355:," translated by
334:Middle Babylonian
249:Manfred Krebernik
197:Sumerian language
99:
98:
42:Major cult center
2586:
2463:Demons, spirits,
2249:
2196:
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2182:
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1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
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1388:
1385:Sallaberger 2012
1382:
1376:
1373:Sallaberger 2012
1370:
1364:
1361:Sallaberger 2012
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:Sallaberger 2012
1334:
1328:
1325:Sallaberger 2012
1322:
1316:
1313:Sallaberger 2012
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1260:Sallaberger 2012
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1215:
1209:
1198:
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1180:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1033:Sallaberger 2012
1030:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
968:
962:
935:
929:
916:
910:
901:
895:
889:
883:
868:
862:
853:
847:
834:
828:
750:Modern relevance
592:underworld deity
492:Weidner god list
434:Theophoric names
357:Andrew R. George
257:
128:Weidner god list
19:
18:
2594:
2593:
2589:
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2583:
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2255:Primary deities
2250:
2241:
2205:
2200:
2133:
2125:History of beer
2121:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2090:
2088:
2069:
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2030:
2028:
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1994:
1963:
1934:
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1272:Wiggermann 1998
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911:
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896:
892:
884:
871:
863:
856:
848:
837:
829:
806:
801:
784:in the state.
752:
690:
636:
633:Hymn to Ninkasi
629:
458:Hymn to Ninkasi
446:
303:Hymn to Ninkasi
295:
251:
240:
232:
175:
167:Hymn to Ninkasi
29:
28:Goddess of beer
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2256:
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2240:
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2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
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2207:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2132:
2131:External links
2129:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2101:"Niraḫ, Irḫan"
2096:
2075:
2036:
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2006:
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1539:
1533:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1478:
1476:, p. 426.
1466:
1464:, p. 336.
1449:
1447:, p. 485.
1437:
1435:, p. 122.
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 313.
1377:
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1341:
1339:, p. 307.
1329:
1327:, p. 306.
1317:
1315:, p. 293.
1305:
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1291:, p. 287.
1276:
1274:, p. 572.
1264:
1262:, p. 315.
1252:
1250:, p. 312.
1240:
1228:
1216:
1199:
1197:, p. 365.
1195:Krebernik 2005
1187:
1172:
1157:
1155:, p. 144.
1142:
1130:
1118:
1116:, p. 320.
1103:
1091:
1089:, p. 158.
1076:
1074:, p. 168.
1061:
1059:, p. 101.
1049:
1037:
1035:, p. 308.
1022:
1020:, p. 168.
1010:
1008:, p. 184.
998:
986:
969:
967:, p. 444.
965:Krebernik 1998
936:
934:, p. 443.
932:Krebernik 1998
917:
915:, p. 124.
902:
890:
869:
854:
852:, p. 442.
850:Krebernik 1998
835:
833:, p. 321.
803:
802:
800:
797:
778:Eugene, Oregon
751:
748:
700:eponymous hero
689:
686:
635:
630:
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586:, the wife of
539:, his butcher
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2511:Mortal heroes
2509:
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2372:Minor deities
2370:
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2102:
2097:
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2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(in German).
2046:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
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1729:0-931464-80-3
1725:
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1474:Schmadel 2003
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1411:, p. 58.
1410:
1405:
1399:, p. 30.
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1351:, p. 32.
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1303:, p. 27.
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1248:Beaulieu 2003
1244:
1238:, p. 85.
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1214:, p. 24.
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1185:, p. 61.
1184:
1179:
1177:
1170:, p. 57.
1169:
1168:Peterson 2009
1164:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1140:, p. 27.
1139:
1134:
1127:
1126:Beaulieu 2003
1122:
1115:
1114:Beaulieu 2003
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1047:, p. 58.
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 18.
995:
990:
984:, p. 85.
983:
978:
976:
974:
966:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
933:
928:
926:
924:
922:
914:
909:
907:
899:
894:
888:, p. 55.
887:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
866:
861:
859:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
832:
831:Beaulieu 2003
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
804:
796:
794:
793:Ninkasi Award
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:The asteroid
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
663:
662:Assyriologist
659:
655:
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648:
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641:
634:
624:
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614:
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601:
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566:
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554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
518:snake charmer
515:
514:
509:
506:The god list
504:
502:
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489:
485:
481:
477:
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463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
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342:
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335:
331:
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323:
322:Ur III period
319:
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137:
133:
129:
126:list and the
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2574:Beer culture
2465:and monsters
2418:
2168:in the ETCSL
2163:
2160:in the ETCSL
2155:
2152:in the ETCSL
2147:
2136:
2108:, retrieved
2104:
2089:. Retrieved
2083:
2068:. Retrieved
2048:
2044:
2029:. Retrieved
2018:. Springer.
2014:
1983:
1951:
1919:
1891:
1881:, retrieved
1876:
1862:, retrieved
1857:
1842:. Retrieved
1822:
1818:
1789:
1785:
1770:. Retrieved
1750:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1689:. Retrieved
1653:
1649:
1617:
1606:, retrieved
1601:
1586:. Retrieved
1571:
1543:
1520:
1511:Bibliography
1496:
1469:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1224:Lambert 2013
1219:
1190:
1133:
1121:
1099:Clayden 2014
1094:
1052:
1040:
1013:
1001:
989:
900:, p. 7.
893:
867:, p. 6.
786:
772:
756:4947 Ninkasi
753:
743:
739:
735:
733:
729:Abu Salabikh
726:
721:
715:
712:Jeremy Black
708:lapis lazuli
693:
692:In the myth
691:
669:
651:
649:
640:Miguel Civil
637:
632:
598:
596:
577:
556:
552:
526:
511:
507:
505:
480:Neo-Assyrian
473:
471:
457:
447:
432:
408:Nabopolassar
373:
361:neo-Assyrian
340:
337:metrological
307:
302:
296:
288:
277:
267:
260:
244:Jeremy Black
241:
228:
220:
212:
209:
204:
192:
186:
182:
176:
166:
160:
154:
152:
121:
117:
101:
100:
2389:Geshtinanna
2343:Ningishzida
1879:(in German)
1860:(in German)
1819:Archaeology
1604:(in German)
1501:Fulton 2021
1489:Verive 2013
1212:George 1993
1087:George 1993
1072:George 1993
688:Other texts
412:Sennacherib
252: [
229:ku-ru-ni-tu
34:Other names
2558:Categories
2538:Lugalbanda
2429:Nimintabba
2399:Hushbishag
2308:Ereshkigal
2227:Enmesharra
2110:2022-05-26
2091:2022-05-27
2070:2022-05-25
2031:2022-05-26
1883:2022-05-25
1864:2022-05-25
1844:2022-05-27
1772:2022-05-25
1710:2022-05-27
1691:2022-05-25
1637:1193017085
1608:2022-05-26
1588:2022-05-26
1433:Black 1998
1421:Black 1998
1409:Black 1998
1289:Civil 2017
1236:Jursa 2001
1183:Litke 1998
982:Black 1998
799:References
627:Literature
484:Lugalbanda
420:Esarhaddon
363:rule over
193:Nin-kaš-si
2533:Gilgamesh
2424:Ninsianna
2394:Gugalanna
2353:Ninshubur
2282:Ninhursag
2057:0066-6440
2002:811590755
1971:460044951
1942:470337605
1910:861537250
1873:"Patindu"
1831:0003-8113
1806:0006-1913
1759:0066-6440
1686:113217437
1670:0021-0889
1598:"Nin-šár"
1462:Katz 2008
746:, "rib."
674:sourdough
553:An = Anum
508:An = Anum
501:libations
475:An = Anum
462:Ninhursag
365:Babylonia
320:. In the
310:Shuruppak
274:Ninshubur
238:Character
183:Nin-ka-si
179:cuneiform
123:An = Anum
118:Kurunnītu
60:Genealogy
2543:Ziusudra
2523:Enmerkar
2492:Mušḫuššu
2313:Ishtaran
2119:See also
2065:41670228
2012:(2003).
1839:41765984
1767:41668539
1738:27813103
1678:43307188
1562:51944564
658:biscotti
561:Šuzianna
555:and the
488:Akkadian
438:Sargonic
221:kurunnum
217:Akkadian
104:was the
89:Children
79:Siblings
2444:Sherida
2419:Ninkasi
2414:Ninimma
2358:Ninurta
2333:Ninegal
2141:in the
766:at the
609:mashing
537:Ninimma
522:Ninmada
424:kudurru
396:Bizilla
388:Nineveh
353:ušumgal
293:Worship
140:Ninmada
136:Ninimma
114:brewing
102:Ninkasi
94:Ninmada
65:Parents
22:Ninkasi
2518:Enkidu
2502:Rabisu
2487:Huwawa
2439:Nungal
2434:Ninsun
2409:Namtar
2404:Isimud
2379:Azimua
2348:Ninlil
2338:Ningal
2328:Ninazu
2323:Nisaba
2318:Nergal
2272:Inanna
2063:
2055:
2022:
2000:
1990:
1969:
1959:
1940:
1930:
1908:
1898:
1837:
1829:
1804:
1765:
1757:
1736:
1726:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1635:
1625:
1579:
1560:
1550:
1531:
722:dahaša
698:, the
678:barley
670:bappir
653:bappir
617:Šakkan
588:Nergal
580:Nungal
569:Nisaba
545:Ennugi
541:Ninšar
520:deity
392:Ninlil
380:Inanna
345:Ningal
330:Nippur
284:Inanna
279:sukkal
276:, the
270:Ninmug
144:Nungal
52:Symbol
46:Nippur
2528:Etana
2482:Gallu
2363:Nuska
2277:Nanna
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