Ninshubur - Knowledge

982: 1916: 1892: 1904: 1880: 610: 6418: 876:, for example building of cattle pens and sheepfolds under her command, otherwise not associated with her. Another hymn (CBS 14073) mentions both her role as a divine attendant and that of "mother of the land". In addition to this metaphorical role, Ninshubur was also referred to as a "mother" in personal names. However, references to her as an actual "birth mother" are uncommon and unusual according to Julia M. Asher-Greve. It is possible that this aspect of her character was responsible for her unusual and unparalelled placement in the Old Babylonian 53: 1349: 1720:(...) This is my minister of fair words, my escort of trustworthy words. She did not forget my instructions. She did not neglect the orders I gave her. She made a lament for me on the ruin mounds. She beat the drum for me in the sanctuaries. She made the rounds of the gods’ houses for me. She lacerated her eyes for me, lacerated her nose for me. In private, she lacerated her buttocks for me. Like a pauper, she clothed herself in a single garment. All alone she directed her steps to the 6302: 1409:, who ruled Lagash around 2200 BCE, mentions Ninshubur in his royal inscriptions, possibly in reference to Urukagina's reverence for her, as it is likely that they came from the same family and thus shared the same personal goddess, though he might also have considered her a divine mediator guaranteeing Lagash its territorial rights, regained from rulers of the 1690:(...) do not let your daughter bow down (before) anybody in the Netherworld! Do not let your beautiful precious metal mix with the dirt of the Netherworld! Do not let your beautiful lapis lazuli be split apart like the stone cutter's stone! Do not let your boxwood be cut like the carpenter’s wood! Do not let maiden Inana bow down in the Netherworld! 1830:, Enki's monstrous servants attack the boat six times, but each time she repeats the formula "water has not touched your hands, water has not touched your feet" to Ninshubur, which according to Bendt Alter is meant to indicate that as long as the stay out of water they are out of the reach of Enki. After successfully escaping, they reach 732:, linked to the deities she served "not as cause and effect, but as command and execution". Her two main functions were these of "intercessory goddess" and "archetypal attendant of the gods". She served Inanna, but also Anu and by extension the entire divine assembly. The association with Anu is known from sources from the reign of 678:. It is also known that during building rituals figures of Ninshubur were buried under temples of other gods in some cases. A "letter-prayer" possibly referring to a statue of Ninshubur mentions that the deity had a "face exuding allure", and describes Ninshubur's physique in terms similar to these sometimes applied to Inanna. 1499:. Records indicate that he built temples of both female and male Ninshubur. In an inscription commemorating the building of a temple of Ninshubur in Ur, he refers to this deity as a goddess, while in a later one commemorating the defeat of Uruk - as a god. It is likely he was particularly devoted to this deity. 1490:

priestess, though it has been noted that she lacks the horned crown associated with divinity. A "letter-prayer" to Ninshubur (UET 6/1, 7) which indicates that such texts were presented to a statue of the deity, is also assumed to be from Ur, though it is regarded as likely that it was sent by a king

1447:

in the Ur III period. E-ninbitum ("house fit for a lady"), a temple dedicated to her, or according to Wolfgang Heimpel a cella in a temple dedicated to Inanna, is attested in texts from this city. It might be the same temple as E-aggasummmu, "house which gives decrees," also presumed to be located in

368:

when Anu is concerned", Papsukkal being the name of a male messenger deity, Frans Wiggermann argues that the only texts from the third millennium BCE which identify Ninshubur's gender state that she was a goddess, rather than a god. Gábor Zólyomi also translates a passage related to Ninshubur's role

1694:

Victor Hurowitz considered it possible that the terms which Ninshubur uses to illustrate the possible dreadful fate of Inanna in the netherworld during her attempts to persuade other gods to help her might be a mythical reflection of a ritual of renewal of a damaged statue. While the first two gods

932:

and before other relatives. Ninshubur was regarded as a guardian of Inanna's secrets and as her adviser, though according to one text the latter could scoff at offered advice, both incorrect and correct. Ninshubur was also capable of "appeasing" Inanna, and one of her epithets was "who flatters the

1673:

Before Inanna embarks on her journey to the land of the dead, seemingly motivated by a desire to take over it, she instructs Ninshubur what to do if she will not return after three days. It is assumed that this scene is supposed to establish that she is not going to be trapped in the underworld

425:, and the only similarity between her and the class of priests was their shared ability to appease specific deities. Wolfgang Heimpel suggested another solution, namely that three separate deities shared the same name, one female (according to him found for example in association with Inanna in 1037:, where Ninshubur appears alongside Meslamtaea in two lists of offerings. Frans Wiggermann notes that the pairing of Nergal with Ninshubur is unusual, as she was the only goddess sometimes regarded as his wife who had a well defined role other than that of his spouse, the other exception being 1858:

Ninshubur is tasked with providing Ishtar (the counterpart of Inanna) with information about the fearsome Saltu ("discord"), an opponent Ea (the counterpart of Enki) created for her, meant to serve as her mirror image. A peculiarity of this text are recurring misspellings of specific words in

1543:, a ruler of this city, considered her his personal deity and dedicated a statue to her for the life of himself, his wife and children. A document dealing with distribution of bread to the Adab's temples indicates that one of them was dedicated to Ninshubur, and that its staff included a 559:. Papsukkal was not worshiped in that city in earlier periods, and in contrast with Ninshubur appeared only infrequently as a family deity or in personal names, but in the context of the so-called "antiquarian theology" relying largely on god lists, which developed in Uruk under 1915: 1891: 1005:, in which a minor goddess (Lamma) leads a human to a seated major deity. Lamma could also be a designation for specific goddesses in contexts in which their functions were analogous to these usually fulfilled by this category of deities, with Gudea occasionally calling the 1569:

According to Jennie Myers, Ninshubur is also attested in Sippar, where the theonym according to her should be read phonetically in Sumerian names, and as "Ilabrat" in less common Akkadian ones. The worship of Ninshubur in this city is no longer attested after the reign of

863:

appears in it as well, seemingly to elevate his standing among gods due to his role in the royal ideology of that time period. Gábor Zólyomi notes that a hymn focusing on Ninshubur in the role of "mother of the land" (BL 195, known from the tablet Ash. 1911.326 from the

1388:, which makes it possible she a deity worshiped by commoners at first, and only started to receive offerings from the official administration during the period of the latter monarch's rule. A temple dedicated to her, E-ešbarmeluḫḫa, "house of decisions which cleans the 1172:, Ninshubur is paired with the otherwise unknown goddess Mārat-ūmi, "daughter of the day" or "daughter of the storm". In a single incantation dated to the end of the third millennium BCE, possibly a part of a building ritual, she appears alongside the divine potter 1324:

In the Early Dynastic period Ninshubur's cult was already established in Uruk, as indicated by votive inscriptions, and it is considered possible that it was transferred there from Akkil. She continues to appear in sources from this city in the Ur III period, when

744:

was derived from her position as a servant of major deities, which resulted in the belief that she was capable of mediating with her masters on behalf of human petitioners. A hymn (CBS 14073) describes her as a servant of not only her usual masters, but also

1101:, and invokes both of them to bless the recipient. Lugalnamtarra, as well as a deity whose name was written as SUKKAL, who according to Odette Boivin might be analogous to Ninshubur, both appear in association with Shamash in texts from the archives of the 1452:

referred to her as "mistress". However, she does not appear in the official cultic calendars and offering lists from this location from the reign of his dynasty, despite being a popular deity, which according to Julia M. Asher-Greve finds a parallel in

1859:

Ninshubur's speech. While it has been proposed that they are simply scribal errors, Benjamin R. Foster assumes this is implausible as all of them occur in two successive lines, and proposes that they were employed purposely to represent Ninshubur

1049:, were possibly associated with the earth, this role of Ninshubur was tied to her function as "lady of the earth." No other examples of Ninshubur being regarded as another deity's wife are known. A single source refers to Ninshubur as Nergal's 1903: 437:

hymn (CBS 15119+) possibly being an attempt at reconciling conflicting accounts by describing Ninshubur (identified as female in this context by Frans Wiggermann) as dressed in both feminine (left side) and masculine (right side) robes.

621:

representing right to rule granted to her by her masters, It is possible that it was believed Ninshubur therefore bestowed similar privileges upon kings. Other gods' divine attendants were depicted holding staffs too, including

1511:

in the Early Dynastic period already, and it is possible she was introduced to the local pantheon directly from Akkil, like in the case of Uruk. In the Old Babylonian period, she received offerings in the temple complexes of

1398:," known from later royal inscriptions, was also located in this city. Only a single theophoric name invoking Ninshubur is known from the Lagash area from the Early Dynastic period, Ninshubur-amamu, "Ninshubur is my mother". 340:, might be either an alternate form or a separate, though similarly named, deity. Frans Wiggermann additionally argues that sometimes the name was rendered simply as Shubur, but this assumption is not universally accepted. 1947:, most likely due to their culture also having an urban character. According to Tonia Sharlach, the inhabitants of Subartu were viewed as "neighbors whose language (and perhaps culture) were worthy of closer knowledge." 1585:, Ninshubur was worshiped in a temple built by the local king Takil-ilissu in the Old Babylonian period. An inscription states that various festivals dedicated to this deity were held in the courtyard of the temple of 5369: 1764:: in the former, a servant seeks help on behalf of her mistress, while in the latter text the roles are reversed, and it is Gilgamesh who wants to bring his companion Enkidu back. Dina Katz suggests that since 1748:, where it turns out that he did not mourn Inanna's death, which angers her. His behavior, contrasted with Ninshubur's (as well as Shara's and Lulal's), is meant to justify his eventual fate. Inanna lets the 650:

was expected to walk in front of their master, leading the way with their staff. Other objects associated with Ninshubur included doors and shoes, and her epithet in a single source is "pure minister of the

1752:

take him away. Ninshubur is not mentioned in the surviving lines of the remaining section of the narrative, which is focused on Dumuzi's attempt at escaping his fate and his confinement in the underworld.

800:. According to Wiggermann, while this term is attested as an administrative rank and in this context refers to an official responsible for managing the activities of multiple people holding the rank of 1879: 1317:, the goddess of prisons, also bearing such a name. A number of objects dedicated to "Ninshubur of Akkil" are known, including artifacts from the Early Dynastic period and a vessel inscribed by a 1461:" appear in texts from Ur as well. It has been suggested she was introduced to the latter city from Uruk, as the local pantheon included other typically Urukean deities, such as the deified hero 939:. Additionally, a temple dedicated to her whose location is not presently known bore the name E-šatezu, "house which knows the soothing of the heart". It is attested in a hymn dedicated to king 804:, there is no indication that it had a similar meaning when applied to deities, and in this context its use is most likely only meant to exalt the bearer. Ninshubur was also referred to as 313:. The Sumerian term Shubur or Subir (Subartu) designated areas north of Mesopotamia. Both in ancient documents and in past scholarship the terms "Subartu" and "Subarians" usually refer to 4796:

Gabbay, Uri; Boivin, Odette (2018). "A Hymn of Ayadaragalama, King of the First Sealand Dynasty, to the Gods of Nippur: The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty".

981: 1473:

too. In one case, Ninshubur of Enegi is called the "small Ninshubur" (Ninshubur-banda), in contrast with Ninshubur of Akkil or Uruk, referred to as "great Ninshubur" (Ninshubur-gula).

1405:, regarded Ninshubur as his personal deity. In offering lists from his reign she was placed above Mesandu, who possibly had an analogous role during the reigns of earlier local kings. 946:

The role of a mediator between a major deity and worshipers played by Ninshubur in the cult of Inanna has been compared to that played by the spouses of other major gods, for example

777:. Frans Wiggermann notes that Ninshubur's association with the divine assembly treated as a whole indicates that even though she shared many of her roles with another well attested 1121:. She accordingly appears in the Isin god list in the section enumerating deities linked to both Ninisina and Inanna. Other members of this group who shared this status include 1001:

explains the character of Lamma as that of "protective and tutelary goddesses" and notes that they are the figures most commonly appearing in so-called "presentation scenes" in

1732:

Since Ninshubur is a faithful servant who mourned her properly, the demons are not allowed to take her. Inanna also does not allow them to take two further servants they meet,

1779:

focused on the counterpart of Inanna, Ishtar, but he is not directly designated as her personal servant, and the text states that he was serving "the great gods" as a group.

522:

in personal names. However, Ichiro Nakata nonetheless lists a single instance name from this city in which Ninshubur according to his analysis is treated as a female deity.

6216: 582:, worshiped alongside Papsukkal in Seleucid Uruk, was originally an epithet of female Ninshubur, a manifestation of her or at least a similar goddess sharing the role of 1333:

mentions the building of a "temple kitchen" of Ninshubur, which might be related to a foundation tablet dedicated to her found in Uruk, though this remains uncertain.

514:. In texts from the second millennium BCE, Ninshubur and Ilabrat coexisted. It is assumed that at least some cases Ninshubur's name, when treated as masculine, was a 1674:

permanently. After this period time passes, Ninshubur, following her mistress' instructions, mourns her death by lamenting and wearing rags and pleads with the gods

1801:, also referred to as the "Both of An" in modern literature. The name of the boat is also attested in a fragment of an otherwise unknown narrative about Inanna and 1547:

priestess. While Ninshubur's position in offering lists indicates she was a major deity in the local pantheon, very few theophoric names invoking her are attested.

1233:

already. Due to her intercessory role, she was popular in the sphere of personal worship, for example as a family deity. She was also among the deities invoked in

998: 714:, known in ancient Mesopotamia as Sipazianna, "the true shepherd of heaven", was regarded as the astral symbol of Ninshubur, as well as Ilabrat and Papsukkal. 388:

texts Ninshubur was regarded as male, though it is possible exceptions did exist. According to Raphael Kutscher, Ninshubur might have been viewed as female in

1009:(in this context a collective term for the major deities) gods "Lamma of all countries". The nature of Lamma can be compared to that of the modern concept of 441:

The view that Ninshubur was male as a servant of An in Sumerian texts from the third millennium BCE relies on the widely accepted assumption that a deity's

707:, and that on Old Babylonian seals the double lion-headed mace associated with Nergal might represent Ninshubur in the role of a deity related to him. 1263:, was considered her primary cult center. Nin-Akkil ("lady of Akkil"), a name found in documents from the Early Dynastic period and from the reign of 924:. Frans Wiggermann describes the relation between them as very close. It was believed that Inanna bestowed Ninshubur's titles upon her and made her a 1207: 433:), with no ambiguity of gender in any case. However, the matter of Ninshubur's gender was in some cases already unclear to ancient scribes, with one 5773:

Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen

832:

in more than one or two sources, with seven instances known as of 2014. One of them is an Old Babylonian dedicatory inscription from the reign of

381:

is not entirely conclusive, though might point at the female version of this deity being worshiped there too, despite attested connection to Anu.

1943:

Beate Pongratz-Leisten notes that Hurrians were never regarded as outsiders in Mesopotamian sources, unlike other neighboring groups such as the

1589:, which bore the ceremonial name Emaš (possibly erroneous writing of Eulmaš). In the same text Ninshubur is invoked in a curse formula alongside 1384:

and received offerings from the king's wife, Barnamtarra. There is no evidence pertaining to Ninshubur from the reign of Lugalanda's predecessor

1126: 928:. In one text, Inanna addressed Ninshubur endearingly as "my mother". In another, she is called the "beloved attendant" and appears right after 6076: 5762: 1269: 6316: 1057:

might have existed in early periods, but notes that no potential references to it occur in any sources postdating the Old Babylonian period.

6364: 1053:

rather than wife. Dina Katz on the basis of the connection between those two deities suggests that a tradition connecting Ninshubur to the

541:. Papsukkal's rise to prominence at the expense of other similar figures, such as Ninshubur, was likely rooted in the presence of the word 1909:

Ancient Sumerian calcite-alabaster figurine of a male worshiper. 2500 BCE - 2250 BCE. The inscription on his right arm mentions Ninshubur.

1033:

in early sources from southern Mesopotamian cities. Marcos Such-Gutiérrez notes that it is possible that this tradition was also known in

175:. While it is agreed that in this context Ninshubur was regarded as female, in other cases the deity was considered male, possibly due to 1597:, and the divine lions Dan-bītum and Rašub-bītum to guarantee that nobody removes Takil-ilissu's name from the foundation of the temple. 1484:

have been found. It is uncertain if a statue found in the Ninshubur chapel represents any deity, or a human. for example a princess or

1301:. Ninshubur's temple located in that settlement was E-(a)akkil, whose ceremonial name has been translated as "house of lamentation" by 4564:

Death rituals, ideology, and the development of early Mesopotamian kingship: toward a new understanding of Iraq's royal cemetery of Ur

5646:"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East" 1695:

Ninshubur approaches, Enlil and Nanna, refuse to help her, she eventually manages to secure the aid of Enki. He creates two beings,

332:

dialect are known, Gashanshubur, referring to the female form of this deity, and Umunshubur, referring to the male one. The theonym

1064:

Kakka, a local healing goddess, attested only in personal names, was associated with Ninshubur, but also with the medicine goddess

4413: 377:

refer to Ninshubur exclusively as a goddess according to Toshiko Kobayashi. According to Marcos Such-Gutiérrez, the evidence from

4531:

Cavigneaux, Antoine; Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (2014). "Vizir, concubine, entonnoir... Comment lire et comprendre le signe SAL.ḪUB

662:

Very few depictions of female Ninshubur have been identified with certainty, though it is possible she is the deity on seals of

183:. No certain information about her genealogy is present in any known sources, and she was typically regarded as unmarried. As a 5686: 847:

A number of references to Ninshubur as the "mother of the land" are known. A theological text composed during the reign of the

68: 1960:, regarded as "lady of Lamma" She was viewed as a servant of Inanna much like Ninshubur, and in god lists, for example in the 740:, Ninshubur was believed to implement divine rules and regulations on her behalf. Her role as a popular intercessory deity in 187:, she functioned both as a messenger deity and as an intercessor between other members of the pantheon and human petitioners. 6275: 6226: 6052: 5810: 5781: 5738: 5657: 5585: 5554: 5382: 4850: 4786: 4759: 4666: 4600: 4571: 4521: 4467: 4426: 190:

Due to the belief that she could intercede with higher ranking deities, Ninshubur was popular in everyday religion, and many

510:

It has been proposed that the variance in Ninshubur's gender is related to syncretism between her and the male Akkadian god

5698:"„Dieser Ziegel ist wie Lapislazuli..." Ein bisher übersehenes Bauritual im Kontext der frühen sumerischen Beschwörungen." 997:, a class of minor goddesses, likely due to their shared role in intercession between mortals and higher ranking deities. 1230: 1229:

There is evidence for creation of cult statues and votive offerings dedicated to Ninshubur from various locations in the

918: 502:, whose varying gender might be connected to dual role as personification of both the morning star and the evening star. 374: 337: 195: 5484: 421:

clergy, but this view is not supported by other researchers, as regardless of gender Ninshubur was never described as a

281:". or alternatively "Lady of servants" (or "Lady of Subarian servants") based on another meaning of the second element, 1670:. It is assumed it belonged to the curriculum of scribal schools. However, no first millennium BCE examples are known. 693:), she can be identified as a goddess accompanied by his symbolic composite animal, the "lion-griffin", similar to how 655:

shoes." According to Julia Krul, said title is bestowed upon Ninshubur by Inanna in a late variant of one of the city

6754: 6253: 5839: 5265: 5073: 4931: 4896: 4869: 4724: 4697: 4552: 4494: 1176:. She is rare in magical texts otherwise, though she is attested in an incantation from the Ur III period alongside 6357: 1524:". It is possible it can be identified with a nameless sanctuary mentioned in an inscription dated to the reign of 1394:," existed in Girsu. It is possible, though not certain, that E-mekilibbasagil, "house which lifts on high all the 943:, though it is uncertain if it corresponds to structures dedicated to Ninshubur mentioned in texts from his reign. 4415:

Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources

1834:, and Ninshubur asks Inanna where she plans to unload the stolen items. The rest of the myth is poorly preserved. 6734: 5162: 5127: 5092: 1989:, used to refer to this location in this passage, is sparsely attested in Sumerian literature, only appearing in 1768:

was a widely circulated text, it is plausible that this part of the latter narrative was in part inspired by it.

1707: 1054: 911:

Ninshubur, under the variant name Nin-Akkil ("lady of Akkil"), is already regarded as a servant of Inanna in the

298: 5702:

Text and Image: Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015

1897:

The name of the deity Ninshubur is mentioned on the right shoulder. From Adab, Iraq. 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum.

194:

invoking her and other references to personal worship are known. Her original cult center was Akkil, but in the

1716:

demons accompanying Inanna suggest they can take Ninshubur to replace her in the underworld, but she protests:

736:

onward, and might be a secondary development, with Inanna being her primary and original mistress. As Inanna's

903:

No clear evidence exists regarding Ninshubur's parentage. In early sources she usually did not have a spouse.

449:, regarded as a goddess in known sources and in one case equated with female Ninshubur, was also said to be a 396:, though Douglas Frayne treats this deity as male in his translation of an inscription from this location. In 285:"servant," and in reference to her role as a benevolent intercessory deity. Earlier translations, for example 1113:, one of the kings of Sealand, included the title "servant of Utu and Ninshubur" in his royal titulature. In 812:, though according to Raphael Kutscher in this case the use of this title should be considered the result of 741: 468:

Ninshubur was not the only Mesopotamian deity whose gender varied in ancient sources, other examples include

1194:) of Ninshubur's sanctuary in Akkil (tablet I, line 255), though the same deity is also mentioned alongside 851:

states that "Ninshubur occupies the land" and includes her among the highest ranking gods, alongside Enlil,

255:

demons sent to find someone to replace her in the land of the dead. Ninshubur's mourning is contrasted with

6744: 4453: 578:

Despite the syncretism leading to perception of Ninshubur as a male deity, it is possible that the goddess

6042: 6350: 1863:

in shock due to Saltu's fearsome nature and her resemblance to Ishtar, translating the text accordingly:

1793:, Ninshubur assists her mistress in escaping from enemies sent after her by Enki in the Boat of Heaven, 1628:, but it is difficult to tell if the deity in mention was female Ninshubur, male Ninshubur, or Ilabrat. 1217:

states the latter attestation is likely to be a scribal mistake, as Šeri was conventionally paired with

567:

and one of the eighteen major deities of the city. The late syncretic Papsukkal was not regarded as the

6739: 6306: 1026: 828:

appears in literary texts in parallel with "sukkal". Ninshubur is the only deity referred to as SAL.ḪÚB

686: 309:. It is possible this uncommon understanding was based on a local tradition associating Ninshubur with 4589:

D'Agostino, Franco; Greco, Angela (2019). "Abu Tbeirah. A Philological and Epigraphic Point of View".

1097:

A single Old Babylonian letter associates Ninshubur with Lugalnamtarra, a deity possibly analogous to

6749: 1084:(where the medicine goddess Kakka appears separately in Ninkarrak's section) and from the later myth 233:

In myths, Ninshubur is portrayed as a companion of Inanna and helps her during various exploits. In

1667: 1294: 1002: 1686:

in an effort to persuade them to rescue Inanna. In all three cases, she repeats the same formula:

965:

Sumerian literary catalogs list at least 7 hymns dedicated to Ninshubur which based on surviving

623: 609: 6330: 6322: 6312: 6268:

An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein

1706:

After Inanna returns to the world of the living, Ninshubur, who was waiting at the gates of the

820:. This term is sparsely attested, and it assumed that it referred to a deity considered to be a 317:. It is possible that echoes of Ninshubur's association with Subartu survived as late as in the 5401: 758: 6337: 1329:

built a new temple dedicated to her there. A year name of either this king or his predecessor

4484: 1655: 1180:, and in a late liver omen text "hand of Ninshubur" is listed one of the possible diagnoses. 1102: 895:

Some hymns indicate that the role of a divine healer was occasionally ascribed to Ninshubur.

711: 434: 397: 1756:

Alhena Gadotti notes that an "inverted parallelism" exists between the role of Ninshubur in

1218: 1195: 6473: 162: 6662: 1925:

dedicated to Ninshubur by Enzi and his son Amar-kiku. 2400 BCE). British Museum, BM 22470.

1293:, and favors the latter interpretation due to lack of references to it in economic texts. 1277:

notes that she can be considered one of the members of a group of deities associated with

1117:, Ninshubur was seemingly instead incorporated into the entourage of the medicine goddess 933:

heart of Inanna". Various epithets related to this function are preserved in the god list

699: 8: 1274: 1264: 873: 848: 733: 318: 6647: 1046: 6149: 6070: 6023: 6015: 5972: 5933: 5894: 5886: 5756: 5713: 5632: 5456: 5417: 5314: 5052: 5005: 4958: 4821: 4639: 4400: 1212: 1203: 671: 286: 5727:"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba" 4375:

Alster, Bendt (1974). "On the Interpretation of the Sumerian Myth "Inanna and Enki"".

1728:, to the house of Enki. She brought me back to life. How could I turn her over to you? 586:

of Anu. Frans Wiggermann translates this name as "mother who cannot be pushed aside".

481: 472:(the deity of beer, female in earlier sources but at times male later on), the couple 356:. At the same time, many authors propose that Ninshubur was male when associated with 6373: 6281: 6271: 6249: 6232: 6222: 6153: 6141: 6058: 6048: 6027: 6007: 5964: 5925: 5898: 5878: 5845: 5835: 5816: 5806: 5787: 5777: 5744: 5734: 5717: 5682: 5663: 5653: 5636: 5624: 5591: 5581: 5560: 5550: 5531: 5500: 5448: 5421: 5388: 5378: 5306: 5261: 5209: 5184: 5149: 5114: 5079: 5069: 5056: 5044: 4997: 4950: 4927: 4902: 4892: 4875: 4865: 4846: 4825: 4813: 4782: 4755: 4730: 4720: 4703: 4693: 4672: 4662: 4631: 4606: 4596: 4577: 4567: 4548: 4517: 4490: 4463: 4422: 4404: 4392: 1885:

A seal of Lugal-ushumgal as servant of Shar-Kali-Sharri, possibly depicting Ninshubur

1772: 1563: 1481: 986: 385: 6417: 5485:"A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in the Old Babylonian Texts from Mari" 5371:

A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-umm and AN:Anu šá Ameli

1964:, she usually appears after the latter, before any further related deities (such as 6133: 5999: 5870: 5705: 5616: 5521: 5496: 5492: 5409: 5253: 5249:

The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk

5174: 5139: 5104: 5036: 4989: 4919: 4838: 4805: 4774: 4747: 4540: 4509: 4384: 1961: 1302: 865: 824:

who was viewed as emotionally close to their lord or lady. In most of cases SAL.ḪÚB

675: 6085: 5828:

Sharlach, Tonia (2002). "Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court".

6764: 6759: 6447: 6198: 6180: 6162: 5676: 5351: 5333: 5276: 5228: 4889:

The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts

4457: 1679: 1532: 1423: 1410: 1289:. Frans Wiggermann is uncertain if Akkil should be interpreted as a town or as a 1234: 1161:

at least in the sphere of cult she was linked to the circle of the local goddess

1134: 889: 242: 191: 57: 494:

but as his daughter in sources from Uruk from the first millennium BCE, and the

52: 6137: 5040: 4949:. 44/45. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 176–185. 1826: 1586: 1486: 1390: 1154: 1010: 869: 723: 663: 572: 417: 401: 393: 352:

is that Ninshubur was always identified as a female deity when associated with

349: 265: 5748: 5605:"UET 6/1, 74, the Hymnic Introduction of a Sumerian Letter-Prayer to Ninšubur" 5257: 5197: 4610: 4544: 4388: 1352:

A tablet mentioning sacrifices made to various gods worshiped in the state of

1297:

in a more recent publication instead concluded it was a town located close to

613:

A seal of Lugal-ushumgal as servant of Naram-Sin, possibly depicting Ninshubur

589:

Julia Krul suggests that the conflation between two deities from the court of

545:

in his name. While an association between the two is attested in the god list

6728: 6569: 6145: 6062: 6011: 5968: 5929: 5882: 5667: 5628: 5595: 5564: 5535: 5504: 5452: 5392: 5310: 5213: 5188: 5179: 5153: 5144: 5118: 5109: 5048: 5001: 4954: 4817: 4676: 4635: 4396: 1845: 1806: 1617: 1555: 1470: 1376:(around 2400 BCE), during whose reign she was celebrated during festivals of 1348: 947: 840:

of Inanna", and appears in a short list of members of her family right after

598: 409: 290: 211: 60: 6285: 6236: 5849: 5820: 5791: 5709: 5413: 5083: 4923: 4906: 4879: 4734: 4590: 4581: 1427:("mistress"). Statues dedicated for the life of a ruler to Ninshubur and to 1290: 6402: 5546:

God Lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia

4773:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press. 4746:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press. 4707: 1625: 1601: 1571: 1310: 1138: 1122: 921: 652: 538: 465:(both of them male) in a Sumerian text dated to the Old Babylonian period. 408:

Ninshubur was also considered female. However, whether her name on Kassite

5437:"Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data" 4842: 4778: 4751: 4513: 4486:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

1760:

and that of Gilgamesh in another composition dealing with similar themes,

1496: 1129:. Frans Wiggermann states an attestation of Ninshubur appearing alongside 793: 785:, she was ultimately considered the higher-ranked member of the pantheon. 301:" - are regarded as erroneous, as no other sources explain the meaning of 6559: 6513: 5620: 4809: 2239: 2237: 1922: 1733: 1613: 1536: 1469:. References to Ninshubur receiving offerings there appear in texts from 1432: 1428: 1086: 1061: 1034: 877: 833: 704: 694: 627: 601:, might have been influenced by the similar process involving Ninshubur. 519: 378: 219: 5976: 5937: 5578:

Studia Mesopotamica: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur

5526: 5513: 5460: 5318: 4962: 4643: 3765: 3763: 3305: 3293: 453:

of Anu in an Old Babylonian document. Ninshubur herself appears as the

263:, Ninshubur helps Inanna escape from Enki's servants after theft of the 71:

while Ninshubur stands in front of her paying obeisance, c. 2334-2154 BC

6708: 6619: 6599: 6554: 6478: 6397: 6019: 5952: 5913: 5890: 5802:

Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš

5436: 5294: 5009: 4942: 4835:

Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle

3529: 3527: 3208: 3206: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2568: 2566: 2391: 2389: 1860: 1745: 1477: 1413:. Another ruler of Lagash who regarded her as his personal goddess was 1406: 1298: 1162: 1038: 935: 913: 754: 579: 560: 547: 515: 490: 458: 446: 210:. Many kings of this area regarded her as their personal deity. In the 176: 5991: 5858: 5163:"ON NINAZU, AS SEEN IN THE ECONOMIC TEXTS OF THE EARLY DYNASTIC LAGAŠ" 4977: 4592:

Abu Tbeirah excavations I. Area 1: last phase and building A – phase 1

2505: 2503: 2501: 2486: 2430: 2401: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2234: 1372:. She was already worshiped there when the area was under the rule of 1130: 1094:, but only in the specific role of "one who holds the great scepter". 6703: 6594: 6564: 6452: 6342: 5963:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44. 3811: 3799: 3760: 3512: 3012: 3010: 2052: 2050: 1991: 1965: 1594: 1551: 1520:. Her temple in this city was Eakkilduku, "house of lamentation, the 1462: 1414: 1402: 1385: 1373: 1306: 1286: 1110: 1065: 881: 860: 770: 526: 499: 473: 429:) and two male (one associated with Anu and yet another worshiped in 365: 322: 134: 6003: 5874: 5829: 5771: 5726: 5697: 5604: 5544: 5514:"Old Babylonian god-lists in retrospect: A new edition of TH 80.112" 5247: 4993: 4619: 3883: 3524: 3317: 3203: 2799: 2731: 2655: 2563: 2386: 1724:, to the house of Enlil, and to Urim, to the house of Nanna, and to 1654:. It is presently known from a total of fifty eight copies from the 1149:

in the Old Babylonian period, she seemingly fulfilled the role of a

6713: 6693: 6483: 6246:

Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer

6121: 5800: 5645: 5573: 4690:

Essays on the ancient Near East in memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein

4685: 4437: 3787: 2498: 2249: 2198: 1802: 1582: 1540: 1525: 1381: 1330: 1314: 1267:, likely refers to her. She is the goddess of this location in the 1248: 1177: 1118: 1041:. He assumes that since many of Nergal's attested spouses, such as 1006: 563:

rule, he was fully identified with Ninshubur and thus became Anu's

552: 314: 237:, she is responsible for securing Inanna's return by pleading with 6263: 6104: 5024: 3281: 3007: 2047: 1867:

She is b-bizarre in her actions, she b-behaves unreasoningly (...)

989:, 2000-1800 BCE. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. 816:

cultural influence. Ninshubur could also be referred to as SAL.ḪÚB

415:

Uri Gabbay proposed that Ninshubur's identity was a mirror of the

6657: 6614: 6589: 6584: 6528: 6503: 5491:. 30–31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253. 2014: 1973: 1969: 1944: 1813:

during a festival, and in lists of offerings from Old Babylonian

1621: 1578: 1517: 1337: 1146: 994: 966: 951: 809: 766: 659:, and might reflect her "arduous travels in her lady's service". 511: 469: 389: 278: 227: 180: 154: 124: 1029:, in this context to be understood as a byname used to refer to 969:

described her lamenting over something that happened to Inanna.

6688: 6672: 6609: 6604: 6579: 6574: 6549: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6442: 6301: 2342: 2340: 2338: 1995: 1957: 1810: 1741: 1663: 1637: 1508: 1466: 1457:'s position in the local pantheon. References to "Ninshubur of 1454: 1449: 1377: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1326: 1282: 1260: 1243: 1187: 1173: 1158: 1142: 1106: 1098: 1077: 1042: 1030: 940: 929: 885: 856: 852: 841: 788:

In addition to her usual title, Ninshubur could also be called

762: 728: 690: 667: 656: 631: 594: 534: 405: 370: 369:

as a servant of Anu as referring to a female deity. Texts from

353: 329: 310: 256: 223: 203: 172: 167: 109: 64: 38: 33: 5805:(in German). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. 4943:"The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502" 3672: 3670: 3594: 3592: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3544: 3542: 3254: 2899: 2843: 2162: 1600:

Other cities where Ninshubur was apparently worshiped include

6698: 6652: 6533: 6437: 6407: 6126:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

6105:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II" 6044:

The reception of Sumerian literature in the western periphery

5609:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

5029:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

4798:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

4377:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

3871: 3353: 3140: 2980: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2126: 2093: 1818: 1737: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1675: 1609: 1521: 1513: 1492: 1458: 1418: 1369: 1169: 1069: 1068:. This deity most likely should be regarded as distinct from 1022: 955: 782: 746: 682: 643: 639: 617:

Ninshubur's attribute was a staff, a sign of her office as a

495: 477: 462: 430: 259:'s attitude which leads to his death in this composition. In 251: 238: 207: 85: 5093:"On the Meaning of the Offerings for the Statue of Entemena" 4259: 3341: 2997: 2995: 2889: 2887: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2335: 2210: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 6667: 6642: 6624: 6432: 6387: 5574:"A Journey of the Boat of An During the Reign of Rim-Sin I" 3775: 3667: 3628: 3616: 3589: 3554: 3539: 3428: 3242: 2931: 2929: 1831: 1814: 1683: 1605: 1559: 1340:

indicates that Ninshubur was also worshiped in Bad-tibira.

1278: 1199: 1114: 959: 836:. In another text, she is described as the "beloved SAL.ḪÚB 813: 750: 635: 590: 556: 485: 246: 199: 81: 5025:"Inanna's Descent and Undressing the Dead as a Divine Law" 3416: 3365: 3070: 3022: 2867: 2824: 2695: 2676: 2626: 2590: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2280: 202:. She was also introduced to the pantheon of the state of 6457: 6392: 5173:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 75–105. 3895: 3735: 3733: 3464: 3329: 3271: 3269: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3034: 2992: 2884: 2855: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2760: 2758: 2602: 2474: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2105: 2062: 2026: 1590: 774: 357: 277:

Frans Wiggermann translates Ninshubur's name as "Lady of

42: 6338:

Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Papsukkal (god)

5138:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 22–42. 5103:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 43–65. 4351: 4341: 4339: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4283: 4247: 4172: 4090: 3943: 3859: 3750: 3748: 3706: 3488: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2956: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2707: 2376: 2374: 2186: 1956:

A similar association with Lamma was also attributed to

1550:

Ninshubur is also attested in Early Dynastic texts from

1364:

Ninshubur is well attested in sources from the state of

480:, whose genders were in some instances switched around, 249:. After being resurrected, Inanna protects her from the 5998:. 43/45. American Schools of Oriental Research: 63–70. 4237: 4235: 4196: 4160: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4066: 4054: 4042: 3984: 3982: 3657: 3655: 3500: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3193: 3191: 2968: 2743: 2352: 2323: 2174: 1659: 1444: 426: 218:. Further cities where Ninshubur was worshiped include 215: 6248:, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, 6122:"An Unrecognized Synonym of Sumerian sukkal, "Vizier"" 4324: 4220: 4208: 4078: 3967: 3955: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3730: 3694: 3452: 3440: 3377: 3266: 3164: 3152: 3113: 3058: 2946: 2944: 2770: 2755: 2614: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2442: 2413: 2311: 2268: 1643: 1480:, as well as votive objects to dedicated to them from 1368:. Offerings were typically made to her in the city of 1168:

In a greeting formula in a latter from Old Babylonian

146: 24: 5869:(1/2). American Schools of Oriental Research: 62–80. 4717:

Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature

4411: 4336: 4307: 4271: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3889: 3817: 3805: 3769: 3745: 3682: 3577: 3533: 3518: 3476: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3230: 3212: 3176: 3101: 3082: 3046: 2911: 2818: 2737: 2670: 2572: 2515: 2509: 2492: 2436: 2407: 2395: 2371: 2262: 2243: 2204: 2056: 5066:

The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources

4530: 4232: 4184: 4131: 4102: 4030: 4018: 3994: 3979: 3718: 3652: 3640: 3604: 3389: 3218: 3188: 3016: 2150: 2081: 1636:

In literary texts, Ninshubur frequently accompanies

1090:. Ninshubur was identified with the latter Kakka in 5731:

Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum

5704:(in German). Peeters Publishers. pp. 399–410. 4862:

House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia

4588: 4412:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). 4148: 4006: 3793: 2941: 2719: 2643: 2222: 2138: 1476:During excavations of Ur, chapels of Ninshubur and 1431:are also known from the periods of Nammahani's and 1305:. The city is to be distinguished from a temple of 412:refers to a god or a goddess is presently unknown. 5447:(2). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 153–197. 2578: 1809:, where it appears in association with Inanna and 1321:priests of Inanna from Uruk in the Ur III period. 551:already, the conflation was only finalized in the 6163:"Nergal A. Philologisch · Nergal A. Philological" 4918:. Penn State University Press. pp. 155–160. 4656: 3287: 898: 6726: 5643: 2168: 2132: 1535:, Ninshubur was also present in the pantheon of 1202:(tablet III, lines 233-234), which according to 972: 6243: 5953:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt" 4978:"The Mesopotamian God Image, from Womb to Tomb" 4940: 4914:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2002). "The Lady of Girsu". 4506:The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia 2849: 2020: 505: 293:from the first millennium BCE explaining it as 6244:Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), 5950: 5914:"Notes on the Old Babylonian Hymns of Agušaya" 5128:"Was Mesandu the Personal Deity of Enentarzi?" 3877: 3347: 2346: 2216: 685:, where Ninshubur was regarded as the wife of 6358: 6317:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature 1620:) in the Old Babylonian period, and later on 1421:. Gudea himself referred to Ninshubur as his 1313:also known as Akkil, and from a sanctuary of 604: 6221:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 5831:General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3 5305:. GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press: 11–14. 4891:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 4795: 4566:. Leiden Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. 3434: 3028: 1254: 525:Ninshubur was additionally syncretised with 6196: 6178: 5724: 3781: 3634: 3622: 3598: 3571: 3548: 3260: 2905: 2878: 2837: 2689: 2637: 2596: 2305: 2120: 2099: 2075: 2041: 1259:Akkil, where Ninshubur was associated with 360:. While the second millennium BCE god list 6365: 6351: 6160: 6119: 6102: 6075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4941:Horowitz, Wayne; Oelsner, Joachim (1997). 4482: 3371: 3359: 3335: 3248: 3146: 3134: 3001: 2986: 2962: 2935: 2893: 2861: 2749: 2713: 2701: 2468: 1850:In an Akkadian myth known under the title 1105:in place of his usual attendants (such as 6083: 5924:(4). American Oriental Society: 561–571. 5525: 5399: 5377:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. 5226: 5198:"Two British Museum iršemma "Catalogues"" 5178: 5160: 5143: 5125: 5108: 5090: 4988:(1). American Oriental Society: 147–157. 4630:(3). University of Texas Press: 475–487. 3901: 3712: 3676: 3470: 2329: 2192: 336:ŠUBUR.AL, attested in documents from the 5918:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5827: 5769: 5650:Les représentations des dieux des autres 5602: 5571: 5542: 5434: 5349: 5274: 4982:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4975: 4537:He Has Opened Nisaba's House of Learning 4435: 4265: 4253: 4096: 3949: 3865: 3506: 3494: 3275: 3158: 3122: 2974: 2793: 2781: 2764: 2620: 2608: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2480: 2451: 2365: 2274: 2180: 1658:, with most found during excavations in 1347: 1281:in this context nonetheless, similar to 980: 792:"heavenly attendant". An inscription of 608: 6261: 6214: 5856: 5511: 5476:The Sippar pantheon: a diachronic study 5331: 5292: 4913: 4832: 4438:"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk" 4226: 4202: 4084: 3458: 3410: 3170: 3107: 3095: 3076: 3064: 2920: 2424: 2317: 2156: 2144: 2087: 1771:Papsukkal takes Ninshubur's role in an 1574:. The reasons behind this are unknown. 1141:god list she appears next Nanna's wife 985:Depictions of Lamma goddesses from the 906: 157:" or "Lady of servants"), also spelled 6727: 6372: 5911: 5776:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 5482: 5195: 5035:(2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 221–233. 4886: 4859: 4768: 4744:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.) 4741: 4714: 4683: 4595:. Roma: Sapienza Università Editrice. 4503: 4483:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). 4374: 4357: 4345: 4330: 4318: 4301: 4289: 4277: 3973: 3961: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3754: 3739: 3700: 3688: 3583: 3446: 3422: 3383: 3236: 3197: 3182: 3052: 3040: 2521: 2380: 1703:, who subsequently bring Inanna back. 1666:, as well as from a fragment from the 1186:refers to Māgiru ("obedient") as the " 859:, Ninurta and Nuska. The deified hero 571:of Anu and Ishtar, but rather Anu and 518:spelling of Ilabrat's, for example in 297:- "lord of the earth" or "lord of the 179:with other divine messengers, such as 6346: 6040: 5989: 5695: 5674: 5473: 5367: 4617: 4561: 4452: 4241: 4190: 4166: 4142: 4125: 4113: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4000: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3724: 3482: 3398: 3224: 2228: 1237:in many periods. Sometimes her title 1137:is also known. In the Early Dynastic 1016: 726:as "the earliest and most important" 328:Two forms of Ninshubur's name in the 5798: 5245: 5063: 5022: 4804:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 22–42. 4539:(in French). Brill. pp. 25–35. 4214: 4178: 4154: 4012: 3988: 3661: 3646: 3610: 2950: 2725: 2649: 2584: 1762:Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Underworld 1581:, a kingdom located to the south of 198:she was already worshiped in nearby 6323:Inana's descent to the nether world 6313:Compositions dedicated to Ninshubur 5859:"Miscellaneous Sumerian Texts, III" 4976:Hurowitz, Victor (Avigdor) (2003). 1837: 1652:Inanna s Descent to the Netherworld 1645:Inanna's descent to the Netherworld 1343: 235:Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld 165:whose primary role was that of the 13: 5681:. New York and London: Routledge. 1782: 1710:, throws herself at her feet. The 1507:Ninshubur appears in sources from 993:Ninshubur was associated with the 289:'s from 1976, which relied on two 171:(divine attendant) of the goddess 67:resting her foot on the back of a 14: 6776: 6294: 6197:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998b), 6179:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998a), 5406:In Context: the Reade Festschrift 3890:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3818:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3806:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3770:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3534:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3519:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3324:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3312:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3300:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 3213:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2819:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2738:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2671:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2573:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2510:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2493:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2437:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2408:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2396:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2263:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2244:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2205:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2057:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 880:god list, where she occurs after 6416: 6300: 6161:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998), 6120:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1988). 6103:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987). 5644:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012). 4657:Drewnowska-Rymarz, Olga (2008). 3017:Cavigneaux & Wiggermann 2014 1979: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1878: 348:The modern consensus view among 51: 6262:Zólyomi, Gábor Zólyomi (2005). 5992:"A Shulgi Statuette from Tello" 5951:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005). 5729:. In van Ess, Margarete (ed.). 5408:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. 4459:The Literature of Ancient Sumer 4367: 1950: 1937: 1502: 1443:Ninshubur is first attested in 1438: 445:matched their gender. However, 5497:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234 4916:Riches Hidden in Secret Places 4624:The Journal of Library History 1650:Ninshubur appears in the myth 1562:, she was worshiped alongside 1206:should be considered unusual. 1025:, Ninshubur was the spouse of 899:Association with other deities 1: 6132:(2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 5725:Sallaberger, Walther (2021). 5615:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 5350:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987a), 5295:"Introductory Considerations" 5202:Studia Orientalia Electronica 4436:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). 4383:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2007: 1336:A document from the reign of 681:It has been proposed that in 6203:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6185:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6167:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6090:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5996:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5863:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5648:. In Bonnet, Corinne (ed.). 5356:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5338:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5332:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987), 5293:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1976). 5281:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5233:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 5196:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1975). 4864:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 4771:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC) 4715:Foster, Benjamin R. (1996). 4684:Foster, Benjamin R. (1977). 4489:. The British Museum Press. 1824:After Inanna's theft of the 1631: 717: 506:Syncretism with male deities 364:explains that "Ninshubur is 206:, where her cult center was 16:Mesopotamian messenger deity 7: 6270:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. 6084:Waetzoldt, Hartmut (2014), 5912:Streck, Michael P. (2010). 5834:. Bethesda, Md: CDL Press. 5652:. Caltanissetta: Sciascia. 5603:Peterson, Jeremiah (2016). 5572:Peterson, Jeremiah (2014). 5543:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). 5227:Krebernik, Manfred (1987), 5161:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1992). 5126:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1989). 5091:Kobayashi, Toshiko (1984). 5068:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. 4659:Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja 4462:. Oxford University Press. 4421:. Academic Press Fribourg. 3794:D'Agostino & Greco 2019 2850:Horowitz & Oelsner 1997 2021:Wolkstein & Kramer 1983 1198:as one of the two bulls of 689:(in this context a name of 214:she was also introduced to 10: 6781: 6138:10.1515/zava.1988.78.2.225 5990:Suter, Claudia E. (1991). 5957:Archiv für Orientforschung 5580:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. 5549:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. 5512:Nicolet, Grégoire (2022). 5368:Litke, Richard L. (1998). 5275:Kutscher, Raphael (1987), 5041:10.1515/zava.1995.85.2.221 4947:Archiv für Orientforschung 4887:George, Andrew R. (2003). 4860:George, Andrew R. (1993). 4719:. Potomac, MD: CDL Press. 1871: 1843: 1604:(in the Sargonic period), 1224: 1080:, known from the god list 703:, a symbol of her husband 605:Attributes and iconography 6681: 6633: 6542: 6466: 6425: 6414: 6380: 5770:Schwemer, Daniel (2001). 5675:Pryke, Louise M. (2017). 5520:(99). OpenEdition: 9–78. 5435:Marchesi, Gianni (2004). 5258:10.1163/9789004364943_004 4545:10.1163/9789004260757_004 4389:10.1515/zava.1974.64.1.20 1401:A later ruler of Lagash, 1255:Akkil, Uruk and Badtibira 1247:sign in front of it like 722:Ninshubur is regarded by 392:when worshiped alongside 343: 130: 120: 115: 108:usually none, but rarely 104: 99: 91: 76: 50: 30: 21: 6755:LGBT themes in mythology 6215:Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). 6041:Viano, Maurizio (2016). 5857:Sjöberg, Åke W. (1982). 5733:(in German). Wiesbaden. 5400:MacGinnis, John (2020). 5180:10.5356/orient1960.28.75 5145:10.5356/orient1960.25.22 5110:10.5356/orient1960.20.43 4833:Gadotti, Alhena (2014). 4769:Frayne, Douglas (1997). 4742:Frayne, Douglas (1990). 4692:. Hamden: Archon Books. 3435:Gabbay & Boivin 2018 3029:Gabbay & Boivin 2018 1930: 1740:. Eventually they reach 1668:Middle Babylonian period 1295:Joan Goodnick Westenholz 1251:, was used in them too. 1003:ancient Mesopotamian art 872:related to abundance in 484:, described as a son of 131:Seleucid Uruk equivalent 5710:10.2307/j.ctv1q26x24.40 5696:Rudik, Nadezda (2018). 5483:Nakata, Ichiro (1995). 5414:10.2307/j.ctv1ddckv5.12 4924:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4wn.16 4620:"The Sumerian Catalogs" 4504:Boivin, Odette (2018). 1616:and Nerebtum (possibly 1356:, including Ninshubur. 855:, Nanna, Inanna, Enki, 321:in texts pertaining to 272: 45:and the divine assembly 6735:Mesopotamian goddesses 6086:"Umma A. Philologisch" 5799:Selz, Gebhard (1995). 5474:Myers, Jennie (2002). 4618:Dalby, Andrew (1986). 4562:Cohen, Andrew (2005). 3288:Drewnowska-Rymarz 2008 2862:Black & Green 1992 1869: 1730: 1692: 1361: 990: 614: 4843:10.1515/9781614515456 4779:10.3138/9781442657069 4752:10.3138/9781442678033 4514:10.1515/9781501507823 2169:Pongratz-Leisten 2012 2133:Pongratz-Leisten 2012 1865: 1718: 1688: 1656:Old Babylonian period 1554:, the cult center of 1351: 1231:Early Dynastic period 1103:First Sealand dynasty 984: 742:Mesopotamian religion 670:during the reigns of 612: 457:of Nergal instead of 375:Early Dynastic period 338:Early Dynastic period 196:Early Dynastic Period 6474:Dumuzid the Shepherd 6309:at Wikimedia Commons 6264:"A hymn to Ninšubur" 5621:10.1515/za-2016-0004 5402:"The gods of Arbail" 5246:Krul, Julia (2018). 4810:10.1515/za-2018-0003 1417:, brother in law of 999:Julia M. Asher-Greve 907:Ninshubur and Inanna 163:Mesopotamian goddess 6745:Messenger goddesses 6467:Other major deities 5527:10.4000/syria.14285 5064:Katz, Dina (2003). 5023:Katz, Dina (1995). 4661:. Warszawa: Agade. 4268:, pp. 319–320. 4181:, pp. 270–271. 3878:Such-Gutiérrez 2005 3425:, pp. 219–221. 3362:, pp. 219–220. 3348:Such-Gutiérrez 2005 3314:, pp. 192–193. 3263:, pp. 497–498. 3149:, pp. 228–229. 3079:, pp. 404–405. 3043:, pp. 121–122. 2989:, pp. 225–227. 2908:, pp. 496–497. 2347:Such-Gutiérrez 2005 2217:Such-Gutiérrez 2005 2102:, pp. 490–491. 1275:Walther Sallaberger 1265:Third Dynasty of Ur 950:in the relation to 874:Sumerian literature 868:) employs multiple 849:Third Dynasty of Ur 796:refers to her as a 734:Third Dynasty of Ur 697:was accompanied by 575:as a pair instead. 319:Neo-Assyrian period 121:Akkadian equivalent 6374:Sumerian mythology 5688:978-1-138--86073-5 3302:, p. 191-192. 2023:, p. 92, 193. 1998:and the Underworld 1805:and in texts from 1362: 1204:Wilfred G. Lambert 1017:Other associations 991: 710:The constellation 672:Naram-Sin of Akkad 615: 537:, tutelary god of 287:Wilfred G. Lambert 6740:Mesopotamian gods 6722: 6721: 6381:Primordial beings 6305:Media related to 6277:978-1-883053-83-3 6228:978-0-85668-442-5 6054:978-88-6969-077-8 5812:978-0-924171-00-0 5783:978-3-447-04456-1 5740:978-3-447-11368-7 5659:978-88-8241-388-0 5587:978-3-86835-076-0 5556:978-3-86835-019-7 5384:978-0-9667495-0-2 4852:978-1-61451-708-5 4788:978-1-4426-5706-9 4761:978-1-4426-7803-3 4668:978-83-87111-41-0 4602:978-88-9377-108-5 4573:978-90-04-14635-8 4523:978-1-5015-0782-3 4469:978-0-19-929633-0 4442:Acta Sumerologica 4428:978-3-7278-1738-0 4360:, pp. 88–89. 4304:, pp. 25–26. 4292:, pp. 24–25. 4217:, pp. 45–46. 4169:, pp. 74–75. 4128:, pp. 72–73. 4075:, pp. 71–72. 4063:, pp. 46–47. 4051:, pp. 45–46. 3290:, pp. 23–28. 3251:, pp. 18–20. 2611:, pp. 57–59. 2495:, pp. 92–93. 2483:, pp. 68–69. 2410:, pp. 95–96. 2246:, pp. 93–94. 1564:Inanna of Zabalam 1531:Since before the 1482:Isin-Larsa period 1241:written with the 987:Isin-Larsa period 529:, originally the 362:An = Anu ša āmeli 140: 139: 77:Major cult center 6772: 6750:Wisdom goddesses 6634:Demons, spirits, 6420: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6304: 6289: 6258: 6240: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6157: 6116: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6080: 6074: 6066: 6037: 6035: 6034: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5853: 5824: 5795: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5721: 5692: 5671: 5640: 5599: 5568: 5539: 5529: 5508: 5479: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5396: 5376: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5334:"Lugal-namtarra" 5328: 5326: 5325: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5271: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5192: 5182: 5157: 5147: 5122: 5112: 5087: 5060: 5019: 5017: 5016: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4937: 4910: 4883: 4856: 4829: 4792: 4765: 4738: 4711: 4680: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4614: 4585: 4558: 4527: 4500: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4454:Black, Jeremy A. 4449: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3782:Wiggermann 1998a 3779: 3773: 3767: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3679:, p. 80-81. 3674: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3635:Sallaberger 2021 3632: 3626: 3623:Sallaberger 2021 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3599:Sallaberger 2021 3596: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3572:Wiggermann 1998b 3569: 3552: 3549:Sallaberger 2021 3546: 3537: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3261:Wiggermann 1998b 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2906:Wiggermann 1998b 2903: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2879:Wiggermann 1998b 2876: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2838:Wiggermann 1998b 2835: 2822: 2816: 2797: 2796:, p. 36-37. 2791: 2785: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2704:, pp. 8–10. 2699: 2693: 2690:Wiggermann 1998b 2687: 2674: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2638:Wiggermann 1998b 2635: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2597:Wiggermann 1998b 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2439:, p. 93-94. 2434: 2428: 2422: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2350: 2344: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2306:Wiggermann 1998b 2303: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2121:Wiggermann 1998b 2118: 2103: 2100:Wiggermann 1998b 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2076:Wiggermann 1998b 2073: 2060: 2054: 2045: 2042:Wiggermann 1998b 2039: 2024: 2018: 2001: 1983: 1977: 1962:Weidner god list 1954: 1948: 1941: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1856:Hymn of Agushaya 1852:Poem of Agushaya 1839:Poem of Agushaya 1777:Inanna's Descent 1766:Inanna's Descent 1758:Inanna's Descent 1344:Lagash and Girsu 1303:Andrew R. George 1235:theophoric names 1216: 1133:in the court of 866:Ashmolean Museum 676:Shar-Kali-Sharri 488:in the god list 192:theophoric names 148: 55: 26: 19: 18: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6677: 6635: 6629: 6538: 6462: 6426:Primary deities 6421: 6412: 6376: 6371: 6297: 6292: 6278: 6256: 6229: 6207: 6205: 6189: 6187: 6171: 6169: 6095: 6093: 6068: 6067: 6055: 6032: 6030: 6004:10.2307/1359846 5981: 5979: 5942: 5940: 5903: 5901: 5875:10.2307/1359993 5842: 5813: 5784: 5754: 5753: 5741: 5689: 5660: 5588: 5557: 5465: 5463: 5426: 5424: 5385: 5374: 5360: 5358: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5321: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5238: 5236: 5218: 5216: 5076: 5014: 5012: 4994:10.2307/3217848 4967: 4965: 4934: 4899: 4872: 4853: 4789: 4762: 4727: 4700: 4669: 4648: 4646: 4603: 4574: 4555: 4534: 4524: 4497: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4429: 4418: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3372:Wiggermann 1998 3370: 3366: 3360:Wiggermann 1998 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3336:Wiggermann 1998 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3249:Wiggermann 1987 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3147:Wiggermann 1988 3145: 3141: 3135:Wiggermann 1988 3133: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3008: 3002:Wiggermann 1988 3000: 2993: 2987:Wiggermann 1988 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2963:Wiggermann 1987 2961: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2936:Wiggermann 1987 2934: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2894:Wiggermann 1988 2892: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2825: 2817: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2763: 2756: 2750:Wiggermann 1987 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2714:Wiggermann 1987 2712: 2708: 2702:Wiggermann 1987 2700: 2696: 2688: 2677: 2669: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2469:Wiggermann 1998 2467: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2387: 2379: 2372: 2364: 2353: 2345: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1980: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1910: 1907: 1898: 1895: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1848: 1842: 1798: 1791:Inanna and Enki 1787: 1784:Inanna and Enki 1648: 1634: 1533:Sargonic period 1505: 1465:and his mother 1441: 1411:Akkadian Empire 1346: 1257: 1227: 1210: 1208:Daniel Schwemer 1153:in relation to 1019: 979: 958:in relation to 909: 901: 839: 831: 827: 819: 720: 607: 508: 346: 275: 261:Inanna and Enki 72: 46: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6778: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331:Inana and Enki 6327: 6319: 6310: 6296: 6295:External links 6293: 6291: 6290: 6276: 6259: 6254: 6241: 6227: 6212: 6194: 6176: 6158: 6117: 6109:Ex Oriente Lux 6100: 6081: 6053: 6038: 5987: 5948: 5909: 5854: 5840: 5825: 5811: 5796: 5782: 5767: 5739: 5722: 5693: 5687: 5672: 5658: 5641: 5600: 5586: 5569: 5555: 5540: 5509: 5480: 5471: 5432: 5397: 5383: 5365: 5347: 5329: 5290: 5272: 5266: 5243: 5224: 5193: 5158: 5123: 5088: 5074: 5061: 5020: 4973: 4938: 4932: 4911: 4897: 4884: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4837:. De Gruyter. 4830: 4793: 4787: 4766: 4760: 4739: 4725: 4712: 4698: 4686:"Ea and Saltu" 4681: 4667: 4654: 4615: 4601: 4586: 4572: 4559: 4553: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4508:. De Gruyter. 4501: 4495: 4480: 4468: 4450: 4433: 4427: 4409: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4350: 4335: 4333:, p. 561. 4323: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4256:, p. 319. 4246: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4205:, p. 282. 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4130: 4118: 4101: 4099:, p. 155. 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3991:, p. 226. 3978: 3976:, p. 121. 3966: 3964:, p. 672. 3954: 3952:, p. 300. 3942: 3940:, p. 374. 3930: 3928:, p. 148. 3918: 3916:, p. 147. 3906: 3904:, p. 322. 3902:Waetzoldt 2014 3894: 3882: 3870: 3868:, p. 185. 3858: 3856:, p. 391. 3846: 3844:, p. 287. 3834: 3832:, p. 280. 3822: 3820:, p. 232. 3810: 3808:, p. 231. 3798: 3796:, p. 470. 3786: 3784:, p. 333. 3774: 3772:, p. 234. 3759: 3744: 3742:, p. 134. 3729: 3727:, pp. 66. 3717: 3713:Kobayashi 1989 3705: 3703:, p. 123. 3693: 3681: 3677:Kobayashi 1992 3666: 3664:, p. 265. 3651: 3649:, p. 264. 3639: 3637:, p. 363. 3627: 3625:, p. 358. 3615: 3613:, p. 150. 3603: 3601:, p. 356. 3588: 3576: 3574:, p. 499. 3553: 3551:, p. 361. 3538: 3523: 3521:, p. 165. 3511: 3499: 3497:, p. 255. 3487: 3485:, p. 404. 3475: 3473:, p. 355. 3471:Krebernik 1987 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 221. 3439: 3427: 3415: 3413:, p. 150. 3403: 3388: 3386:, p. 236. 3376: 3374:, p. 219. 3364: 3352: 3340: 3338:, p. 216. 3328: 3326:, p. 194. 3316: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3239:, p. 150. 3229: 3227:, p. 480. 3217: 3215:, p. 273. 3202: 3187: 3185:, p. 144. 3175: 3173:, p. 406. 3163: 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. 226. 3127: 3112: 3100: 3081: 3069: 3067:, p. 396. 3057: 3055:, p. 121. 3045: 3033: 3021: 3006: 3004:, p. 229. 2991: 2979: 2977:, p. 302. 2967: 2955: 2953:, p. 177. 2940: 2925: 2910: 2898: 2896:, p. 228. 2883: 2881:, p. 497. 2866: 2864:, p. 141. 2854: 2852:, p. 179. 2842: 2840:, p. 500. 2823: 2821:, p. 207. 2798: 2786: 2769: 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 180. 2730: 2728:, p. 155. 2718: 2706: 2694: 2692:, p. 498. 2675: 2673:, p. 181. 2654: 2652:, p. 153. 2642: 2640:, p. 493. 2625: 2613: 2601: 2599:, p. 494. 2589: 2577: 2575:, p. 132. 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2524:, p. 253. 2514: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 220. 2456: 2441: 2429: 2427:, p. 156. 2412: 2400: 2398:, p. 101. 2385: 2383:, p. 674. 2370: 2368:, p. 301. 2351: 2334: 2330:Kobayashi 1992 2322: 2320:, p. 403. 2310: 2308:, p. 491. 2279: 2267: 2248: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 109. 2193:MacGinnis 2020 2185: 2183:, p. 111. 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2123:, p. 495. 2104: 2092: 2080: 2078:, p. 496. 2061: 2046: 2044:, p. 490. 2025: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1978: 1949: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1844:Main article: 1841: 1836: 1796: 1786: 1781: 1775:adaptation of 1647: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1504: 1501: 1440: 1437: 1433:Ur-Ningirsu II 1345: 1342: 1256: 1253: 1226: 1223: 1221:, not Māgiru. 1018: 1015: 1011:guardian angel 978: 973:Ninshubur and 971: 919:Early Dynastic 908: 905: 900: 897: 837: 829: 825: 817: 724:Assyriologists 719: 716: 666:, governor of 664:Lugal-ushumgal 606: 603: 507: 504: 435:Old Babylonian 398:Old Babylonian 350:Assyriologists 345: 342: 274: 271: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 78: 74: 73: 56: 48: 47: 31: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6777: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682:Mortal heroes 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543:Minor deities 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6255:0-06-090854-8 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5959:(in German). 5958: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5841:1-883053-68-4 5837: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5267:9789004364936 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075:1-883053-77-3 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4933:9781575065335 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4898:0-19-814922-0 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4871:0-931464-80-3 4867: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4726:1-883053-23-4 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4699:0-208-01714-3 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4554:9789004260740 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4496:0-7141-1705-6 4492: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 83. 4347: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4321:, p. 81. 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4280:, p. 24. 4279: 4274: 4267: 4266:Peterson 2014 4262: 4255: 4254:Peterson 2014 4250: 4244:, p. 93. 4243: 4238: 4236: 4229:, p. 13. 4228: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4193:, p. 75. 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4157:, p. 45. 4156: 4151: 4145:, p. 74. 4144: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4116:, p. 46. 4115: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097:Hurowitz 2003 4093: 4087:, p. 38. 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4039:, p. 65. 4038: 4033: 4027:, p. 43. 4026: 4021: 4015:, p. 46. 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 42. 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3950:Kutscher 1987 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3892:, p. 58. 3891: 3886: 3880:, p. 19. 3879: 3874: 3867: 3866:Marchesi 2004 3862: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3757:, p. 64. 3756: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3715:, p. 26. 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3691:, p. 82. 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3586:, p. 66. 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3536:, p. 53. 3535: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3515: 3509:, p. 70. 3508: 3507:Schwemer 2001 3503: 3496: 3495:Lambert 1987a 3491: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3461:, p. 23. 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3437:, p. 36. 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3401:, p. 25. 3400: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3350:, p. 24. 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3278:, p. 38. 3277: 3276:Peterson 2016 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3200:, p. 94. 3199: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3161:, p. 36. 3160: 3159:Peterson 2016 3155: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3125:, p. 39. 3124: 3123:Peterson 2016 3119: 3117: 3110:, p. 17. 3109: 3104: 3098:, p. 19. 3097: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 31. 3030: 3025: 3019:, p. 35. 3018: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2975:Kutscher 1987 2971: 2965:, p. 16. 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2938:, p. 20. 2937: 2932: 2930: 2923:, p. 63. 2922: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2794:Peterson 2016 2790: 2784:, p. 34. 2783: 2782:Peterson 2016 2778: 2776: 2774: 2767:, p. 33. 2766: 2765:Peterson 2016 2761: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2716:, p. 11. 2715: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2623:, p. 63. 2622: 2621:Beaulieu 1992 2617: 2610: 2609:Beaulieu 1992 2605: 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 79. 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2560:, p. 58. 2559: 2558:Peterson 2009 2554: 2548:, p. 64. 2547: 2546:Beaulieu 1992 2542: 2536:, p. 61. 2535: 2534:Beaulieu 1992 2530: 2523: 2518: 2512:, p. 93. 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2481:Schwemer 2001 2477: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2454:, p. 65. 2453: 2452:Beaulieu 1992 2448: 2446: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2366:Kutscher 1987 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2349:, p. 29. 2348: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2332:, p. 80. 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2277:, p. 62. 2276: 2275:Beaulieu 1992 2271: 2265:, p. 94. 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2231:, p. 45. 2230: 2225: 2219:, p. 34. 2218: 2213: 2207:, p. 57. 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2181:Sharlach 2002 2177: 2171:, p. 85. 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2135:, p. 96. 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2090:, p. 12. 2089: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2059:, p. 18. 2058: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2013: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1846:Agushaya Hymn 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Puzrish-Dagan 1804: 1800: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Tell Ishchali 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1593:, Ulmašītum, 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1471:Puzrish-Dagan 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 983: 976: 970: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 937: 931: 927: 923: 920: 916: 915: 904: 896: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 835: 823: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730: 725: 715: 713: 708: 706: 702: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 611: 602: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:lexical lists 288: 284: 280: 270: 268: 267: 262: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Ur III period 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 144: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 114: 111: 107: 103: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 66: 62: 61:cylinder seal 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 36: 35: 29: 20: 6636:and monsters 6523: 6334:in the ETCSL 6329: 6326:in the ETCSL 6321: 6267: 6245: 6218:The Hurrians 6217: 6206:, retrieved 6202: 6188:, retrieved 6184: 6170:, retrieved 6166: 6129: 6125: 6112: 6108: 6094:, retrieved 6089: 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 5995: 5980:. Retrieved 5960: 5956: 5941:. Retrieved 5921: 5917: 5902:. Retrieved 5866: 5862: 5830: 5801: 5772: 5730: 5701: 5677: 5649: 5612: 5608: 5577: 5545: 5517: 5488: 5475: 5464:. Retrieved 5444: 5440: 5425:. Retrieved 5405: 5370: 5359:, retrieved 5355: 5341:, retrieved 5337: 5322:. Retrieved 5302: 5298: 5284:, retrieved 5280: 5248: 5237:, retrieved 5232: 5217:. Retrieved 5205: 5201: 5170: 5166: 5135: 5131: 5100: 5096: 5065: 5032: 5028: 5013:. Retrieved 4985: 4981: 4966:. Retrieved 4946: 4915: 4888: 4861: 4834: 4801: 4797: 4770: 4743: 4716: 4689: 4658: 4647:. Retrieved 4627: 4623: 4591: 4563: 4536: 4505: 4485: 4473:. Retrieved 4458: 4445: 4441: 4414: 4380: 4376: 4368:Bibliography 4353: 4326: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4227:Lambert 1976 4222: 4210: 4203:Gadotti 2014 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4121: 4092: 4085:Gadotti 2014 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3579: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3459:Nicolet 2022 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3411:Lambert 1987 3406: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3178: 3171:Zólyomi 2005 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3108:Nicolet 2022 3103: 3096:Nicolet 2022 3077:Zólyomi 2005 3072: 3065:Zólyomi 2005 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2921:Sjöberg 1982 2901: 2857: 2845: 2789: 2752:, p. 4. 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2645: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2488: 2476: 2432: 2425:Heimpel 2002 2403: 2325: 2318:Zólyomi 2005 2313: 2270: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2159:, p. 8. 2157:Wilhelm 1989 2152: 2147:, p. 7. 2145:Wilhelm 1989 2140: 2128: 2095: 2088:Lambert 1976 2083: 2016: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1952: 1939: 1921:Statue from 1866: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1825: 1823: 1821:and Nippur. 1794: 1790: 1789:In the myth 1788: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1731: 1719: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1672: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1635: 1599: 1576: 1572:Sin-Muballit 1568: 1549: 1544: 1530: 1506: 1503:Other cities 1485: 1475: 1442: 1439:Ur and Enegi 1422: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1363: 1335: 1323: 1318: 1270:Temple Hymns 1268: 1258: 1242: 1239:sukkal anna, 1238: 1228: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1167: 1150: 1139:Abu Salabikh 1123:Ninigizibara 1096: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1059: 1050: 1020: 992: 974: 964: 945: 934: 925: 922:Abu Salabikh 912: 910: 902: 894: 846: 821: 805: 801: 797: 790:sukkal anna, 789: 787: 778: 737: 727: 721: 709: 698: 680: 674:and his son 661: 653:lapis lazuli 647: 618: 616: 588: 583: 577: 568: 564: 546: 542: 530: 524: 509: 489: 467: 454: 450: 442: 440: 422: 416: 414: 383: 361: 347: 333: 327: 306: 302: 294: 282: 276: 264: 260: 250: 234: 232: 230:, and more. 189: 184: 166: 158: 150: 142: 141: 32: 6560:Geshtinanna 6514:Ningishzida 6199:"Nin-šubur" 6092:(in German) 6047:. Venezia. 5235:(in German) 5229:"Mārat-ūmi" 5208:: 141–166. 4358:Foster 1996 4346:Foster 1977 4331:Streck 2010 4319:Foster 1996 4302:Alster 1974 4290:Alster 1974 4278:Alster 1974 3974:George 1993 3962:Frayne 1990 3854:Frayne 1997 3842:Frayne 1990 3830:Frayne 1990 3755:George 1993 3740:George 1993 3701:George 1993 3689:George 1993 3584:George 1993 3447:Boivin 2018 3423:Boivin 2018 3384:Nakata 1995 3237:Kramer 1975 3198:Frayne 1997 3183:George 1993 3053:George 2003 3041:George 2003 2522:Nakata 1995 2381:Frayne 1990 1495:, possibly 1429:Ningishzida 1211: [ 1087:Enuma Elish 888:and before 834:Samsu-iluna 705:Ningishzida 695:Geshtinanna 628:Ningishzida 597:and female 516:logographic 482:Uṣur-amāssu 404:periods in 153:, "Lady of 116:Equivalents 6729:Categories 6709:Lugalbanda 6600:Nimintabba 6570:Hushbishag 6479:Ereshkigal 6398:Enmesharra 6208:2021-08-06 6190:2022-03-19 6172:2021-08-06 6096:2022-10-08 6033:2021-08-07 5982:2022-10-08 5943:2022-03-20 5904:2021-08-07 5749:1255365039 5466:2022-10-08 5441:Orientalia 5427:2022-03-20 5361:2023-07-04 5343:2021-10-05 5324:2021-08-07 5299:Orientalia 5286:2022-10-08 5239:2022-12-06 5219:2021-08-07 5015:2021-08-07 4968:2021-08-07 4649:2021-08-07 4611:1107331347 4475:2022-10-09 4242:Pryke 2017 4191:Black 2006 4167:Black 2006 4143:Black 2006 4126:Black 2006 4114:Cohen 2005 4073:Black 2006 4061:Cohen 2005 4049:Cohen 2005 4037:Black 2006 4025:Viano 2016 4001:Viano 2016 3938:Myers 2002 3926:Myers 2002 3914:Myers 2002 3725:Suter 1991 3483:Rudik 2018 3399:Litke 1998 3225:Dalby 1986 2229:Cohen 2005 2008:References 2000:otherwise. 1861:stuttering 1746:Bad-tibira 1708:underworld 1545:nin-dingir 1522:pure mound 1478:Hendursaga 1407:Puzer-Mama 1299:Bad-tibira 1163:Nintinugga 1055:underworld 1039:Ereshkigal 1027:Meslamtaea 914:Zame Hymns 755:Damgalnuna 687:Meslamtaea 580:Amasagnudi 561:Achaemenid 555:period in 447:Amasagnudi 299:underworld 295:bel erseti 177:syncretism 63:depicting 6704:Gilgamesh 6595:Ninsianna 6565:Gugalanna 6524:Ninshubur 6453:Ninhursag 6307:Ninshubur 6181:"Nin-azu" 6154:161099846 6146:0084-5299 6071:cite book 6063:965932920 6028:163637086 6012:0022-0256 5969:0066-6440 5930:0003-0279 5899:163447695 5883:0022-0256 5757:cite book 5718:240366059 5668:850438175 5637:164470953 5629:0084-5299 5596:952181311 5565:460044951 5536:0039-7946 5505:1884-1392 5453:0030-5367 5422:234551379 5393:470337605 5311:0030-5367 5277:"Malgium" 5252:. Brill. 5214:2323-5209 5189:1884-1392 5154:1884-1392 5119:1884-1392 5057:161464047 5049:0084-5299 5002:0003-0279 4955:0066-6440 4826:165744935 4818:0084-5299 4677:263460607 4636:0275-3650 4405:162192195 4397:0084-5299 4215:Katz 2003 4179:Katz 2003 4155:Katz 2003 4013:Katz 2003 3989:Katz 1995 3662:Selz 1995 3647:Selz 1995 3611:Krul 2018 2951:Katz 2003 2726:Krul 2018 2650:Krul 2018 2585:Krul 2018 1992:Gilgamesh 1985:The term 1966:Kanisurra 1632:Mythology 1595:Annunitum 1587:Ulmašītum 1552:Shuruppak 1497:Rim-Sîn I 1463:Gilgamesh 1435:'s rule. 1415:Nammahani 1403:Urukagina 1386:Enentarzi 1374:Lugalanda 1307:Papsukkal 1287:Ningirima 1273:, though 1184:An = Anum 1155:Ulmašītum 1127:Ninḫinuna 1111:Akurduana 1092:An = Anum 1082:An = Anum 1066:Ninkarrak 977:goddesses 936:An = Anum 882:Ninhursag 861:Gilgamesh 806:sukkalmaḫ 798:sukkalmaḫ 794:Rim-Sîn I 771:Ninhursag 718:Character 548:An = Anum 527:Papsukkal 500:Ninsianna 491:An = Anum 474:Ninsikila 394:Ulmašītum 373:from the 366:Papsukkal 323:Papsukkal 159:Ninšubura 143:Ninshubur 135:Papsukkal 100:Genealogy 22:Ninshubur 6714:Ziusudra 6694:Enmerkar 6663:Mušḫuššu 6484:Ishtaran 6286:56414097 6237:21036268 6115:. BRILL. 5977:41670228 5938:23044558 5850:48399212 5821:33334960 5792:48145544 5461:43076896 5352:"Māgiru" 5319:43074678 5084:51770219 4963:41670126 4907:51668477 4880:27813103 4735:34149948 4644:25541711 4582:61260809 4456:(2006). 1803:Enmerkar 1773:Akkadian 1744:'s city 1697:galatura 1583:Eshnunna 1541:Meskigal 1526:Ibbi-Sin 1382:Ningirsu 1331:Ur-Nammu 1315:Manungal 1249:theonyms 1192:gu-za-lá 1178:Asalluhi 1119:Ninisina 1043:Mammitum 967:incipits 700:mušḫuššu 638:'s) and 553:Seleucid 386:Akkadian 384:In most 315:Hurrians 161:, was a 151:Ninšubur 58:Akkadian 6615:Sherida 6590:Ninkasi 6585:Ninimma 6529:Ninurta 6504:Ninegal 6315:in the 6020:1359846 5891:1359993 5010:3217848 4708:3294583 1974:Bizilla 1970:Gazbaba 1945:Gutians 1872:Gallery 1701:kurĝara 1622:Babylon 1579:Malgium 1518:Ninurta 1338:Shu-Sin 1225:Worship 1147:Malgium 1131:Alammuš 952:Shamash 814:Elamite 810:Malgium 767:Ninurta 657:laments 646:'s). A 593:, male 512:Ilabrat 470:Ninkasi 402:Kassite 390:Malgium 279:Subartu 228:Malgium 181:Ilabrat 155:Subartu 125:Ilabrat 80:Akkil, 6765:Lagash 6760:Inanna 6689:Enkidu 6673:Rabisu 6658:Huwawa 6610:Nungal 6605:Ninsun 6580:Namtar 6575:Isimud 6550:Azimua 6519:Ninlil 6509:Ningal 6499:Ninazu 6494:Nisaba 6489:Nergal 6443:Inanna 6284: 6274: 6252: 6235: 6225: 6152: 6144: 6061: 6051: 6026: 6018: 6010: 5975: 5967: 5936: 5928: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5848: 5838: 5819: 5809: 5790: 5780: 5747: 5737: 5716: 5685: 5678:Ishtar 5666: 5656: 5635: 5627: 5594: 5584: 5563: 5553: 5534: 5503: 5489:Orient 5478:(PhD). 5459: 5451: 5420: 5391: 5381: 5317: 5309: 5264: 5212: 5187: 5167:Orient 5152: 5132:Orient 5117: 5097:Orient 5082: 5072: 5055: 5047: 5008: 5000: 4961: 4953: 4930: 4905: 4895: 4878: 4868: 4849: 4824: 4816: 4785: 4758: 4733: 4723: 4706: 4696: 4675: 4665: 4642: 4634: 4609: 4599: 4580: 4570: 4551: 4520: 4493: 4466: 4425: 4403: 4395: 1996:Enkidu 1987:ganzir 1958:Nanaya 1811:Nanaya 1742:Dumuzi 1726:Eridug 1664:Nippur 1638:Inanna 1509:Nippur 1467:Ninsun 1455:Nanshe 1450:Shulgi 1378:Nanshe 1366:Lagash 1358:Louvre 1354:Lagash 1327:Shulgi 1291:temple 1283:Dumuzi 1261:Inanna 1244:dingir 1188:herald 1174:Nunura 1159:Nippur 1151:sukkal 1143:Ningal 1107:Bunene 1099:Namtar 1078:Anshar 1074:sukkal 1072:, the 1051:sukkal 1031:Nergal 941:Shulgi 930:Dumuzi 926:sukkal 886:Nintur 857:Nergal 853:Ninlil 842:Dumuzi 822:sukkal 802:sukkal 779:sukkal 763:Ningal 738:sukkal 729:sukkal 691:Nergal 668:Lagash 648:sukkal 632:Isimud 619:sukkal 595:Isimud 584:sukkal 569:sukkal 565:sukkal 543:sukkal 535:Zababa 531:sukkal 498:deity 455:sukkal 451:sukkal 443:sukkal 406:Nippur 371:Lagash 354:Inanna 344:Gender 330:Emesal 311:Nergal 307:erseti 303:shubur 283:šubur, 257:Dumuzi 224:Nippur 204:Lagash 185:sukkal 173:Inanna 168:sukkal 147:𒀭𒎏𒋚 110:Nergal 105:Spouse 92:Symbol 65:Inanna 39:Inanna 34:Sukkal 25:𒀭𒎏𒋚 6699:Etana 6653:Gallu 6534:Nuska 6448:Nanna 6438:Enlil 6408:Nammu 6150:S2CID 6024:S2CID 6016:JSTOR 5973:JSTOR 5934:JSTOR 5895:S2CID 5887:JSTOR 5714:S2CID 5633:S2CID 5518:Syria 5457:JSTOR 5418:S2CID 5375:(PDF) 5315:JSTOR 5053:S2CID 5006:JSTOR 4959:JSTOR 4822:S2CID 4640:JSTOR 4419:(PDF) 4401:S2CID 1931:Notes 1819:Larsa 1799:an-na 1750:galla 1738:Lulal 1734:Shara 1722:E-kur 1713:galla 1680:Nanna 1676:Enlil 1610:Larsa 1602:Akkad 1558:. In 1514:Enlil 1493:Larsa 1459:Enegi 1419:Gudea 1370:Girsu 1319:sanga 1219:Ḫurri 1215:] 1170:Larsa 1157:. In 1145:. In 1135:Nanna 1070:Kakka 1023:Girsu 1007:Anuna 995:Lamma 975:Lamma 956:Shala 917:from 890:Aruru 870:topoi 783:Nuska 759:Nanna 747:Enlil 712:Orion 683:Girsu 644:Enlil 640:Nuska 630:'s), 496:Venus 478:Lisin 463:Ishum 431:Girsu 410:seals 252:galla 243:Nanna 239:Enlil 208:Girsu 95:staff 86:Girsu 6668:Udug 6648:Anzû 6643:Asag 6625:Uttu 6620:Ugur 6555:Bitu 6433:Enki 6388:Abzu 6282:OCLC 6272:ISBN 6250:ISBN 6233:OCLC 6223:ISBN 6142:ISSN 6077:link 6059:OCLC 6049:ISBN 6008:ISSN 5965:ISSN 5926:ISSN 5879:ISSN 5846:OCLC 5836:ISBN 5817:OCLC 5807:ISBN 5788:OCLC 5778:ISBN 5763:link 5745:OCLC 5735:ISBN 5683:ISBN 5664:OCLC 5654:ISBN 5625:ISSN 5592:OCLC 5582:ISBN 5561:OCLC 5551:ISBN 5532:ISSN 5501:ISSN 5449:ISSN 5389:OCLC 5379:ISBN 5307:ISSN 5262:ISBN 5210:ISSN 5185:ISSN 5150:ISSN 5115:ISSN 5080:OCLC 5070:ISBN 5045:ISSN 4998:ISSN 4951:ISSN 4928:ISBN 4903:OCLC 4893:ISBN 4876:OCLC 4866:ISBN 4847:ISBN 4814:ISSN 4783:ISBN 4756:ISBN 4731:OCLC 4721:ISBN 4704:OCLC 4694:ISBN 4673:OCLC 4663:ISBN 4632:ISSN 4607:OCLC 4597:ISBN 4578:OCLC 4568:ISBN 4549:ISBN 4535:?". 4518:ISBN 4491:ISBN 4464:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4393:ISSN 1832:Uruk 1815:Isin 1736:and 1699:and 1684:Enki 1682:and 1662:and 1626:Kish 1624:and 1614:Mari 1606:Isin 1560:Umma 1537:Adab 1516:and 1448:Ur. 1380:and 1311:Kish 1285:and 1279:Uruk 1200:Adad 1196:Šeri 1125:and 1115:Isin 1062:Mari 1047:Admu 1035:Adab 960:Adad 884:and 878:Mari 773:and 751:Enki 636:Enki 624:Alla 591:Enki 573:Antu 557:Uruk 539:Kish 520:Mari 486:Adad 476:and 459:Ugur 423:gala 418:gala 400:and 379:Adab 334:Nin- 273:Name 247:Enki 245:and 220:Adab 200:Uruk 82:Uruk 69:lion 6458:Utu 6134:doi 6000:doi 5922:130 5871:doi 5706:doi 5617:doi 5613:106 5522:doi 5493:doi 5410:doi 5254:doi 5175:doi 5140:doi 5105:doi 5037:doi 4990:doi 4986:123 4920:doi 4839:doi 4806:doi 4802:108 4775:doi 4748:doi 4541:doi 4510:doi 4385:doi 1972:or 1923:Der 1854:or 1591:Anu 1577:In 1556:Sud 1491:of 1424:nin 1309:in 1190:" ( 1109:). 1076:of 1060:In 1045:or 1021:In 954:or 948:Aya 808:in 775:Utu 599:Ara 533:of 461:or 358:Anu 305:as 37:of 6731:: 6403:Ki 6393:An 6280:. 6266:. 6231:. 6201:, 6183:, 6165:, 6148:. 6140:. 6130:78 6128:. 6124:. 6113:29 6111:. 6107:. 6088:, 6073:}} 6069:{{ 6057:. 6022:. 6014:. 6006:. 5994:. 5971:. 5961:51 5955:. 5932:. 5920:. 5916:. 5893:. 5885:. 5877:. 5867:34 5865:. 5861:. 5844:. 5815:. 5786:. 5759:}} 5755:{{ 5743:. 5712:. 5700:. 5662:. 5631:. 5623:. 5611:. 5607:. 5590:. 5576:. 5559:. 5530:. 5516:. 5499:. 5487:. 5455:. 5445:73 5443:. 5439:. 5416:. 5404:. 5387:. 5354:, 5336:, 5313:. 5303:45 5301:. 5297:. 5279:, 5260:. 5231:, 5206:46 5204:. 5200:. 5183:. 5171:28 5169:. 5165:. 5148:. 5136:25 5134:. 5130:. 5113:. 5101:20 5099:. 5095:. 5078:. 5051:. 5043:. 5033:85 5031:. 5027:. 5004:. 4996:. 4984:. 4980:. 4957:. 4945:. 4926:. 4901:. 4874:. 4845:. 4820:. 4812:. 4800:. 4781:. 4754:. 4729:. 4702:. 4688:. 4671:. 4638:. 4628:21 4626:. 4622:. 4605:. 4576:. 4547:. 4516:. 4446:14 4444:. 4440:. 4399:. 4391:. 4381:64 4379:. 4338:^ 4309:^ 4234:^ 4133:^ 4104:^ 3981:^ 3762:^ 3747:^ 3732:^ 3669:^ 3654:^ 3591:^ 3556:^ 3541:^ 3526:^ 3391:^ 3268:^ 3205:^ 3190:^ 3115:^ 3084:^ 3009:^ 2994:^ 2943:^ 2928:^ 2913:^ 2886:^ 2869:^ 2826:^ 2801:^ 2772:^ 2757:^ 2678:^ 2657:^ 2628:^ 2565:^ 2500:^ 2459:^ 2444:^ 2415:^ 2388:^ 2373:^ 2354:^ 2337:^ 2282:^ 2251:^ 2236:^ 2107:^ 2064:^ 2049:^ 2028:^ 1994:, 1976:). 1968:, 1827:me 1817:, 1795:ma 1678:, 1660:Ur 1640:. 1612:, 1608:, 1566:. 1539:. 1528:. 1487:en 1445:Ur 1396:me 1391:me 1213:de 1165:. 1013:. 962:. 892:. 844:. 781:, 769:, 765:, 761:, 757:, 753:, 749:, 427:Ur 325:. 269:. 266:me 241:, 226:, 222:, 216:Ur 149:; 84:, 43:An 41:, 6366:e 6359:t 6352:v 6288:. 6239:. 6156:. 6136:: 6079:) 6065:. 6036:. 6002:: 5985:. 5946:. 5907:. 5873:: 5852:. 5823:. 5794:. 5765:) 5751:. 5720:. 5708:: 5691:. 5670:. 5639:. 5619:: 5598:. 5567:. 5538:. 5524:: 5507:. 5495:: 5469:. 5430:. 5412:: 5395:. 5327:. 5270:. 5256:: 5222:. 5191:. 5177:: 5156:. 5142:: 5121:. 5107:: 5086:. 5059:. 5039:: 5018:. 4992:: 4971:. 4936:. 4922:: 4909:. 4882:. 4855:. 4841:: 4828:. 4808:: 4791:. 4777:: 4764:. 4750:: 4737:. 4710:. 4679:. 4652:. 4613:. 4584:. 4557:. 4543:: 4533:2 4526:. 4512:: 4499:. 4478:. 4448:. 4431:. 4407:. 4387:: 1797:2 1360:. 838:2 830:2 826:2 818:2 642:( 634:( 626:( 145:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index