2138:
7830:
2115:
399:
780:
1528:, who was the lord of all gods. This was where the God Enlil spoke the king's name and was calling the king to his existence. This was used as a legitimacy for every king in order to secure power. The city is also believed to be a place where people would often take disputes according to some tablets that were found near the city. Politically it is hard to say how significant Nippur was because the city had no status as a dynastic or military power. However, the fact that Nippur never really gave kings any real political or military advantages suggests to some that it was never really conquered. The city itself was more viewed as "national Cult Center." Because it was viewed this way it was thought that any conquest of the city would give the Mesopotamian rulers unacceptable political risks. Also as the city was seen as a holy site this enabled Nippur to survive numerous conflicts that wiped out many other cities in the region.
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2157:
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484:
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2099:
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9124:
94:
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5674:
5099:
2176:
1969:
semi-precious stones. One specific kind of item traded with the two regions were conch shells. These were made by craftsmen who would turn them into lamps and cups dating back to the 3rd millennium. They have been discovered in graves, palaces, temples, and even residential homes. The fact that this item was mostly found in upper class contexts could show that only the wealthy at the time had access to the item. Additionally, Ur consumed jewelry, inlays, carvings, and cylinder seals in significant amounts. The high demand for these items shows a heavy trade relationship with the Gulf region.
1537:
1065:
6253:
1452:
9846:
7887:
1911:
6581:
1923:
1128:
5449:
9836:
5074:
6852:
585:
5659:
1569:
8708:
146:
8599:
1486:
5282:
998:
2192:
6921:
7915:
2041:
1192:
4366:
621:) to the Iranian shore of the Persian Gulf, a testimony to the strength of the dynasty. There are hundreds of texts that explain how treasures were seized by the Ur III armies and brought back to the kingdom after many victories. In some texts, it also appears that the Shulgi campaigns were the most profitable for the kingdom, although it is likely that the kings and temples of Ur were primarily those that benefited from the spoils of war.
1978:
1512:, would all go to be shipped to the capital. The bala tax worked on a rotating basis, with only one province supporting the kingdom at a time. Each province would support the kingdom for an amount of time determined by the size of their economy. Taxes could be paid in various forms, from crops to livestock to land. The government would then apportion out goods as needed, including funding temples and giving food rations to the needy.
465:
8941:
5933:
929:
521:
433:, is not well documented, but most Assyriologists posit that there was a brief "dark age", followed by a power struggle among the most powerful city-states. On the king-lists, Shar-Kali-Sharri is followed by two more kings of Akkad and six in Uruk; however, there are no year names surviving for any of these, nor even any artifacts confirming that any of these reigns was historical — save one artifact for
7029:
5846:
1752:
5669:
1592:
1784:
1768:
1736:
1672:
1576:
1704:
1688:
1624:
76:
7024:
6576:
6248:
5841:
5654:
1832:
1800:
1720:
1656:
1640:
1608:
1816:
153:
101:
7141:
6103:
5086:
1423:, much of southern Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites. The Amorites at first did not practice agriculture, preferring a semi-nomadic lifestyle, herding sheep. Over time, Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city-states, most notably
1556:
Slaves also made up a crucial group of labor for the state. One scholar estimates that 2/5 of chattel slaves mentioned in documents were not born slaves but became slaves due to accumulating debt, being sold by family members, or other reasons. However, one surprising feature of this period is that
1552:
Certain groups indeed seem to work under compulsion. Others work in order to keep property or get rations from the state. Still other laborers were free men and women for whom social mobility was a possibility. Many families travelled together in search of labor. Such laborers could amass private
605:
In the last century of the 3rd millennium BCE, it is believed that the kings of Ur waged several conflicts around the frontiers of the kingdom. These conflicts are believed to have been influenced by the king of Akkad. As there is little evidence of how the kings organized their forces, it is unclear
2052:
Sumerian dominated the cultural sphere and was the language of legal, administrative, and economic documents, while signs of the spread of
Akkadian could be seen elsewhere. New towns that arose in this period were virtually all given Akkadian names. Culture also thrived through many different types
1463:
When Kings of the Third Ur dynasty ruled they had specific dates and names for each period of their rule. One example was "the year of Ur-nammu king," which marked Ur-Nammu's coronation. Another important time was the year named "The threshed grain of Largas." This year name references an event in
1901:
Most legal disputes were dealt with locally by government officials called mayors, although their decision could be appealed and eventually overturned by the provincial governor. Sometimes legal disputes were publicly aired with witnesses present at a place like the town square or in front of the
2064:
Sumerian texts were mass-produced in the Ur III period; however, the word 'revival' or 'renaissance' to describe this period is misleading because archaeological evidence does not offer evidence of a previous period of decline. Instead, Sumerian began to take on a different form. As the
Semitic
1501:
system. The state was organized into a hierarchical pyramid of households with the royal household at the top. As described by
Steinkeller it was a network of households linked together by mutual rights and obligations. All resources of the state were exclusively owned by the royal household. All
1897:
The prologue to the law-code, written in the first person, established the king as the beacon of justice for his land, a role that previous kings normally did not play. He claims to want justice for all, including traditionally unfortunate groups in the kingdom like the widower or the orphan.
1968:
Trade was very important to the Ur
Dynasty because it was a way to ensure that the empire had enough ways to grow its wealth and care for those Ur ruled. One of the areas that Mesopotamia traded with was the Persian Gulf area, trading mostly raw materials such as metal, wood, ivory, and also
677:
Assyriologists employ many complicated methods for establishing the most precise dates possible for this period, but controversy still exists. Generally, scholars use either the conventional (middle, generally preferred) or the low (short) chronologies. They are as follows:
3484:. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Kรธbenhavns universitet, Denmark) Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010 : Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010 : Copenhagen. Copenhagen. pp. 1โ18.
1548:
This is an area where scholars have many different views. It had long been posited that the common laborer was nothing more than a serf, but new analysis and documents reveal a possible different picture. Gangs of labourers can be divided into various groups.
2137:
2114:
449:, only 25 according to others). An illiterate and nomadic people, their rule was not conducive to agriculture, nor record-keeping, and by the time they were expelled, the region was crippled by severe famine and skyrocketing grain prices. Their last king,
1557:
slaves seem to have been able to accumulate some assets and even property during their lifetimes such that they could buy their freedom. Extant documents give details about specific deals for slaves' freedoms negotiated with slaveowners.
565:'s reign. He took steps to centralize and standardize the procedures of the empire. He is credited with standardizing administrative processes, archival documentation, the tax system, and the national calendar. He captured the city of
2065:
Akkadian language became the common spoken language, Sumerian continued to dominate literature and also administrative documents. Government officials learned to write at special schools that used only
Sumerian literature.
1902:
temple. However, the image of the king as the supreme judge of the land took hold, and this image appears in many literary works and poems. Citizens sometimes wrote letters of prayer to the king, either present or past.
1960:. The detailed documents from the administration of this period exhibit a startling amount of centralization; some scholars have gone so far as to say no other period in Mesopotamian history reached the same level.
1553:
property and even be promoted to higher positions. This is quite a different picture of a laborer's life than the previous belief that they were afforded no way to move out of the social group they were born into.
7829:
1502:
inferior households were considered dependants of the higher ones. Inferior households contributed corvee labour to the royal household and received economic support, land, and protection in return.
3549:
480:
states that Utu-hengal had reigned for seven years (or 426, or 26 in other copies), although only one year-name for him is known from records, that of his accession, suggesting a shorter reign.
10050:
1505:
In each province, administrative and economic responsibility were split between two households: one headed by a governor (ensi) and one headed by a general (ล agina) who represented the crown.
10055:
3303:
2003:, have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia dating from around 2500-2000 BC. Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in
10045:
384:. The Ur III provinces, from north to south were Sippar, Tiwe, Urum, Puรถ, Gudua, Babylon, Kis, Kazallu, Apiak, Marad, Nippur, Uru-sagrig, Isin, Adab, Suruppak, Umma, Girsu, Uruk, and Ur.
3571:
Jacob L. Dahl, "The ruling family of Ur III Umma. A Prosopographical
Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago", Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, 2007
2098:
661:
apparently continued to rule contemporaneously with the Third
Dynasty of Ur, or possibly in the period that just preceded it, with rulers such as military governors like
3314:
3292:
4915:
2156:
1464:
which Ur-Nammu attacked the territory of Largas and took grain back to Ur. Another year-name that has been discovered was the year that Ur-Nammu's daughter became
1051:
6362:
1942:
systems and centralization of agriculture. An enormous labor force was amassed to work in agriculture, particularly in irrigation, harvesting, and sowing.
1524:
was one of the most important cities in the Third
Dynasty of Ur. Nippur is believed to be the religious center of Mesopotamia. It was home to the shrine of
4146:
2092:
Another text from this period, known as "The Death of
Urnammu", contains an underworld scene in which Ur-Nammu showers "his brother Gilgamesh" with gifts.
468:
Empire of the Third
Dynasty of Ur (in green), with territory, zone of influence, and colonial outposts, at their greatest. West is at top, North at right.
1349:, but did not manage to penetrate far into the country. In 2004/1940 BC (middle/short chronology respectively), the Elamites, allied with the people of
6491:
6367:
4739:
2710:
779:
398:
116:
3709:
6784:
2959:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
9123:
6406:
6222:
3513:
1303:
The list of the Kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur with the length of their reigns, appears on a cuneiform document listing the kings of Ur and
7162:
6883:
6794:
6483:
6198:
6140:
6136:
4908:
2175:
6440:
6436:
6144:
93:
9849:
6887:
6694:
6265:
6228:
6194:
5769:
5765:
5098:
4734:
2269:
9493:
6052:
5896:
5761:
5757:
5038:
2181:
6780:
6776:
6690:
6487:
5244:
3596:
Robertson, John F. (1984). "The Internal Political and Economic Structure of Old Babylonian Nippur: The Guennakkum and His 'House'".
3682:
610:
achieved some expansion and conquest. These were continued by his three successors but their conquests are less frequent with time.
6891:
6148:
4901:
4790:
4139:
2627:
1995:
can be found from around 2350 BC. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly
10075:
4351:
3265:
Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley".
10070:
6294:
6048:
6028:
6001:
5710:
10003:
9956:
9926:
3702:
3666:
3489:
3387:
3360:
3249:
2994:
2866:
2839:
2682:
2078:
form. The Ur III Dynasty attempted to establish ties to the early kings of Uruk by claiming to be their familial relations.
606:
whether defensive forces were in the center or outside the kingdom. What is known is that the second ruler of the dynasty,
543:
in battle, killing the king himself. After this battle, Ur-Nammu seems to have earned the title 'king of Sumer and Akkad.'
8250:
5745:
5597:
5454:
4481:
4132:
3765:
8920:
6599:
1373:. After this victory, the Elamites destroyed the kingdom, and ruled through military occupation for the next 21 years.
476:(originally a general) founded the Third Dynasty of Ur, but the precise events surrounding his rise are unclear. The
4208:
3642:
3586:
3444:
3417:
3207:
3180:
3037:
2967:
2812:
2785:
7266:
3092:
Garfinkle, Steven (2008). "Was the Ur III state bureaucratic? Patrimonialism and Bureaucracy in the Ur III period".
4872:
3695:
1568:
3576:
10080:
8914:
8987:
8534:
8458:
4785:
4769:
2645:
3901:
437:(Shar-Kali-Sharri's immediate successor on the list). Akkad's primacy, instead, seems to have been usurped by
9839:
9819:
9101:
9008:
8993:
8831:
8701:
8502:
8201:
7886:
5270:
4811:
342:
and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.
10040:
9640:
9449:
9425:
8825:
7805:
4821:
4556:
4099:
3551:
Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume I Tablets Cones and Bricks of the Third Ur Dynasty
883:"1 king; he ruled for 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to
17:
445:, whose kings ruled in Mesopotamia for an indeterminate period (124 years according to some copies of the
9062:
8101:
7900:
7447:
7441:
5688:
5044:
4877:
4759:
4754:
4689:
4365:
2740:
1986:
722:
633:
area who dwelled in the northeastern portion of Mesopotamia. The most important of these tribes were the
10085:
9689:
9545:
9308:
8999:
8809:
8155:
7817:
7785:
7779:
5986:
4882:
4491:
3172:
1847:
904:
9826:
9434:
9320:
9302:
9152:
8814:
8678:
8379:
8194:
7091:
4566:
4381:
2451:
2023:
2011:. About twenty seals have been found from the Akkadian and Ur III sites, that have connections with
9812:
9457:
9454:
9377:
9347:
9290:
9276:
8682:
7666:
7404:
6821:
6605:
5448:
4521:
4163:
2390:
1043:
483:
277:
7659:
349:
by historians studying the period. It is numbered in reference to previous dynasties, such as the
145:
9472:
9400:
9374:
9350:
9344:
9329:
9241:
9177:
9142:
9086:
9035:
8608:
7085:
6866:
6611:
5919:
5377:
4831:
4764:
4658:
4511:
4429:
4424:
3850:
2464:
2295:
1264:
1176:
438:
365:
272:
9635:
9625:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9365:
9356:
9299:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9264:
9255:
9183:
9180:
9171:
9071:
9050:
8664:
8438:
8370:
8280:
8024:
8018:
7499:
6954:
6813:
6378:
6159:
5699:
5673:
5633:
5276:
5049:
4862:
4714:
4473:
2226:
1860:
One salient feature of Ur III is its establishment of one of the earliest known law-codes, the
1468:
of the god Nanna and was renamed with the priestess-name of En-Nirgal-ana. This designation as
1416:
393:
9946:
6252:
5281:
3407:
3377:
3197:
3055:"HOW TO "INSTITUTIONALIZE" A HOUSEHOLD IN UR III ฤIRSU/LAGAล : THE CASE OF THE HOUSE OF UR-DUN"
2984:
2957:
2802:
2672:
1536:
1064:
745:
353:(26-25th century BC), but it seems the once supposed Second Dynasty of Ur was never recorded.
9995:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
9916:
9879:
9801:
9678:
9338:
9314:
9270:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9204:
9198:
9174:
9139:
9095:
9083:
9080:
9077:
9065:
9059:
9047:
9041:
8860:
8770:
8767:
8758:
8321:
6398:
4531:
4017:
3350:
2856:
2829:
2775:
2531:
2418:
1544:
himself carrying the builder's wicker traybasket. His name translates to 'immortal moon-god'.
1451:
1395:. They managed to drive the Elamites out of Ur, rebuilt the city, and returned the statue of
1279:
9993:
9845:
5658:
9246:
9195:
9104:
9098:
9068:
8670:
8623:
8611:
8435:
8376:
8000:
7894:
7717:
7244:
6392:
5913:
5330:
4749:
4709:
4188:
2650:
8707:
3460:
3394:
Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.
3333:
1910:
8:
9751:
9606:
9311:
9261:
9186:
9136:
9089:
9074:
9053:
8752:
8738:
8626:
8559:
8382:
8273:
8215:
7979:
7652:
7492:
7211:
7016:
6646:
5962:
5173:
4836:
4744:
4719:
4526:
4053:
3998:
3912:
3819:
3652:
1370:
350:
190:
3637:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 160/3. Gรถttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
356:
The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last Sumerian dynasty which came to preeminent power in
9977:
9791:
9668:
9229:
9168:
9162:
8690:
8654:
8567:
8548:
8444:
8441:
8394:
8360:
8357:
8312:
8003:
7988:
7973:
7649:
7646:
7637:
7396:
6571:
6299:
5572:
5425:
5342:
5145:
4826:
4795:
4694:
4541:
4458:
3761:
3621:
3613:
3507:
3166:
3147:
3139:
3074:
2405:
1307:, the "List of Reigns of Kings of Ur and Isin" (MS 1686). The list explains: "18 years
763:
477:
446:
8447:
3379:
Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
3122:
Fish, T. (1938). "The Sumerian City Nippur in the Period of the Third Dynasty of Ur".
2697:
Sharlach, Tonia, "Provincial Taxation and the Ur III State" CM 26. Leiden: Brill, 2004
613:
At the very height of the expansion of Ur, they had taken territory from southeastern
9999:
9952:
9922:
9215:
9189:
9165:
9147:
8947:
8868:
8776:
8645:
8617:
8432:
8400:
8391:
8333:
8330:
8327:
8315:
8303:
8218:
8139:
7991:
7985:
7952:
7946:
7517:
7390:
7254:
7076:
6802:
6401:
6395:
6203:
6171:
5716:
4925:
4816:
4673:
4668:
4653:
4588:
4506:
4463:
4183:
4178:
4044:
4034:
3662:
3638:
3625:
3582:
3495:
3485:
3440:
3413:
3383:
3356:
3245:
3203:
3176:
3151:
3033:
2990:
2963:
2918:
2862:
2835:
2808:
2781:
2678:
2544:
2518:
2254:
2239:
2075:
2070:
1890:, the author is still somewhat under dispute; some scholars attribute it to his son,
1871:
1867:
1855:
showing important sites that were occupied by the Third Dynasty of Ur (clickable map)
1404:
1392:
1358:
844:
802:
578:
574:
535:, on a cylinder seal. His name appears vertically in the upper right corner (๐จ๐ญ๐).
381:
331:
44:
7379:
2937:
2901:
2669:"The so-called Second Dynasty of Ur is a phantom and is not recorded in the SKL" in
1949:
was run by the state. Many men, women, and children alike were employed to produce
1399:
that the Elamites had plundered. The Amorites were nomadic tribes from the northern
9875:
9787:
9733:
9664:
9651:
9630:
9595:
9444:
9232:
9201:
9056:
9032:
8800:
8797:
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8746:
8639:
8620:
8614:
8570:
8553:
8397:
8388:
8385:
8309:
8306:
8144:
8029:
7616:
6706:
6640:
6628:
6321:
5868:
5158:
4729:
4724:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4409:
4266:
4251:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4203:
4094:
3605:
3274:
3223:
Edens, Cristopher. "Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian "World System"".
3131:
3066:
2611:
2596:
2583:
2492:
2054:
2035:
1946:
1862:
817:
547:
442:
426:
4893:
1938:
The Ur III kings oversaw many substantial state-run projects, including intricate
1922:
9796:
9782:
9757:
9710:
9673:
9659:
9483:
9332:
9285:
9192:
9157:
9029:
9024:
8952:
8926:
8782:
8657:
8651:
8636:
8629:
8583:
8573:
8406:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8288:
8236:
8072:
8006:
7994:
7982:
7970:
7955:
7934:
7853:
7757:
7754:
7728:
7643:
7622:
7610:
7577:
7571:
7541:
7463:
7273:
6625:
6580:
6534:
6528:
6518:
6308:
5408:
5386:
5153:
4663:
4638:
4633:
4613:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4516:
4486:
4438:
4434:
4404:
4111:
4080:
4075:
4065:
3775:
3656:
3434:
2986:
The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State
2364:
2351:
2338:
1420:
1396:
1388:
1384:
852:
422:
361:
295:
9835:
5073:
10060:
9694:
9238:
9131:
9020:
8973:
8934:
8877:
8779:
8715:
8633:
8592:
8586:
8576:
8564:
8348:
8336:
8324:
8244:
8133:
8087:
7997:
7967:
7931:
7795:
7640:
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7613:
7604:
7556:
7526:
7508:
7483:
7471:
7383:
7240:
7111:
6962:
6824:
6818:
6721:
6713:
6649:
6622:
6586:
6419:
6186:
6183:
6084:
5492:
5257:
5163:
5140:
5032:
4643:
4049:
2727:
2570:
2325:
2282:
1498:
1456:
495:
3527:
3481:
Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
3352:
Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East
2883:
1127:
706:
10034:
9989:
9912:
9897:
9769:
9701:
9581:
9226:
9223:
8976:
8970:
8930:
8886:
8794:
8755:
8589:
8528:
8429:
8426:
8354:
8339:
8300:
8297:
8240:
8179:
8061:
7767:
7760:
7737:
7631:
7625:
7589:
7511:
7467:
7424:
7216:
7114:
7108:
7066:
6965:
6768:
6730:
6503:
6389:
6303:
6113:
6064:
5819:
5803:
5496:
5422:
5383:
5357:
5351:
5312:
5253:
5224:
4949:
4443:
4291:
4198:
3957:
3953:
3786:
3499:
3241:
The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)
3094:
The Growth of an Early State in Mesopotamia: Studies in Ur III Administration
2505:
2479:
2377:
2310:
1945:
Textiles were a particularly important industry in Ur during this time. The
1694:
1509:
1336:
593:
589:
546:
Ur's dominance over the Neo-Sumerian Empire was consolidated with the famous
434:
282:
6851:
3278:
629:
The rulers of Ur III were often in conflict with the highland tribes of the
9942:
9739:
9617:
9551:
9469:
9460:
9391:
9317:
9220:
8964:
8865:
8788:
8642:
8598:
8478:
8403:
8363:
8294:
8291:
8285:
8224:
8176:
8164:
8078:
8055:
8048:
7964:
7958:
7928:
7740:
7712:
7694:
7685:
7634:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7320:
7290:
7096:
7008:
6905:
6842:
6790:
6619:
6344:
6279:
6269:
6180:
6131:
6016:
5996:
5992:
5777:
5641:
5501:
5481:
5434:
5393:
5180:
5135:
4984:
4969:
4448:
4261:
4193:
4090:
2016:
1870:, resembling its prologue and bodily structure. Extant copies, written in
1662:
662:
539:
Ur-Nammu rose to prominence as a warrior-king when he crushed the ruler of
125:
3877:
3687:
3479:
3107:
Podany, Amanda (December 2013). "The Third Dynasty of Ur, 2193โ2004 bce".
3096:. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientรญficas. pp. 55โ61.
1485:
1283:
997:
753:
584:
10065:
9754:
9745:
9600:
9554:
9539:
9530:
9524:
9466:
9368:
9326:
9296:
9293:
9235:
9092:
9044:
8955:
8874:
8871:
8854:
8764:
8579:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8491:
8481:
8469:
8318:
8259:
8212:
8188:
8182:
8173:
8167:
8112:
8075:
8058:
8042:
7976:
7961:
7949:
7937:
7908:
7875:
7872:
7734:
7709:
7706:
7700:
7607:
7568:
7565:
7553:
7538:
7535:
7523:
7430:
7418:
7409:
7358:
7352:
7302:
7299:
7287:
7284:
7220:
7197:
7180:
7166:
7157:
6927:
6856:
6846:
6698:
6683:
6677:
6661:
6658:
6561:
6540:
6450:
6413:
6336:
6177:
5967:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5850:
5836:
5799:
5649:
5558:
5473:
5443:
5429:
5198:
5184:
5129:
5064:
4994:
4964:
4867:
4857:
4648:
4580:
4453:
4341:
4155:
3919:
3807:
3757:
3719:
2208:
1726:
1614:
1508:
Each province had a redistribution center where provincial taxes, called
1459:, rebuilt and enlarged many times, was founded by the Third Dynasty of Ur
1376:
658:
654:
357:
6920:
3478:
Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity".
3078:
3054:
2081:
For example, the Ur III kings often claimed Gilgamesh's divine parents,
509:
It is possible that Ur-Nammu was originally his governor. There are two
9763:
9760:
9742:
9719:
9704:
9698:
9578:
9575:
9533:
9521:
9515:
9500:
9371:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9335:
9305:
9113:
9038:
8979:
8845:
8785:
8648:
8542:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8495:
8487:
8475:
8463:
8209:
8185:
8170:
8106:
8068:
8045:
8039:
7943:
7682:
7514:
7412:
7371:
7361:
7355:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7305:
7293:
7281:
7278:
7248:
7194:
7191:
7004:
6983:
6959:
6935:
6764:
6655:
6652:
6643:
6634:
6553:
6444:
6330:
6285:
6273:
6117:
5955:
5951:
5900:
5721:
5629:
5555:
5551:
5295:
5168:
5118:
5112:
4399:
4394:
3617:
3143:
2759:
Lafont, Bertrand. "The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence".
2086:
1939:
1282:. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The kingship was taken to
978:
786:
454:
402:
368:
and independent Sumerian city-state kings. It controlled the cities of
327:
7914:
4124:
3030:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires
1930:, with indications of the surfaces of the parts. Third Dynasty of Ur,
884:
9772:
9715:
9572:
9542:
9536:
9527:
9512:
9506:
9488:
9463:
9341:
9323:
9110:
9107:
8967:
8894:
8880:
8851:
8839:
8761:
8732:
8472:
8466:
8231:
8161:
8118:
8115:
8064:
7847:
7764:
7750:
7747:
7703:
7697:
7679:
7601:
7592:
7562:
7559:
7550:
7532:
7529:
7367:
7364:
7228:
7224:
7200:
7148:
7135:
7105:
7000:
6996:
6874:
6734:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6431:
6348:
6325:
6289:
6174:
6097:
6020:
6012:
5979:
5876:
5860:
5832:
5795:
5664:
5622:
5439:
5318:
5204:
4704:
4389:
4276:
4213:
3969:
3939:
2040:
1758:
1408:
1191:
551:
487:
3609:
3239:
3135:
3028:
Steinkeller, Piotr (March 2021). "The Sargonic and Ur III Empires".
1977:
360:. It began after several centuries of control, exerted first by the
9722:
9548:
9509:
9503:
9380:
8961:
8958:
8903:
8900:
8842:
8773:
8723:
8686:
8539:
8081:
7940:
7922:
7905:
7843:
7770:
7744:
7691:
7673:
7583:
7458:
7349:
7340:
7328:
7296:
7260:
7236:
7186:
7154:
7130:
7102:
7072:
7060:
7053:
7039:
7033:
6968:
6878:
6860:
6772:
6750:
6746:
6631:
6557:
6386:
6340:
6317:
6312:
6243:
6238:
6207:
6024:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5815:
5736:
5581:
5413:
5403:
5398:
5389:
5325:
5308:
5079:
5026:
4841:
4496:
4419:
4414:
4321:
4306:
4301:
4256:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3928:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3845:
3658:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000โ323 BC. Second Edition
3070:
2128:
2108:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology.
2105:
2045:
1957:
1915:
1887:
1541:
1432:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1249:
1197:
1108:
1070:
934:
862:
666:
634:
614:
525:
491:
473:
430:
377:
235:
225:
9951:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532โ534 (Chronological Tables).
8940:
517:
that include this detail in an inscription about Ur-Nammu's life.
425:. The period between the last powerful king of the Akkad Dynasty,
9775:
9603:
9584:
9569:
9563:
9557:
8891:
8836:
8729:
8726:
8674:
8525:
8267:
8206:
8127:
8121:
7862:
7856:
7628:
7598:
7453:
7343:
7308:
7099:
7042:
6943:
6912:
6616:
6165:
6108:
6037:
5932:
5924:
5789:
5724:
5531:
5528:
5513:
5509:
5321:
5315:
5299:
5177:
4598:
4326:
4316:
4281:
4271:
4022:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3865:
3833:
3812:
2217:
2143:
Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats,
2120:
Cuneiform tablet impressed with cylinder seal. Receipt of goats,
2089:, as their own, probably to evoke a comparison to the epic hero.
2012:
2008:
1598:
1440:
1412:
1380:
1320:
1133:
1114:
835:
830:
638:
570:
550:, probably the first such law-code for Mesopotamia since that of
450:
414:
7028:
2885:
Supplรฉment au Dictionnaire de la Bible: TELL HARIRI/MARI: TEXTES
928:
520:
464:
9566:
9560:
9518:
9429:
8897:
8848:
8423:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
8221:
8124:
8109:
8093:
7838:
7823:
7688:
7595:
7586:
7520:
7477:
7346:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7232:
7204:
7145:
7036:
6931:
6758:
6637:
6549:
6537:
6168:
6125:
6090:
6071:
6043:
5940:
5872:
5810:
5753:
5705:
5614:
5585:
5541:
5538:
5488:
5418:
5336:
5289:
5239:
5214:
5209:
5188:
5005:
4979:
4954:
4346:
4296:
4218:
2557:
2082:
1931:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1790:
1774:
1742:
1678:
1582:
1521:
1490:
1436:
1400:
1312:
1003:
858:
749:
630:
618:
607:
562:
555:
540:
510:
10051:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
7023:
6575:
6247:
5845:
5840:
5668:
5653:
624:
421:
The Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time after the fall of the
9766:
9748:
8263:
7869:
7850:
6916:
6827:
6798:
6725:
6457:
6121:
6008:
5927:
5855:
5732:
5728:
5610:
5548:
5544:
5505:
5292:
5234:
5229:
5219:
5192:
4974:
4699:
4336:
4331:
4311:
3828:
3661:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Malden: Blackwell.
2433:
1954:
1710:
1630:
1525:
1428:
1278:"5 kings; they ruled for 108 years. Then the reign of Ur was
1241:
1113:
He may have been contemporaneous with the Biblical patriarch
795:
406:
373:
335:
263:
200:
10056:
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC
7140:
6102:
498:, were vanquished by the armies of the Third Dynasty of Ur,
10046:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
8720:
8484:
8411:
8255:
8011:
7122:
6977:
6899:
6740:
6668:
6497:
6383:
6214:
6189:
6077:
6058:
5827:
5785:
5740:
5680:
5618:
5565:
5534:
5463:
5363:
5305:
5302:
5249:
5093:
5085:
5055:
5015:
4999:
4989:
4959:
4286:
3824:
3461:"Seated figure approached by a goddess leading a worshiper"
2674:
Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC)
2442:
2199:
1950:
1927:
1852:
1838:
1806:
1646:
1424:
1350:
1346:
1304:
642:
566:
458:
410:
369:
129:
3375:
6717:
1540:
An architectural foundation-nail figurine depicting king
81:
Map showing the Ur III state and its sphere of influence.
75:
9886:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48โ49.
2728:
Encyclopedia Iranica: Elam - Simashki dynasty, F. Vallat
1515:
6354:
5010:
2022:
These exchanges came to a halt with the decline of the
2004:
1992:
1883:
1822:
1362:
866:
641:
tribal kingdoms. They were also often in conflict with
600:
514:
339:
267:
245:
167:
159:
121:
107:
9865:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
1972:
1472:
of Nanna makes the year's designation almost certain.
561:
Many significant changes occurred in the empire under
51:
7386:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-iliลกu
3632:
2074:
was written down during this period into its classic
1345:
in the 21st century launched military campaigns into
6454:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
3557:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 38, Nb 35.
2162:
Administrative Tablet, Third Dynasty of Ur, 2026 BC.
1475:
4923:
2745:. New Haven, Yale University Press. pp. 45โ50.
2705:
2703:
2048:(c.2028โ2004 BCE) enthroned, with standing goddess.
345:The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as
6257:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2780:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 24.
1981:The trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus
861:and briefly ruled Sumer until he was succeeded by
3164:
10032:
3109:The Ancient Near East: A Very Short Introduction
2807:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 707 ff.
2700:
869:, thus ending the final Sumerian dynasty of Uruk
592:, commemorating the fall of Ur to the Elamites.
3633:Sallaberger, Walther; Westenholz, Aage (1999).
577:, while the rest of Elam fell under control of
3651:
2632:Location of Sumer, with contemporary polities
1361:, was able to surround Ur and managed to sack
413:, praying for victory against the Gutian king
36:
4909:
4140:
3703:
3315:"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228"
3304:"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208"
1963:
699:Comments, notes, and references for mentions
9900:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
9874:
7378:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
5971:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2677:. University of Toronto Press. p. 910.
1107:He has been compared with the Biblical king
9910:
9127:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
4735:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3717:
3382:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 246.
3202:. Cambridge University Press. p. 132.
3032:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43โ72.
3027:
2989:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
2982:
2920:Sumero-Babylonian King Lists and Date Lists
2827:
2191:
1341:The power of the Neo-Sumerians was waning.
625:Conflicts with northeastern mountain tribes
4916:
4902:
4147:
4133:
3754:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
3710:
3696:
3512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3409:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
3264:
3111:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58โ61.
1219: c. 1964 โ c. 1940 BC
1208: c. 2028 โ c. 2004 BC
1155: c. 1973 โ c. 1964 BC
1144: c. 2037 โ c. 2028 BC
1092: c. 1982 โ c. 1973 BC
1081: c. 2046 โ c. 2037 BC
1025: c. 2030 โ c. 1982 BC
1014: c. 2094 โ c. 2046 BC
956: c. 2048 โ c. 2030 BC
945: c. 2112 โ c. 2094 BC
813: c. 2055 โ c. 2048 BC
648:
9827:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
6423:"King of the four quarters of the world"
3635:Mesopotamien. Akkade-Zeit und Ur III-Zeit
3595:
3335:Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur
3091:
2976:
2739:Barton, George A. (George Aaron) (1918).
2044:The last king of the Ur III dynasty King
1480:
1246:of not just Akkad; but, to have held the
9998:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
3436:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
3432:
3405:
3293:"Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187"
2039:
1976:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1535:
1484:
1450:
902:
703:
583:
519:
482:
463:
397:
9843:
4154:
3355:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
3165:John Bagnell Bury; et al. (1925).
3052:
2828:Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020).
1991:Evidence for imports from the Indus to
1886:itself. Although the prologue credits
1560:
14:
10033:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9708:
8938:
8736:
6516:
6507:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
6411:
5335:
3574:
3477:
3348:
3189:
3106:
3009:
2881:
2875:
2800:
2738:
2711:"Hash-hamer Cylinder seal of Ur-Nammu"
2670:
2581:
1274:
879:
740:
723:Fifth dynasty of Uruk / Uruk V dynasty
9988:
9833:
9800:
9795:
9786:
9738:
9677:
9672:
9663:
9658:
9649:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9615:
9481:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9433:
9424:
9414:
9409:
9398:
9389:
9283:
9018:
8925:
8823:
8813:
8699:
8547:
8456:
8278:
8271:
8229:
8153:
8131:
8099:
8085:
8054:
8038:
7912:
7884:
7860:
7815:
7776:
7721:
7657:
7490:
7475:
7452:
7439:
7402:
7252:
7209:
7083:
7059:
7051:
7014:
6952:
6941:
6911:
6895:
6864:
6831:
6811:
6789:
6756:
6665:
6597:
6585:
6544:
6456:
6448:
6376:
6157:
5911:
5904:
5866:
5793:
5775:
5744:
5697:
5663:
5648:
5640:
5627:
5608:
5596:
5579:
5563:
5526:
5479:
5453:
5375:
5340:
5268:
5092:
5061:
5054:
5043:
5024:
4897:
4128:
4110:
4089:
4079:
3997:
3968:
3900:
3876:
3691:
3543:
3541:
3376:Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003).
3237:
3195:
3023:
3021:
2955:
2854:
2777:The Shemshฤra Archives 1: The Letters
2773:
2742:Miscellaneous Babylonian inscriptions
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2462:
2449:
2416:
2403:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2323:
2308:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2237:
2224:
2179:
1926:Plan of a real estate of the city of
1866:. It is quite similar to the famous
1516:The city of Nippur and its importance
693:
665:, who was probably contemporary with
657:, Semitic military rulers called the
569:and the surrounding region, toppling
528:, founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur
9941:
3547:
3331:
3231:
3121:
2804:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC)
2754:
2752:
2609:
2594:
2440:
2431:
2252:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2068:Some scholars believe that the Uruk
1383:influence. The Amorite kings of the
905:Third dynasty of Ur / Ur III dynasty
798: c. 2119 โ c. 2112 BC
601:The military and conquests of Ur III
338:ruling dynasty based in the city of
9965:
3591:– via ProQuest Ebook Central.
3399:
1973:Commercial relations with the Indus
865:, who he had appointed governor of
326:, refers to a 22nd to 21st century
24:
9921:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
9840:Chronology of the Neolithic period
9492:
9122:
8939:
8921:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
8706:
8597:
7913:
7885:
7828:
7658:
7265:
6919:
5280:
3565:
3538:
3018:
2949:
2916:
2858:Who's Who in the Ancient Near East
2848:
2834:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
2758:
2029:
25:
10097:
9497:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
7833:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
5644:("made the land of Elam submit")
3676:
3222:
2794:
2767:
2761:Cuneiform Digital Library Journal
2749:
1751:
1476:Social and political organization
1446:
1330:
672:
135:Show map of West and Central Asia
9918:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
9844:
9834:
7139:
7027:
7022:
6850:
6579:
6574:
6405:
6251:
6246:
6101:
6000:
5931:
5844:
5839:
5709:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5652:
5447:
5097:
5084:
5072:
5037:
4873:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
4364:
3528:"The Stela of the Flying Angels"
3244:. Archaeopress. pp. 14โ17.
2983:D. T. Potts (12 November 2015).
2831:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
2190:
2174:
2155:
2136:
2113:
2097:
1830:
1814:
1798:
1782:
1766:
1750:
1734:
1718:
1702:
1686:
1670:
1654:
1638:
1622:
1606:
1590:
1574:
1567:
1531:
1190:
1126:
1063:
996:
927:
778:
429:, and the first king of Ur III,
151:
144:
99:
92:
74:
9982:
9935:
9904:
9890:
9868:
9859:
8915:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
3581:. University of Toronto Press.
3520:
3471:
3453:
3426:
3369:
3342:
3325:
3285:
3258:
3216:
3158:
3115:
3100:
3085:
3046:
3003:
2930:
2910:
2895:
1591:
1216:
1205:
1152:
1141:
1089:
1078:
1022:
1011:
953:
942:
810:
364:, and then, after its fall, by
10076:22nd-century BC establishments
9850:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
8988:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
8535:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
8459:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
7021:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
4430:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
4425:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
3412:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182โ190.
3014:. Canadian Electronic Library.
2821:
2732:
2721:
2691:
2663:
2646:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
1783:
1767:
1735:
1671:
1575:
472:Following Utu-Hengal's reign,
13:
1:
10071:Middle Eastern royal families
9820:Muslim conquest of the Levant
9066:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
9009:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
8994:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
8832:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
8702:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
8503:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
8202:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
4812:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4209:TigrisโEuphrates river system
3433:Stiebing, William H. (2016).
3168:The Cambridge Ancient History
2945:. Cary Cook. 2007. p. 1.
2656:
2633:
2144:
2121:
2059:
1703:
1687:
1623:
908:
726:
529:
499:
380:and extended as far north as
8369:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
5103:(Uruk influence or control)
3683:The State of Ur III Research
3598:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3578:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC)
3059:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3012:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC)
1831:
1799:
1719:
1655:
1639:
1497:The Ur III state followed a
1411:of southern Mesopotamia and
1407:speakers, unlike the native
698:
692:
689:
686:
417:. 19th century illustration.
52:
27:Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia
7:
9063:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
8102:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7901:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7448:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7442:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6702:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
5689:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
5090:(Anonymous "King-priests")
5045:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
4878:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
4760:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
4755:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2167:
1987:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1607:
1369:into captivity, ending the
1238:to have held the title of,
680:
10:
10102:
9855:
9690:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
9117:
9000:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
8884:
8858:
8810:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
8156:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
7921:Third Babylonian dynasty (
7818:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7780:Second Intermediate Period
6590:(vassal of the Akkadians)
5978:
5123:Early or legendary kings:
4883:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3349:Podany, Amanda H. (2012).
3173:Cambridge University Press
2962:. Routledge. p. 221.
2033:
1984:
1964:Trade with the Gulf Region
1815:
1334:
857:of Uruk who overthrew the
391:
387:
152:
100:
37:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9781:
9731:
9728:
9687:
9646:
9612:
9593:
9435:Parthamaspates of Parthia
9421:
9386:
9245:
9213:
9006:
8985:
8912:
8909:
8815:Assyrian conquest of Elam
8808:
8696:
8662:
8596:
8557:
8421:
8410:
8367:
8195:Third Intermediate Period
8010:
7881:
7725:Second Babylonian dynasty
7670:("Old Babylonian Period")
7436:
7388:
7152:
7120:
7092:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
7064:
7048:
6995:
6992:
6975:
6897:
6882:
6841:
6808:
6754:
6738:
6712:
6704:
6675:
6600:First Intermediate Period
6594:
6570:
6526:
6511:
6495:
6470:
6461:
6435:
6430:
6242:
6221:
6202:
6193:
6154:
6129:
6112:
6088:
6075:
6070:
6056:
6041:
6032:
5984:
5960:
5885:
5825:
5808:
5773:
5752:
5746:Early Dynastic Period III
5694:
5678:
5606:
5604:
5593:
5520:
5471:
5461:
5372:
5349:
5265:
5196:
5127:
5110:
5107:
5048:
5021:
4948:
4932:
4850:
4804:
4778:
4682:
4579:
4472:
4380:
4373:
4362:
4244:
4171:
4162:
4107:
4086:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4043:
4033:
4016:
4009:
4007:
3973:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3938:
3910:
3893:
3864:
3849:
3844:
3823:
3818:
3806:
3796:
3784:
3774:
3756:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3439:. Routledge. p. 85.
3238:Reade, Julian E. (2008).
3053:Notizia, Palmiro (2019).
2855:Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).
2150:. Neo-Sumerian (drawing).
2024:Indus valley civilization
1365:(early summer?) and lead
1224:(15, 23, 24, or 25 years)
875:
721:
696:date and length of reign
301:
291:
251:
241:
231:
221:
206:
196:
186:
68:
32:
9813:Muslim conquest of Egypt
9277:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
9108:Cleopatra VII Philopator
8605:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
7667:First Babylonian dynasty
7405:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
6909:(vassal of the Gutians)
6606:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
5598:Early Dynastic Period II
3735:Northwestern Mesopotamia
3575:Frayne, Douglas (1997).
3010:Frayne, Douglas (1997).
2801:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
2671:Frayne, Douglas (2008).
1391:to Ur III, starting the
1044:King of the Four Corners
687:Portrait or inscription
683:
653:In the northern area of
409:of the Sumerian city of
278:King of the Four Corners
9898:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
9641:Province of Mesopotamia
9450:Province of Mesopotamia
9426:Province of Mesopotamia
9401:Roman conquest of Egypt
9242:Antigonus II Mattathias
9036:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
8609:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
7086:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
6612:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
5920:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
5455:Early Dynastic Period I
5378:Second Dynasty of Egypt
3406:McIntosh, Jane (2008).
3279:10.3406/paleo.1984.4350
3225:American Anthropologist
3199:The Archaeology of Elam
2907:, Clarendon Press, 1924
2905:A Sumerian reading-book
1265:Lament for Sumer and Ur
1177:King of Sumer and Akkad
1160:(7, 9, 16, or 20 years)
649:Military rulers of Mari
273:King of Sumer and Akkad
10081:Former empires in Asia
9498:
9280:Philip II Philoromaeus
9274:Antiochus XII Dionysus
9268:Demetrius III Eucaerus
9265:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
9256:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
9128:
9096:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
9051:Arsinoe III Philopator
8944:
8712:
8602:
8439:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
8371:Second Dynasty of Isin
7918:
7891:
7834:
7663:
7546:(Non-dynastic usurpers
7270:
6955:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
6924:
6814:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
6379:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
6160:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
5987:Second kingdom of Mari
5700:Third Dynasty of Egypt
5634:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
5286:
5277:First Dynasty of Egypt
4715:Babylonian mathematics
3895:Middle Hittite Kingdom
2956:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
2774:Eidem, Jesper (2001).
2049:
2026:after around 1900 BC.
1982:
1935:
1919:
1914:Cylinder seal of King
1545:
1494:
1489:Cylinder seal of King
1481:Political organization
1460:
1439:, and later, founding
1357:, king of the Elamite
1297:
898:
770:
597:
536:
506:
469:
418:
394:History of Mesopotamia
9884:The Ancient Near East
9802:Byzantine Mesopotamia
9716:Province of Asoristan
9679:Byzantine Mesopotamia
9496:
9489:Province of Asoristan
9271:Philip I Philadelphus
9259:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
9253:Antiochus VIII Grypus
9250:Seleucus V Philometor
9205:Antiochus VII Sidetes
9199:Antiochus VI Dionysus
9126:
9099:Berenice IV Epiphanea
9060:Ptolemy VI Philometor
9048:Ptolemy IV Philopator
9045:Berenice II Euergetis
9042:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8943:
8861:Neo-Babylonian Empire
8771:Marduk-apla-iddina II
8768:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
8759:Marduk-apla-iddina II
8710:
8665:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
8601:
8322:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
8012:Middle Elamite period
7917:
7889:
7832:
7662:
7269:
6923:
6678:Third kingdom of Mari
6399:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
5474:First kingdom of Mari
5284:
5271:Early Dynastic Period
5113:Proto-Dynastic period
4018:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3851:Old Babylonian Empire
3766:Early Dynastic period
3196:Potts, D. T. (1999).
2882:Durand, M.L. (2008).
2043:
2001:Fasciolaria Trapezium
1980:
1925:
1913:
1906:Industry and commerce
1539:
1488:
1454:
1275:
1030:(46, 48, or 58 years)
880:
748:was defeated and the
741:
587:
523:
486:
467:
401:
392:Further information:
9247:Alexander II Zabinas
9111:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
9087:Ptolemy XI Alexander
9069:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
8624:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
8612:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
8436:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
8377:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
8001:Marduk-apla-iddina I
7895:New Kingdom of Egypt
7718:Early Kassite rulers
7012:(Vassals of Ur III)
6993:(Vassals of UR III)
6393:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
6363:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
5914:Old Kingdom of Egypt
4710:Babylonian astronomy
4189:Mesopotamian Marshes
3745:Southern Mesopotamia
3740:Northern Mesopotamia
3653:Van de Mieroop, Marc
3332:Gadd, G. J. (1958).
2651:Renaissance of Sumer
2628:class=notpageimage|
1848:class=notpageimage|
1561:An early code of law
453:, was driven out by
117:class=notpageimage|
10041:Third Dynasty of Ur
9752:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
9262:Antiochus X Eusebes
9090:Ptolemy XII Auletes
9081:Ptolemy X Alexander
9075:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
9054:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8739:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8627:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
8560:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8383:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
8274:Syro-Hittite states
7980:Shagarakti-Shuriash
7653:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
6647:Neferkare Pepiseneb
6546:Akkadian Governors:
5050:Pre-Dynastic period
4791:Destruction by ISIL
4745:Sumerian literature
4720:Akkadian literature
4156:Ancient Mesopotamia
3999:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3913:Bronze Age Collapse
3846:Old Hittite Kingdom
3820:Old Assyrian period
3798:Third Dynasty of Ur
2926:. pp. 206โ210.
1371:third dynasty of Ur
1173:Held the title of,
1170:Historicity certain
1040:Held the title of,
558:centuries earlier.
351:First Dynasty of Ur
324:Neo-Sumerian Empire
320:Third Dynasty of Ur
191:First dynasty of Ur
33:Third dynasty of Ur
9978:Sumerian King List
9792:Palaestina Secunda
9669:Palaestina Secunda
9499:
9230:Alexander Jannaeus
9129:
9119:Hellenistic Period
8945:
8713:
8691:Humban-haltash III
8655:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
8603:
8568:Tukulti-Ninurta II
8549:Kingdom of Samaria
8445:Mar-biti-apla-usur
8442:Shirikti-shuqamuna
8412:Neo-Elamite period
8395:Marduk-shapik-zeri
8380:Itti-Marduk-balatu
8361:Tiglath-Pileser II
8358:Ashur-resh-ishi II
8313:Enlil-kudurri-usur
8004:Zababa-shuma-iddin
7989:Kadashman-Harbe II
7974:Kadashman-Enlil II
7919:
7892:
7835:
7664:
7650:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
7647:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
7638:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
7397:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
7271:
6925:
6300:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
5681:Old Elamite period
5573:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
5426:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
5343:Jemdet Nasr period
5287:
4827:Mesopotamian myths
3855:Southern Akkadians
3762:Jemdet Nasr period
3548:Spar, Ira (1988).
3532:The Museum Journal
2050:
2015:and often use the
1983:
1936:
1920:
1546:
1495:
1461:
1261:Mentioned on the,
764:Sumerian King List
744:"Then the army of
598:
537:
507:
494:. The Simurrum, a
478:Sumerian King List
470:
441:invaders from the
419:
322:, also called the
292:Connected families
10086:Former monarchies
10028:
10027:
10022:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10005:978-1-62564-606-4
9990:Unger, Merrill F.
9958:978-0-14-193825-7
9928:978-1-60606-649-2
9695:Province of Egypt
9626:Province of Egypt
9406:Province of Egypt
9148:Antigonid dynasty
8948:Achaemenid Empire
8869:Nebuchadnezzar II
8777:Ashur-nadin-shumi
8646:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
8618:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
8433:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
8401:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
8392:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
8334:Asharid-apal-Ekur
8331:Tiglath-Pileser I
8328:Ashur-resh-ishi I
8316:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
8304:Tukulti-Ninurta I
8251:Kingdom of Israel
8219:Osorkon the Elder
8140:Shutrukid dynasty
8025:Igehalkid dynasty
7992:Adad-shuma-iddina
7986:Enlil-nadin-shumi
7953:Kadashman-Enlil I
7947:Kadashman-harbe I
7391:Sukkalmah dynasty
7255:Isin-Larsa period
7077:Shimashki Dynasty
6803:Puzur-Inshushinak
6402:Netjerkare Siptah
6172:Neferirkare Kakai
5717:Egyptian pyramids
4926:Ancient Near East
4891:
4890:
4842:Ziggurat (Temple)
4817:Sumerian religion
4575:
4574:
4522:Middle Babylonian
4464:Kish civilization
4360:
4359:
4184:Lower Mesopotamia
4179:Upper Mesopotamia
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4045:Macedonian Empire
4035:Achaemenid Empire
3908:c. 1200โ1150 BCE
3891:c. 1400โ1200 BCE
3862:c. 1600โ1400 BCE
3842:c. 1800โ1600 BCE
3804:c. 2000โ1800 BCE
3794:c. 2100โ2000 BCE
3782:c. 2200โ2100 BCE
3772:c. 2350โ2200 BCE
3751:c. 3500โ2350 BCE
3668:978-1-4051-4911-2
3491:978-87-635-4372-9
3465:www.metmuseum.org
3389:978-1-58839-043-1
3362:978-0-19-971829-0
3251:978-1-4073-0312-3
3227:. New Series: 22.
2996:978-1-107-09469-7
2868:978-1-134-78796-8
2841:978-1-60606-649-2
2684:978-1-4426-9047-9
2071:Epic of Gilgamesh
1868:Code of Hammurabi
1405:Northwest Semitic
1393:Isin-Larsa period
1359:Shimashki dynasty
1301:
1300:
1225:
1161:
1098:
1031:
962:
845:Puzur-Inshushinak
823:
803:Middle Chronology
734: 2112 BC BC
579:Shimashki dynasty
575:Kutik-Inshushinak
382:Upper Mesopotamia
332:middle chronology
316:
315:
16:(Redirected from
10093:
10010:
10009:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9963:
9962:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9911:Thomas, Ariane;
9908:
9902:
9901:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9872:
9866:
9863:
9848:
9838:
9788:Palaestina Prima
9734:Byzantine Empire
9665:Palaestina Prima
9652:Byzantine Empire
9631:Syria Palaestina
9596:Palmyrene Empire
9582:Bahram VI Chobin
9445:Syria Palaestina
9233:Salome Alexandra
9216:Kingdom of Judea
9202:Diodotus Tryphon
9057:Cleopatra I Syra
9033:Ptolemy Keraunos
8801:Ashur-uballit II
8798:Sin-shumu-lishir
8792:Ashur-etil-ilani
8747:Sargonid dynasty
8640:Marduk-apla-usur
8621:Nabu-apla-iddina
8615:Shamash-mudammiq
8571:Ashurnasirpal II
8554:Kingdom of Judah
8398:Adad-apla-iddina
8389:Enlil-nadin-apli
8386:Nebuchadnezzar I
8310:Ashur-nirari III
8307:Ashur-nadin-apli
8145:Shutruk-Nakhunte
8030:Untash-Napirisha
8019:Kidinuid dynasty
7617:Shamshi-Adad III
7325:Dynasty of Larsa
7143:
7031:
7026:
6854:
6707:Shar-Kali-Sharri
6641:Neferkare Tereru
6629:Neferkare Khendu
6583:
6578:
6409:
6368:Kiku-siwe-tempti
6255:
6250:
6105:
6034:Kish III dynasty
6004:
5935:
5848:
5843:
5748:(2600โ2340 BCE)
5713:
5676:
5671:
5661:
5656:
5600:(2700โ2600 BCE)
5457:(2900โ2700 BCE)
5451:
5368:(3100โ2700 BCE)
5347:(3100โ2900 BCE)
5101:
5088:
5076:
5052:(4000โ2900 BCE)
5041:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4740:Sumerian cuisine
4730:Warfare in Sumer
4725:Economy of Sumer
4378:
4377:
4368:
4252:Fertile Crescent
4236:Sinjar Mountains
4231:Hamrin Mountains
4226:Zagros Mountains
4204:Taurus Mountains
4169:
4168:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4095:Byzantine Empire
3970:Middle Babylonia
3936:c. 1150โ911 BCE
3729:
3728:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3672:
3648:
3629:
3592:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2667:
2638:
2635:
2622:
2620:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2304:
2301:Northeast Asians
2291:
2289:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2159:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2036:Neo-Sumerian art
1997:Trubinella Pyrum
1947:textile industry
1863:Code of Ur-Nammu
1834:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1493:, Louvre Museum.
1419:. By around the
1389:successor states
1379:then fell under
1295:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1194:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1130:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1067:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1000:
957:
955:
951:
946:
944:
931:
917:
913:
910:
896:
818:Short Chronology
814:
812:
808:
799:
782:
768:
735:
731:
728:
715:
711:
695:
681:
548:Code of Ur-Nammu
534:
531:
504:
501:
443:Zagros Mountains
427:Shar-Kali-Sharri
312:
310:
217:
215:
174:
173:Show map of Iraq
155:
154:
148:
136:
103:
102:
96:
78:
59:
58:
48:
40:
39:
30:
29:
21:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10031:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10023:
10014:
10013:
10006:
9987:
9983:
9975:
9966:
9959:
9940:
9936:
9929:
9909:
9905:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9873:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9797:Byzantine Syria
9783:Byzantine Egypt
9758:Farrukh Hormizd
9718:
9714:
9711:Sasanian Empire
9697:
9693:
9674:Byzantine Syria
9660:Byzantine Egypt
9599:
9491:
9487:
9484:Sasanian Empire
9404:
9309:Mithridates III
9289:
9286:Parthian Empire
9219:
9158:Seleucid Empire
9155:
9145:
9121:
9030:Ptolemy I Soter
9028:
9025:Ptolemaic Egypt
8997:
8991:
8951:
8933:
8929:
8927:Kings of Byblos
8918:
8890:
8864:
8835:
8829:
8803:
8783:Mushezib-Marduk
8753:Tiglath-Pileser
8751:
8742:
8719:
8705:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8660:
8658:Nabu-mukin-zeri
8652:Nabu-nadin-zeri
8637:Marduk-bel-zeri
8630:Baba-aha-iddina
8607:
8584:Adad-nirari III
8574:Shalmaneser III
8563:
8552:
8551:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:Menkheperre Ini
8506:
8499:
8498:
8462:
8448:Nabรป-mukin-apli
8425:
8414:(1100โ540 BCE)
8407:Nabu-shum-libur
8375:
8352:Ashur-nirari IV
8346:Ashurnasirpal I
8343:Shamshi-Adad IV
8289:Ashur-uballit I
8284:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8237:Kings of Byblos
8235:
8205:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8160:
8159:
8143:
8137:
8105:
8092:
8091:
8073:Neferneferuaten
8033:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8015:(1500โ1100 BCE)
8007:Enlil-nadin-ahi
7995:Adad-shuma-usur
7983:Kashtiliashu IV
7971:Kadashman-Turgu
7956:Burnaburiash II
7935:Kashtiliash III
7927:
7904:
7898:
7868:
7867:(1600โ1260 BCE)
7866:
7836:
7827:
7821:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7763:
7758:Peshgaldaramesh
7753:
7743:
7733:
7729:Sealand Dynasty
7726:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7678:
7671:
7669:
7644:Ashur-nirari II
7623:Puzur-Ashur III
7611:Shamshi-Adad II
7582:
7580:
7578:Adaside dynasty
7575:
7574:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7496:
7487:
7481:
7470:
7466:
7464:Kings of Byblos
7462:
7456:
7445:
7408:
7395:
7394:
7376:Uruk VI dynasty
7374:
7323:
7274:Dynasty of Isin
7264:
7258:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7144:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7095:
7089:
7071:
7032:
7020:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6982:
6972:
6958:
6942:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6915:
6908:
6904:
6890:
6886:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6836:(2150โ2000 BCE)
6817:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6749:
6745:
6733:
6729:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6626:Djedkare Shemai
6615:
6609:
6603:
6589:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6535:Sargon of Akkad
6533:
6532:
6529:Akkadian Empire
6521:(2340โ2150 BCE)
6519:Akkadian Period
6506:
6502:
6490:
6486:
6465:
6453:
6443:
6439:
6422:
6418:
6404:
6382:
6361:
6359:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6311:
6302:
6288:
6284:
6272:
6268:
6256:
6227:
6224:
6218:
6206:
6197:
6164:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6083:
6082:
6066:
6063:
6051:
6047:
6036:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5982:(2500-539 BCE)
5970:
5966:
5936:
5930:
5923:
5917:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5687:
5686:
5685:(2700โ1500 BCE)
5684:
5632:
5621:
5584:("conqueror of
5570:
5554:
5547:
5537:
5523:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5469:
5466:
5446:
5382:
5381:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5346:
5288:
5274:
5261:
5202:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5069:(4000โ3100 BCE)
5068:
5062:
5036:
5030:
5002:
4983:
4973:
4946:
4944:
4928:
4922:
4892:
4887:
4846:
4800:
4774:
4683:Culture/society
4678:
4571:
4567:Muslim conquest
4537:Fall of Babylon
4468:
4369:
4356:
4240:
4158:
4153:
4123:
4118:
4112:Sassanid Empire
4081:Parthian Empire
4076:Seleucid Empire
4066:Seleucid Empire
3985:
3979:
3956:
3947:
3776:Akkadian Empire
3722:
3716:
3679:
3669:
3645:
3610:10.2307/1360054
3589:
3568:
3566:Further reading
3563:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:. p. 607.
3163:
3159:
3136:10.2307/4241631
3120:
3116:
3105:
3101:
3090:
3086:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2637: 2000 BCE
2636:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2131:. Neo-Sumerian.
2124:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2062:
2038:
2032:
2030:Art and culture
1989:
1975:
1966:
1908:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1563:
1534:
1518:
1483:
1478:
1449:
1421:19th century BC
1385:Dynasty of Isin
1339:
1333:
1311:king, 48 years
1296:
1291:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1167:Son of Amar-Sin
1159:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1097:(9 of 25 years)
1096:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1037:Son of Ur-Nammu
1029:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1006:
960:
958:
952:
949:
947:
941:
937:
915:
911:
897:
892:
822:(7 or 26 years)
821:
815:
809:
806:
800:
794:
790:
769:
761:
733:
729:
713:
709:
705:Ur III period (
675:
651:
631:Zagros mountain
627:
603:
532:
524:Enthroned King
502:
396:
390:
362:Akkadian Empire
308:
306:
296:Dynasty of Isin
287:
260:
259:
213:
211:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
163:
162:
156:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
104:
84:
83:
82:
79:
64:
61:
60:
56:
50:
49:
42:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10099:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10026:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10004:
9981:
9964:
9957:
9934:
9927:
9913:Potts, Timothy
9903:
9889:
9867:
9857:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9842:
9831:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9737:
9730:
9726:
9725:
9707:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9662:
9656:
9655:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9592:
9588:
9587:
9480:
9476:
9475:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9437:
9432:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9396:
9395:
9388:
9387:30 BCEโ116 CE
9384:
9383:
9321:Mithridates IV
9303:Mithridates II
9282:
9244:
9239:Aristobulus II
9212:
9208:
9207:
9132:Argead dynasty
9116:
9021:Argead dynasty
9017:
9013:
9012:
9004:
9003:
8983:
8982:
8974:Artaxerxes III
8937:
8935:Kings of Sidon
8924:
8911:
8907:
8906:
8883:
8878:Labashi-Marduk
8857:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8780:Nergal-ushezib
8735:
8716:Black Pharaohs
8698:
8694:
8693:
8661:
8634:Ninurta-apla-X
8595:
8593:Ashur-nirari V
8587:Shalmaneser IV
8577:Shamshi-Adad V
8565:Adad-nirari II
8556:
8546:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8409:
8366:
8349:Shalmaneser II
8337:Ashur-bel-kala
8325:Mutakkil-Nusku
8281:Middle Assyria
8277:
8270:
8245:Kings of Sidon
8228:
8152:
8151:1155โ1025 BCE
8148:
8147:
8134:Elamite Empire
8130:
8097:
8096:
8088:Hittite Empire
8084:
8052:
8051:
8036:
8035:
8009:
7998:Meli-Shipak II
7968:Nazi-Maruttash
7932:Burnaburiash I
7911:
7883:
7882:1531โ1155 BCE
7879:
7878:
7859:
7814:
7774:
7773:
7720:
7656:
7641:Enlil-Nasir II
7620:Ashur-nirari I
7614:Ishme-Dagan II
7605:Sharma-Adad II
7557:Ashur-apla-idi
7548:1735โ1701 BCE)
7527:Ashur-apla-idi
7509:Shamshi-Adad I
7504:1808โ1736 BCE)
7489:
7484:Yamhad dynasty
7474:
7472:Kings of Sidon
7451:
7438:
7437:1800โ1595 BCE
7434:
7433:
7400:
7399:
7387:
7251:
7241:Puzur-Ashur II
7208:
7151:
7118:
7117:
7112:Mentuhotep III
7081:
7080:
7063:
7058:
7050:
7049:2025-1763 BCE
7046:
7045:
7017:Ur III dynasty
7013:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6974:
6963:Neferkare VIII
6951:
6947:
6946:
6939:
6938:
6910:
6896:
6894:
6881:
6867:Gutian dynasty
6863:
6839:
6838:
6830:
6825:Nebkaure Khety
6819:Meryibre Khety
6810:
6806:
6805:
6788:
6755:
6753:
6737:
6710:
6709:
6703:
6674:
6664:
6650:Neferkamin Anu
6623:Neferkare Neby
6596:
6592:
6591:
6587:Lugal-ushumgal
6584:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6543:
6524:
6523:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6494:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6460:
6455:
6447:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6420:Lugalannemundu
6410:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6351:
6334:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6292:
6276:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6187:Djedkare Isesi
6184:Menkauhor Kaiu
6156:
6152:
6151:
6128:
6111:
6087:
6085:Pabilgagaltuku
6074:
6069:
6055:
6044:Akshak dynasty
6040:
6031:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5959:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5884:
5869:Enun-dara-anna
5864:
5863:
5824:
5807:
5792:
5774:
5772:
5750:
5749:
5743:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5677:
5662:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5637:
5626:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5577:
5576:
5562:
5525:
5518:
5517:
5493:Kullassina-bel
5478:
5470:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5348:
5339:
5334:
5285:Narmer Palette
5267:
5266:3100โ2900 BCE
5263:
5262:
5195:
5125:
5124:
5109:
5108:3200โ3100 BCE
5105:
5104:
5091:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5042:
5023:
5022:4000โ3200 BCE
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4924:Rulers of the
4921:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:Assyriologists
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4770:List of rulers
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:Proto-Armenian
4656:
4651:
4646:
4644:Middle Persian
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Neo-Babylonian
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Old Babylonian
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Early Dynastic
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4088:
4087:63 BCEโ224 CE
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4050:Ancient Greeks
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:Middle Assyria
3899:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3822:
3817:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:External links
3675:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3630:
3604:(2): 145โ190.
3593:
3587:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3537:
3519:
3490:
3470:
3452:
3445:
3425:
3418:
3398:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3341:
3324:
3319:British Museum
3308:British Museum
3297:British Museum
3284:
3257:
3250:
3230:
3215:
3208:
3188:
3181:
3157:
3114:
3099:
3084:
3071:10.1086/703851
3045:
3038:
3017:
3002:
2995:
2975:
2968:
2948:
2929:
2917:George, A. R.
2909:
2894:
2891:. p. 227.
2874:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2820:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2748:
2731:
2720:
2715:British Museum
2699:
2690:
2683:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2148: 2040 BC
2142:
2135:
2133:
2125: 2040 BC
2119:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2061:
2058:
2034:Main article:
2031:
2028:
1985:Main article:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1907:
1904:
1872:Old Babylonian
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1797:
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1789:
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1780:
1773:
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1765:
1764:
1757:
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1749:
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1733:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1717:
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1709:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1685:
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1677:
1676:
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1653:
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1621:
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1612:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1514:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1457:Ziggurat of Ur
1448:
1447:Dating systems
1445:
1332:
1331:Fall of Ur III
1329:
1315:king, 9 years
1299:
1298:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1232:
1231:Son of Shu-Sin
1227:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1008:
1001:
994:
990:
989:
988:
987:
981:
972:
964:
939:
932:
925:
921:
920:
916: 2004 BC
900:
899:
890:
877:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
847:
838:
825:
792:
783:
776:
772:
771:
759:
738:
737:
719:
718:
714: 2004 BC
701:
700:
697:
691:
688:
685:
674:
673:List of rulers
671:
650:
647:
626:
623:
602:
599:
533: 2047 BC
513:discovered in
503: 2000 BC
496:mountain tribe
490:, King of the
389:
386:
314:
313:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
257:
256:
255:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
166:
158:
157:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
115:
114:
106:
105:
98:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:nam-lugal urim
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10098:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10007:
10001:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9973:
9971:
9969:
9960:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9943:Roux, Georges
9938:
9930:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9907:
9899:
9893:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9841:
9837:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9770:Yazdegerd III
9768:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9750:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9736:
9735:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9706:
9703:
9702:Sahralanyozan
9700:
9696:
9691:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9661:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9645:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9602:
9598:
9597:
9590:
9589:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9544:
9541:
9538:
9535:
9532:
9529:
9526:
9523:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9508:
9505:
9502:
9495:
9490:
9486:
9485:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9462:
9459:
9458:Mithridates V
9456:
9455:Sinatruces II
9451:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9420:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9385:
9382:
9379:
9378:Artabanus III
9376:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9349:
9348:Tiridates III
9346:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9291:Mithridates I
9288:
9287:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9227:Aristobulus I
9225:
9224:John Hyrcanus
9222:
9218:
9217:
9210:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9197:
9194:
9193:Alexander III
9191:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9178:Antiochus III
9176:
9173:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9137:Alexander III
9134:
9133:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9072:Cleopatra III
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8989:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8977:Artaxerxes IV
8975:
8972:
8971:Artaxerxes II
8969:
8966:
8963:
8960:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8931:Kings of Tyre
8928:
8922:
8917:
8916:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8887:Median Empire
8882:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8862:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8827:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8795:Sinsharishkun
8793:
8790:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8778:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8754:
8750:
8748:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8717:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8659:
8656:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8632:(five kings)
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8591:
8590:Ashur-Dan III
8588:
8585:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8561:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8460:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8430:Ea-mukin-zeri
8428:
8427:Simbar-shipak
8424:
8419:1025โ934 BCE
8418:
8417:
8413:
8408:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8374:
8372:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8355:Ashur-rabi II
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8340:Eriba-Adad II
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8301:Shalmaneser I
8299:
8298:Adad-nirari I
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8246:
8242:
8241:Kings of Tyre
8238:
8234:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8180:Ramesses VIII
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8135:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8111:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8095:
8090:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8062:Amenhotep III
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7924:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7896:
7888:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7831:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7768:Melamkurkurra
7766:
7762:
7761:Ayadaragalama
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7738:Itti-ili-nibi
7736:
7732:
7730:
7719:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7632:Ashur-shaduni
7630:
7627:
7626:Enlil-nasir I
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7590:Sharma-Adad I
7588:
7585:
7581:1700โ722 BCE)
7579:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7512:Ishme-Dagan I
7510:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7468:Kings of Tyre
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7425:Amenemhat III
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7268:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7217:Puzur-Ashur I
7214:
7213:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7182:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7124:
7123:Third Eblaite
7119:
7116:
7115:Mentuhotep IV
7113:
7110:
7109:Mentuhotep II
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6966:Wahkare Khety
6964:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6868:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Ur III period
6829:
6826:
6823:
6822:Neferkare VII
6820:
6816:
6815:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:Ur-Ningirsu I
6766:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6499:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6304:Lugal-kisalsi
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5497:Nangishlishma
5494:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5465:
5464:First Eblaite
5460:
5456:
5450:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:Seth-Peribsen
5421:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:Hotepsekhemwy
5380:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:Proto-Elamite
5345:
5344:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:Double Falcon
5252:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Syrian Desert
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3644:3-525-53325-X
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3588:9781442623767
3584:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3446:9781315511160
3442:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3419:9781576079072
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3209:9780521564960
3205:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3182:0-521-07791-5
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3039:9780197532799
3035:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2969:9781134159079
2965:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2861:. Routledge.
2860:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2814:9780802058737
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2787:9788778762450
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2675:
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2662:
2652:
2649:
2647:
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2629:
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2591:
2589:
2588:
2578:
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2565:
2563:
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2552:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2422:Seima-Turbino
2413:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2277:
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2274:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2185:
2177:
2158:
2153:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:, exist from
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1824:
1808:
1792:
1776:
1760:
1744:
1728:
1712:
1696:
1680:
1664:
1648:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1532:Social system
1529:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1453:
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1426:
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1418:
1414:
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1398:
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1390:
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1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1337:Lament for Ur
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1273:
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1260:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1203:
1201:๐ญ๐ฟ๐๐ญ๐๐ช
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:Son of Shulgi
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
991:
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
971:of Utu-hengal
970:
967:
966:
965:
963:
940:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
919:
906:
901:
895:
889:
888:
886:
878:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
839:
837:
833:
832:
828:
827:
826:
824:
819:
804:
797:
793:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
767:
765:
758:
757:
755:
752:was taken to
751:
747:
739:
724:
720:
717:
708:
702:
682:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
595:
594:Louvre Museum
591:
590:Lament for Ur
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
527:
522:
518:
516:
512:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
475:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Dudu of Akkad
432:
428:
424:
423:Akkad Dynasty
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
304:
300:
297:
294:
290:
284:
283:King of Sumer
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
265:
262:
261:
254:
250:
247:
244:
242:Historic seat
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:Parent family
185:
169:
161:
147:
131:
127:
123:
118:
109:
95:
77:
67:
57:
46:
31:
19:
9994:
9984:
9948:Ancient Iraq
9947:
9937:
9917:
9906:
9892:
9883:
9870:
9861:
9825:
9818:
9811:
9740:Ardashir III
9732:
9709:
9650:
9618:Roman Empire
9616:
9594:
9552:Yazdegerd II
9482:
9473:Artabanus IV
9470:Vologases VI
9461:Vologases IV
9392:Roman Empire
9390:
9375:Vologases II
9351:Artabanus II
9345:Artabanus II
9330:Tiridates II
9318:Phraates III
9284:
9221:Simon Thassi
9214:
9196:Demetrius II
9184:Antiochus IV
9175:Seleucus III
9169:Antiochus II
9156:
9146:
9143:Alexander IV
9130:
9118:
9102:Ptolemy XIII
9084:Berenice III
9078:Cleopatra IV
9019:
9016:331โ141 BCE
9007:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8965:Artaxerxes I
8946:
8913:
8910:539โ331 BCE
8885:
8866:Nabopolassar
8859:
8830:
8824:
8821:626โ539 BCE
8789:Ashurbanipal
8744:
8743:
8737:
8700:
8697:745โ609 BCE
8663:
8643:Eriba-Marduk
8604:
8558:
8533:
8501:
8500:
8490:
8479:Shoshenq III
8457:
8454:911โ745 BCE
8422:
8404:Marduk-zer-X
8368:
8364:Ashur-dan II
8295:Arik-den-ili
8292:Enlil-nirari
8286:Eriba-Adad I
8279:
8272:
8249:
8230:
8225:Psusennes II
8200:
8199:
8193:
8177:Ramesses VII
8165:Ramesses III
8154:
8138:
8132:
8100:
8086:
8067:
8056:Amenhotep II
8049:Thutmose III
8023:
8017:
8014:
7965:Kurigalzu II
7959:Kara-hardash
7929:Agum-Kakrime
7920:
7899:
7893:
7861:
7844:'Aper-'Anati
7842:
7837:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7741:Damqi-ilishu
7724:
7713:Samsu-Ditana
7695:Sin-muballit
7686:Sin-muballit
7665:
7635:Ashur-rabi I
7500:Shamshi-Adad
7497:
7491:
7476:
7446:
7440:
7428:Amenemhat IV
7422:Senusret III
7416:Amenemhat II
7403:
7389:
7375:
7324:
7321:Damiq-ilishu
7291:Lipit-Eshtar
7272:
7253:
7210:
7178:
7174:
7158:Shakkanakkus
7121:
7097:Mentuhotep I
7090:
7084:
7065:
7052:
7015:
7009:Puzur-Ishtar
6976:
6971:
6953:
6906:Lugalannatum
6898:
6865:
6833:
6832:
6812:
6791:Hishep-Ratep
6757:
6739:
6676:
6666:
6620:Neferkare II
6610:
6604:
6598:
6545:
6527:
6517:
6496:
6449:Invasion by
6412:
6377:
6353:
6345:Enannatum II
6309:E-iginimpa'e
6278:
6270:Igrish-Halam
6181:Nyuserre Ini
6158:
6132:Awan dynasty
6130:
6089:
6076:
6057:
6042:
6033:
6017:Ishtup-Ishar
5997:Iku-Shamagan
5993:Ikun-Shamash
5985:
5963:Ur I dynasty
5961:
5954:
5943:
5918:
5912:
5886:
5867:
5826:
5809:
5794:
5776:
5735:
5727:
5698:
5679:
5642:Enmebaragesi
5628:
5609:
5580:
5571:
5564:
5527:
5522:
5502:En-tarah-ana
5487:
5480:
5472:
5462:
5438:
5435:Neferkasokar
5433:
5428:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5376:
5356:
5350:
5341:
5329:
5324:
5275:
5269:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5183:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5136:Finger Snail
5134:
5128:
5111:
5080:Anu Ziggurat
5063:
5031:
5025:
4943:Territories/
4765:Royal titles
4690:Architecture
4527:Neo-Assyrian
4501:
4374:(Pre)history
4194:Persian Gulf
4098:
4091:Ancient Rome
4062:311โ129 BCE
4048:
4041:336โ301 BCE
4031:539โ331 BCE
4021:
4014:626โ539 BCE
4005:729โ609 BCE
3995:911โ729 BCE
3986:
3980:
3974:
3962:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3881:
3869:
3854:
3831:
3810:
3797:
3785:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3718:Timeline of
3657:
3634:
3601:
3597:
3577:
3550:
3531:
3522:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3378:
3371:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3287:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3167:
3160:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3029:
3011:
3005:
2985:
2978:
2958:
2951:
2938:
2932:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2884:
2877:
2857:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2803:
2796:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2741:
2734:
2723:
2714:
2693:
2673:
2665:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2466:
2457:CIVILIZATION
2421:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2127:, year 7 of
2091:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2021:
2017:Indus script
2000:
1996:
1990:
1967:
1944:
1937:
1900:
1896:
1861:
1859:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1520:The city of
1519:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1443:as a state.
1417:East Semitic
1415:, who spoke
1375:
1340:
1302:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1234:Said on the
1213:
1174:
1149:
1086:
1052:self-deified
1041:
1019:
983:
974:
968:
950:
903:
893:
882:
881:
850:
840:
829:
807:
762:
743:
742:
704:
676:
663:Puzur-Ishtar
659:Shakkanakkus
652:
628:
612:
604:
560:
545:
538:
508:
471:
420:
355:
346:
344:
323:
319:
317:
126:Western Asia
120:Location of
18:Neo-Sumerian
9880:Simpson, W.
9808:639โ651 CE
9755:Azarmidokht
9746:Khosrow III
9729:628โ641 CE
9685:618โ628 CE
9647:395โ618 CE
9613:273โ395 CE
9601:Vaballathus
9591:270โ273 CE
9555:Hormizd III
9540:Yazdegerd I
9531:Ardashir II
9525:Adur Narseh
9479:224โ270 CE
9467:Vologases V
9441:117โ224 CE
9422:116โ117 CE
9369:Vardanes II
9366:Vologases I
9357:Gotarzes II
9327:Phraates IV
9297:Hyspaosines
9236:Hyrcanus II
9211:141โ30 BCE
9190:Demetrius I
9187:Antiochus V
9181:Seleucus IV
9172:Seleucus II
9166:Antiochus I
9153:Antigonus I
9105:Ptolemy XIV
9093:Cleopatra V
8875:Neriglissar
8872:Amel-Marduk
8855:Psamtik III
8826:Late Period
8765:Sennacherib
8756:Shalmaneser
8683:Tammaritu I
8580:Shammuramat
8523:Takelot III
8520:Osorkon III
8517:Shoshenq VI
8492:Pedubast II
8482:Shoshenq IV
8470:Shoshenq II
8319:Ashur-dan I
8260:Ish-bosheth
8213:Psusennes I
8189:Ramesses XI
8183:Ramesses IX
8174:Ramesses VI
8168:Ramesses IV
8113:Ramesses II
8076:Tutankhamun
8059:Thutmose IV
8043:Thutmose II
7977:Kudur-Enlil
7962:Nazi-Bugash
7950:Kurigalzu I
7938:Ulamburiash
7909:Amenhotep I
7890:Tutankhamun
7876:Parshatatar
7873:Shuttarna I
7806:Seventeenth
7735:Ilum-ma-ili
7710:Ammi-saduqa
7707:Ammi-ditana
7701:Samsu-iluna
7608:Erishum III
7569:Adad-salulu
7566:Ipqi-Ishtar
7554:Ashur-dugul
7539:Adad-salulu
7536:Ipqi-Ishtar
7524:Ashur-dugul
7493:Old Assyria
7488:(Amorites)
7431:Sobekneferu
7419:Senusret II
7410:Amenemhat I
7382:Sรฎn-iribam
7359:Sin-Iqisham
7353:Sin-Iddinam
7303:Erra-imitti
7300:Lipit-Enlil
7288:Ishme-Dagan
7285:Iddin-Dagan
7221:Shalim-ahum
7212:Old Assyria
7198:Yasmah-Adad
7175:Lim Dynasty
7167:Hanun-Dagan
7163:Hitial-Erra
6928:Ur-Ningirsu
6884:Kuda (Uruk)
6857:Ishgum-Addu
6847:Ishtup-Ilum
6699:Ishma-Dagan
6684:Shakkanakku
6662:Neferirkare
6659:Neferkauhor
6562:Ili-ishmani
6541:Manishtushu
6504:Lugalzagesi
6500:III dynasty
6484:Puzur-Nirah
6199:Ishar-Malik
6178:Shepseskare
5968:Mesannepada
5893:Nin-kisalsi
5881:Lugal-kitun
5851:Meskalamdug
5837:Ur-Pabilsag
5650:Aga of Kish
5559:Barsal-nuna
5444:Khasekhemwy
5430:Neferkara I
5409:Weneg-Nebty
5387:Nebra/Raneb
5199:Lower Egypt
5185:Scorpion II
5130:Upper Egypt
5082:, 4000 BCE)
5065:Uruk period
4868:Hittitology
4858:Assyriology
4779:Archaeology
4649:Old Persian
4459:Jemdet Nasr
4108:224โmid 7C
4072:129โ63 BCE
4054:Macedonians
3949:city-states
3945:Neo-Hittite
3920:Sea Peoples
3836:city-states
3815:city-states
3758:Uruk period
3720:Mesopotamia
3130:: 157โ179.
1882:, and also
1499:patrimonial
1377:Mesopotamia
1353:and led by
1323:, 24 years
1137:๐ญ๐๐ญ๐๐ช
1074:๐ญ๐ซ๐ญ๐๐ช
912: 2112
730: 2119
710: 2119
358:Mesopotamia
302:Dissolution
232:Final ruler
10035:Categories
9764:Khosrow IV
9761:Hormizd VI
9743:Shahrbaraz
9720:Khosrow II
9705:Shahrbaraz
9699:Shahrbaraz
9579:Khosrow II
9576:Hormizd IV
9534:Shapur III
9522:Hormizd II
9516:Bahram III
9501:Ardashir I
9372:Pacorus II
9363:Vonones II
9360:Meherdates
9354:Vardanes I
9339:Orodes III
9336:Phraates V
9315:Sinatruces
9163:Seleucus I
9140:Philip III
9114:Arsinoe IV
9039:Arsinoe II
8980:Darius III
8846:Psamtik II
8786:Esarhaddon
8679:Ummanigash
8649:Nabonassar
8543:Bakenranef
8514:Pedubast I
8511:Takelot II
8508:Harsiese A
8496:Osorkon IV
8488:Shoshenq V
8476:Osorkon II
8464:Shoshenq I
8210:Amenemnisu
8186:Ramesses X
8171:Ramesses V
8119:Amenmesses
8107:Ramesses I
8069:Smenkhkare
8046:Hatshepsut
8040:Thutmose I
7944:Karaindash
7683:Sumu-la-El
7515:Mut-Ashkur
7506:(Amorites)
7413:Senusret I
7372:Rim-Sin II
7362:Silli-Adad
7356:Sin-Eribam
7318:Suen-magir
7315:Ur-du-kuga
7312:Iter-pisha
7306:Enlil-bani
7294:Ur-Ninurta
7282:Shu-Ilishu
7279:Ishbi-Erra
7249:Erishum II
7195:Yahdun-Lim
7192:Yaggid-Lim
7005:Tura-Dagan
6984:Utu-hengal
6960:Meryhathor
6936:Nam-mahani
6902:II dynasty
6871:(21 kings)
6765:Puzer-Mama
6761:II dynasty
6743:IV dynasty
6656:Neferkaure
6653:Qakare Ibi
6644:Neferkahor
6635:Neferkamin
6554:Ilshu-rabi
6445:Ishqi-Mari
6441:Ikun-Ishar
6437:Enna-Dagan
6357:II dynasty
6331:Bara-irnun
6286:Puzur-Suen
6282:IV dynasty
6274:Irkab-Damu
6219:(3 kings)
6145:Ukkutahesh
6118:Meskiagnun
6114:A'annepada
6061:II dynasty
5956:Thamphthis
5952:Shepseskaf
5901:Lugal-dalu
5800:Udulkalama
5780:II dynasty
5722:Sekhemkhet
5630:Lugalbanda
5556:Melem-Kish
5552:En-me-nuna
5337:Canaanites
5331:Horus Bird
5296:Neithhotep
5169:Scorpion I
5119:Naqada III
4832:Divination
4542:Achaemenid
4507:Isin-Larsa
4400:Trialetian
4395:Mousterian
4382:Prehistory
3832:and other
3811:and other
3267:Palรฉorient
2903:C.J Gadd,
2657:References
2409:Chemurchek
2396:Xiajiadian
2087:Lugalbanda
2060:Literature
2055:art forms.
1940:irrigation
1335:See also:
1319:, 9 years
986:of Tirigan
979:Nam-mahani
961:(18 years)
914: โ c.
787:Utu-hengal
732: โ c.
712: โ c.
455:Utu-hengal
403:Utu-hengal
309:c. 2004 BC
305:c. 2004 BC
214:c. 2112 BC
210:c. 2112 BC
38:๐๐๐๐๐
9876:Hallo, W.
9773:Peroz III
9607:Antiochus
9573:Khosrow I
9543:Shapur IV
9537:Bahram IV
9528:Shapur II
9513:Bahram II
9507:Hormizd I
9464:Osroes II
9342:Vonones I
9324:Orodes II
9300:Artabanus
8968:Darius II
8895:Phraortes
8881:Nabonidus
8852:Ahmose II
8840:Psamtik I
8733:Tanutamun
8582:(regent)
8473:Takelot I
8467:Osorkon I
8232:Phoenicia
8216:Amenemope
8162:Setnakhte
8116:Merneptah
8065:Akhenaten
7848:Sakir-Har
7786:Sixteenth
7765:Akurduana
7751:Gulkishar
7748:Shushushi
7704:Abi-eshuh
7698:Hammurabi
7680:Sumu-abum
7602:Shu-Ninua
7593:Iptar-Sin
7563:Sin-namir
7560:Nasir-Sin
7551:Puzur-Sin
7533:Sin-namir
7530:Nasir-Sin
7384:Sรฎn-gฤmil
7380:Sรฎn-kฤลกid
7368:Rim-Sin I
7365:Warad-Sin
7245:Naram-Sin
7229:Erishum I
7225:Ilu-shuma
7201:Zimri-Lim
7149:Indilimma
7136:Ibbit-Lim
7106:Intef III
7069:invasions
7056:invasions
7001:Ili-Ishar
6997:Iddi-ilum
6990:2100 BCE
6980:V dynasty
6950:2125 BCE
6888:Puzur-ili
6875:La-erabum
6809:2150 BCE
6735:Shu-turul
6728:(3 years)
6695:Shu-Dagan
6595:2200 BCE
6572:Naram-Sin
6568:2250 BCE
6512:2340 BCE
6478:2350 BCE
6472:Luh-ishan
6467:Urukagina
6463:Lugalanda
6432:Isar-Damu
6428:2370 BCE
6374:2380 BCE
6349:Enentarzi
6337:Enannatum
6326:Gishakidu
6290:Ur-Zababa
6266:Adub-Damu
6262:2400 BCE
6235:2425 BCE
6229:Napilhush
6217:invasions
6195:Enar-Damu
6175:Neferefre
6155:2450 BCE
6098:Ur-Nanshe
6093:I dynasty
6080:I dynasty
6021:Ikun-Mari
5980:Phoenicia
5976:2500 BCE
5909:2575 BCE
5877:Melamanna
5861:Akalamdug
5833:A-Imdugud
5796:Ur-Nungal
5783:(5 kings)
5770:Baba-Damu
5766:Ibbi-Damu
5695:2600 BCE
5665:Gilgamesh
5623:Iltasadum
5594:2700 BCE
5568:I dynasty
5521:2800 BCE
5484:I dynasty
5440:Hudjefa I
5373:2900 BCE
5319:Semerkhet
5311:(regent)
5298:(regent)
5205:Hedju Hor
5033:Naqada II
4705:Cuneiform
4581:Languages
4390:Acheulean
4277:Babylonia
4214:Euphrates
4164:Geography
4023:Chaldeans
3940:Phoenicia
3878:Karduniaลก
3626:156528750
3508:cite book
3500:944087535
3273:: 71โ72.
3152:193037384
3065:: 11โ12.
2548:Zhukaigou
2522:Xichengyi
2258:Sintashta
2243:Andronovo
2104:Stele of
1759:Shuruppak
1409:Akkadians
1403:who were
1325:Ibbi-Suen
1317:Amar-Suen
1280:abolished
791:๐ญ๐๐ถ๐
552:Urukagina
488:Iddin-Sin
447:king list
128:, modern
9992:(2014).
9945:(1992).
9915:(2020).
9882:(1971).
9723:Kavad II
9549:Bahram V
9510:Bahram I
9504:Shapur I
9381:Osroes I
9312:Orodes I
9306:Gotarzes
9294:Phraates
8959:Darius I
8956:Cambyses
8904:Astyages
8901:Cyaxares
8843:Necho II
8774:Bel-ibni
8724:Shebitku
8687:Indabibi
8540:Tefnakht
8082:Horemheb
7941:Agum III
7923:Kassites
7906:Ahmose I
7771:Ea-gamil
7755:DIล +U-EN
7745:Ishkibal
7692:Apil-Sin
7674:Amorites
7584:Bel-bani
7459:Biblical
7350:Nur-Adad
7341:Gungunum
7329:Naplanum
7297:Bur-Suen
7261:Amorites
7237:Sargon I
7187:Amorites
7131:Amorites
7103:Intef II
7073:Kindattu
7061:Ibbi-Sin
7040:Amar-Sin
7034:Ur-Nammu
6969:Merykare
6861:Apil-kin
6773:Pirig-me
6751:Ur-gigir
6747:Ur-nigin
6687:dynasty)
6632:Merenhor
6558:Epirmupi
6387:Userkare
6341:Entemena
6318:Ur-Lumma
6313:Meskigal
6244:Eannatum
6239:Kun-Damu
6223:Shushun-
6208:Enakalle
6067:kushanna
6053:Undalulu
6025:Iblul-Il
5949:Menkaure
5945:Bikheris
5938:Djedefre
5897:Me-durba
5822:shaengur
5816:En-hegal
5804:Labashum
5762:Agur-lim
5758:Abur-lim
5737:Qahedjet
5582:Enmerkar
5414:Wadjenes
5404:Horus Sa
5399:Nubnefer
5390:Nynetjer
5364:Susa III
5326:Sneferka
5309:Merneith
5027:Naqada I
4851:Academia
4805:Religion
4674:Urartian
4669:Sumerian
4654:Parthian
4589:Akkadian
4562:Sasanian
4552:Parthian
4547:Seleucid
4497:Simurrum
4487:Akkadian
4420:Khiamian
4410:Natufian
4322:Simurrum
4307:Kassites
4302:Hittites
4257:Adiabene
3964:Arameans
3958:Damascus
3929:Arameans
3883:Kassites
3871:Hurrians
3655:(2007).
3079:48569340
2615:Catacomb
2600:Abashevo
2587:Shijiahe
2496:Longshan
2168:See also
2129:Amar-Sin
2106:Ur-Nammu
2076:Sumerian
2046:Ibbi-Sin
1958:clothing
1916:Ur-Nammu
1888:Ur-Nammu
1542:Amar-Sin
1433:Eshnunna
1367:Ibbi-Sin
1355:Kindattu
1343:Ibbi-Sin
1309:Ur-Namma
1290:โ
1258:of Sumer
1250:Kingship
1198:Ibbi-Sin
1109:Amraphel
1071:Amar-Sin
935:Ur-Nammu
891:โ
863:Ur-Nammu
853:Governor
760:โ
750:kingship
667:Amar-Sin
637:and the
635:Simurrum
617:(modern
615:Anatolia
526:Ur-Nammu
505:(detail)
492:Simurrum
474:Ur-Nammu
431:Ur-Nammu
378:Eshnunna
336:Sumerian
236:Ibbi-Sin
226:Ur-Nammu
45:Sumerian
9776:Narsieh
9604:Zenobia
9585:Vistahm
9570:Kavad I
9564:Kavad I
9558:Peroz I
9546:Khosrow
8892:Deioces
8849:Wahibre
8837:Necho I
8730:Taharqa
8727:Shabaka
8711:Taharqa
8675:Teumman
8526:Rudamun
8268:Solomon
8207:Smendes
8128:Twosret
8122:Seti II
7863:Mitanni
7857:Khamudi
7811:Dynasty
7801:Dynasty
7791:Dynasty
7629:Nur-ili
7599:Lullaya
7502:dynasty
7454:Abraham
7344:Abisare
7309:Zambiya
7203:(Queen
7155:Amorite
7126:Kingdom
7100:Intef I
7067:Elamite
7054:Amorite
7043:Shu-Sin
6944:Tirigan
6913:Ur-Baba
6843:Nรปr-Mรชr
6781:Lu-gula
6777:Lu-Baba
6691:Ididish
6672:Kingdom
6669:Eblaite
6667:Second
6617:Menkare
6492:Shu-Sin
6488:Ishu-Il
6416:dynasty
6396:Pepi II
6329:(Queen
6215:Elamite
6166:Userkaf
6109:Akurgal
6038:Ku-Baba
5854:(Queen
5790:Mesilim
5725:Sanakht
5715:(First
5532:Zuqaqip
5529:Kalumum
5514:Kalibum
5510:Puannum
5467:Kingdom
5316:Anedjib
5300:Hor-Aha
5245:Nat-Hor
5178:Iry-Hor
5174:Shendjw
5146:Pen-Abu
5094:Susa II
4837:Prayers
4822:Deities
4786:Looting
4629:Kassite
4624:Hurrian
4619:Hittite
4609:Elamite
4604:Eblaite
4599:Aramaic
4594:Amorite
4517:Kassite
4492:Gutians
4474:History
4439:Samarra
4435:Hassuna
4405:Zarzian
4327:Subartu
4317:Mitanni
4282:Chaldea
4272:Assyria
4245:Ancient
3866:Mitanni
3834:Amorite
3813:Amorite
3787:Gutians
3618:1360054
3144:4241631
2617:Culture
2602:Culture
2484:culture
2471:KINGDOM
2424:culture
2368:Karakol
2355:Glazkov
2342:Elunino
2316:mummies
2299:Ancient
2260:culture
2245:culture
2219:ASSYRIA
2013:Harappa
2009:Babylon
1851:Map of
1599:Babylon
1441:Babylon
1413:Assyria
1387:formed
1381:Amorite
1321:Su-Suen
1134:Shu-Sin
1115:Abraham
1007:๐ญ๐๐
938:๐จ๐ญ๐
859:Gutians
836:Tirigan
796:reigned
694:Approx.
639:Lullubi
571:Elamite
451:Tirigan
415:Tirigan
388:History
307: (
222:Founder
212: (
207:Founded
197:Country
10002:
9955:
9925:
9567:Jamasp
9561:Balash
9519:Narseh
9430:Trajan
9428:under
8962:Xerxes
8898:Madyes
8762:Sargon
8222:Siamun
8125:Siptah
8110:Seti I
8094:Ugarit
7839:Semqen
7824:Hyksos
7796:Abydos
7689:Sabium
7596:Bazaya
7587:Libaya
7521:Asinum
7518:Rimush
7478:Yamhad
7370:(...)
7347:Sumuel
7338:Zabaia
7335:Samium
7332:Emisum
7233:Ikunum
7205:Shibtu
7146:Immeya
7037:Shulgi
6932:Ur-gar
6892:Ur-Utu
6759:Lagash
6638:Nikare
6550:Eshpum
6538:Rimush
6390:Pepi I
6225:tarana
6169:Sahure
6149:Hishur
6126:Balulu
6091:Lagash
6072:Mug-si
6065:Ensha-
6013:Sa'umu
5941:Khafre
5925:Snefru
5873:Mes-he
5820:Lugal-
5811:Lagash
5754:Sagisu
5706:Djoser
5615:Tizqar
5586:Aratta
5542:Arwium
5539:Mashda
5489:Jushur
5419:Senedj
5358:period
5290:Narmer
5240:Wazner
5215:Hsekiu
5210:Ny-Hor
5189:Narmer
5159:Canide
5150:Animal
5056:Susa I
5006:Lagash
4980:Akshak
4955:Canaan
4664:Sutean
4639:Median
4634:Luwian
4614:Gutian
4502:Ur III
4415:Nemrik
4352:Cities
4347:Urartu
4297:Hamazi
4292:Gutium
4267:Armani
4219:Tigris
4172:Modern
3665:
3641:
3624:
3616:
3585:
3498:
3488:
3443:
3416:
3386:
3359:
3248:
3206:
3179:
3150:
3142:
3077:
3036:
2993:
2966:
2865:
2838:
2811:
2784:
2681:
2574:Baodun
2561:Shimao
2469:MIDDLE
2455:VALLEY
2329:Okunev
2286:Vakhsh
2083:Ninsun
1932:Louvre
1892:Shulgi
1880:Sippar
1876:Nippur
1791:Tuttul
1775:Sippar
1743:Nippur
1679:Lagash
1583:Akshak
1522:Nippur
1491:Shulgi
1437:Lagash
1401:Levant
1313:Shulgi
1004:Shulgi
746:Gutium
690:Ruler
619:Turkey
563:Shulgi
556:Lagash
541:Lagash
511:stelae
439:Gutian
376:, and
366:Gutian
347:Ur III
252:Titles
170:(Iraq)
63:Ur III
41:
10061:Sumer
9767:Boran
9749:Boran
9636:Syria
9416:Syria
9411:Judea
8953:Cyrus
8671:Urtak
8264:David
7870:Kirta
7854:Apepi
7851:Khyan
7572:Adasi
7542:Adasi
7170:(...)
6917:Gudea
6879:Si'um
6828:Setut
6799:Khita
6785:Ka-ku
6726:Ilulu
6722:Nanum
6714:Igigi
6458:Ukush
6360:Nanni
6122:Elulu
6009:Ansud
5928:Khufu
5856:Puabi
5733:Khaba
5729:Nebka
5611:Zamug
5549:Balih
5545:Etana
5506:Babum
5293:Menes
5235:Neheb
5230:Thesh
5220:Khayu
5193:Menes
5154:Stork
4985:Akkad
4975:Assur
4950:Egypt
4945:dates
4750:Music
4700:Akitu
4557:Roman
4449:Ubaid
4444:Halaf
4342:Tukri
4337:Sumer
4332:Suhum
4312:Media
4262:Akkad
4100:Syria
3976:Chal-
3954:Aram-
3829:Larsa
3622:S2CID
3614:JSTOR
3555:(PDF)
3148:S2CID
3140:JSTOR
3075:JSTOR
2943:(PDF)
2939:Abram
2924:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2535:Linya
2509:Qijia
2482:Kerma
2467:EGYPT
2453:INDUS
2435:SUMER
2394:Lower
2381:Samus
2314:Tarim
2229:Jeul-
2183:-2000
1955:linen
1711:Larsa
1695:Larak
1631:Eridu
1526:Enlil
1429:Larsa
1397:Nanna
1254:over
984:temp.
975:temp.
969:temp.
841:temp.
831:temp.
766:(SKL)
608:ล ulgi
573:king
407:Lugal
374:Larsa
201:Sumer
124:, in
10000:ISBN
9976:Per
9953:ISBN
9923:ISBN
9333:Musa
9023:and
8721:Piye
8485:Pami
8256:Saul
7181:Mari
6978:Uruk
6900:Umma
6795:Helu
6741:Uruk
6731:Dudu
6498:Uruk
6451:Mari
6414:Adab
6384:Teti
6295:Urur
6280:Kish
6190:Unas
6141:Tata
6137:Peli
6078:Umma
6059:Uruk
6049:Unzi
6029:Nizi
5888:Adab
5786:Uhub
5778:Kish
5741:Huni
5619:Ilku
5566:Uruk
5535:Atab
5482:Kish
5322:Qa'a
5306:Djet
5303:Djer
5258:Wash
5250:Mekh
5164:Bull
5141:Fish
5016:Elam
5000:Umma
4995:Adab
4990:Uruk
4970:Kish
4965:Mari
4960:Ebla
4796:Tell
4454:Uruk
4287:Elam
4052:and
3825:Isin
3808:Mari
3663:ISBN
3639:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3514:link
3496:OCLC
3486:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3124:Iraq
3034:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2444:ELAM
2273:BMAC
2210:MARI
2201:EBLA
2085:and
2007:and
1999:and
1953:and
1951:wool
1928:Umma
1853:Iraq
1839:Uruk
1807:Umma
1727:Mari
1663:Kish
1647:Isin
1510:bala
1455:The
1425:Isin
1351:Susa
1347:Elam
1305:Isin
1284:Isin
1242:King
1222:(SC)
1211:(MC)
1158:(SC)
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1095:(SC)
1084:(MC)
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1017:(MC)
959:(SC)
948:(MC)
754:Uruk
655:Mari
643:Elam
588:The
567:Susa
459:Uruk
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318:The
264:King
258:List
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5225:Tiu
4695:Art
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3606:doi
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1256:all
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