143:
20:
236:
476:
618:
Cooper, Jerrold S., Sumerian and
Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro-Mesopotamia. P.63-65. In: "Languages and Cultures in Contact. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm." Proceedings of the 42nd RAI - Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 96, K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet
650:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State
Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.,
586:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State
Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.,
571:
Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska
Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century
557:
Westenholz, Aage (2002), Hansen, Morgens Herman (ed.), "The
Sumerian city-state: A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center",
328:(as well as most of the rest of Sumer), although the various terms may have expressed different aspects of the Mesopotamian concept of kingship. A
271:
would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, military defence against external enemies, and once the
538:
511:
259:, and a ruler who headed a confederacy or larger dominion composed of several cities, perhaps even the whole of Sumer, was a
667:
641:
Jacobsen, Thorkild, 1970: "Early political development in
Mesopotamia", ZA 52: 91-140; repr. in TIT 132-156, 366-396.
334:
at that time is assumed to have been "normally a young man of outstanding qualities from a rich landowning family."
31:– as stated in the inscription of circa mid-3rd millennium BC, inscription including the Sumerian cuneiform sign of
180:), indicating that the following word is the name of a king. In Akkadian orthography, it may also be a syllabogram
142:
404:, for addressing kings or pharaohs, and elsewhere in speaking about various kings. One common address, in the
94:, the exact difference being a subject of debate). The sign eventually became the predominant logograph for "
316:
to have been merely three local designations for the sovereign, accepted respectively in the city-states of
255:
in 3rd-millennium Sumer. Some scholars believe that a ruler of an individual city-state was usually called
291:("master"). All of the above is connected to the possibly priestly or sacral character of the titles
672:
338:
theorized that he was originally an (elected) war leader, as opposed to the (likewise elected)
131:
528:
501:
677:
405:
108:
is used to mean an owner (e.g. of a boat or a field) or a head (of a unit such as a family).
19:
235:
8:
376:
48:
534:
507:
335:
173:
169:
123:
99:
56:
497:
177:
475:
599:"The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia"
401:
84:
661:
165:
360:
352:
127:
59:
term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In
Sumerian,
481:
368:
364:
299:(the latter term continuing to designate priests in subsequent times).
461:
445:
153:
119:
24:
598:
161:
115:
112:
606:
Religion and Power: Divine
Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond
282:
413:
356:
72:
64:
249:
There are different theories regarding the meaning of the title
90:
409:
317:
345:
Among the earliest rulers whose inscriptions describe them as
79:
385:
was used to designate a contemporary sovereign in
Sumerian.
281:
of Lagash would sometimes refer to the city's patron deity,
164:
sign LUGAL 𒈗 (Borger nr. 151, Unicode U+12217) serves as a
321:
95:
82:
titles that a ruler of a city-state could bear (alongside
526:
372:
325:
346:
52:
561:(27), Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42.: 34–35
471:
184:, acrophonically based on the Akkadian for "king",
659:
527:Mills, Watson E.; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990).
520:
191:Unicode also includes the cuneiform characters
388:
380:
329:
311:
286:
272:
266:
260:
250:
240:
147:
103:
41:
32:
632:University of Oklahoma Press (1995), page 54.
597:Michalowski, Piotr (2008), Brisch, N. (ed.),
277:has died, the eldest son must take over. The
552:
550:
596:
582:
580:
578:
490:
556:
547:
239:Evolution of anthropomorphic cuneiforms,
575:
533:. Mercer University Press. p. 975.
496:
452:being the Akkadian phonetic supplement.
234:
152:" in archaic and early cuneiform on the
141:
18:
660:
608:, Chicago: The Oriental Institute: 33
220:
371:and several of their successors at
342:, who dealt with internal issues.
215:CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OPPOSING LUGAL
13:
14:
689:
23:Detail of the Sumerian statue of
474:
644:
202:CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OVER LUGAL
635:
622:
612:
590:
565:
559:Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter
530:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1:
245:appears in the right columns.
347:
137:
7:
455:
400:is used extensively in the
10:
694:
506:. Routledge. p. 283.
432:+ the first person suffix
408:of many letters, from the
265:. The functions of such a
148:
42:
668:Cuneiform determinatives
467:
302:Other scholars consider
75:" is "great", or "big."
16:Sumerian term for rulers
428:the construct state of
381:
330:
312:
287:
273:
267:
261:
251:
241:
104:
33:
246:
157:
78:It was one of several
37:
444:, with LUGAL written
436:); they used Lugal +
392:in the Amarna letters
238:
145:
98:" in general. In the
22:
375:. At least from the
168:in cuneiform texts (
377:Third Dynasty of Ur
503:The Sumerian World
500:(29 August 2013).
247:
158:
38:
540:978-0-86554-373-7
513:978-1-136-21912-2
498:Crawford, Harriet
446:Sumerographically
336:Thorkild Jacobsen
100:Sumerian language
685:
652:
648:
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633:
626:
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244:
216:
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210:
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200:
197:
195:
151:
150:
107:
54:
45:
44:
36:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
673:Sumerian titles
658:
657:
656:
655:
649:
645:
640:
636:
627:
623:
617:
613:
601:
595:
591:
585:
576:
570:
566:
555:
548:
541:
525:
521:
514:
495:
491:
480:
473:
470:
458:
412:writing to the
394:
295:and especially
233:
214:
211:
206:
205:
201:
198:
193:
192:
140:
67:" is "man" and
17:
12:
11:
5:
691:
681:
680:
675:
670:
654:
653:
643:
634:
628:H.W.F. Saggs,
621:
619:(eds.), Leuven
611:
589:
574:
564:
546:
539:
519:
512:
488:
487:
486:
485:
469:
466:
465:
464:
457:
454:
402:Amarna letters
393:
387:
379:onwards, only
232:
219:
139:
136:
130:, rendered in
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
690:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
647:
638:
631:
625:
615:
607:
600:
593:
583:
581:
579:
568:
560:
553:
551:
542:
536:
532:
531:
523:
515:
509:
505:
504:
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493:
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460:
459:
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451:
447:
443:
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403:
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258:
253:
243:
237:
231:
227:
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218:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:determinative
163:
155:
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
35:
30:
26:
21:
678:Royal titles
646:
637:
630:Babylonians,
629:
624:
614:
605:
592:
567:
558:
529:
522:
502:
492:
449:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:was to use:
406:introduction
397:
395:
389:
353:Enmebaragesi
344:
339:
307:
303:
301:
296:
292:
278:
256:
248:
229:
225:
221:
190:
185:
181:
159:
132:Neo Assyrian
110:
89:
83:
77:
68:
60:
40:
39:
29:King of Adab
28:
482:Asia portal
424:"my king":
369:Mesannepada
365:Meskalamdug
285:, as their
662:Categories
462:Lugalbanda
154:Lugal-dalu
120:Sumerogram
25:Lugal-dalu
396:The term
212:𒈙
199:𒈘
162:cuneiform
138:Cuneiform
122:) LUGAL (
116:logograph
113:cuneiform
55:) is the
456:See also
283:Ningirsu
174:Akkadian
170:Sumerian
80:Sumerian
57:Sumerian
49:Sumerian
414:pharaoh
410:vassals
357:Mesilim
207:U+12219
194:U+12218
178:Hittite
124:Unicode
537:
510:
448:while
442:Šàr-ri
430:šarrum
418:Šàr-ri
363:, and
348:lugals
318:Lagash
209:
204:, and
196:
186:šarrum
156:statue
602:(PDF)
468:Notes
422:šarri
398:Lugal
390:Lugal
382:lugal
331:lugal
313:lugal
288:lugal
279:ensis
274:lugal
268:lugal
262:lugal
252:lugal
242:Lugal
222:Lugal
149:Lugal
111:As a
105:lugal
43:Lugal
34:lugal
651:P.47
587:P.48
572:BC.)
535:ISBN
508:ISBN
361:Kish
355:and
351:are
324:and
322:Uruk
310:and
304:ensi
293:ensi
257:ensi
228:and
226:ensi
176:and
160:The
96:King
91:ensi
88:and
426:šar
420:, (
359:at
182:šàr
134:).
69:gal
664::
604:,
577:^
549:^
450:ri
440:=
438:ri
434:-i
373:Ur
367:,
340:en
326:Ur
320:,
308:en
306:,
297:en
230:en
224:,
217:.
188:.
172:,
128:𒈗
126::
102:,
85:en
73:𒃲
65:𒇽
61:lú
53:𒈗
51::
27:,
543:.
516:.
146:"
118:(
71:"
63:"
47:(
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