275:
294:, during his second visit to the island, pacified a dispute between two Naga Kings of Nagadeepa, Chulodara and Mahodara over the possession of a gem-studded throne. This throne was finally offered to the Buddha by the grateful Naga kings who left it in Nagadeepa under a Rajayathana tree (Kiri Palu) as an object of worship. Since then the place became one of the holiest shrines of Buddhists in the island for many centuries. The references to Nagadeepa in Mahawamsa as well as other
68:
53:
699:
has been taken as referring to the Jaffna peninsula. Continuing this method of extracting history out of the legend, a Naga damsel who is said in the
Manimekalai to have appeared in a garden near Pukar, remained for sometime with a legendary Cola king and disappeared after conceiving a child, is taken to have been a princess form Jaffna and father an ancient ruler of Jaffna
325:, the heroine is miraculously transported to a small island called Manipallavam where there was a seat or foot stool associated to the Buddha. The seat in Manipallavam is said to have been used by the Buddha when he preached and reconciled the two kings of Naga land, and that it was placed in Manipallavam by the king of gods,
698:
The similarity of the legend of the holy seat given in the
Mahawamsa to that in the Manimekalai has led certain scholars to identify Manipallavam with Nagadeepa, and as the former refers to the two kings as having their habitat in the Nagadeepa, the Nakanatu (the Naga land), wherever it is mentioned,
655:
Kathiragesu
Indrapala writes that "In the traditions preserved in the early Sri Lankan chronicles as well as in the early Tamil literary works the Nagas appear as a distinct group". He further writes that "the adoption of the Tamil language was helping the Nagas in the Tamil chiefdoms to be
481:
have been inhabited centuries before the date of the epic. He also notes that
Manimekalai does not mention that the two Naga kings had their abode in Manipallavam as stated in the Mahavamsa, nor did it mention that the holy seat was placed there by
592:
is considered by some (such as Author, Mudaliyar C. Rajanayagam) to have been built by the Nagas based on the extensive ruins and the presence of villages with surrounding the port with Naga name (e.g. Nagarkulam, Nagathazhvu and
Sirunagarkulam).
131:
are mentioned as their abodes. The names of some Naga kings in Sri Lankan legends such as Mani
Akkhitha (Mani Naga) and Mahodara are also found in Sanskrit literature among superhuman Nagas, and the cult of Mani Naga prevailed in
671:
In the
Mahavamsa as indeed in the ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature in general, the Nagas are never represented as human beings, but as a class of superhuman beings, who inhabited a subterranean world.
627:
There is substantial evidence to say that Nagas were
Buddhist followers after the 4th century B.C. One such example is Buddha's second visit Sri Lanka mentioned in both the Manimekalai and Mahavamsa.
305:
The chronicle further states that in the eighth year after the
Enlightenment, the Buddha visited the island for the third time, on an invitation of Maniakkhita, the Naga king of Kalyani (Modern day
223:
and language from the 3rd century BCE. According to him, in the end of the 9th century or probably very long before that time, the Nagas assimilated into the two major ethnic groups of the island.
607:
since ancient times have regarded the cobra as a divine being by the passing down of Naga traditions and beliefs. Further, a cobra can be found entwining itself round the neck of the Hindu god
426:
The similarity of the legend about the Buddha's seat given in the
Mahavamsa to that in the Manimekalai has led certain scholars to identify the Manipallavam with Nagadeepa (currently
375:. Nainativu was referred to as Manipallavam in ancient Tamil literature following this union. Royals of the Chola-Naga lineage would go on to rule other territory of the island,
73:
According to Buddhist scripture the Naga king Muchalinda shielded the Buddha from getting wet in the rain by coiling round him and holding his large hood above the Buddha's head.
406:. The island according to the Tamil epic was divided into two territory, Naga Nadu and Ilankaitheevam. Naga Nadu, or the whole island was also known as
832:
Other obvious identifications are Nagadiba with Nagadipa or Nakadiva (the Jaffna peninsula) and Rhogandanoi with the inhabitants of Rohana (Ruhuna).
1072:
Laura Smid (2003). South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Great Britain: Routledge. 429.
215:
According to Manogaran, some scholars also "have postulated that the Yakshas and Nagas are the aboriginal tribes of Sri Lanka". Scholars like
1264:
1193:
1565:
1575:
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298:
writings, coupled with archaeological and epigraphical evidences, have established that Nagadeepa of the Mahawamsa is the present
740:
Godwin Witane . (2003). The growth of the cobra cult in Sri Lanka kuhanjith and indrajith ruled kingdoms of srilanka. Available:
17:
1452:
1164:
977:
955:
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112:. They were generally represented as a class of super-humans taking the form of serpents who inhabit a subterranean world.
746:
59:
444:
stretching across coastal districts, distinguished from the rest of the island also ruled intermittently by Naga kings.
455:
one of the two territories in Sri Lanka, the other being Ilankaitheevam. Several scholars identify Naga Nadu with the
1477:
1309:
1233:
1054:
869:
563:. Ptolemy mentions in 150 CE that King Sornagos, a descendant of this lineage, ruled from the early Chola capital of
904:
K. Rajan - Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections (2008) p.56-57
992:› ca... Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I-A and B | INDIAN CULTURE "Castes and tribes of Southern Indian"
1580:
490:. Further states Canto IX, II. 13–22 that an earthquake destroyed a city in Gandhara which in turn affteced 100
1116:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society#Historical Topography of Ancient and Medieval Ceylon
1585:
1146:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# Nagadipa and Buddhist Remains in Jaffna (Part II)
1411:
1378:
1131:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# Nagadipa and Buddhist Remains in Jaffna (Part I)
1225:
Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period
440:, reflected the perception at the time that Naga Nadu was an autonomous administrative entity, kingdom or
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1467:
279:
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and various parts of Southern India. There are references to Nagas in several ancient texts such as
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844:
636:
470:
274:
1522:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mahāvaṃsa". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Sep. 2019,
830:. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol VI). p. 10.
1345:
769:
774:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic society# The Arya Kingdom in North Ceylon
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8:
1012:
403:
1279:
1258:
1187:
680:
Mahabharata, Bhandarkar oriental research institute edition, Adiparva, chapter 31, v.15
580:
It is also believed they were great irrigation engineers who built water storages. The
464:
1473:
1305:
1229:
1050:
999:
865:
861:
The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE
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of Naga Nadu, thus rejecting the identification of Naga Nadu with Jaffna Peninsula.
601:
478:
474:
456:
342:
299:
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attached Naga prefixes and suffixes to their names to indicate their Naga descent.
259:
200:
144:
140:
128:
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859:
581:
386:
By the time Buddhism had reached Tamilakam, the twin epics of ancient Tamil Nadu
364:
227:
172:
152:
120:
109:
1510:
894:. University of Jaffna: Governor's Office, Department of Geography. p. 61.
612:
483:
388:
318:
243:
204:
1496:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea & Ptolemy on Ancient Geography of India
477:, because Manimekalai states the island to have been uninhabited, whereas the
1554:
1523:
864:. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. p. 172.
350:
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368:
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31:
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are all Naga tribes. According to several authors they may have been a
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1509:
Lionel Wijesiri . (2009). The giant wakes up Revival of Yoda Wewa .
780:
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255:
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116:
93:
89:
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776:. Vol. VII, part II. Colombo apothecaries Co. Ltd. p. 181.
991:
537:
525:
509:
433:
430:), which has caused the history to be extracted out of the legend.
306:
247:
239:
192:
124:
105:
35:
1361:
Samuel, G. John; Śivagaṇēśamūrti, Ār Es; Nagarajan, M. S. (1998).
1222:
Schalk, Peter; Veluppillai, A.; Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ (2002).
473:
rejects the identification of Manipallavam with Nainativu and the
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regard them as an ancient tribe who started to assimilate to
133:
85:
39:
1209:
The art of the Pallavas, Volume 2 of Indian Sculpture Series
924:
689:
Manimekalai, V. Saminatha Aiyar, Cantos X-XII, Madras (1921)
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295:
196:
1451:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_S._Paranavitana1961 (
1318:
1278:
Rao, Conjeeveram Hayavadana; Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1930).
914:
912:
910:
794:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_S._Paranavitana1961 (
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born, who historians note was the early progenitor of the
1221:
1177:
1163:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFJCBRAS,_C.W._Nicholas1963 (
962:
943:
891:
Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka
191:
The word "Naga" literally means "snake" or "serpent" in
1446:
907:
789:
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were mentioned as non-humans, mainly referring to the
1158:
1101:
Mahawamsa, Chapter 1, vv. 44–70 (English translation)
768:
1206:
828:
Historical topography of ancient and medieval Ceylon
58:
Cobra symbolism in a Sri Lankan Hindu statue of the
1383:. National Museums of Sri Lanka. 1955. p. 176.
1297:
309:) who is the uncle of the Naga king of Nagadeepa.
1552:
1082:Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1963).
451:was stated in the Manimekalai to be the king of
1543:Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka
1333:. Institute of Asian Studies. 1991. p. 31.
1298:Cāttan̲ār; Kōpālayyar, Ti Vē (1 January 1989).
717:Tevar-kon itta mamanippilikai, Canto VIII, I.52
656:assimilated into the major ethnic group there".
262:tribe. Many Tamil poets who contributed to the
167:was also found on a Brahmi-inscribed coin from
1492:
1248:
1143:
1128:
743:"Online edition of Sunday Observer - Business"
1113:
815:. Vol. XXVIII Part VI. pp. 330–334.
708:Anku valvor yavarum inmaiyin, Canto XIV, I.86
559:in his 1st century map of Taprobane mentions
1511:http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/20/fea21.asp
1469:Rāmāyaṇa tradition in historical perspective
1301:Manimekhalai: The Dancer with the Magic Bowl
1042:
976:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
954:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
935:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIndrapala2005 (
808:
615:. Cobras can also be found in images of god
1343:
1148:. Vol. XXVIII (no.72). pp. 40–60.
1118:. Vol. VI, Special number. p. 83.
421:
398:(6th century CE) were written, speaking of
329:. The legend speaks of the great Naga king
1524:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahavamsa
1263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1192:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
887:
857:
349:had a liaison at the islet with the early
1540:
1393:
1367:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 45.
1330:Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies
1133:. Vol. XXVI (no.70). pp. 11–30.
971:
949:
930:
918:
278:Buddha's visit to Nagadeepa. Detail from
1416:. University of Madras. 1957. p. 9.
1364:Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: Collected Papers
1344:Gunasegaram, Samuel Jeyanayagam (1985).
1025:
825:
273:
1465:
1427:Rao, Tangsal Narayana Vasudeva (1979).
1277:
1228:. Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 148.
1200:
1026:Aiyangar, Muttusvami Srinivasa (1914).
736:
734:
250:and Eyinar who were widespread across
14:
1553:
1098:
1081:
1068:
1066:
84:are believed by some to be an ancient
1180:Manimekalai in its Historical Setting
1046:The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
883:
881:
1433:. Annamalai University. p. 156.
1400:. Annamalai University. p. 113.
1397:Buddhism as Expounded in Manimekalai
731:
1426:
1088:. University of Madras. p. 37.
1063:
845:"Claudius Ptolemy's Sri Lankan Map"
749:from the original on 8 October 2003
359:; out of this union was the prince
269:
183:referring to the Jaffna peninsula.
60:Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple
24:
1566:Non-human races in Hindu mythology
878:
847:. Archaeology.lk. 2 November 2020.
25:
1597:
1493:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1980).
1284:. Government Press. p. 519.
1211:. G. Wittenborn, 1957. p. 2.
1178:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1928).
1576:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
1571:Exotic tribes in Hindu scripture
596:
175:and in a Tamil inscription from
66:
51:
1541:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987),
1533:
1516:
1503:
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1466:Saklani, Dinesh Prasad (2006).
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858:Intirapālā, Kārttikēcu (2005).
711:
702:
692:
683:
649:
516:has been often identified with
410:, derived from Dravidian words
345:. Their daughter, the princess
1350:. Wim Gunasegaram. p. 33.
1049:. Asian Educational Services.
851:
837:
819:
802:
762:
674:
665:
312:
290:The chronicle states that the
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1:
1513:. Last accessed 7 March 2010.
1430:Buddhism in the Tamil Country
1304:. New Directions Publishing.
1032:. Guardian Press. p. 69.
888:Rajeswaran, S. T. B. (2012).
759:. Last accessed 7 March 2010.
724:
575:
1545:, University of Hawaii Press
1447:JCBRAS, S. Paranavitana 1961
790:JCBRAS, S. Paranavitana 1961
584:dam and reservoir system in
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186:
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
1526:. Accessed 26 January 2021.
1413:Annals of Oriental Research
630:
622:
497:
10:
1602:
1207:Ordhendra Coomar Gangoly.
1159:JCBRAS, C.W. Nicholas 1963
809:B.Ch.Chhabra, ed. (1950).
570:
532:, but also mentioning the
512:, the mythological island
501:
463:. Other scholars identify
159:and in Greek gazetteer as
29:
27:Ancient tribe of Sri Lanka
1394:Kantacāmi, Cō Na (1978).
1253:. Madras. pp. 26–28.
1043:Kanakasabhai, V. (1904).
551:
280:Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara
210:
642:
459:, and Manipallavam with
422:Identifying Manipallavam
1249:C. Rasanayagam (1926).
1144:Paul E. Pieris (1919).
1129:Paul E. Pieris (1917).
826:Nicholas, C.W. (1963).
404:Kaveripoompuharpattinam
392:(5–6th century CE) and
115:Certain places such as
18:Naga people (Sri Lanka)
1581:Ethnic groups in India
1499:. Prajñā. p. 103.
1472:. Pratibha Prakashan.
1182:. London. p. 129.
1114:C.W. Nicholas (1963).
1085:South India and Ceylon
637:Ancient clans of Lanka
471:Senarath Paranavithana
361:Tondai Eelam Thiraiyar
282:
136:up to medieval times.
770:Senarath Paranavitana
520:. The inhabitants of
367:. He went on to rule
277:
1586:Sri Lankan mythology
611:as the serpent-king
436:, the author of the
402:across the sea from
256:North-East Sri Lanka
1286:chola manipallavam.
1099:Geiger, W. (1950).
548:, a Naga princess.
508:In the Indian epic
414:(meaning Naga) and
379:and Tondai Nadu of
88:who once inhabited
933:, p. 172,174.
567:during this time.
418:(meaning island).
283:
104:and also in other
1347:Selected writings
812:Epigraphia Indica
467:as Manipallavam.
434:Cīttalai Cāttanār
264:Sangam literature
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365:Pallava Dynasty
337:who ruled over
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228:V. Kanakasabhai
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110:Pali literature
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1251:Ancient Jaffna
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983:
974:, p. 174.
972:Indrapala 2005
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952:, p. 173.
950:Indrapala 2005
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931:Indrapala 2005
923:
919:Manogaran 1987
906:
897:
877:
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484:Gautama Buddha
447:The Naga king
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389:Silappatikaram
333:and his queen
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230:, The Oliyar,
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347:Pilli Valai
335:Vasamayilai
331:Valai Vanan
323:Manimekalai
313:Manimekalai
252:South India
177:Pudukkottai
163:. The name
102:Mahabharata
98:Manimekalai
82:Naga people
32:Naga people
1555:Categories
1009:|url=
725:References
576:Irrigation
561:Nagadibois
502:See also:
453:Naga Nadu,
232:Parathavar
181:Tamil Nadu
1259:cite book
1188:cite book
590:Sri Lanka
546:Sulochana
526:Rakshasas
518:Sri Lanka
486:, but by
465:Karaitivu
461:Nainativu
428:Nainativu
400:Naga Nadu
381:Tamilakam
286:Mahavamsa
260:Dravidian
187:Etymology
169:Uduthurai
165:Nagabhumi
157:Nagadeepa
149:Naka Nadu
117:Nagadeepa
94:Mahavamsa
90:Sri Lanka
1000:cite web
772:(1961).
747:Archived
631:See also
623:Religion
538:Indrajit
510:Ramayana
498:Ramayana
307:Kelaniya
240:Paraiyar
193:Sanskrit
161:Nagadiba
106:Sanskrit
36:Nagaland
1011:value (
571:Culture
565:Uraiyur
557:Ptolemy
530:Yakshas
492:yojanas
341:in the
317:In the
236:Maravar
201:Sinhala
129:Gampaha
125:Kalyani
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1007:Check
868:
617:Vishnu
613:Vasuki
605:Hindus
586:Mannar
552:Others
542:Ravana
416:theevu
412:Cheran
292:Buddha
244:Kallar
211:Origin
203:&
173:Jaffna
121:Jaffna
1561:Nāgas
753:9 May
643:Notes
609:Shiva
534:Nagas
522:Lanka
514:Lanka
488:Indra
371:from
353:king
351:Chola
327:Indra
321:epic
319:Tamil
248:Palli
151:, in
134:India
86:tribe
40:India
1474:ISBN
1453:help
1306:ISBN
1265:link
1230:ISBN
1194:link
1165:help
1051:ISBN
1013:help
978:help
956:help
937:help
866:ISBN
796:help
755:2016
528:and
504:Nāga
442:nadu
296:Pali
254:and
197:Pali
139:The
123:and
108:and
80:The
155:as
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