243:
540:
obtained. Further
Jamunapari and Sannan breeds of goats were also introduced for meat and milk. With this introduction of new breeds, many farmers started rearing cross-breeds of cattle, goats and poultry. From 1950 to 1984 livestock enterprise developed very fast and it was a single or supplementary source of income for nearly 30% of the district population. Backyard poultry and rearing milking cows and goats for milk and meat generate additional income for the farmers. The livestock population reduced to a considerable extent during the last two decades due to the civil war.
908:
1403:
117:
27:
348:
engage in fishing. Agriculture in the district contributes substantially to the GNP of the country. The land cultivated by 48% of the farmers does not belong to them. The average land holding area is around 0.5 to 0.75 acres (3,000 m). Unemployment in rural areas is 27.9% while in urban areas it is 25.8%.
539:
The livestock sector is an important component of the farming system. Up to 1950, only local cattle and goats were reared for milk and meat, With the establishment of artificial insemination in 1950 exotic cross breeds such as Jersey and Indian breeds of cattle were introduced and high milk yield was
494:
are cultivated as cash crops because farmers obtain considerable income from these crops. The total extent of high land available for cultivation is 7,851 ha. Of which 1,642 ha (21%) is uncultivable due to security reasons. At present field crops and vegetables are cultivated in 4200 ha with the help
301:
cultivation is rain-fed but only for three months during the North East monsoon period. It is a part of the peninsula consisting of fourteen D.S Administrative
Divisions. The total land area including inland water is 1,230 km². The terrain of the region is almost flat and of low elevation except
292:
region is considered to be
Tropical monsoonal AM with a seasonal rhythm of rainfall. The temperature ranges from 26 C to 33 C. Annual precipitation ranges from 696 mm to 1125 mm. It is evenly spread over the area. The northeast monsoon rain (October to January) accounts for more than 90% of
266:
Available data revealed that a total of 2,640 people lost their lives while 1,647 were injured and 1,204 are missing. 37,255 people belonging to 9,885 families were displaced, of which 15,034 people belonging to 4,038 families are living in the welfare camps and the balance 22,221 people belonging to
347:
The total population of the district is around 600,000. Agriculture and fisheries have been the principal economic activities of the district. Over 60% of the workforce in the district depends on agriculture for their livelihood. About 86,000 families are engaged in agriculture while 15,000 families
275:
due to the formation of heavy security zones are not yet settled in the above villages and are facing difficulties without homes and jobs. The fisheries and agriculture sectors in the above villages are affected badly and the Sri Lankan government has no plan to improve the living standards of these
284:
Koppens classification AM. This type of climate, results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm, but
408:
land available for the cultivation is 12,000 ha. Of which nearly 8000 ha (64.6%) is being cultivated. About 2000 ha of paddy land is being identified as marginal due to the salinity problem. Paddy is cultivated as mono-crop in 85% of the paddy land and in the balance, 15% of paddy is followed by
333:
Water is extracted from open-dug wells for domestic and agricultural purposes. Approximately 28,000 wells serve both domestic and agricultural purposes. Water is available in these wells and its quality varies from place to place. In the majority of deep wells in the
338:
division water is available for irrigation throughout the year. These wells are situated in the calcic red-yellow latosols and their depth varies from 20 to 25 feet (7.6 m). The wells available in other areas are shallow (10 to 15 ft).
413:
and field crops with the help of available irrigation. The average yield is about 50 bushels per acre (2.5 mt/ha). However, 30 40% of farmers who cultivate improved varieties are able to obtain a yield of 70 bushels per acre (3.5 mt/ha).
1286:
262:
to
Kuddarappu. The damage to the eastern coast was higher than that of the northern coast. The fisheries sectors of this district were badly affected. Estimation of damages caused to different sectors has not been completed.
1281:
1112:
1084:
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the annual rainfall. The Jaffna peninsula is divided into two agroecological regions. The peninsula is mostly surrounded by water, connected to the rest of the island by a small strip of land. Its underground
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531:. Farmers generate considerable income from fruit crops, like mango, jack, grapes etc. cultivated in 1850 ha. Grapes were cultivated in 380 ha during 1985 reduced to 55 ha in 2004.
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929:
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841:
306:, where the elevation rises to 10.5 m above sea level. From there it slopes gently towards the south and southeast, while to the north the elevation tends to drop abruptly.
735:
527:. Coconut is grown in the homestead in the extent of 1470 ha. Other perennial crops are grown in 1500 ha. Further, nearly 3.5 million palmyra palms are available in
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sector, including crop and livestock, has contributed around 65% of the total gross domestic product of the district. In terms of production, major cash crops like
1325:
834:
1304:
1017:
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939:
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247:
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Vegetables are cultivated throughout the year with the help of irrigation from the dug wells. Low country vegetables such as
792:, with Lisa Fabry-Bewley, Alexandra Fabry and Emmanuel Fabry, Negombo, Viator Publications, 2003, 159 p., ISBN 955-8736-01-5
1380:
1418:
1075:
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613:
Women, Transition, and Change: A Study of the Impact of
Conflict and Displacement on Women in Traditional Tamil Society
719:
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665:
595:
568:
1457:
1358:
1353:
882:
736:"Emergency Preparedness and Response - South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami - Sri Lanka Tsunami Situation Report"
616:. Institute of Agriculture and Women in Development, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, and Gala Academic Press. 1995-01-01.
682:
585:
258:; this includes the villages on the Northern coast from Thondaimanaru to Thumpalai and the Eastern coast from
628:
226:
chieftains paid tribute to the Jaffna kings. The dynasty ruled the peninsula until 1619, after the last king
132:, who were mainly concentrated in the Jaffna Peninsula. The peninsula was also known in pre-mediaeval era as
805:
1097:
877:
851:
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242:
69:
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and other leafy vegetables are being cultivated and available throughout the year. Exotic vegetables like
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5,847 families are living with their friends and relatives. People displaced from the coastal villages of
218:, a minister of the Pandyan dynasty, was installed as the king of peninsula. He was the first king of the
1032:
1173:
1027:
892:
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The
Northern and Eastern coasts of the peninsula were badly affected by tsunamis, especially by the
1330:
1037:
711:
Portuguese
Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries
180:. Naga identity was visible through personal names which observed in Pali chronicles and the Tamil
380:
are produced in large extent to meet the substantial portion of the national requirement. Further
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20:
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8:
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785:
715:
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272:
181:
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176:, the Greek writer from 100 AD refers to Nagadipoi as one of the coastal towns of
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211:
100:
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185:
145:
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762:"Sri Lanka: Tsunami crisis - Information update 29 Dec 2004 | ReliefWeb"
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88:
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The soil found in Jaffna belongs to the following three major soil groups:
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887:
439:
405:
357:
303:
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149:
259:
227:
508:
431:
410:
393:
335:
184:. Some scholars postulate that the Naga people were the ancestors of
177:
153:
141:
129:
96:
73:
246:
Bishop of Jaffna with German tsunami relief mission team members of
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872:
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In the 13th century, the
Northern part of Sri Lanka including the
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The peninsula was historically divided into the three regions of
802:
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in the central part of the western sector in the area around
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80:, and comprises much of the former land mass of the medieval
164:", where it is described as a Chiefdom with rulers named as
156:
also refers to the peninsula with the corresponding name as
455:
435:
849:
815:
A Mission in Jaffna & the
Memories of war-torn Jaffna
583:
63:
50:
222:. Under the rule of the Aryacakravarti kings, the
76:. It is home to the capital city of the province,
1449:
630:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
297:is used for drinking, agriculture and industry.
30:A sign seen at the entrance to Jaffna Peninsula.
657:Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka
503:Perennial crops include the orchard crops like
285:more than 1/25 the total annual precipitation
120:Jaffna kingdom at its greatest extent c. 1350.
1074:
835:
790:The Essential guide for Jaffna and its region
587:Manimekhalai: The Dancer with the Magic Bowl
237:
140:" as mentioned in the twin epics of ancient
1349:Jaffna Diocese of the Church of South India
584:Cāttan̲ār; Kōpālayyar, Ti Vē (1989-01-01).
556:
342:
99:, which today make up three regions of the
842:
828:
653:
232:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
963:
708:Silva, Chandra Richard De (2009-01-01).
279:
241:
115:
25:
680:
495:of left irrigation from the dug wells.
396:are also produced in large quantities.
1450:
16:Region of Northern Province, Sri Lanka
823:
707:
654:Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987-01-01).
466:are also cultivated in large extent.
1473:Ancient Greek geography of Sri Lanka
626:
557:Subramanian, Nirupama (2005-01-01).
195:
1018:Government of the Northern Province
316:Solodized solonetz and solon chaks.
13:
128:were one of the ancient tribes of
14:
1484:
1468:Landforms of Kilinochchi District
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560:Sri Lanka, Voices from a War Zone
1402:
1401:
1359:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mannar
1354:Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaffna
906:
328:
779:
681:Peebles, Patrick (2006-01-01).
754:
728:
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687:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
674:
660:. University of Hawaii Press.
647:
620:
604:
577:
550:
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1:
590:. New Directions Publishing.
543:
474:Among the other field crops,
1463:Landforms of Jaffna District
1098:Jaffna International Airport
878:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
852:Northern Province, Sri Lanka
534:
256:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
111:
7:
1033:Northern Provincial Council
764:. Reliefweb.int. 2004-12-29
714:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
313:Calcic Red-yellow latosols.
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1028:Jaffna Electoral District
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915:
904:
893:Burning of Jaffna library
858:
633:. Duke University Press.
627:Holt, John (2011-04-13).
276:conflict-affected zones.
238:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
56:
43:
1331:Jaffna Teaching Hospital
1061:Buildings and Structures
1038:Vanni Electoral District
684:The History of Sri Lanka
343:Socioeconomic conditions
1458:Peninsulas of Sri Lanka
1227:Sri Lankan Tamil cinema
930:Divisional Secretariats
563:. Penguin Books India.
216:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
21:Jaffna (disambiguation)
1434:9.686722°N 80.100632°E
251:
220:Aryacakravarti dynasty
210:was under the rule of
208:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
121:
31:
1287:Language demographics
519:and other crops like
280:Geography and climate
245:
230:was killed under the
152:. The Pali chronicle
119:
68:) is a region in the
29:
1310:University of Jaffna
976:Kilinochchi District
44:யாழ்ப்பாணக் குடாநாடு
19:For other uses, see
1439:9.686722; 80.100632
1430: /
1282:Demographic history
986:Mullaitivu District
288:The climate of the
808:2018-09-19 at the
742:on January 3, 2009
252:
122:
32:
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1367:
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1326:List of hospitals
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1187:
1186:
1093:Iranamadu Airport
999:
998:
991:Vavuniya District
250:in January, 2005.
196:Kingdom of Jaffna
182:Sangam literature
138:Land of the Nagas
70:Northern Province
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52:Yāḻppāṇa kuṭānāṭu
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971:Jaffna District
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162:island of Nagas
136:, which means "
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109:
101:Jaffna District
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1391:Coat of arms
1274:Demographics
1212:Architecture
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766:. Retrieved
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744:. Retrieved
740:the original
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656:
649:
629:
622:
612:
606:
586:
579:
559:
552:
538:
502:
473:
444:bitter gourd
421:
403:
355:
346:
332:
308:
287:
283:
265:
253:
205:
169:
165:
161:
157:
137:
133:
123:
86:
65:Yāḻ kuṭānāṭu
55:, or Tamil:
35:
33:
1437: /
1169:Mannar Line
1056:Agriculture
888:Tamil Eelam
470:Field crops
440:snake gourd
384:crops like
358:agriculture
352:Agriculture
304:Tellippalai
168:, meaning "
160:, meaning "
150:Manimekalai
126:Naga people
1452:Categories
1425:80°06′02″E
1319:Healthcare
1239:Literature
850:Topics on
768:2013-06-22
544:References
418:Vegetables
260:Vallipuram
228:Cankili II
200:See also:
190:Dravidians
188:-speaking
1422:9°41′12″N
1297:Education
1264:Festivals
1234:Education
964:Districts
917:Geography
898:Civil War
883:Militancy
535:Livestock
432:long bean
411:vegetable
336:Valikamam
319:Regosols.
178:Taprobana
154:Mahavamsa
142:Tamilakam
134:Naga Nadu
130:Sri Lanka
112:Naga Nadu
97:Valikamam
74:Sri Lanka
1407:Category
1341:Religion
1179:Yal Devi
1161:Railways
1113:Highways
1085:Airports
1023:Governor
1005:Politics
873:Vannimai
806:Archived
521:palmyrah
224:Vannimai
166:Diparaja
158:Nagadipa
1373:Symbols
1259:Cuisine
1204:Culture
1196:Society
1066:Tourism
1048:Economy
860:History
746:June 9,
525:coconut
484:tobacco
464:carrots
448:cabbage
424:brinjal
370:tobacco
324:Economy
174:Ptolemy
107:History
1222:Cinema
945:Rivers
925:Cities
718:
691:
664:
637:
594:
567:
529:Jaffna
517:citrus
513:grapes
492:banana
480:potato
462:, and
428:tomato
404:Total
390:grapes
378:banana
374:potato
290:Jaffna
273:Palali
144:, the
78:Jaffna
1386:Motto
1254:Dance
1249:Sport
1244:Music
955:Vanni
950:Towns
505:mango
488:chili
476:onion
460:beans
452:leeks
406:paddy
400:Paddy
386:mango
382:fruit
366:onion
362:chili
299:Paddy
295:water
248:AGSEP
186:Tamil
40:Tamil
1381:Flag
748:2009
716:ISBN
689:ISBN
662:ISBN
635:ISBN
592:ISBN
565:ISBN
523:and
515:and
509:jack
490:and
456:beet
436:okra
394:jack
392:and
376:and
356:The
148:and
124:The
95:and
34:The
1217:Art
1151:A35
1146:A34
1141:A32
1136:A30
1131:A29
1126:A14
172:".
84:.
72:of
1454::
1121:A9
788:,
511:,
507:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
388:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
234:.
214:.
192:.
103:.
91:,
59:,
46:,
42::
1229:)
1225:(
843:e
836:t
829:v
771:.
750:.
724:.
697:.
670:.
643:.
600:.
573:.
38:(
23:.
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