Mixed economy - Knowledge

4880:(46): 141–142. "The underlying premise behind the mixed economy was straightforward. Keynes and like-minded reformers were not willing to give up on capitalism, and in particular, two of its basic features: that ownership and control of the economy's means of production would remain primarily in the hands of private capitalists; and that most economic activity would be guided by 'market forces', that is, the dynamic combination of material self-seeking and competition. More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free-market capitalism, should continue to be capitalists trying to make as much profit as they can. At the same time, Keynes was clear that in maintaining a profit-driven marketplace, it was also imperative to introduce policy interventions to counteract capitalism's inherent tendencies—demonstrated to devastating effect during the 1930s calamity—toward financial breakdowns, depressions, and mass unemployment. Keynes's framework also showed how full employment and social welfare interventions could be justified not simply on grounds of social uplift, but could also promote the stability of capitalism." 4341:

sectors of the economy, but local and provincial level state-owned enterprises continue to operate in almost every industry including information technology, automobiles, machinery, and hospitality. The latest round of state-owned enterprise reform initiated in 2013 stressed increased dividend payouts of state enterprises to the central government and mixed-ownership reform which includes partial private investment into state-owned firms. As a result, many nominally private-sector firms are partially state-owned by various levels of government and state institutional investors, and many state-owned enterprises are partially privately owned resulting in a mixed ownership economy.

5985:, pp. 102–103: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state-controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. ... The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism." 6411: 6043:, pp. 125–128: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or 'humanize' it. Social democracy, therefore, came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other." 8728: 4055: 4550: 8691: 4412:. Debate reigns over the appropriate levels of private and public ownership, capitalism and socialism, and government planning within an economy. The centre-left usually supports markets but argues for a higher degree of regulation, public ownership, and planning within an economy. The centre-right generally accepts some level of public ownership and government intervention but argues for lower government regulation and greater privatisation. In 2010, 4672:, Alpha Books (2003), p. 9. "In a market economy, the private-sector businesses and consumers decide what they will produce and purchase, with little government intervention. ... In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed." 6100:. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with the government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Retrieved 24 October 2011. 6261:

sponsoring infrastructure development and industrialization behind tariff walls that would keep out British manufactured goods. ... The American School, elaborated in the nineteenth century by economists like Henry Carey (who advised President Lincoln), inspired the 'American System' of Henry Clay and the protectionist import-substitution policies of Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party well into the twentieth century." (from

4522: 2426: 6277:'Congress must shape its legislation as to incidentally aid all branches of industry, render the people prosperous, and enable them to pay taxes ... for ordinary expenses of Government.' (from "The Greatest Nation of the Earth" Chapter 4 titled "Directing the Legislation of the Country to the Improvement of the Country: Tariff and Tax Legislation" pg. 136-137 published 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College in the USA – 2609: 4536: 2438: 824: 8740: 8716: 4508: 4067: 4038: 8703: 4371:. In the period of dirigisme, the French state used indicative economic planning to supplement market forces for guiding its market economy. It involved state control of industries such as transportation, energy and telecommunication infrastructures as well as various incentives for private corporations to merge or engage in certain projects. Under its influence, France experienced what is called 2576:, Germany implemented a war economy that combined a free market with central planning. The Nazi government collaborated with leading German business interests, who supported the war effort in exchange for advantageous contracts, subsidies, the suppression of trade unions, and the allowance of cartels and monopolies. Scholars have drawn parallels between the American 5047:. Gavekal Dragonomics. p. 4. Retrieved 19 August 2020. "While some may find these estimates low, they are not. Even in the statist 1960s–70s, SOEs in France and the UK did not account for more than 15–20% of capital formation; in the 1980s the developed-nation average was around 8%, and it dropped below 5% in the 1990s. SOEs' role in China is many times larger." 6062:, p. 10: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system." 6012:: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership." 6345:

specifically because of wartime collaboration with the Nazis by its owner). Until 1981 no other firms were nationalized, although occasionally new public enterprises were created from scratch or the government bought part of ownership, as it did with Dassault Aircraft in 1978. Until 1986 none of these industries were denationalized.

6024:, p. 1410: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society." 6289:

for the sensitive position of Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, was an ex-Democrat, but of the moderate variety on economics, one whom Joseph Dorfman could even describe as 'a good Hamiltonian, and a western progressive of the Lincoln stamp in everything from a tariff to a national bank.'" (from

4397:. Additionally, it calls for greater welfare spending, public housing, and job security. GND proposals seek to maintain capitalism but involve economic planning to reduce carbon emissions and inequality through increased taxation, social spending, and state ownership of essential utilities such as the 6495:

The fact that the state or municipalities own and operate some plants does not alter the characteristic features of a market economy. These publicly owned and operated enterprises are subject to the sovereignty of the market. They must fit themselves, as buyers of raw materials, equipment, and labor,

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Boritt: "Lincoln thus had the pleasure of signing into law much of the program he had worked for through the better part of his political life. And this, as Leonard P. Curry, the historian of the legislation has aptly written, amounted to a 'blueprint for modern America'. ... The man Lincoln selected

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Lind: "During the nineteenth century the dominant school of American political economy was the 'American School' of developmental economic nationalism. ... The patron saint of the American School was Alexander Hamilton, whose Report on Manufactures (1791) had called for federal government activism in

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The welfare state emerged in the twentieth century as one institutional form of this socially protective response. In the 1930s, the responses of emerging welfare states to the Great Depression were to the immediate circumstances of massive unemployment, lost output, and collapse of the financial and

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Following the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978, the Chinese economy has reformed its state-owned enterprises and allowed greater scope for private enterprises to operate alongside the state and collective sectors. In the 1990s, the central government concentrated its ownership in strategic

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in a market economy, portraying the state as encroaching onto the market under the assumption that the market is the natural mechanism for allocating resources. The political definition is limited to capitalistic economies and precludes an extension to non-capitalist systems, and aims to measure the

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To be sure, 'orthodox Marxism' maintains that the mixed economy is still the capitalism of old, just as 'orthodox' bourgeois theory insists that the mixed economy is a camouflaged form of socialism. Generally, however, both the state-capitalist and mixed economies are recognized as economic systems

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political and economic model then current in the Soviet Union, committing themselves either to an alternative path to socialism or to a compromise between capitalism and socialism. In this period, social democrats embraced a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property and a minority

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Mixed economies understood as a mixture of socially owned and private enterprises have been predicted and advocated by various socialists as a necessary transitional form between capitalism and socialism. Additionally, several proposals for socialist systems call for a mixture of different forms of

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which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and

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The apolitical definition relates to patterns of ownership and management of economic enterprises in an economy, strictly referring to a mix of public and private ownership of enterprises in the economy and is unconcerned with political forms and public policy. Alternatively, it refers to a mixture

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Richardson: "By 1865, the Republicans had developed a series of high tariffs and taxes that reflected the economic theories of Carey and Wayland and were designed to strengthen and benefit all parts of the American economy, raising the standard of living for everyone. As a Republican concluded ...

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Lind: "Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party of 1865–1932, by presiding over the industrialization of the United States, foreclosed the option that the United States would remain a rural society with an agrarian economy, as so many Jeffersonians had hoped. ... Hamiltonian side ... the

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The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage. This is decided by the quality of socialism and the national situation in

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argued that there can be no mixture of capitalism and socialism. Mises elaborated on this point by contending that even if a market economy contained numerous state-run or nationalized enterprises, this would not make the economy mixed because the existence of such organizations does not alter the

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reforms in 1968 that introduced market processes into its planned economy. Under this system, firms were still publicly owned but not subject to physical production targets and output quotas specified by a national plan. Firms were attached to state ministries that had the power to merge, dissolve

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This type of mixed economy refers to a combination of economic planning with market forces for the guiding of production in an economy and may coincide with a mixture of private and public enterprise. It can include capitalist economies with indicative macroeconomic planning policies and socialist

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In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other

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dealt with their emerging, prominent capitalistic sectors or market economies through regulation via state, social, or religious institutions. Due to having low, diffuse populations, and disconnected trade, the economies of Europe could not have supported centralized states or mixed economies and

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This meaning of a mixed economy refers to a combination of market forces with state intervention in the form of regulations, macroeconomic policies and social welfare interventions aimed at improving market outcomes. As such, this type of mixed economy falls under the framework of a capitalistic

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are defined in an idealized sense, what is described rarely—if ever—exists in practice. Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that, while not being a perfect representation, very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal. When a system in

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There are in general two broad yet distinguishable definitions of 'mixed economy': a political definition and an apolitical definition. The political definition refers to the degree of state intervention in what is a market economy. Thus this definition 'portray the phenomenon in terms of state

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that ostensibly aims to be a middle-ground between socialism and capitalism by mediating labor and business disputes to promote national unity. 20th-century fascist regimes in Italy and Germany adopted large public works programs to stimulate their economies and state interventionism in largely

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as a "top-down, government-driven political exercise" requires a selective reading of 1960s encyclicals. A more comprehensive reading of Catholic social teaching suggests a conceptualization of subsidiarity as a "bottom-up concept" that is "rooted in recognition of a common humanity, not in the

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Alternatively, a mixed economy can emerge when a socialist government makes exceptions to the rule of state ownership to capture economic benefits from private ownership and free-market incentives. A combination of free market principles of private contracting and socialist principles of state

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After World War II a wave of nationalizations occurred, affecting the Bank of France, the four largest commercial banks, the four leading groups of insurance companies, all-electric power and gas producers, the coal mining industry, Air France, and the Renault automobile company (the last

1122:, usually around 15 to 20 percent. In the post-war era, Western European social democracy became associated with this economic model. As an economic ideal, mixed economies are supported by people of various political persuasions, in particular social democrats. The contemporary capitalist 5175:

The apolitical definition of 'mixed economy' generally refers to the mix of public and private ownership forms. ... Here 'mixed economy' itself does not specify a political form. it means an economy characterized by a combination of public and private ownership as well as planning and

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the preliminary stage: first, China, as a socialist country, should persist in public ownership as the base of the socialist economy; second, China, as in its preliminary stage, should develop diverse forms of ownership on condition that the public ownership plays a dominant role

4115:'s conception of feasible socialism outlines an economic system based on a combination of state enterprises for large industries, worker and consumer cooperatives, private enterprises for small-scale operations, and individually-owned enterprises. The social democratic theorist 1164:

arose in the context of political debate in the United Kingdom in the postwar period, although the set of policies later associated with the term had been advocated from at least the 1930s. The oldest documented mixed economies in the historical record are found as early as the

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trading systems. Planning was not a key element in the response to the crisis of capitalism. Instead, the character of welfare state intervention can best be described as an 'interventionist drift', reflecting the spontaneous, uncoordinated reactions of the protective response.

4337:—all of which feature large state-owned enterprise sectors operating alongside large private sectors. The French economy featured a large state sector from 1945 until 1986, mixing a substantial amount of state-owned enterprises and nationalized firms with private enterprises. 2558:

is primarily a political ideology that stresses the importance of cultural and social issues over economics, it is generally supportive of a broadly capitalistic mixed economy. It supports state interventionism into markets and private enterprise, alongside a

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and as sellers of goods and services, into the scheme of the market economy. They are subject to the laws of the market and thereby depend on the consumers who may or may not patronize them. They must strive for profits, or at least, to avoid losses.

2493:'s statement that government "should supply help to the members of the social body, but may never destroy or absorb them". Hollenbach writes that a socially just mixed economy involves labor, management, and the state working together through a 1444:

or ideology, the task of identifying it can become problematic, and the term mixed economy was coined. As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix, mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either

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until the mid-20th century. It consisted of three core policy initiatives: protecting industry through high tariffs (1861–1932; changing to subsidies and reciprocity from 1932–the 1970s), government investment in infrastructure through

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While there is no single all-encompassing definition of a mixed economy, there are generally two major definitions, one being political and the other apolitical. The political definition of a mixed economy refers to the degree of

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is the economic policy of modern Germany that steers a middle path between the goals of social democracy and capitalism within the framework of a private market economy and aims at maintaining a balance between a high rate of

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In laissez-faire capitalism, the state restricts itself to providing public goods and services that the economy cannot generate by itself and to safeguarding private ownership and the smooth operation of the self-regulating

4496:, ultimately drive the economy. From the Great Depression onward, extant mixed economies in the Western world are still functionally capitalist because the economic system remains based on competition and profit production. 989:

and socialist visions. Yet another definition is apolitical in nature, strictly referring to an economy containing a mixture of private enterprise with public enterprise. Alternatively, a mixed economy can refer to a

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government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education. A mixed economy also promotes some form of regulation to protect the public, the environment, or the interests of the state.

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and reorganize them and which established the firm's operating sector. Enterprises had to acquire their inputs and sell their outputs in markets, eventually eroding away at the Soviet-style planned economy.

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encroaching upon the market and thereby suggest that market is the natural or preferable mechanism. ... The political definition of 'mixed economy' precludes extending it to non-capitalist systems.

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and Mises argued that there can be no lasting middle ground between economic planning and a market economy, and any move in the direction of socialist planning is an unintentional move toward what

6088:. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Retrieved 24 October 2011. 4154:

and allowed a return of markets, where private individuals could administer small and medium-sized enterprises, while the state would control large industries, banks and foreign trade. The

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and public works programs promoted by fascism, arguing that fascism similarly arose in response to the threat of socialist revolution and aimed to "save capitalism" and private property.

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market economy, with macroeconomic interventions aimed at promoting the stability of capitalism. Other examples of common government activity in this form of mixed economy include

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to promote the growth of productive enterprises. During this period, the United States grew into the largest economy in the world, surpassing the United Kingdom by 1880. The

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There is no mixture of the two systems possible or thinkable; there is no such thing as a mixed economy, a system that would be in part capitalistic and in part socialist.

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theorists also dispute the viability of a mixed economy as a middle ground between socialism and capitalism. Irrespective of enterprise ownership, either the capitalist

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capitalism, where state activity is limited to maintaining order and security, providing public goods and services, as well as the legal framework for the protection of

4749:, The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 "the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government attempts to affect these through the policies it implements". 4162:

that consists of a mixture of public, private, and cooperative enterprise—a mixed economy that is oriented toward the long-term development of a socialist economy. The

1361:, Germany had developed a mixed economy with government co-ownership of infrastructure and industry along with a comprehensive social welfare system. After the 1118:, a mixed economy is in practice a form of capitalism where most industries are privately owned but there is a number of utilities and essential services under 6418:, John Quiggin, Princeton University Press, 2010, p. 78. The author made this statement in his chapter which is sharply critical of the strong version of "The 4458:

fundamental characteristics of the market economy. These publicly owned enterprises would still be subject to market sovereignty as they would have to acquire

4293:, low inflation, low levels of unemployment, good working conditions, and public welfare and public services by using state intervention. Under its influence, 977:. While there is no single definition of a mixed economy, one definition is about a mixture of markets with state interventionism, referring specifically to a 5040: 4865: 7277: 7095: 4444:. Critics who argue that capitalism and socialism cannot coexist believe either market logic or economic planning must be prevalent within an economy. 4428:. The real question for policy debates is one of determining the appropriate mix and the way in which the public and private sectors should interact." 4389:

using economic planning with market forces for the guiding of production. The reforms involve phasing out fossil fuels through the implementation of a

854: 4689:- An economy that uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources." This follows immediately from a discussion on 998:

that allows a substantial role for private enterprise and contracting within a dominant economic framework of public ownership. This can extend to a

4317:. As such, it is sometimes described as a "middle path" or transitional state between capitalism and socialism but can also refer to a mixture of 1292:, mixed economies, which had grown out of the medieval communes, were beginning to emerge in Europe by the 15th century as feudalism declined. In 8940: 8796: 4281: 8620: 6390: 5859: 3866: 2036: 5818: 5755: 4462:

through markets, strive to maximize profits, or at the least try to minimize costs, and utilize monetary accounting for economic calculation.

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has been described as a type of mixed economy in the sense of state interventionism, as opposed to a mixture of planning and markets, since

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Part III "The American School of National Economy" pg. 229–230 published 1997 by Free Press, Simon & Schuster division in the USA –

5901: 5792: 4150:; the introduction of a mixed economy serving as a temporary expedient for rebuilding the nation. The policy eased the restrictions of 5777:

Hollenbach, David (1984). "Unemployment and Jobs: A Theological and Ethical Perspective". In Houck, John; Williams, Oliver (eds.).

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Gross, Kyle B. (1991) The Politics of State Expansion: War, State and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain. New York: Routledge.

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Numerous economists have questioned the validity of the entire concept of a mixed economy when understood to be a mixture of

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Continuity and Change in Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman Society: Papers Given at a Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks in May 1982

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Chapter 14 titled "The Whig in the White House" pg. 196–197 published 1994 by University of Illinois Press in the USA) –

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Gill: "By 1880 the United States of America had overtaken and surpassed the UK as industrial leader of the world.: (from

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of essential utilities and public services under public ownership. As a result, social democracy became associated with

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are provided by the government, with state activity providing public goods and universal civic requirements, including

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playing a decisive role—is a necessary characteristic of an economy in the preliminary stage of developing socialism.

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In the apolitical sense, the term mixed economy is used to describe economic systems that combine various elements of

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capitalist system is that markets are subject to varying degrees of regulatory control and governments wield indirect

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Derthick, Martha and Paul J. Quirk (1985) The Politics of Deregulation. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

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The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages

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Within political discourse, mixed economies are supported by people of various political leanings, particularly the

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economics as capitalist countries embraced mixed economies founded on economic planning, intervention, and welfare.

8612: 7028: 5767:. Paragraph 79. Retrieved 12 August 2018. The papal text refers to "every social activity", not only to government. 4002: 3859: 2494: 2461: 1281: 5726: 8707: 7366: 7085: 6933: 4090: 4046: 1308: 8020: 7910: 7216: 5037: 4862: 4619: 383: 7835: 9485: 9306: 7589: 7346: 6948: 6677: 4163: 4155: 4012: 2935: 2881: 2856: 2724: 2699: 2227: 1885: 828: 723: 443: 433: 9470: 8890: 8676: 8651: 8573: 7629: 4249: 4214:) under a mixed economy, and pledge to reform capitalism and make society more egalitarian and democratic. 3969: 3939: 3914: 2995: 2799: 2656: 2277: 2267: 753: 6522: 6231:

Chapter 6 titled "America becomes Number 1" pg. 39–49 – published 1990 by Praeger Publishers in the USA –

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in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system. Meanwhile, the excluded are still waiting."

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and several others, was not to abandon the capitalist mode of production but to retain a predominance of

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from the 11th century onward, economic and political power once again became centralized. According to

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would be necessary for a long period before capitalism would evolve of its own accord into socialism.

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Introduction pg. xiv-xv – published 1997 by Free Press, Simon & Schuster division in the USA –

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wrote: "The experience of the twentieth century suggests that a mixed economy will outperform both

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Federalists; the National Republicans; the Whigs, the Republicans; the Progressives ... ." (from

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in France, designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence through

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began to advocate for economic theories that argued more government intervention in the economy.

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capitalist economy which seeks to abolish or privatize most government services while wanting to

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is the economic philosophy that dominated United States national policies from the time of the

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oversight and extensive interventions into markets. Another is that of active collaboration of

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Catholic social teaching and the United States economy: working papers for a bishops' pastoral

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Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School

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Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School

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Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School

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threw much of the global economy into a severe economic decline, British economists such as

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city-states can also best be characterized as mixed economies. It is also possible that the

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Comparative Economic Transformations: Mainland China, Hungary, the Soviet Union, and Taiwan

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Rosin, Kirk (1992). "Economic theory and the welfare state: a survey and interpretation".

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planned economies that introduced market forces into their economies such as in Hungary's

8: 9465: 9355: 9350: 9235: 9067: 9037: 8850: 8830: 8763: 8474: 8304: 8284: 7965: 7785: 7740: 7649: 7639: 7549: 7539: 7518: 7488: 7386: 7326: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7145: 7038: 6955: 6911: 6906: 6899: 4649: 4624: 4604: 4493: 4463: 4386: 4368: 4314: 4191: 4143: 4017: 3984: 3944: 3929: 3213: 3125: 3115: 3085: 2980: 2866: 2833: 2679: 2661: 2651: 2608: 2560: 2119: 2041: 1996: 1991: 1858: 1848: 1748: 1558: 1523: 1481: 1370: 1293: 1222: 1218: 1170: 1091: 1052: 1018: 1010: 798: 743: 738: 671: 661: 347: 182: 8274: 8219: 7706: 3791: 1217:, among others, all practiced some form of a mixed economy. According to the historians 9490: 9375: 9196: 9127: 9087: 8950: 8695: 8656: 8399: 8354: 8339: 8129: 7900: 7667: 7614: 7574: 7443: 7433: 7412: 7252: 7153: 7100: 6986: 6928: 6842: 6702: 6682: 6667: 6621: 5697:

Planning in the 20th Century and Beyond: India's Planning Commission and the NITI Aayog

4712: 4629: 4334: 4272: 4128: 4007: 3949: 3781: 3706: 3478: 3458: 3443: 3293: 3198: 3055: 3035: 3020: 2970: 2950: 2928: 2769: 2704: 2592: 2365: 2325: 2202: 2051: 2016: 1803: 1763: 1718: 1638: 1593: 1573: 1316: 1264: 1193:

city-states depended on mixed economies to manage trade. Before being conquered by the

1115: 1056: 958: 950: 803: 763: 634: 539: 158: 140: 130: 123: 8084: 4252:. The term is also used to describe the economies of countries that feature extensive 4248:. Most contemporary market-oriented economies fall under this category, including the 3568: 1002:

that has been reformed to incorporate a greater role for markets in the allocation of

9345: 9216: 9211: 9168: 9112: 9082: 9047: 8990: 8855: 8509: 8449: 8244: 7955: 7696: 7584: 7579: 7381: 7196: 7175: 7060: 7018: 6921: 6832: 6789: 6769: 6729: 6697: 6484: 6456: 6333: 6294: 6278: 6266: 6250: 6245: 6232: 6205: 6178: 6135: 6114: 5734: 5701: 5674: 5649: 5624: 5594: 5569: 5559: 5532: 5488: 5462: 5435: 5408: 5381: 5354: 5327: 5301: 5274: 5247: 5220: 5193: 5164: 5135: 5106: 5064: 5020: 4895: 4835: 4810: 4719: 4614: 4527: 4492:

drive the economy or conscious planning and non-monetary forms of valuation, such as

4477: 4471: 4364: 4351: 4326: 4135: 3899: 3811: 3716: 3578: 3508: 3413: 3398: 3165: 3105: 3060: 3045: 3005: 2940: 2719: 2709: 2646: 2515: 2430: 2297: 2164: 2154: 2099: 2021: 1895: 1880: 1758: 1728: 1658: 1648: 1583: 1446: 1404: 1354: 1285: 1272: 1271:

mixed economies that preceded them, and the economies of Islamic empires such as the

1268: 1166: 1127: 1014: 995: 962: 911: 656: 408: 388: 175: 168: 163: 4965: 4185:

In the early post-war era in Western Europe, social democratic parties rejected the

4178:

position that an economic system containing diverse forms of ownership—but with the

9435: 9410: 9405: 9311: 9201: 9163: 9158: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9057: 8875: 8860: 8732: 8720: 8593: 8459: 8444: 8419: 8404: 8239: 8169: 8079: 8050: 8035: 8010: 7970: 7960: 7925: 7920: 7865: 7840: 7830: 7800: 7760: 7569: 7554: 7503: 7483: 7351: 7331: 7240: 6894: 6837: 6764: 6734: 4589: 4569: 4541: 4513: 4481: 4454: 4421: 4394: 4318: 4310: 4261: 4207: 4116: 4059: 4042: 3761: 3741: 3661: 3656: 3598: 3558: 3548: 3513: 3433: 3408: 3378: 3363: 3358: 3333: 3278: 3263: 3170: 3145: 3075: 3030: 3000: 2888: 2876: 2804: 2789: 2729: 2694: 2482: 2232: 2207: 2159: 2139: 2084: 2061: 2011: 1890: 1793: 1783: 1773: 1738: 1628: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1450: 1428: 1400: 1396: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1257:

in its eastern part continued to have a mixed economy until its destruction by the

1254: 1119: 1111: 923: 915: 649: 584: 569: 521: 511: 505: 478: 463: 234: 197: 7795: 7780: 3841: 3503: 3233: 9430: 9420: 9390: 9296: 8930: 8840: 8464: 8434: 8254: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8164: 8154: 8149: 8134: 8104: 8030: 7890: 7870: 7845: 7775: 7735: 7624: 7619: 7498: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7128: 6991: 6854: 6717: 6712: 6601: 6438: 6415: 6394: 6199: 6172: 6158: 6085: 6078: 5940: 5905: 5867: 5764: 5730: 5526: 5509: 5456: 5375: 5348: 5321: 5241: 5044: 4987: 4921: 4914: 4869: 4763: 4609: 4564: 4398: 4290: 3979: 3974: 3919: 3726: 3686: 3518: 3488: 3473: 3423: 3393: 3328: 3268: 3228: 3150: 3140: 3040: 2784: 2774: 2532: 2442: 2287: 2192: 2149: 2129: 2124: 2114: 2109: 2031: 1826: 1466: 1432: 1408: 1289: 1214: 1145: 1099: 1040: 946: 938: 773: 733: 698: 594: 554: 549: 516: 362: 342: 332: 322: 307: 287: 222: 108: 33: 7820: 6229:

Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy

5723:

Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy: Facts, Insights, Implications

1249:

all had the basic characteristics of mixed economies. After the collapse of the

9148: 9092: 9072: 8910: 8865: 8820: 8815: 8553: 8494: 8454: 8439: 8374: 8364: 8344: 8334: 8324: 8289: 8269: 8209: 8159: 8119: 8094: 8089: 8015: 7945: 7810: 7755: 7604: 7371: 7356: 7287: 7206: 6916: 4584: 4467: 4382: 4378: 4298: 4245: 4139: 4112: 3934: 3826: 3796: 3786: 3711: 3681: 3676: 3666: 3553: 3533: 3493: 3463: 3403: 3343: 3318: 3258: 2945: 2754: 2569: 2564: 2542: 2498: 2395: 2380: 2350: 2272: 1768: 1613: 1603: 1533: 1518: 1513: 1462: 1342: 1328: 1324: 1258: 1194: 1186: 942: 758: 574: 468: 312: 8558: 8199: 7875: 6151: 5844:

Denis O'Brien (2014). "Subsidiarity and Solidarity". In Booth, Phillip (ed.).

5573: 3831: 2134: 9459: 9380: 9255: 9173: 9077: 8945: 8915: 8885: 8583: 8424: 8414: 8384: 8359: 8329: 8264: 8259: 8194: 8189: 8109: 8045: 8025: 7935: 7915: 7895: 7745: 7513: 7448: 7406: 7257: 7245: 7211: 7121: 7112: 7065: 6707: 6130:

Eds. Johan Fritzell, Bjorn Hvinden, Mikko Kautto, Jon Kvist, Hannu Uusitalo.

4634: 4425: 4253: 4203: 4199: 4179: 4151: 3959: 3954: 3821: 3771: 3751: 3746: 3721: 3696: 3593: 3498: 3418: 3338: 3313: 3238: 3175: 3010: 2809: 2506: 2385: 2257: 2217: 2089: 1753: 1653: 1633: 1337: 1332: 1238: 1226: 1123: 1103: 1087: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1027: 970: 887: 872: 808: 793: 599: 589: 579: 564: 544: 473: 239: 150: 113: 103: 93: 8005: 4297:

emerged from desolation and defeat to become an industrial giant within the

4170:, which represents an early stage of socialist development according to the 3243: 9326: 9280: 9260: 9191: 9052: 9000: 8835: 8524: 8504: 8499: 8489: 8429: 8309: 8179: 7905: 7885: 7880: 7850: 7750: 7272: 7090: 6943: 6879: 5922:

The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy

5524: 4792: 4579: 4485: 4459: 4449: 4417: 4390: 4309:

This type of mixed economy specifically refers to a mixture of private and

4257: 4147: 4111:

enterprise ownership including a role for private enterprise. For example,

3701: 3651: 3646: 3631: 3588: 3573: 3543: 3468: 3453: 3428: 3388: 3348: 3323: 3288: 3203: 2573: 2572:-dominated economies to promote re-armament and national interests. During 2536: 2502: 2490: 2307: 2247: 2174: 1958: 1733: 1643: 1392: 1350: 1346: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1206: 1072: 1048: 927: 907: 903: 891: 879: 683: 559: 423: 418: 413: 398: 352: 327: 302: 297: 244: 98: 8144: 6529:. Boston, Massachusetts: Extending Horizons Books/Porter Sargent Publisher 3691: 906:. Examples of political philosophies that support mixed economies include 9445: 9230: 9153: 9143: 8970: 8920: 8870: 8588: 8578: 8529: 8519: 8514: 8484: 8319: 8294: 8249: 8114: 8055: 7995: 7950: 7765: 7672: 7634: 7559: 7508: 7428: 7180: 6884: 6794: 6722: 5270:

Trade in the Ancient Mediterranean: Private Order and Public Institutions

4574: 4413: 4124: 3924: 3806: 3641: 3603: 3583: 3523: 3483: 3448: 3383: 3373: 3353: 3308: 3223: 3193: 3155: 3050: 2893: 2823: 2689: 2390: 2292: 2212: 1968: 1663: 1618: 1588: 1543: 1358: 1174: 966: 899: 748: 703: 666: 644: 639: 252: 227: 5400: 9265: 9240: 9178: 8965: 8786: 8598: 8534: 8214: 8204: 8124: 7262: 7133: 7003: 6962: 6938: 6813: 6774: 5793:"Pope: Taxation should favor wealth redistribution for public services" 5742: 5721: 4644: 4555: 4437: 4211: 3894: 3801: 3538: 3368: 3070: 3025: 2370: 2079: 1900: 1831: 1489: 1454: 1436: 1320: 1246: 1107: 1095: 1064: 986: 982: 875: 78: 46: 5960:. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 25 June 2004 5586: 5380:. University of Birmingham, Centre for Byzantine Studies. p. 59. 4119:

advocated a form of a mixed economy, believing that a mixed system of

9440: 9370: 9340: 9270: 9015: 8960: 8935: 8900: 8646: 8641: 8568: 8394: 8184: 8139: 8074: 7930: 7534: 7473: 7361: 7231: 7107: 7033: 6998: 6822: 6749: 6687: 6645: 6540:

adhering to the principle of progress by way of capital accumulation.

4639: 4441: 4360: 4186: 3889: 3731: 3563: 3273: 3110: 3095: 2985: 2965: 2955: 2600: 2509:

throughout his papacy and encouraged state welfare programs for "the

2410: 2400: 2345: 2169: 2104: 1948: 1696: 1503: 1458: 1301: 1277: 1190: 1060: 991: 974: 768: 292: 257: 192: 56: 51: 5879:

Gupta, Dipankar (18 June 1977). "The Political Economy of Fascism".

5616: 4549: 8666: 8661: 8563: 8099: 7048: 7043: 7008: 6869: 6779: 5860:"Industrial Investment in Nazi Germany: The Forgotten Wartime Boom" 4594: 2577: 2237: 2144: 1598: 1508: 1201:

engaged in a "strong mixed economy". In general, the cities of the

145: 5011:

Miller, David (1998). "Social Democracy". In Craig, Edward (ed.).

1152:

of economic planning and markets for the allocation of resources.

9321: 9183: 8479: 8379: 7304: 6784: 6739: 6588:

Dynamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism

6583:(2): 741–803. A review essay looking at the economics literature. 5819:"Pope Francis understands economics better than most politicians" 5551: 4521: 4294: 4237: 3621: 3100: 3080: 2555: 2425: 1538: 919: 501: 277: 5914: 5239: 4381:(GND) proposals call for social and economic reforms to address 8975: 8409: 8349: 7070: 5511:

Challenge to the American Economy: An Introduction to Economics

4535: 3626: 2437: 1210: 823: 629: 8739: 8715: 6098:(4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works 4507: 4264:, which combine free markets with an extensive welfare state. 4066: 4037: 1043:

policies with a view to counteracting capitalism's history of

8755: 7054: 5212: 5190:

Theories of the Mixed Economy (Theories of the mixed economy)

4393:

and emission regulations, while increasing state spending on

4222: 3438: 1623: 1440:

question, diverges to a significant extent from an idealized

1055:. In this framework, varying degrees of public utilities and 6613: 1304:

attempted to institute a mixed economy on a national scale.

4321:

with private capitalism. Examples include the economies of

2871: 2489:

calls for a "new form" of mixed economy. He refers back to

1182: 1178: 6034: 1381:, also began to advocate for a mixed economy in his books 6557:

Liberty, Market and State: Political Economy in the 1980s

5587:

Michael Charles Howard; John Edward King (14 July 2014).

5552:

Philip J. Adler; Randall L. Pouwels (28 September 2016).

5091:. Ed. R. J. Barry Jones. Taylor & Francis, 2001. 1410 5089:

Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy

4874:

Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare

1353:

economy of France with one that was mixed and focused on

1130:

was not a key feature or component of the welfare state.

5976: 5484:

Nationalization and Privatization in Contemporary France

4798:

The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System

1086:

About Western European economic models as championed by

1025:

as its fundamental driving force. The difference from a

6053: 5694:

Guichard, Sylvie; Mehrotra, Santosh (29 October 2020).

5617:

Pekka Suvanto; trans Roderick Fletcher (7 March 2016).

4780:

ownership or planning is common to all mixed economies.

4344: 4304: 6111:

Globalization & the Nordic Success Model: Part II.

5612: 5610: 5525:

Frederick William Preston; Ronald Wayne Smith (1988).

5101:

O'Hara, Phillip Anthony, ed. (1999). "Welfare state".

6330:

Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy

6015: 1267:

drew their primary material basis from the classical

6408:

Zombie Economics: How Dead Ideas Still Walk among Us

6161:. United States History. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 6113:

2010. Arto Lahti & Ventus Publishing ApS. p 60.

5687: 5620:

Conservatism from the French Revolution to the 1990s

5233: 4503: 2535:. Subsequent scholars have noted that conceiving of 1331:, exhibited the traits of a mixed economy combining 965:. Common to all mixed economies is a combination of 6363:

East Asia Forum Quarterly: Volume 6, Number 4, 2014

6197: 5607: 5590:

A History of Marxian Economics, Volume I: 1883-1929

5401:Professor W Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (1977). 5300:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 10. 5240:Signe Isager; Jens Erik Skydsgaard (3 April 2013). 1284:. With the recovery of populations and the rise of 6564:America’s Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan. 6422:", especially as it pertains to financial markets. 6132:The Nordic Welfare States in the European Context. 4711: 1319:, and supported by later American leaders such as 6198:O'Brien, Robert; Williams, Marc (13 April 2016). 6079:"U.S. Economy - Basic Conditions & Resources" 5848:. The Institute of Economic Affairs. p. 454. 5843: 5662: 5637: 1391:(1938). Supporters of the mixed economy included 1009:The idea behind a mixed economy, as advocated by 9457: 6201:Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics 6174:The Making of Modern British Politics, 1867-1939 5781:. University Press of America. pp. 132–133. 5693: 5545: 5518: 4714:Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas 8941:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 6310: 6308: 6291:Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream 5846:Catholic social teaching and the market economy 5213:Karl Moore; David Charles Lewis (2 June 2009). 6359:"The long march to the mixed economy in China" 5898:"Feasible Socialism: Market or Plan – Or Both" 5580: 5394: 5206: 5060:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 8 8771: 6629: 6328:Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (2004). 5558:(8 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 442. 4857: 4855: 4091: 2519:, he states: "Some people continue to defend 2462: 1280:predominated for the centuries following the 848: 6305: 6064:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeisskopf1992 ( 6006:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMiller1998 ( 5745:, February 2010, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. 5260: 4872:(July–August). Book review of Andrew Glyn's 5870:Yale University. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 5700:. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. 5340: 5287: 1472: 1415:, there was general worldwide rejection of 8778: 8764: 6636: 6622: 6045:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeywood2012 ( 5776: 5593:. Princeton University Press. p. 66. 5421: 5326:. The University Press. 1941. p. 35. 5273:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5243:Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction 5100: 4928:. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 4852: 4223:Mix of free markets and state intervention 4098: 4084: 2469: 2455: 937:A mixed economy can also be defined as an 855: 841: 6059: 5448: 1021:, with profit-seeking enterprise and the 6523:"State-Capitalism and The Mixed Economi" 6026:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones2001 ( 5987:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAdams1993 ( 5668: 5501: 5367: 5294:Dunstan, William E. (16 November 2010). 5266: 4942:. Stanford University Press. p. 8. 4706: 871:is an economic system that accepts both 7091:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought 6537:– via Marxists Internet Archive. 6520: 6441:. Investopedia. Retrieved 1 March 2022. 6397:. Investopedia. Retrieved 2 March 2022. 6040: 5346: 5293: 5076:essential services in public ownership. 4718:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 4670:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics 4363:was an economic policy initiated under 1422: 1349:began the process of replacing the old 1313:United States Secretary of the Treasury 9458: 7096:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path 6327: 6001: 5643: 5427: 5407:. Transaction Publishers. p. 43. 5347:Douglas, Jack D. (29 September 2017). 5094: 4892:The Public Sector in the Mixed Economy 4791: 4745:Hendricks, Jean and Gaoreth D. Myles. 2527:Catholic social teaching opposes both 1403:, who were mostly associated with the 8759: 8621:International socialist organizations 6617: 6481:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics 6478: 6453:Human Action: A Treatise on Economics 6450: 6021: 5982: 5454: 5353:. Taylor & Francis. p. 339. 5158: 5129: 5056: 4829: 3867:International socialist organizations 2815:To each according to his contribution 6170: 5507: 5455:White, Damian F. (20 October 2008). 5373: 5087:"Social democracy". Jason P. Abbot. 5013:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4889: 4757: 4755: 4656: 4345:Mix of markets and economic planning 4305:Mix of private and public enterprise 8702: 6566:The Johns Hopkins University Press. 6356: 5673:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 5187: 5159:Brown, Douglas (11 November 2011). 5130:Brown, Douglas (11 November 2011). 4830:Brown, Douglas (11 November 2011). 4685:, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010, p. 15. " 902:most services like under the early 13: 6548: 5958:"Socialist Market Economic System" 5714: 5528:Sociology: A Contemporary Approach 4937: 1407:in the United Kingdom. During the 1144:degree of state influence through 14: 9517: 6595: 6509:Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener 6316:Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener 5434:. Psychology Press. p. 125. 5219:. Routledge. pp. 24–25, 36. 5103:Encyclopedia of Political Economy 4761: 4752: 4160:socialist-oriented market economy 829:Business and economics portal 8738: 8726: 8714: 8701: 8690: 8689: 5531:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 501. 4548: 4534: 4520: 4506: 4065: 4053: 4036: 2607: 2436: 2424: 1311:initially proposed by the first 822: 8545: 8066: 7722: 7683: 7659: 7367:Dictatorship of the proletariat 6527:The Limits of the Mixed Economy 6514: 6501: 6472: 6444: 6425: 6400: 6381: 6350: 6321: 6218: 6191: 6164: 6145: 6124: 6103: 6091: 6072: 5995: 5950: 5934:"The New Economic Policy (NEP)" 5927: 5890: 5873: 5852: 5837: 5811: 5785: 5770: 5748: 5475: 5314: 5267:Terostra, Taco (9 April 2019). 5181: 5152: 5123: 5081: 5050: 5038:"The State of the State Sector" 5030: 5005: 4980: 4950: 4931: 4908: 1300:acting as finance minister for 973:) principles and principles of 8785: 7610:Organizational self-management 6577:Journal of Economic Literature 6388:"The Green New Deal Explained" 5623:. Springer. pp. 105–106. 5514:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 39. 5458:Bookchin: A Critical Appraisal 5192:. Pickering & Chatto Ltd. 4926:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4883: 4823: 4785: 4768:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4739: 4700: 4675: 4662: 1377:, a British politician in the 1083:and enforcement of contracts. 969:(particularly the elements of 1: 9307:Critique of political economy 7590:Free association of producers 7347:Critique of political economy 6643: 6511:. St. Martin's Press. p. 126. 6483:. Liberty Fund. p. 259. 6455:. Liberty Fund. p. 259. 5881:Economic and Political Weekly 5350:The Myth of the Welfare State 5163:. Routledge. pp. 10–11. 5134:. Routledge. pp. 10–11. 5036:Batson, Andrew (March 2017). 4863:"Resurrection of the Rentier" 4834:. Routledge. pp. 10–11. 4747:Intermediate Public Economics 4375:of profound economic growth. 4156:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2700:Critique of political economy 2228:Critique of political economy 1886:Critique of political economy 1435:. As most political-economic 1276:instead a primarily agrarian 724:Commons-based peer production 444:Socialism of the 21st century 8891:History of capitalist theory 8677:Socialist calculation debate 8652:Economic calculation problem 7630:Socialist mode of production 5911:. Retrieved 14 October 2022. 5216:The Origins of Globalization 4431: 4250:economy of the United States 3970:Socialist calculation debate 3940:List of socialist economists 3915:Economic calculation problem 2800:Socialist mode of production 2657:Socialist calculation debate 2583: 2563:framework, referred to as a 2278:Periodizations of capitalism 7: 8745:Organized Labour portal 7484:Socialisation of production 6562:Buckwitz, George D. (1991) 6420:efficient-market hypothesis 6224:See the following sources: 5648:. London: Allen and Unwin. 5487:. Hoover Press. p. 4. 5461:. Pluto Press. p. 63. 5105:. Routledge. p. 1247. 5057:Craig, Edward (June 1998). 4499: 4217: 4158:describes its economy as a 1974:Simple commodity production 1357:. By 1914 and the start of 1133: 1000:Soviet-type planned economy 10: 9522: 7991:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin 7816:Victor Prosper Considerant 6559:New York University Press. 6555:Buchanan, James M. (1986) 6357:Fan, He (9 January 2015). 6332:. MIT Press. p. 187. 6204:. Macmillan Education UK. 6152:"The Progressive Movement" 5669:Crosland, Anthony (1977). 5404:A History of Islamic Spain 5246:. Routledge. p. 202. 5063:. Routledge. p. 827. 4894:. Bratsford. p. 240. 4620:Public–private partnership 4164:People's Republic of China 2549: 2283:Perspectives on capitalism 1265:Medieval Islamic societies 1155: 9334: 9288: 9251:Labour market flexibility 9224: 9135: 8984: 8926:Multinational corporation 8803: 8793: 8685: 8634: 8611: 8543: 8064: 7856:William Batchelder Greene 7791:Francisco Largo Caballero 7720: 7681: 7657: 7648: 7527: 7317: 7189: 7144: 6971: 6807: 6666: 6653: 5947:. Retrieved 2 March 2022. 5904:25 September 2017 at the 5428:Turner, Bryan S. (1998). 4174:(CCP). The CCP takes the 3965:Socialism and LGBT rights 2909:Socialist-oriented market 2857:Socialist planned economy 2760:Material balance planning 994:transitionary phase to a 979:capitalist market economy 896:centrally planned economy 894:the economy, and a fully 886:This is in contrast to a 218:Socialist-oriented market 8001:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz 7494:Socialist market economy 6507:Gardner, Martin (1991). 6314:Gardner, Martin (1991). 5866:27 November 2021 at the 5858:Scherner, Jonas (2006). 5374:Oaks, Dumbarton (1986). 5043:12 November 2020 at the 4354:, which inaugurated the 4230:environmental protection 4168:socialist market economy 2904:Socialist market economy 2829:Workers' self-management 2795:Socialism in one country 2642:Age of the Enlightenment 2540:political equivalent of 2511:redistribution of wealth 2497:system that distributes 2487:Catholic social teaching 1554:Economic interventionism 1473:Catholic social teaching 1413:Golden Age of Capitalism 1411:and coinciding with the 932:socialist market economy 9396:Individualist anarchism 7712:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 7702:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 7382:Equality of opportunity 7337:Criticism of capitalism 7086:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 6843:Left-wing laissez-faire 6607:Encyclopædia Britannica 6432:"Mixed Economic System" 6414:6 December 2022 at the 6084:20 October 2017 at the 5939:6 December 2022 at the 5754:Pius XI (15 May 1931). 5729:10 January 2020 at the 5671:The Future of socialism 4962:Encyclopedia Britannica 4861:Pollin, Robert (2007). 4683:The Micro Economy Today 4490:accumulation of capital 4172:Chinese Communist Party 4121:state-owned enterprises 3905:Criticism of capitalism 2916:Participatory economics 2750:Labour-time calculation 2223:Criticism of capitalism 1185:. The economies of the 1069:physical infrastructure 1023:accumulation of capital 941:blending elements of a 16:Type of economic system 9361:Collectivist anarchism 9276:Social venture capital 9246:Freedom of association 8370:José Carlos Mariátegui 8315:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 8300:Martin Luther King Jr. 7981:Luis Emilio Recabarren 7976:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 7911:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 7600:Labor-time calculation 7565:Decentralized planning 7469:Proletarian revolution 7424:State-owned enterprise 7342:Criticism of socialism 6586:Sanford Ikeda (1997). 6521:Mattick, Paul (1969). 6479:Mises, Ludwig (2007). 6451:Mises, Ludwig (2007). 6134:2001. Routledge. p 3. 5644:Tawney, R. H. (1964). 5508:Fels, Rendigs (1961). 4920:1 October 2019 at the 4600:Neoclassical economics 4356:New Economic Mechanism 3910:Criticism of socialism 2862:Decentralized planning 2765:Peer‑to‑peer economics 2529:unregulated capitalism 2253:Exploitation of labour 1964:Primitive accumulation 1345:spending. After 1851, 1075:. This contrasts with 9426:Post-scarcity economy 9401:Libertarian socialism 9386:Free-market socialism 9317:Market fundamentalism 9302:Capitalist propaganda 8896:Industrial Revolution 8811:Anarchy of production 8708:Socialism WikiProject 8470:Léopold Sédar Senghor 8175:Cornelius Castoriadis 8041:Alfred Russel Wallace 7806:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 7771:Louis Auguste Blanqui 7731:Stephen Pearl Andrews 7560:Cooperative ownership 7081:Maoism–Third Worldism 6393:27 April 2022 at the 6318:. St. Martin's Press. 6171:Pugh, Martin (1982). 4890:Rees, Merlyn (1973). 4868:12 April 2019 at the 4708:Stilwell, Frank J. B. 4373:Thirty Glorious Years 4286:social market economy 4278:internal improvements 4196:state interventionism 2521:trickle-down theories 2431:Capitalism portal 2243:Culture of capitalism 2198:Capitalist propaganda 1954:Industrial Revolution 1944:Commercial Revolution 1298:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1203:Ancient Mediterranean 1199:Etruscan civilization 1141:state interventionism 1004:factors of production 955:state interventionism 9486:Political philosophy 8881:Financial Revolution 8846:Economic development 8733:Communism portal 8721:Socialism portal 8672:Socialism by country 8280:Pablo Iglesias Posse 7986:Henri de Saint-Simon 7941:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 7595:Industrial democracy 7402:History of socialism 7397:History of communism 7392:History of anarchism 6590:. London: Routledge. 5920:Steger, Manfred B. 4938:Wu, Yu-Shan (1995). 4313:of industry and the 4242:economic competition 4234:employment standards 4060:Communism portal 4043:Socialism portal 2735:Industrial democracy 2685:Collective ownership 2406:Right-libertarianism 2336:Classical liberalism 2303:Venture philanthropy 1939:Capitalism and Islam 1934:Age of Enlightenment 1529:Capital accumulation 1469:in varying degrees. 1423:Political philosophy 1251:Western Roman Empire 1171:Ancient Mesopotamian 1071:, and management of 754:Newly industrialized 497:Collective ownership 358:Vertical archipelago 9471:Economic ideologies 9356:Anarcho-syndicalism 9351:Anarcho-primitivism 9236:Economic inequality 8851:Economic liberalism 8475:George Bernard Shaw 8390:François Mitterrand 8305:Alexandra Kollontai 8285:Jayaprakash Narayan 7966:Constantin Pecqueur 7786:Philippe Buonarroti 7741:John Goodwyn Barmby 7640:Workplace democracy 7550:Calculation in kind 7540:Anarchist economics 7489:Socialist economics 7387:Equality of outcome 7327:Anarchist economics 7039:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6956:Orthodox Trotskyism 6912:Libertarian Marxism 6907:Left-libertarianism 6263:Hamilton's Republic 6246:Hamilton's Republic 6177:. Basil Blackwell. 6157:23 May 2011 at the 5763:1 June 2020 at the 5720:Vuong, Quan-Hoang. 5555:World Civilizations 4681:Schiller, Bradley. 4650:Types of capitalism 4625:Socialist economics 4605:Keynesian economics 4494:calculation in kind 4464:Friedrich von Hayek 4387:economic inequality 4369:indicative planning 4315:means of production 4192:Keynesian economics 4144:New Economic Policy 4129:private enterprises 3945:Market abolitionism 3930:Left-libertarianism 2867:Inclusive Democracy 2834:Workplace democracy 2680:Calculation in kind 2662:Socialist economics 2652:Revolutions of 1848 2561:fascist corporatist 2443:Business portal 1559:Economic liberalism 1549:Competitive markets 1371:John Maynard Keynes 1294:17th-century France 1225:, the economies of 1219:Michael Rostovtzeff 1205:in regions such as 1092:Christian democrats 1053:economic inequality 1019:means of production 1017:and control of the 1011:John Maynard Keynes 945:with elements of a 739:Inclusive Democracy 9376:Economic democracy 9197:Private foundation 8657:Marxist philosophy 8574:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 8400:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8355:Alasdair MacIntyre 8130:Simone de Beauvoir 7901:Ferdinand Lassalle 7668:Tommaso Campanella 7615:Production for use 7575:Economic democracy 7444:Mode of production 7434:Left-wing politics 7413:The Internationale 7101:Xi Jinping Thought 6437:1 May 2022 at the 5825:. 27 November 2013 5188:Reisman, David A. 4958:"social democracy" 4630:Social corporatism 4273:American Civil War 3950:Marxist philosophy 2770:Production for use 2740:Input–output model 2705:Economic democracy 2203:Capitalist realism 1594:Goods and services 1574:Fictitious capital 1379:Conservative Party 1317:Alexander Hamilton 1116:post-war consensus 1057:essential services 1035:influence through 959:private enterprise 677:Material balancing 159:Buddhist economics 9501:Welfare economics 9453: 9452: 9346:Anarcho-communism 9217:Spontaneous order 9212:Social alienation 9169:Economic mobility 8856:Economic planning 8753: 8752: 8626:Socialist parties 8607: 8606: 8510:Ram Manohar Lohia 8450:Gaetano Salvemini 8245:Mikhail Gorbachev 7956:Antonie Pannekoek 7585:Equal opportunity 7580:Economic planning 7313: 7312: 7202:African-Caribbean 7190:Regional variants 6922:Council communism 6790:Saint-Simonianism 6490:978-0-8659-7631-3 6462:978-0-8659-7631-3 6211:978-1-137-52312-9 6184:978-0-631-12985-1 6119:978-87-7681-550-9 5909:What Next Journal 5896:Nove, Alexander. 5799:. 31 January 2022 5757:Quadragesimo Anno 5739:978-3-639-23383-4 5707:978-1-108-49462-5 5630:978-1-349-25888-8 5600:978-1-4008-6052-4 5565:978-1-337-51764-5 5538:978-0-205-11384-2 5494:978-0-8179-5153-5 5468:978-0-7453-1965-0 5441:978-0-415-17458-9 5414:978-1-4128-4471-0 5387:978-0-7044-0748-0 5360:978-1-351-47905-9 5307:978-0-7425-6834-1 5280:978-0-691-18970-3 5253:978-1-134-81827-3 5226:978-1-135-97008-6 4968:on 27 August 2015 4691:command economies 4657:Sources and notes 4615:Political economy 4528:Capitalism portal 4472:the servile state 4365:Charles de Gaulle 4352:Goulash Communism 4260:practiced by the 4236:, a standardized 4232:, maintenance of 4136:Russian Civil War 4108: 4107: 3900:Communist society 3872:Socialist parties 3131:Saint-Simonianism 2720:Equal opportunity 2710:Economic planning 2647:French Revolution 2516:Evangelii gaudium 2479: 2478: 2298:Spontaneous order 2268:History of theory 1911:New institutional 1881:Market monetarism 1816:Economic theories 1649:Supply and demand 1584:Free price system 1447:private ownership 1433:planned economies 1355:industrialization 1286:medieval communes 1273:Abbasid Caliphate 1167:4th millennium BC 1128:economic planning 1015:private ownership 996:socialist economy 963:public enterprise 912:social liberalism 865: 864: 375:By regional model 169:Sabbath economics 9513: 9496:Social democracy 9481:Market socialism 9476:Economic systems 9436:Social anarchism 9411:Market socialism 9406:Market anarchism 9312:Critique of work 9202:Private property 9164:Economic freedom 9159:Decentralization 9137:Cultural aspects 9098:Regulated market 8876:Financial crisis 8861:Entrepreneurship 8780: 8773: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8743: 8742: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8719: 8718: 8705: 8704: 8693: 8692: 8594:Yanis Varoufakis 8547: 8460:Jean-Paul Sartre 8445:Bertrand Russell 8420:Sylvia Pankhurst 8405:Jawaharlal Nehru 8275:Dolores Ibárruri 8240:Einar Gerhardsen 8220:Alexander Dubček 8170:Nikolai Bukharin 8080:Salvador Allende 8068: 8051:Wilhelm Weitling 8036:Suzanne Voilquin 8021:William Thompson 8011:Lysander Spooner 7971:Georgi Plekhanov 7961:Giovanni Pascoli 7926:Errico Malatesta 7921:Helen Macfarlane 7866:Alexander Herzen 7841:Friedrich Engels 7836:Prosper Enfantin 7831:W. 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Du Bois 7801:Edward Carpenter 7761:Eduard Bernstein 7724: 7707:Sylvain Maréchal 7685: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7620:Public ownership 7570:Direct democracy 7555:Common ownership 7519:Workers' council 7504:State capitalism 7419:Internationalism 7352:Critique of work 7332:Anti-revisionism 7014:Marxism–Leninism 6848:Left-wing market 6805: 6804: 6765:Social democracy 6648: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6448: 6442: 6429: 6423: 6404: 6398: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6168: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6019: 6013: 6011: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5954: 5948: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5871: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5752: 5746: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5054: 5048: 5034: 5028: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4964:. 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P. Thompson 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8455:Bernie Sanders 8452: 8447: 8442: 8440:B. T. Ranadive 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8375:Adrien Marquet 8372: 8367: 8365:Nelson Mandela 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8345:Rosa Luxemburg 8342: 8337: 8335:Vladimir Lenin 8332: 8327: 8325:Henri Lefebvre 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8290:Russell Jacoby 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8270:Saddam Hussein 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:Eugene V. Debs 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8160:Bertolt Brecht 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:Henri Barbusse 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8095:Clement Attlee 8092: 8090:Hafez al-Assad 8087: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8016:Fred M. Taylor 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:William Morris 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7811:James Connolly 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7756:Edward Bellamy 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7697:Victor d'Hupay 7694: 7688: 7686: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7605:Labour voucher 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7372:Egalitarianism 7369: 7364: 7359: 7357:Class struggle 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7283:In one country 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7011: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6983: 6981: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6917:Left communism 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6819: 6817: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6597: 6596:External links 6594: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6513: 6500: 6489: 6471: 6461: 6443: 6424: 6399: 6380: 6349: 6339:978-0262182348 6338: 6320: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6286: 6274: 6258: 6240: 6217: 6210: 6190: 6183: 6163: 6144: 6123: 6102: 6090: 6071: 6060:Weisskopf 1992 6052: 6033: 6014: 5994: 5975: 5949: 5926: 5913: 5889: 5887:(25): 987–992. 5872: 5851: 5836: 5810: 5784: 5769: 5747: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5679: 5661: 5654: 5636: 5629: 5606: 5599: 5579: 5564: 5544: 5537: 5517: 5500: 5493: 5474: 5467: 5447: 5440: 5420: 5413: 5393: 5386: 5366: 5359: 5339: 5332: 5313: 5306: 5286: 5279: 5259: 5252: 5232: 5225: 5205: 5198: 5180: 5170:978-0415608794 5169: 5151: 5141:978-0415608794 5140: 5122: 5111: 5093: 5080: 5070:978-0415187138 5069: 5049: 5029: 5004: 4992:Britannica.com 4979: 4949: 4930: 4907: 4901:978-0713413724 4900: 4882: 4851: 4841:978-0415608794 4840: 4822: 4816:978-1582437170 4815: 4784: 4751: 4738: 4724: 4699: 4674: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4585:Market failure 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4545: 4531: 4517: 4501: 4498: 4468:Hilaire Belloc 4433: 4430: 4383:climate change 4379:Green New Deal 4346: 4343: 4306: 4303: 4299:European Union 4256:, such as the 4254:welfare states 4246:antitrust laws 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4204:factor markets 4140:Vladimir Lenin 4134:Following the 4113:Alexander Nove 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3935:Libertarianism 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884:Related topics 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2755:Labour voucher 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2582: 2570:private sector 2565:third position 2551: 2548: 2543:noblese oblige 2499:economic power 2481:Jesuit author 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2433: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396:Ordoliberalism 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2273:Market economy 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2187:Related topics 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2057:State monopoly 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614:Liberalization 1611: 1606: 1604:Invisible hand 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1519:Businessperson 1516: 1514:Business cycle 1511: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1474: 1471: 1463:market economy 1442:economic model 1424: 1421: 1388:The Middle Way 1383:Reconstruction 1343:infrastructure 1329:Daniel Webster 1325:John C Calhoun 1259:Ottoman Empire 1223:Pierre Lévêque 1195:Roman Republic 1157: 1154: 1135: 1132: 943:market economy 930:, and China's 898:that seeks to 863: 862: 860: 859: 852: 845: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831: 816: 815: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 789:Resource-based 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 701: 696: 686: 681: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 654: 653: 652: 647: 642: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 575:Liberalization 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 499: 493: 491:Property types 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 447: 446: 440:Latin America 438: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260: 255: 247: 242: 237: 232: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 180: 179: 178: 173: 172: 171: 161: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 76: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 60: 59: 54: 49: 43: 40: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9518: 9507: 9506:Welfare state 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381:Eco-socialism 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9256:Labour supply 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9174:Individualism 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9032:Laissez-faire 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996:Authoritarian 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Privatization 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916:Merchantilism 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8886:Globalization 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8613:Organizations 8610: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584:Lula da Silva 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425:Fred Paterson 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:George Orwell 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Salama Moussa 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8360:Nestor Makhno 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8340:György Lukács 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Claude Lefort 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8265:Eric Hobsbawm 8263: 8261: 8260:Safdar Hashmi 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Jeremy Corbyn 8193: 8191: 8190:G. D. H. Cole 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Deng Xiaoping 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8046:Josiah Warren 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026:Pyotr Tkachev 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7936:Louise Michel 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7916:Pierre Leroux 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7896:Paul Lafargue 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Étienne Cabet 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Georg Büchner 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7746:Enrico Barone 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:Welfare state 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7449:Nanosocialism 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:Mixed economy 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7408: 7407:Impossibilism 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Equal liberty 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7246:Eurocommunism 7244: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7114: 7113:Neo-Stalinism 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:Khrushchevism 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6974: 6973:Authoritarian 6970: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Individualist 6858: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Revolutionary 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6602:Mixed economy 6600: 6599: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6541: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6299:0-252-06445-3 6296: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6283:0-674-36213-6 6280: 6275: 6272: 6271:0-684-83160-0 6268: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6255:0-684-83160-0 6252: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6237:0-275-93316-4 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6140:0-415-24161-8 6137: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6109:Lahti, Arto. 6106: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6067: 6061: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6018: 6009: 6004:, p. 827 6003: 5998: 5990: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5945:Alpha History 5942: 5938: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5680:0-8371-9586-1 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5655:0-04-323014-8 5651: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5333:9780521087100 5329: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5199:1-85196-214-X 5195: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5112:0-415-24187-1 5108: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5025:9780415187138 5022: 5019:. Routledge. 5018: 5014: 5008: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4793:Mander, Jerry 4788: 4781: 4769: 4765: 4762:Young, Greg. 4758: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4727: 4725:9780195551273 4721: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687:Mixed economy 4684: 4678: 4671: 4668:Gorman, Tom. 4665: 4661: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4635:Social credit 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460:capital goods 4456: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4426:laissez-faire 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4282:national bank 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:welfare state 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4180:public sector 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:war communism 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003:Related lists 4001: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960:Progressivism 3958: 3956: 3955:Nanosocialism 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3860:Organizations 3856: 3855: 3848: 3847:Ocasio-Cortez 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767:van der Lubbe 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:Chernyshevsky 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188:Intellectuals 3185: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121:Revolutionary 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056:Laissez-faire 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2961:Authoritarian 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2810:Strike action 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2715:Equal liberty 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2507:neoliberalism 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2386:Neoliberalism 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2331:Authoritarian 2329: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258:Globalization 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2218:Crisis theory 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074:Intellectuals 2071: 2070: 2063: 2062:Technological 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854:Institutional 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1713:Laissez-faire 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687:Authoritarian 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654:Surplus value 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1634:Privatization 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1417:laissez-faire 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338:laissez-faire 1334: 1333:protectionism 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1269:Mediterranean 1266: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Ancient China 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Ancient Egypt 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Ancient Greek 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162:mixed economy 1153: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1124:welfare state 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:conservatives 1084: 1082: 1078: 1077:laissez-faire 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:boom and bust 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:macroeconomic 1030: 1029: 1028:laissez-faire 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:neoliberalism 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:laissez faire 884: 881: 877: 874: 870: 869:mixed economy 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 838: 836: 835: 830: 825: 820: 819: 818: 817: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784:Post-scarcity 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 729:Expeditionary 727: 725: 722: 721: 715: 714: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 690: 687: 685: 682: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 621: 620: 611: 608: 607: 606: 605:Socialization 603: 601: 600:Privatization 598: 596: 593: 591: 590:Mutualization 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Marketization 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Expropriation 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:Communization 543: 541: 538: 537: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 507: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 488: 487: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 455: 454: 445: 442: 441: 439: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 379: 378: 372: 371: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 283:Decentralized 281: 279: 276: 275: 269: 268: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Social credit 238: 236: 233: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 208:Participatory 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 125: 122: 120: 119:Social market 117: 115: 114:Protectionist 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 94:Laissez-faire 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 65: 64: 58: 55: 53: 50: 48: 45: 44: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 9327:Wage slavery 9281:Unemployment 9261:Productivity 9192:Philanthropy 9053:Mercantilist 9030: 9001:Conservative 8836:Deregulation 8797:perspectives 8795:Aspects and 8706: 8694: 8525:Clara Zetkin 8505:Leon Trotsky 8500:Ernst Toller 8490:R. H. Tawney 8430:Karl Polanyi 8310:James Larkin 8180:Noam Chomsky 7906:Pyotr Lavrov 7886:Karl Kautsky 7881:Mother Jones 7861:Charles Hall 7851:Emma Goldman 7821:Claire Démar 7751:August Bebel 7545:Basic income 7438: 7053: 6929:Luxemburgism 6880:Neozapatismo 6828:Collectivist 6678:21st century 6605: 6587: 6580: 6576: 6563: 6556: 6538: 6531:. Retrieved 6526: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6494: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6452: 6446: 6427: 6407: 6402: 6383: 6371:. Retrieved 6366: 6362: 6352: 6343: 6329: 6323: 6315: 6290: 6262: 6244: 6228: 6220: 6200: 6193: 6173: 6166: 6147: 6131: 6126: 6110: 6105: 6093: 6074: 6055: 6041:Heywood 2012 6036: 6017: 5997: 5978: 5969: 5962:. Retrieved 5952: 5944: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5908: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5823:The Guardian 5822: 5813: 5801:. 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