226:-influenced language. Miskito is as widely spoken in Honduras and Nicaragua as Spanish, it is also an official language in the Atlantic region of these countries. With more than 8 million speakers, Miskito has positioned in the second place in both countries after Spanish. Miskito is not only spoken in Central America, but in Europe (United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, France and Italy), the USA, Canada and in many other Latin American countries. Miskito used to be a royal state language in the 16th to 19th dynasties of the Miskito Kingdom.
120:
25:
66:
5842:
is placed after the main verb. The conjugated component can take a variety of tenses, including periphrastic ones, and the periphrases themselves may often be combined; thus chains of several auxiliaries are possible. Some representative examples of such periphrases follow:
9146:
relations is similarly head-marking: the head (i.e. the possessed) is marked with indices indicating the person of the dependent (the possessor), the noun phrase expressing which is either omitted normally if pronominal (a pro-drop phenomenon) or precedes the head, e.g.
9193:'in/to Nicaragua'. A relational construction has the internal form of a possessive construction (above), except that the place of the head noun is occupied by a quasi-noun called a relational; the latter is often followed by a postpositon. E.g.
9258:
participle. These vary in form depending on whether the following verb has the same or a different subject, and also depending on certain tense or aspect relations, and on the person of the subject in the case of different-subject participles.
3661:
Some of the synthetic tenses represent original periphrastic tense structures that have become welded into single words. This helps to explain why there are two different forms each in the present, past and future. (The sample verb used is
6949:
Most verbs are built up from a monosyllabic lexical root ending in a vowel or a single consonant, to which an extension or stem consonant is very often added. The extensions correlate with transitivity: transitive stems have either
8970:
verbs are represented by particles preceding the verb (third person is zero). Number is not marked in these subject and object indices, but a plural subject may be indicated through a verbal periphrasis serving this function.
237:
A (a), B (be), C (ce), D (de), E (e), F (ef), G (ge), H (ha), I (i), J (jei), K (ka), L (el), M (em), N (en), O (o), P (pi), Q (ku), R (ar), S (es), T (te), U (yoo), V (vee), W (dubilu), X (eks), Y (yei), Z (zet).
7719:
In the internal head construction, the head noun is not extracted from the place it underlyingly occupies in the relative clause, which is bounded by an article as in headless external head clauses.
864:
Simplification of underlying consonant clusters in verb forms takes place, with stem consonants disappearing when certain suffixes are added to verb stems of certain phonological shapes:
9235:
is achieved through various constructions. One is the use of the verb's negative participle, which is invariable for person and tense; another is through use of a negative particle
1403:
Ligature is a term (with precedents in other languages) for describing a grammatical feature of
Miskito traditionally referred to with less accuracy in the Miskito context as '
9064:
precede their head. The ligature morpheme generally occurs on the noun whenever this is preceded by one of the items mentioned, and also when it takes a possessive index.
5745:
Given the differences in terminology, the following comparative table for names of non-finite forms used in this article, Salamanca's
Miskito school grammar and Green's
837:
Within words of more than one syllable interior clusters may therefore contain more than two consonants (rarely more than three), but in such cases there is generally a
6692:
While no systematic case marking differentiates formally between subjects and objects, there exist (apart from word order) certain option for achieving disambiguation.
8847:), apparently with phonemic length playing a part. Consonant series include voiced and voiceless plosives, voiced nasals and semivowels, two liquids and the fricative
9251:
9127:
verbs also index their object through pre-verbal particles (zero for third person). A maximum of one such object index is possible. If a transitive verb has both a
9132:
4304:'give' is anomalous in a different way by having irregularly derived non-third-person object-indexing forms. Finally, the most irregular verb of all is the
6554:
1267:
9310:
7743:
In the 'headless' counterpart of the internal construction, the place of the head within the relative clause is occupied by an interrogative pronoun.
8922:, the exponents of which have suffix and infix allophones, except for third person and first person inclusive possessor indices, which are preposed
3797:. The subject markers vary somewhat according to the tense, but the most usual forms are shown in the following table (see below for more details).
10692:
6966:
which, added to transitive stems, produces unergative, reflexive, reciprocal or middle verbs. See the section on
Derivation (below) for examples.
9376:
9346:
1316:
Optionally the article may be combined with other determiners or quantifiers, and with the ligature (which seems to convey a greater degree of
149:
7837:
The tense of complement clauses does not follow that of the matrix clause, but directly expresses a time relation in reference to the matrix.
3248:
are quasi-nouns expressing some relationship (often spatial) to their possessor complement. Many of the relationals perceivably originate in
8756:
694:
has been included on the above consonant chart out of deference to the orthography and previous descriptions, but may in fact represent a
9411:
7665:
In the external head strategy there is no subordination marker of any kind and the relative clause precedes the head noun, which takes a
780:
preceding the vowel nucleus, and two following it. This may be represented by the formula (C)(C)V(C)(C). Examples of monosyllabic words:
3991:
Forms for a third-person subject, in addition to indexing specific subjects that are equivalent to 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they' or 'we (
6595:
the rule that places subordinate elements first is frequently overridden by a tendency to place long and heavy constituents last.
5488:
When the last verb of a different-subject chain is in the present or past tense, the preceding verb must be in the Past II tense.
616:
2962:(doing duty for both dative and spatial meanings of English 'to', as well as 'in'). The same marker is also often used with
10530:
9243:
have no special grammatical marking as such, but all kinds of questions are optionally followed by the sentence particle
8967:
662:
588:
2277:
Nouns of the inalienable class (with no ligature) take the same possessive indices, which may again be either suffixed:
9032:
Sentence order is predominantly SOV. Auxiliaries follow main verbs. Sentence particles are sentence-final. Within the
2363:
Some nouns infix in the first person but suffix in the second, and there are some other miscellaneous irregularities.
10682:
189:
171:
101:
52:
8712:
which consist of two words but express meanings that are lexically determined for the construction as a whole, e.g.
6767:
Yet another way to identify the subject is for it to participate in a verbal periphrasis. Outwardly, the 'particle'
142:
10614:
76:
38:
8894:
are of moderate complexity and predominantly suffixing, together with the use of infixes in the nominal paradigm.
4058:
suffix from the infinitive. Most verb stems end in a consonant, and are conjugated as follows (our sample verb is
2551:
but some (including past participles) precede it, in which case the noun, unless inalienable, takes its ligature:
10343:
10142:
9440:
9404:
5434:
signals a change of subject between it and the following verb, and is used when the latter is in a future tense.
1915:
Such pronouns may be omitted. In either case, personal possessors are grammaticalized as morphological indices.
10576:
9465:
9111:
for both subject and object (i.e. subject and object pronouns are commonly omitted). The finite verb's subject
714:
of adjacent vowel and consonant phonemes within that syllable. In spelling it is customary to place the letter
5409:
The anterior participle further expresses that an event occurred before that expressed by the following verb.
1419:. In Miskito, most of the elements that require the presence of ligature are ones that precede the head noun:
10687:
9455:
9435:
5525:
to express any person-tense combination; alternatively these categories may be left implicit by omitting the
2609:). Use of these pronouns is optional when person is indexed in the possessed form, relational or verb group.
1398:
9450:
1829:
556:
7699:
If the head is not expressed, an article following the relative clause serves to identify and delimit it.
9772:
9626:
6590:
567:
313:
299:
7995:
Circumstantial clauses generally end in a subordinating conjunction of some sort. Sometimes the article
10637:
10280:
10035:
10030:
9470:
9397:
3639:. The tenses themselves have characteristic suffixes which combine with the subject-indexing suffixes.
3256:) of nouns designating parts of the body employed metaphorically to convey spatial or other relations.
2594:
652:
502:
495:
347:
340:
10512:
10318:
10189:
10152:
9631:
9049:
6175:
6090:
132:
7528:
Mood particles may be placed at the end of a sentence (i.e. following the verb). See the example of
6909:
may be placed after a definite noun phrase to foreground it; its effect is similar to that of focus
1821:'opposite-sex sibling'), although there is only an imperfect correlation between membership of this
10164:
9139:
9057:
9037:
8919:
8891:
8128:
6292:
6223:
5987:
Another type of construction consists of a conjugated main verb followed by a third-person form of
2945:
1844:
A noun phrase possessor precedes the possessed noun with ligature (unless inalienable, see above).
1822:
1208:
1151:
625:
459:
449:
323:
306:
136:
128:
10353:
9689:
9684:
9616:
9487:
9475:
9460:
9263:
534:
527:
511:
5834:
and other notions that can be expressed is enlarged considerably by the availability of various
3505:. The stem of many such verbs (obtained by subtracting the infinitive ending) are monosyllabic (
10433:
10423:
10300:
9915:
9792:
9666:
9546:
9271:
9232:
8707:
6504:
6459:
5518:
5065:
2873:
153:
7323:, in wh-questions the interrogative element either stands at the beginning of the question...
5463:
When the subject of the different subject participle is first or second person, the ending is
234:
The
Miskito alphabet is the same as the English alphabet. It has 21 consonants and 5 vowels.
10648:
10538:
10499:
10376:
10285:
10147:
10129:
9943:
9933:
9389:
8903:
7137:'Nothing', 'nobody' and so on are expressed using indefinite words, generally accompanied by
594:
471:
421:
414:
9797:
9355:(PROEL: Promotora Española de Lingüística) — short page in Spanish containing several errors
6985:'let'. In these constructions, the verb of causation is subordinated to the verb of action.
10479:
9938:
9857:
9566:
9551:
9293:
9226:
9186:
8923:
8907:
8875:
7772:
A complement clause may bear no subordination marker but merely be followed by the article
7666:
6973:
Miskito has periphrastic causative expressions using one or another of the causation verbs
6462:
6241:
2449:
678:
44:
10012:
5422:'After entering the house I spoke to him.' ("Having entered the house — I spoke with him."
3935:
The absence of an object index preceding a transitive verb signals a third person object:
3287:
Relationals index pronominal complements in the same way as nouns index their possessors.
8:
10632:
10627:
10234:
10084:
10076:
9948:
9524:
9240:
8879:
6852:
6848:
5831:
5692:
5560:
The past participle, identical in form to the third-person of Past II, is used: (a) as a
83:
10197:
5991:. Various tense sequences for the two verbs are possible and convey a range of nuances.
10507:
10366:
10209:
10114:
10065:
10060:
10040:
9880:
9807:
9767:
9762:
9752:
9734:
9696:
9496:
9424:
9341:
9267:
9120:
9116:
9041:
8947:
8915:
8911:
7858:
Complement clauses that have no autonomous time reference ('irrealis') take Future II.
7083:
The second person imperative has its own special negative form, with the verbal suffix
6865:
is a particle that may follow a sentence constituent identifying it as sentence topic.
6780:
5827:
5006:
4871:
4051:
3671:
3628:
3624:
2590:
2441:
1367:
The determiners are used sometimes with pronouns to emphasize the subject in question.
1204:
1162:
430:
381:
223:
10290:
9135:, the latter is not indexed and appears as a postpositional phrase (indirect object).
710:
is restricted to the stressed syllable in a word, and its realization consists of the
10622:
10586:
10394:
10313:
10267:
10247:
10104:
9987:
9822:
9812:
9757:
9656:
9604:
9556:
9541:
9504:
9178:
9128:
9045:
8951:
8939:
7801:
6288:
6078:
5956:, with an anomalous distribution, is used in expressions of possibility and ability.
5561:
5345:
4903:
3789:
which form part of a verb's suffix, for transitive verbs the verb group includes an
3632:
2586:
1260:
396:
9262:
Besides these widely used constructions, clauses may also be linked by coordinating
8112:
a considerable number of loans from surrounding languages of the related Sumo group;
4028:, may be added at the end of the verb group, preceded by a same-subject participle.
10677:
10446:
10384:
10328:
10323:
10275:
10179:
10174:
10099:
10022:
10002:
9977:
9969:
9910:
9885:
9875:
9870:
9787:
9744:
9721:
9711:
9701:
9643:
9581:
9283:
9255:
8963:
8943:
7485:
6421:
6086:
5338:
5076:. A gentler order may be expressed using the Past II second-person form (ending in
4940:
3958:
Other participant roles may be expressed by personal pronouns with the appropriate
3900:
3794:
3793:
in the form of a preverbal particle marking the person (but not the number) of the
2690:
203:
10599:
4836:
expresses that an action is happening or about to happen at the time of speaking.
1805:
Some nouns take no ligature morpheme; these mostly denote parts of the body (e.g.
10594:
10471:
10461:
10451:
10441:
10333:
10308:
10242:
10219:
10214:
10050:
10045:
9992:
9982:
9955:
9905:
9890:
9865:
9840:
9830:
9802:
9782:
9729:
9706:
9671:
9651:
9594:
9571:
9561:
9531:
9519:
9220:
9124:
9061:
7655:
6800:
6634:
6347:
5352:
5056:
4875:
3996:
3651:
3616:
3245:
1404:
391:
4966:'I found the books and he gave them to Meri.' (or 'I having found the books...')
10656:
10604:
10553:
10489:
10484:
10418:
10413:
10257:
10169:
10159:
10137:
10094:
10089:
10055:
10007:
9895:
9835:
9777:
9661:
9589:
9536:
9509:
9288:
7777:
6792:
6379:
5839:
5597:
5526:
4305:
3655:
3620:
2530:
used attributively usually follow the head noun and do not require a ligature:
695:
207:
7019:
is used either alone or followed by an auxiliary specifying tense and person.
10671:
10568:
10558:
10543:
10519:
10456:
10361:
10252:
10202:
10119:
9845:
9676:
9621:
9599:
9514:
9358:
9189:
constructions. Postpositions are invariable and follow the noun phrase, e.g.
9112:
6804:
6733:
6657:
Complement and circumstantial clauses may precede or follow the main clause.
6216:
6212:
5999:
can be expressed by placing both verbs in Past II or future II respectively.
4000:
3959:
2963:
2694:
1148:
1141:
9364:
6732:
always occurs with agents of transitive verbs it might be viewed as a proto-
6724:
Another is to identify the agent of a transitive verb with the postposition
5746:
364:
is not clear; long vowels are not consistently indicated in
Miskito writing.
10338:
10224:
9997:
9900:
9611:
9182:
9104:
9065:
7658:
in
Miskito, the 'external head' strategy and the 'internal head' strategy.
6844:
5835:
5589:
5377:
3209:
2952:
1317:
361:
264:
259:
10389:
10109:
9352:
9033:
8959:
6082:
5349:
5069:
3611:
3055:
1416:
1275:
281:
271:
3907:) referring to the indexed subject or object is optional (i.e. there is
9171:
8702:
6998:'Pedro will let the child play.' "P. letting the child, (it) will play"
6343:
6219:
5647:
5368:'I fell coming out of the house.' ("Coming out of the house — I fell.")
5341:
3498:
3023:
2693:-specific, and may, under comparable conditions, be marked by the same
403:
293:
286:
276:
219:
7999:
precedes the conjunction, which may take the form of a preposition...
10405:
9370:
9053:
8871:
6424:
6237:
6226:
5564:
5080:). The first-person inclusive plural imperative ('Let's...') ends in
4943:
chain, it functions as the different-subject participle (see below).
3992:
2527:
2119:
The indices for first or second person are generally suffixed to the
777:
711:
699:
642:
548:
334:
211:
9323:
EI idioma miskito: estado de la lengua y características tipológicas
5927:
Combining the infinitive with other auxiliary verbs we obtain other
3054:
This and other postpositions are placed after the last element in a
9328:
Ramsin S., Felix (2021). Writer, Modern
Miskito Grammar specialist.
9239:
which follows verbs (in the future only), but precedes the copula.
9143:
9108:
8863:
7386:'who' as the agentive subject of a question may be followed by the
6910:
5650:: (a) approximates that of infinitives in many European languages:
5002:
3908:
3249:
2973:
2959:
2949:
1826:
1408:
1278:
and require no ligature. The proximal article expresses proximity.
838:
773:
682:
376:
215:
9177:
Other relations between a verb and its noun phrase complements or
5751:(a related language with similar categories) may be found useful:
1415:) which occurs when a noun is linked to some other element in the
1394:
9420:
8840:
8102:
575:
484:
386:
9307:
Observaciones acerca del desarrollo lexical miskito en
Nicaragua
6783:
is, for example, from 'Who will get up and remove it?' to 'Who (
8955:
8752:
7731:'The house that Sarah bought is in Bilwi.' (as if to say: "The
7141:'also, even', usually in combination with negative verb forms.
5902:
This construction with the auxiliary in Past II can express an
4932:
4021:
3636:
3000:
2942:
2598:
2445:
1543:
9419:
9221:
Predication, sentence types and compound and complex sentences
9316:
Gramática escolar del
Miskito/Manual de Gramática del Miskito
8867:
5125:
4292:'allow') vary from the above paradigm in a few minor points.
2202:
Otherwise they are mostly infixed after the infixed ligature
1876:
The possessor may be a personal pronoun if it is emphasized.
1653:
9254:, all but the last verb in the chain adopting the form of a
9247:. Other sentence particles express different modal nuances.
7654:
There are two major constructions which may be used to form
6699:
One is to mark animate direct objects with the postposition
75:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge's
8935:
7936:'If he had seen a deer yesterday, he would have killed it.'
7288:
may, optionally, be used in either yes-no or wh-questions.
6074:
5853:'I was playing' consists of the same-subject participle of
5376:
These participles are also used in many compound verbs and
3999:
verbs to indicate a non-specific subject, thus providing a
7850:'They heard that Pedro was alive.' ("...that P. is alive")
7112:, having no negative participle, is negated by a preposed
5663:'They made a joint agreement to purchase a piece of land.'
8926:. Plural number is indicated by a postpositive particle.
7962:
Aisikam nani balbia apia, yang witin nani ra bik takamna
9229:
with an irregular and defective conjugational paradigm.
7793:'I have heard the news that a man was killed yesterday.'
7015:
To negate a verb, the invariable negative participle in
6022:
By compounding the past perfect construction again with
5480:'You will let it out.' ("You letting, it will get out.")
9331:
M. Brown, Dionisio. Writer, Miskito Grammar specialist.
7691:'In this town there are a lot of people who own a car.'
7050:
For the future tenses only, another option is to place
3646:(simple) tenses, there is also a considerable range of
7631:'It is necessary to talk to his father or his mother.'
7879:
698:
feature rather than a consonantal phoneme (except in
9381:
7968:'Your parents will not come, even if I beg them to.'
7899:
is the third-person different subject participle of
6616:'When Piter found the books, I gave them to Slilma.'
2597:
distinction in the first person plural. The general
2127:
ligature when either is present (with loss of final
2052:
precede the noun, with ligature unless inalienable.
8013:'When he was about to buy food, his mother came.' (
6878:'That way, it will be good for me and for you too.'
5344:are used in verb or clause chains sharing the same
8870:nucleus preceded and followed by a maximum of two
7711:'Those who caught the horse took it to my father.'
6468:follows future-tense verbs, but precedes forms of
4300:'go', have an irregular Present I tense. The verb
8747:A similar construction is used in verbs that are
8052:'I am going to mix flour in order to make bread.'
7443:is optional. Such questions may be answered with
6962:. There is also a valency-decreasing verb-prefix
6679:'When he was about to buy food, his mother came.'
6670:'I am going to mix flour in order to make bread.'
5910:'I should have played' or 'I would have played'.
5638:'I would like to see you.' ("Seen you makes me.")
10669:
8855:apparently represents a suprasegmental feature.
8118:a smaller number of words borrowed from Spanish.
8105:consists of the following principal components:
5683:'You have everything, why go and look for work?'
1161:precede the noun they determine and require the
141:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
6958:(unpredictably), while intransitive stems have
5521:participle can be followed by a finite form of
1211:follow the noun and do not require a ligature.
8195:(2) adjectives from nominalized adjectives in
8042:'In order to do that, many things are needed.'
7669:, beside which it usually has an article too.
5919:'I should/would have played' ("play-to was-I")
3507:bal-, dim-, tak-, dauk-, kaik-, bri-, wi-, pi-
2605:or -nan is added to form plurals (except with
934:
86:to make improvements to the overall structure.
9405:
7978:'Piter will win, even though he is very bad.'
7903:'be', literally "it being (the case that)".)
6876:yang maipara an man mampara sin aitani kabia.
3267:literally means 'in the mouth of the house'.
1399:Albanian morphology § The linking clitic
9373:(includes sentences translated into Miskito)
9071:
9056:may either precede or follow the head noun.
7563:
7555:'I wonder if he'll get angry if I tell him.'
7186:'Never take medicine if you do not need it.'
2444:is not a morphological category in Miskito.
9385:(an unfinished Miskito course at Wikibooks)
9250:Verbs or whole clauses may be conjoined by
7177:'My brother did not tell anybody anything.'
6926:'This is who is going to own these things.'
6791:allows an object to precede a subject (for
6156:'The woman is bathing the baby with water.'
5881:'I am to play, I have to play' consists of
5857:followed by the first person of Past II of
5001:is a general future. It is also used as an
3650:(compound) tenses. These are formed with a
2448:number is indicated in noun phrases by the
1359:'the horse in question, the horse which...'
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9412:
9398:
8878:is normally on the first syllable and not
8157:(1) adjectives from nouns (with ligature)
8115:a large number of loan words from English;
7926:'If I were from this land, I would fight.'
7681:'The house that Sarah bought is in Bilwi.'
7478:
6803:and so may again be understood as a proto-
6687:
6607:'After entering the house I spoke to him.'
6507:verbs, the conjugated element comes last.
6077:(or verb group) regularly comes last. The
5126:Switch reference and non-finite verb forms
3374:'I will put this bottle inside the house.'
2455:or -nan placed after the noun or pronoun.
9318:. Draft version formerly on the Internet.
8083:'When I was reading a book, you came in.'
8062:'Before eating food he washed his hands.'
7986:
6528:'I am bringing it' ("having I-am-coming")
6093:. In these examples the verb is in bold.
5673:'Pedro went and spoke with his brothers.'
4935:past. Connected to a following verb in a
4012:'He (etc.) saw me' but also 'I was seen.'
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
6838:
6779:'get up', so the semantic route of this
5838:constructions in which a verb acting as
3497:Verbs are conventionally cited with the
718:at the end of the syllable so affected.
10693:Indigenous languages of Central America
8824:
8317:abstract nouns, '-ness' (cf. ligature)
5657:Aikuki la dauki banghwan tasba pis kum
2580:
2500:or upla karnanan ba 'the strong people'
10670:
8258:adjectives from nouns (with ligature)
7972:Piter wintakaisa, witin saura pali sa
7916:'If you eat this apple, you will die.'
7611:'One was small and the other was big.'
7410:Indirect questions may be followed by
6799:almost always occurs with subjects of
5821:
5677:Diara sut brisma, dia mita wark pliki
5621:(c) in an idiomatic construction with
5026:'If you eat this apple, you will die.'
4054:of a verb is obtained by removing the
3354:'I will go to Bilwi before you (pl.).'
9393:
9159:'his horse' (zero-marked possessor),
8897:
8444:action (nominalized past participle)
7930:Witin nahwala sula kum kaikan kan sa
7895:and precede the consequence clause. (
7763:
7352:...or immediately precedes the verb.
6795:) without this leading to ambiguity.
5784:same subject simultaneous participle
4977:expresses that an event is imminent.
3905:yang, man, witin, yawan, yang nani...
3654:form of the main verb followed by an
3331:Some examples of relationals in use:
9213:'behind Juan', where the relational
8929:
8834:
8692:
8659:intransitive verbs from transitives
6240:, precede the noun, which takes the
6178:(here in bold) may follow the verb.
5809:different subject future participle
5430:The different-subject participle in
3509:etc.); a few are non-syllabic (e.g.
222:language family and also a strongly
113:
59:
18:
9006:adjective + head / head + adjective
8763:) followed by a Miskito verb, e.g.
7649:
7641:'He spoke but I didn't understand.'
7439:In yes–no questions sentence-final
6898:'Pedro left, and/but María stayed.'
6759:'Piter brought Meri to your house.'
5728:'I should have gone to your house.'
5580:'The saddle is made of cow's hide.'
4870:is a general present, indistinctly
4859:'I am about to go out this minute.'
2701:Other pronouns and deictic adverbs
1523:Ligature takes a variety of forms:
940:Common determiners and quantifiers
229:
13:
9359:Gospel Recordings Network: Miskito
8997:determiner (except article) + head
7880:Conditional and concessive clauses
7829:'He went to see what he had done.'
7431:'He went to see what he had done.'
6775:is the same-subject participle of
6495:'That house is not in my village.'
6200:'Who do you think is going to win
6030:for 'if' (itself really a form of
5091:Sturi nani kumkum yang nani ra ai
2490:or naha watlanan na 'these houses'
1308:'this horse that my father bought'
673:
14:
10704:
9335:
9024:subordinate clause + subordinator
5870:'I was playing' ("playing was-I")
5797:same subject anterior participle
3983:'I want to talk to ("with") you.'
918:, Different-subject participle 3
889:, Different-subject participle 3
661:
651:
624:
615:
593:
587:
566:
555:
533:
526:
510:
501:
494:
470:
458:
448:
429:
420:
413:
346:
339:
322:
312:
305:
298:
34:This article has multiple issues.
9270:may be marked by a clause-final
8858:
8843:inventory includes four vowels (
8807:compounds are much less common.
7947:('although') clauses may end in
7787:Yang nahwala waitna kum ra ikan
7375:'What shall I do with the fish?'
4927:As the nucleus of a main clause
4824:
3483:
3232:'(made) of leather ("cow skin")'
2948:are marked by the multi-purpose
2933:
2648:(neutral) 'he/him, she/her, it'
118:
64:
23:
9371:Dictionary of the Ulwa Language
8979:
8632:(2) verbs from adjective roots
8579:(2) verbs from adjective roots
8109:words of native Miskito origin;
8101:As regards origin, the Miskito
8046:Plawar abalkaisna brid daukaia
7844:Witin nani walan Pedro ba raya
7755:'I will give you what you ask.'
7100:'Do not speak to us like that!'
6820:'The hurricane sunk the canoe.'
6771:is placed after such subjects.
6675:Witin plun atkaia auya kan bara
6191:'I want to give it to him/her.'
6036:unfulfilled hypothetical clause
5894:'I am to play' ("play-to am-I")
5392:'to bring' ("to have and come")
2658:or yangnan 'we/us (exclusive)'
764:
42:or discuss these issues on the
16:Grammar of the Miskito language
9170:
8890:Inflectional and derivational
8829:
8701:Miskito has a large number of
8077:Yang buk kum aisi kaiki kapri
7709:nani ba bui asiki ra brih wan.
7184:sin sîka nît apia kaka dipara.
6787:) will remove it?' The use of
6519:'I read it' ("speaking I-saw")
5348:; only the last verb adopts a
4045:
4020:To indicate that a verb has a
3240:
3015:'I gave Joly a book.' "I Joly-
1832:(see also relationals below).
929:
1:
9365:A Lexicographic Study of Ulwa
9314:Salamanca, Danilo (no date).
9299:
8906:morphological categories are
8885:
8122:
7776:functioning in practice as a
7621:'Juan and Pedro are similar.'
7311:'How many books do you have?'
7032:'You do/did/will not see me.'
6060:
5718:'I have to go to your house.'
5708:'I want to go to your house.'
5552:'You do/did/will not see me.'
5137:Switch reference participles
4024:subject, a finite auxiliary,
2518:
2432:
1835:
9078:
8986:
8816:'cow' ("beef/bovine female")
7951:'also, either, even', or in
7470:'Do you (pl.) see all this?'
7464:'Is it you? — Yes, it's me.'
7284:The sentence-final particle
7194:
7054:after the future verb form.
6924:diara nani na dawanka kabia.
6892:Pedro mahka wan, bara María
6749:'The poison killed him/her.'
6649:'the horse that Meri bought'
6626:'Johan wanted Kati to come.'
5667:Pedro ai muihni nani aikuki
5467:if the main verb is future.
5107:'Do not treat me like that!'
3384:'Most people voted for him.'
1515:'the horse that Kati bought'
1423:Elements triggering linking
241:
7:
9277:
9217:imitates a possessed noun.
9167:'horse' without ligature).
9079:HEAD-marking constructions
8974:
8751:from English: the borrowed
8739:'get angry' ("split heart")
8007:Witin plun atkaia auya kan
7920:Yang naha tasba wina katna
7871:'Jon wanted Sarah to come.'
7468:Man nani naha sut kaikisma?
7006:
6280:karna ba 'the strong horse'
6196:Naha mani champianshipka ba
5940:'I want to play' ("play-to
5748:Lexicographic Study of Ulwa
3801:Subject and object indices
3488:
2988:'I am going to Nicaragua.'
2459:is optional with numerals.
1388:
935:Determiners and quantifiers
246:
10:
10709:
9321:Salamanca, Danilo (2008).
9181:are expressed by means of
9138:The expression of nominal
8958:(and sometimes fused into
8553:(1) verbs from verb roots
8096:
8091:
7569:Coordinating conjunctions
6944:
6202:the championship this year
6150:Mairin ba tuktan ra li ni
5979:'He cannot build a house.'
5861:'to be', "playing was-I".
5592:passive construction with
5455:will give them to Slilma.'
5046:'Jon wanted Meri to come.'
3463:'for, against, as regards'
3364:'He paused near the door.'
1392:
681:is generally on the first
10646:
10613:
10585:
10567:
10528:
10498:
10470:
10432:
10403:
10375:
10352:
10299:
10266:
10233:
10188:
10128:
10074:
10021:
9968:
9926:
9856:
9821:
9743:
9720:
9642:
9580:
9495:
9486:
9431:
9305:Richter, Elke (no date).
9072:Head or dependent marking
8727:'bring' ("have and come")
8532:'get better, be cured' →
7629:ai yaptika wal aisaia sa.
7564:Coordinating conjunctions
6612:Piter buknan ba sakan tem
6174:However, long or heavier
6055:
5740:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5273:
5264:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5180:
5172:
5166:
5162:Different subject future
5159:past/present (= Past II)
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5132:
4268:Verbs whose stems end in
3863:
1817:'nose') or kinship (e.g.
984:plural indefinite article
968:proximal definite article
947:
944:
873:'perforate' → Imperative
844:
706:'heaven'). Occurrence of
641:
574:
547:
483:
402:
373:
345:
338:
263:
258:
256:
210:of the Atlantic coast of
10683:Native American grammars
9103:Miskito is consistently
8721:'read' ("speak and see")
8355:abstract nouns, '-ness'
6843:A system of specialized
6580:'I wonder who will win!'
6350:follow the noun phrase.
5072:) counterpart ending in
4849:'I am speaking Miskito.'
4035:Maria ra kaiki banghwri.
2674:or witinnan 'they/them'
1274:stand at the end of the
1145:naha, baha, naura, bukra
127:This article includes a
10143:Central Atlas Tamazight
9367:by Thomas Michael Green
9060:precede possessed, and
8670:'stretch (sth.) out' →
7545:'Why, you are like me!'
7479:Sentence mood particles
7163:'I didn't see anybody.'
6757:Meri wamtlara brih wan.
6688:Propositional structure
6438:precede the main verb.
6371:'in front of the horse'
6166:'Give me three pounds.'
6140:(Yang) Meri ra buk kum
5969:'He can build a house.'
5097:'Tell us some stories!'
4675:'give him/her/it/them'
3995:)', are also used with
3974:'Give me three pounds.'
3944:'I see him/her/it/them'
3623:, in each of which the
3146:'from Bilwi to Lempira'
2697:as other noun phrases.
2018:'his, her, its, their'
156:more precise citations.
9068:structures are found.
9012:relative clause + head
8874:: (C)(C)V(C)(C). Word
8352:nouns from adjectives
8314:nouns from adjectives
8011:, ai yaptika ba balan.
7987:Circumstantial clauses
7733:Sarah bought the house
7344:'Why do you think so?'
7075:'You will not see me.'
6677:, ai yaptika ba balan.
6489:Baha watla tawanki ra
6485:'You will not see me.'
6106:'Jon is going to die.'
5574:Satail ba bip tawa ni
5499:witin Slilma ra yaban.
5445:witin Slilma ra yabia.
5154:Same subject anterior
4990:'Jon is going to die.'
4919:'I have fed the pigs.'
4037:'We (exc.) saw María.'
3615:forms include several
3038:'I saw Joly.' "I Joly-
2471:or yangnan 'we (exc.)'
1937:'your (sg./pl.) tooth'
906:, Negative imperative
877:, Negative imperative
206:, the language of the
9092:possessor + POSSESSED
7910:Man naha apilka pima
7823:Witin wan dia daukan
7689:uplika manis bara sa.
7679:watla ba Bilwi ra sa.
7500:surprise, exclamation
7425:Witin wan dia daukan
7042:'You did not see me.'
6839:Information structure
6146:'I gave Meri a book.'
6116:'I live in Honduras.'
6014:'I shall have played'
5885:after an infinitive.
5542:'You did not see me.'
5509:gave them to Slilma.'
3674:form of each tense.)
3299:'inside him/her/them'
2996:'I live in Honduras.'
2689:The pronouns are not
2341:'my/our (exc.) tooth'
2298:'my/our (exc.) mouth'
1927:'my/our (exc.) horse'
1479:Dependent possessors
1472:'the horse is strong'
218:, is a member of the
10688:Misumalpan languages
9294:Misumalpan languages
9163:'Juan's horse' (cf.
8825:Typological overview
8733:'obey' ("hear word")
8662:reflexive or middle
7390:marker (see above).
7365:'Where shall we go?'
7342:man baku lukisma ki?
7094:Baku yang nanira ai
6847:is used to identify
6546:'he/she/it will win'
6085:, normally precedes
6081:, if expressed as a
5977:utla kum paskras sa.
5967:sa utla kum paskaia.
5904:impossible condition
5691:(b) include several
5140:Negative participle
5036:'Where shall we go?'
4964:witin Meri ra yaban.
4003:-like construction.
3670:, given here in the
3344:'He came behind me.'
3178:'with Piter's child'
3079:'to the white horse'
2782:mahka, nanara, nawas
2682:'we/us (inclusive)'
2589:differentiate three
2581:Pronouns and adverbs
2402:'my/our (exc.) boat'
2392:'my/our (exc.) nose'
1350:'there is one horse'
1303:papiki atkan araska
1223:'one horse, a horse'
360:The exact status of
9773:Old Church Slavonic
9349:by Danilo Salamanca
9347:Diccionario Miskito
9268:subordinate clauses
9021:sentence + particle
9015:head + postposition
8761:help, wark, want...
8261:privative, '-less'
8040:diara manis nit sa.
7891:('if') clauses add
7570:
7489:
7201:
6936:'She is my mother.'
6382:follow main verbs.
6110:(Yang) Honduras ra
5929:modal constructions
5822:Periphrastic tenses
5505:found the books, he
5451:finds the books, he
5101:Baku pali saura ai
5007:subordinate clauses
4698:
4625:
4533:
4324:
4067:
3802:
3394:
3378:Upla aihkika witin
3098:
3097:Some postpositions
2826:'what? (construct)'
2702:
2614:
2595:exclusive/inclusive
1947:
1946:Possessive indices
1528:
1424:
1407:'. A ligature is a
941:
902:'buy' → Imperative
841:boundary involved:
776:may have up to two
476:⟨ngh⟩
370:
253:
84:editing the article
10638:Lingua Franca Nova
10281:Classical Japanese
9361:— sound recordings
8898:Nominal morphology
8609:intransitive verb
7924:, aiklabaia kapri.
7802:Indirect questions
7764:Complement clauses
7753:ba, yang maikamna.
7639:yang tanka briras.
7605:Kumi ba sirpi kan
7568:
7549:Wimna kaka laubia
7516:question, surprise
7483:
7199:
7129:'I am not worthy.'
6888:'My name is Juan.'
6781:grammaticalization
6664:Plawar abalkaisna
6637:precede the head.
6614:, Slilma ra yabri.
6555:Sentence particles
6335:'how many horses?'
5117:'Have pity on me!'
5054:The second-person
4891:'I speak Miskito.'
4693:
4619:
4525:
4315:
4065:
3800:
3398:Spatial relations
3392:
3368:Naha batilka utla
3279:'inside the house'
3155:'out of the house'
3096:
3088:'to a white horse'
2958:, which is also a
2700:
2613:Personal pronouns
2612:
2563:'the strong horse'
2480:or bahanan 'those'
2111:'our (inc.) mouth'
2102:'our (inc.) horse'
1953:preposed particle
1945:
1907:'your (pl.) tooth'
1527:Forms of ligature
1526:
1422:
1242:'how many horses?'
1205:indefinite article
976:indefinite article
939:
789:'definite article'
630:⟨rh⟩
621:⟨lh⟩
464:⟨nh⟩
454:⟨mh⟩
435:⟨ng⟩
368:
251:
129:list of references
10665:
10664:
10319:Classical Chinese
9964:
9963:
9425:world's languages
9101:
9100:
9095:noun + RELATIONAL
9048:follow it, as do
9030:
9029:
9003:head + quantifier
8930:Verbal morphology
8835:Phoneme inventory
8822:
8821:
8705:constructions or
8693:Lexical compounds
8690:
8689:
8501:(1) agent, '-er'
8498:nouns from verbs
8469:nouns from verbs
8456:'act of sweeping'
8441:nouns from verbs
8390:nouns from verbs
8089:
8088:
8081:, man bal dimram.
7984:
7983:
7877:
7876:
7761:
7760:
7727:Sarah watla atkan
7647:
7646:
7609:wala ba tara kan.
7597:
7596:
7561:
7560:
7522:
7521:
7476:
7475:
7402:'Who touched me?'
7278:
7277:
7192:
7191:
7004:
7003:
6992:Pedro tuktika ra
6942:
6941:
6836:
6835:
6830:'Who touched me?'
6685:
6684:
6666:brid daukaia mata
6605:witin wal aisari.
6557:follow the verb.
6160:Yang ra tri paun
6053:
6052:
6047:'if I had played'
6045:pulri kan sa kaka
5819:
5818:
5734:
5733:
5495:Paul buk nani ba
5441:Paul buk nani ba
5420:witin wal aisari.
5331:
5330:
5157:Different subject
5123:
5122:
5040:Jon wantkan Meri
4960:Yang buk nani ba
4822:
4821:
4691:
4690:
4686:'give us (inc.)'
4617:
4616:
4523:
4522:
4266:
4265:
4043:
4042:
3950:'I see my house.'
3901:personal pronouns
3893:
3892:
3785:In addition to a
3783:
3782:
3608:
3607:
3481:
3480:
3393:Some relationals
3390:
3389:
3325:
3324:
3238:
3237:
3223:'with this money'
3196:'with that money'
3187:'rice with beans'
3173:Piter tuktika ba
3167:'with (general)'
3094:
3093:
3048:
3047:
2931:
2930:
2874:Negative polarity
2687:
2686:
2593:and also have an
2587:personal pronouns
2578:
2577:
2543:'the white horse'
2516:
2515:
2430:
2429:
2039:
2038:
2001:'your (sg./pl.)'
1981:'my, our (exc.)'
1943:
1942:
1803:
1802:
1521:
1520:
1500:Relative clauses
1386:
1385:
1134:
1133:
1057:uya, ailal, manis
948:Some quantifiers
945:Some determiners
927:
926:
856:'he will take it'
762:
761:
671:
670:
657:⟨y⟩
610:
582:
523:
491:
445:
410:
357:
356:
352:⟨â⟩
328:⟨û⟩
318:⟨î⟩
200:
199:
192:
182:
181:
174:
112:
111:
104:
77:layout guidelines
57:
10700:
10334:Mandarin Chinese
10165:Levantine Arabic
9493:
9492:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9391:
9390:
9284:Miskito language
9256:switch reference
9241:Yes–no questions
9209:) 'behind him',
9076:
9075:
9062:relative clauses
9018:verb + auxiliary
9009:possessor + head
8984:
8983:
8954:) are marked by
8782:'work' ("go out
8697:
8696:
8556:transitive verb
8491:reduplication +
8134:
8133:
8060:ai mihta sikban.
8029:a relational...
7991:
7990:
7884:
7883:
7768:
7767:
7685:Naha tawanka ra
7661:
7660:
7656:relative clauses
7650:Relative clauses
7599:
7598:
7583:apia kaka, o, ar
7571:
7567:
7524:
7523:
7490:
7482:
7319:With or without
7301:'Will you come?'
7280:
7279:
7202:
7198:
7011:
7010:
6969:
6968:
6858:
6857:
6801:transitive verbs
6695:
6694:
6635:Relative clauses
6570:'Will you come?'
6412:'I want to play'
6362:'with the horse'
6244:in these cases.
6198:ya wintakbia ni?
6065:
6064:
6034:), we obtain an
5846:
5845:
5736:
5735:
5646:The uses of the
5401:'he was playing'
5339:switch reference
5333:
5332:
5143:Past participle
5130:
5129:
5016:Man naha apilka
4941:switch reference
4853:Yang naha minit
4829:
4828:
4699:
4692:
4626:
4618:
4534:
4524:
4325:
4314:
4068:
4064:
3948:Waitla kaikisna.
3899:Presence of the
3895:
3894:
3803:
3799:
3677:
3676:
3493:
3492:
3441:'between, among'
3401:Other relations
3395:
3391:
3327:
3326:
3259:
3258:
3128:'to, as far as'
3108:'to, in, at...'
3099:
3095:
3050:
3049:
2938:
2937:
2703:
2699:
2666:or mannan 'you'
2615:
2611:
2523:
2522:
2437:
2436:
2041:
2040:
1948:
1944:
1840:
1839:
1529:
1525:
1425:
1421:
1136:
1135:
960:definite article
942:
938:
769:
768:
688:
687:
665:
658:
655:
631:
628:
622:
619:
608:
597:
591:
580:
570:
559:
537:
530:
521:
514:
505:
498:
489:
477:
474:
465:
462:
455:
452:
443:
436:
433:
424:
417:
408:
371:
367:
353:
350:
343:
329:
326:
319:
316:
309:
302:
254:
250:
230:Miskito alphabet
204:Miskito language
195:
188:
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
152:this article by
143:inline citations
122:
121:
114:
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
10708:
10707:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10642:
10609:
10581:
10563:
10531:Native American
10524:
10494:
10466:
10428:
10399:
10371:
10348:
10295:
10262:
10229:
10184:
10124:
10070:
10017:
9960:
9922:
9852:
9817:
9739:
9716:
9638:
9617:Scottish Gaelic
9576:
9482:
9427:
9418:
9338:
9302:
9280:
9223:
9201:) 'behind me',
9175:
9151:'my horse' (or
9123:) on the verb.
9115:is indexed for
9074:
8982:
8977:
8962:suffix forms).
8932:
8900:
8888:
8861:
8851:. Orthographic
8837:
8832:
8827:
8695:
8684:'cover oneself'
8617:'break (intr.)'
8589:'wet (adj.)' →
8393:(1) instrument
8125:
8099:
8094:
7989:
7882:
7766:
7729:ba Bilwi ra sa.
7652:
7619:Pedro talia sa.
7577:bara, bamna, an
7566:
7484:Sentence-final
7481:
7335:'Who did this?'
7200:Question words
7197:
7161:sin ra kaikras.
7009:
6947:
6841:
6690:
6603:Watla ra dimisi
6394:'I was playing'
6274:'his/her horse'
6187:witin ra yabaia
6136:'Who did this?'
6120:(Yang) Meri ra
6063:
6058:
5938:pulaia want sna
5824:
5800:'transgresivo'
5722:Yang wamtla ra
5712:Yang wamtla ra
5702:Yang wamtla ra
5695:constructions.
5613:'I was beaten.'
5508:
5504:
5454:
5450:
5158:
5128:
4939:tense within a
4937:past or present
4913:Yang kuirku ba
4827:
4048:
3981:aisaia want sna
3642:In addition to
3491:
3486:
3417:'on, on top of'
3352:Bilwi ra wamna.
3243:
3083:aras pihni kum
3019:book one gave.'
2936:
2777:'like that, so'
2583:
2521:
2435:
2319:...or infixed:
1838:
1493:'Johan's horse'
1401:
1391:
1380:'He is guilty.'
937:
932:
910:, Future II 2
881:, Future II 2
767:
676:
674:Suprasegmentals
656:
629:
620:
475:
463:
453:
434:
351:
327:
317:
249:
244:
232:
196:
185:
184:
183:
178:
167:
161:
158:
147:
133:related reading
123:
119:
108:
97:
91:
88:
82:Please help by
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10706:
10696:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10653:
10651:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10619:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10608:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10573:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10535:
10533:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10504:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10476:
10474:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10438:
10436:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10410:
10408:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10381:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10358:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10305:
10303:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10272:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10239:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10194:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10145:
10140:
10134:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10081:
10079:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10027:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9974:
9972:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9946:
9936:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9862:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9838:
9833:
9827:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9793:Serbo-Croatian
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9749:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9726:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9687:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9667:Istro-Romanian
9664:
9659:
9654:
9648:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9597:
9592:
9586:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9501:
9499:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9417:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9379:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9353:Lengua Miskito
9350:
9344:
9337:
9336:External links
9334:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9326:
9319:
9312:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9279:
9276:
9222:
9219:
9185:structures or
9183:postpositional
9174:
9169:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9090:
9087:
9086:subject + VERB
9081:
9080:
9073:
9070:
9066:Postpositional
9028:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
9000:head + article
8998:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8931:
8928:
8899:
8896:
8887:
8884:
8860:
8857:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8809:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8787:
8777:
8765:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8714:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8682:ai-srung-k-aia
8675:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8618:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8565:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8525:
8524:(2) undergoer
8522:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8473:
8470:
8467:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8368:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8330:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8302:
8288:
8274:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8232:
8218:
8202:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8173:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8001:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7969:
7957:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7905:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7818:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7782:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7735:is in Bilwi.")
7721:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7682:
7671:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7632:
7622:
7612:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7539:Yang baku sma
7534:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7465:
7458:Man sma ki? —
7453:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7420:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7392:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7366:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7336:
7325:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7305:Buk an brisma
7302:
7290:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7178:
7164:
7154:
7153:'Nobody came.'
7143:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7118:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7056:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7038:kaikras kapram
7033:
7021:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6987:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6915:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6867:
6855:constituents:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6821:
6809:
6793:topicalization
6763:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6738:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6705:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6671:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6639:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6620:Johan wantkan
6617:
6608:
6597:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6574:Ya win takbia
6571:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6509:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6474:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6440:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6404:
6403:'I had played'
6395:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6363:
6352:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6317:
6308:
6297:
6295:follow nouns.
6284:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6266:
6265:'which horse?'
6257:
6246:
6236:, and certain
6208:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6192:
6180:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6147:
6137:
6127:
6117:
6107:
6095:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6009:
6008:'I had played'
6001:
5997:future perfect
5983:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5912:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5697:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5664:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5602:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5569:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5531:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5393:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5098:
5086:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5037:
5027:
5011:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4945:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4669:
4658:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4308:and irregular
4264:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3972:tri paun aiks.
3964:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3913:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3656:auxiliary verb
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3070:'to the horse'
3060:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3020:
3013:buk kum yabri.
2997:
2968:
2964:direct objects
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2801:
2800:Interrogative
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2720:
2719:Demonstrative
2716:
2715:
2714:Other adverbs
2712:
2711:Place adverbs
2709:
2706:
2685:
2684:
2650:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:'three horses'
2501:
2491:
2481:
2472:
2461:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2224:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2153:
2137:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2080:'his... horse'
2070:
2054:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:'Mark's tooth'
1860:
1859:'Mark's horse'
1846:
1837:
1834:
1830:inalienability
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1280:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:'three horses'
1243:
1233:
1224:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:'which horse?'
1187:
1178:
1167:
1142:demonstratives
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
987:
986:
985:
977:
969:
961:
950:
949:
946:
936:
933:
931:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
895:
894:
893:
866:
860:
859:
858:
857:
851:
843:
833:
832:
831:
830:
824:
818:
810:
809:
808:
802:
796:
790:
782:
766:
763:
760:
759:
758:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
719:
696:suprasegmental
685:of each word.
675:
672:
669:
668:
666:
659:
649:
647:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
632:
613:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
598:
585:
583:
578:
572:
571:
564:
562:
560:
553:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
538:
531:
524:
518:
517:
515:
508:
506:
499:
492:
487:
481:
480:
478:
468:
466:
456:
446:
440:
439:
437:
427:
425:
418:
411:
406:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
366:
365:
355:
354:
344:
337:
331:
330:
320:
310:
303:
296:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
257:
248:
245:
243:
240:
231:
228:
208:Miskito people
198:
197:
180:
179:
137:external links
126:
124:
117:
110:
109:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10705:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10645:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10354:Austroasiatic
10351:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10265:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9967:
9957:
9954:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9820:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9723:
9719:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9579:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9488:Indo-European
9485:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9441:Orthographies
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9410:
9408:
9403:
9401:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9386:
9384:
9383:Miskitu Aisas
9380:
9378:
9375:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9330:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9275:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9252:juxtaposition
9248:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9173:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9094:
9091:
9089:object + VERB
9088:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8994:object + verb
8993:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8972:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8893:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8866:consist of a
8865:
8859:Other aspects
8856:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8845:a, e, i, o, u
8842:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8217:'very strong'
8216:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8117:
8114:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8082:
8080:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:Baha daukaia
8034:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7977:
7975:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7870:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7770:
7769:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7707:Aras ra alkan
7704:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7640:
7638:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7526:
7525:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7369:Inska ba wal
7367:
7364:
7362:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7013:
7012:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6935:
6933:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6845:postpositions
6829:
6827:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6716:'I saw Meri.'
6715:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6591:subordination
6586:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6501:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6325:'many horses'
6324:
6323:
6318:
6316:'a/one horse'
6315:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:interrogative
6214:
6213:Demonstrative
6210:
6209:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6126:'I saw Meri.'
6125:
6123:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6013:
6012:pulamna kabia
6010:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5952:The particle
5950:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5826:The range of
5814:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5500:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5151:Same subject
5150:
5149:
5131:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:'I saw Meri.'
4955:
4953:
4950:Yang Meri ra
4948:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4885:Yang Miskitu
4883:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:Yang Miskitu
4841:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4825:Use of tenses
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:'give me/us'
4654:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4066:Regular verb
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3960:postpositions
3956:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3787:subject index
3779:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:'play', stem
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3635:is marked by
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3484:Verbal groups
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:'in front of'
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3263:For example,
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:naha lalahka
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:baha lalahka
3189:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:Postpositions
2924:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:bahara, bukra
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:nahara, naura
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2695:postpositions
2692:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2572:'dead people'
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:uplika karna
2492:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:'my... horse'
2162:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:tasba→tasbaya
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2035:'our (inc.)'
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:morphological
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:'some horses'
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:(see below).
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:interrogative
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
990:
989:
988:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
952:
951:
943:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
897:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
842:
840:
835:
834:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
689:
686:
684:
680:
667:
664:
660:
654:
650:
648:
646:
644:
640:
637:
635:
633:
627:
618:
614:
612:
607:
606:
603:
601:
599:
596:
590:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
563:
561:
558:
554:
552:
550:
546:
543:
541:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
520:
519:
516:
513:
509:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
479:
473:
469:
467:
461:
457:
451:
447:
442:
441:
438:
432:
428:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
372:
363:
359:
358:
349:
342:
336:
333:
332:
325:
321:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
255:
239:
235:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
194:
191:
176:
173:
165:
155:
151:
145:
144:
138:
134:
130:
125:
116:
115:
106:
103:
95:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
10548:
10480:Massachusett
10434:Austronesian
10301:Sino-Tibetan
9567:West Frisian
9466:Prepositions
9445:
9382:
9377:Bibliography
9322:
9315:
9306:
9272:subordinator
9264:conjunctions
9261:
9249:
9244:
9236:
9231:
9224:
9214:
9211:Juan nina-ra
9210:
9207:witin ninara
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9191:Nicaragua ra
9190:
9176:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9153:yang arask-i
9152:
9148:
9137:
9105:head-marking
9102:
9040:precede the
9031:
8938:morphology,
8933:
8901:
8889:
8862:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8839:The Miskito
8838:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8793:
8792:'want' ("be
8789:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8772:'help' ("do
8769:
8760:
8748:
8746:
8737:kupiabaikaia
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8706:
8700:
8681:
8677:
8672:ai-sak-b-aia
8671:
8667:
8653:
8643:
8639:
8620:
8614:
8600:
8590:
8586:
8570:'cure (tr.)'
8567:
8561:
8547:
8543:
8533:
8529:
8510:
8506:
8492:
8481:
8477:
8463:
8453:
8449:
8435:
8425:
8421:
8402:
8398:
8384:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8360:
8346:
8339:'brightness'
8336:
8332:
8326:
8322:
8308:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8287:'flowerless'
8284:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8266:
8252:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8231:'very small'
8228:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8201:superlative
8196:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8165:
8151:
8129:derivational
8126:
8100:
8078:
8076:
8069:
8057:
8055:
8047:
8045:
8037:
8035:
8028:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8006:
7996:
7994:
7973:
7971:
7963:
7961:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7934:, ikaia kan.
7931:
7929:
7921:
7919:
7914:, man pruma.
7911:
7909:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7867:Sarah balbia
7866:
7864:
7857:
7845:
7843:
7836:
7824:
7822:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7788:
7786:
7773:
7771:
7750:
7749:
7742:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7687:truk kum bri
7686:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7664:
7653:
7636:
7635:Witin aisan
7634:
7626:
7624:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7604:
7589:sakuna, kuna
7588:
7582:
7576:
7550:
7548:
7540:
7538:
7529:
7527:
7512:
7511:
7504:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7467:
7462:, yang sika.
7459:
7457:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7438:
7426:
7424:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7397:
7396:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7373:daukamna ki?
7370:
7368:
7360:
7358:
7351:
7339:
7338:
7333:baha daukan?
7330:
7329:
7320:
7318:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7294:
7285:
7283:
7268:
7267:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7251:
7244:
7243:
7232:
7231:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7207:
7181:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7166:
7158:
7156:
7148:
7147:
7138:
7136:
7124:
7123:Yang aitani
7122:
7113:
7109:
7107:
7095:
7093:
7084:
7082:
7071:kaikras kama
7070:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7051:
7049:
7037:
7035:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7014:
6993:
6991:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6972:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6931:
6929:
6921:
6919:
6913:in English.
6906:
6905:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6842:
6825:
6823:
6818:duri abakan.
6815:
6813:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6754:
6752:
6744:
6742:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6711:
6709:
6700:
6698:
6691:
6674:
6673:
6665:
6663:
6656:
6644:
6643:
6633:
6621:
6619:
6611:
6610:
6602:
6601:
6589:
6587:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6542:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6524:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6502:
6490:
6488:
6480:
6478:
6469:
6465:
6457:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6419:
6408:
6406:
6399:
6397:
6390:
6388:
6378:
6367:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6342:
6330:
6328:
6321:
6319:
6312:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6287:
6277:
6269:
6268:
6260:
6259:
6256:'that horse'
6251:
6250:
6233:
6229:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6184:
6176:constituents
6173:
6161:
6159:
6151:
6149:
6141:
6139:
6131:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6099:
6091:constituents
6070:
6068:
6044:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6011:
6005:
5996:
5993:Past perfect
5992:
5988:
5986:
5974:
5972:
5964:
5962:
5953:
5951:
5941:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5917:pulaia kapri
5916:
5908:pulaia kapri
5907:
5903:
5901:
5891:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5836:periphrastic
5825:
5815:'obviative'
5790:'proximate'
5774:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5761:This article
5760:
5759:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5723:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5703:
5701:
5690:
5678:
5676:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5656:
5645:
5633:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5608:
5606:
5593:
5590:periphrastic
5587:
5575:
5573:
5559:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5535:
5522:
5516:
5496:
5494:
5487:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5442:
5440:
5431:
5429:
5417:
5415:
5408:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5386:
5380:formations.
5378:periphrastic
5375:
5363:
5361:
5336:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5265:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5030:Yawan anira
5029:
5021:
5017:
5015:
4998:
4997:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4936:
4931:is a simple
4928:
4926:
4914:
4912:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4884:
4867:
4866:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4694:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4540:
4530:
4526:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4009:
3990:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3927:'I see you.'
3922:
3918:
3917:
3904:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3810:
3791:object index
3790:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3672:third-person
3667:
3663:
3660:
3648:periphrastic
3647:
3643:
3641:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3475:'because of'
3472:
3469:'instead of'
3466:
3460:
3457:'for, about'
3454:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3411:'in, inside'
3408:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3319:'inside you'
3314:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3210:instrumental
3203:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:(see above)
3111:
3102:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2955:
2953:postposition
2941:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2901:'any' (det.)
2897:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2882:diara kumsin
2881:
2880:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2834:'which one?'
2830:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2602:
2584:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2355:'your tooth'
2350:
2348:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2311:'your mouth'
2307:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2264:
2262:
2259:'your house'
2254:
2252:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:sula→sualia:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2188:
2185:'your horse'
2181:
2179:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2009:
1996:
1991:
1976:
1971:
1956:suffix form
1932:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1450:'that horse'
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:Determiners
1412:
1402:
1375:
1373:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1341:'that horse'
1337:
1336:baha araska
1335:
1332:'this horse'
1328:
1327:naha araska
1326:
1318:definiteness
1315:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1263:
1259:The general
1258:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1190:
1189:
1186:'that horse'
1181:
1180:
1177:'this horse'
1172:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1125:matsip, faip
1124:
1123:
1117:walhwal, for
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1020:'over there'
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
980:
979:
972:
971:
964:
963:
956:
955:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
853:
850:'your house'
847:
836:
826:
820:
814:
804:
798:
792:
786:
772:
765:Phonotactics
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
715:
707:
703:
691:
677:
362:vowel length
236:
233:
201:
186:
168:
159:
148:Please help
140:
98:
89:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
10649:constructed
10633:Interlingue
10628:Interlingua
10500:Uto-Aztecan
10190:Niger–Congo
10130:Afroasiatic
9456:Determiners
9436:Phonologies
9225:There is a
9199:yang ninira
9172:Adpositions
9161:Juan araska
9107:. There is
9050:quantifiers
9038:determiners
9034:noun phrase
8987:Word order
8966:indices of
8960:portmanteau
8880:distinctive
8719:aisikaikaia
8678:srung-k-aia
8642:'bright' →
8593:'wet (tr.)'
8564:'cut (tr.)'
8511:pla-plap-ra
8377:'blackness'
8367:'smallness'
8335:'bright' →
8325:'strong' →
8301:'stoneless'
8285:tangni-ka-s
8279:'flower' →
8273:'toothless'
8229:sirpi-k-ira
8215:karn-ik-ira
8209:'strong' →
8184:kipl-ik-ira
8070:or a noun.
8056:Plun piras
7889:Conditional
7778:nominalizer
7677:Sarah atkan
7625:Ai aisika,
7400:ai kangban?
7151:sin balras.
7063:kaikma apia
6828:ai kangban?
6622:Kati balbia
6537:'I want it'
6450:'I see you'
6380:Auxiliaries
6348:relationals
6344:Adpositions
6307:'the horse'
6293:quantifiers
6220:determiners
6083:noun phrase
6069:In Miskito
6026:, and then
5812:'conexivo'
5787:'gerundio'
5636:ai daukisa.
5342:participles
5146:Infinitive
5070:prohibitive
4872:progressive
4719:Imperative
4667:'give you'
4646:Infinitive
4546:Present of
4539:Present of
4348:Imperative
4333:Present II
4296:'come' and
4091:Imperative
4076:Present II
4046:Conjugation
3421:mununhta-ra
3372:mangkaisna.
3338:Witin yang
3309:'inside me'
3265:utla bilara
3246:Relationals
3241:Relationals
3105:(enclitic)
3074:aras pihni
3056:noun phrase
2946:complements
2910:plis kumsin
2890:upla kumsin
2769:'like this'
2570:pruannan ba
2484:naha watla
2424:'your boat'
2415:'your nose'
2377:duri→duarka
2269:'your deer'
2213:utla→watla:
2194:'your land'
2142:aras→araska
2089:'his mouth'
2059:aras→araska
1959:infix form
1663:'needle' →
1457:Adjectives
1417:noun phrase
1378:patkira sa.
1299:'the house'
1290:'the horse'
1276:noun phrase
1209:quantifiers
1152:determiners
1109:yumhpa, tri
930:Noun phrase
829:'close it!'
801:'how many?'
679:Word stress
369:Consonants
154:introducing
10672:Categories
10406:East Asian
10367:Vietnamese
10153:Historical
10115:Mingrelian
9881:Hindustani
9858:Indo-Aryan
9808:Slovincian
9768:Macedonian
9753:Belarusian
9735:Lithuanian
9697:Portuguese
9627:colloquial
9451:Adjectives
9342:Ethnologue
9300:References
9187:relational
9140:possessive
9125:Transitive
9058:Possessors
9054:Adjectives
8980:Word order
8968:transitive
8892:morphology
8886:Morphology
8814:bip mairin
8780:warktakaia
8770:helpmunaia
8757:invariable
8731:bilawalaia
8703:light-verb
8680:'cover' →
8674:'lie down'
8623:'be cured'
8452:'sweep' →
8416:(2) place
8401:'sweep' →
8373:'black' →
8363:'small' →
8329:'strength'
8299:walpa-ya-s
8293:'stone' →
8269:'tooth' →
8245:'very big'
8223:'small' →
8160:abundance
8123:Derivation
7945:Concessive
7816:article).
7751:Dia makama
7508:'I wonder'
7488:particles
7295:Man balma
7236:'how many'
6882:Yang nini
6645:Meri atkan
6593:structures
6564:Man balma
6479:Ai kaikma
6425:proclitics
6238:adjectives
6227:proclitics
6224:possessive
6089:and other
6061:Word order
5892:pulaia sna
5879:Pulaia sna
5868:puli kapri
5851:Puli kapri
5648:infinitive
5501:'When Paul
5447:'When Paul
5362:Utla wina
5111:Umpira ai
5057:imperative
5020:kaka, man
4868:Present II
4716:Future II
4469:3 and 1+2
4345:Future II
4330:Present I
4212:3 and 1+2
4088:Future II
4073:Present I
4010:Ai kaikan.
3997:transitive
3817:particles
3652:non-finite
3499:infinitive
3467:watlika-ra
3382:but munan.
3358:Witin dur
3313:(man) bila
3303:(yang) bil
3182:rais bins
3032:Yang Joly
3024:Accusative
3009:Yang Joly
2982:Nikaragua
2922:piu kumsin
2913:'anywhere'
2885:'anything'
2671:witin nani
2528:Adjectives
2519:Adjectives
2433:The plural
2235:'my house'
1836:Possession
1825:class and
1794:'thing' →
1777:irregular
1681:'house' →
1637:'blood' →
1577:'snake' →
1553:'horse' →
1507:Kati atkan
1393:See also:
1084:'how many'
1012:'close by'
778:consonants
643:Semivowels
549:Fricatives
220:Misumalpan
39:improve it
10623:Esperanto
10615:auxiliary
10513:Classical
10424:Mongolian
10314:Cantonese
10248:Malayalam
10235:Dravidian
10105:Kabardian
10013:Meänkieli
9988:Hungarian
9813:Ukrainian
9758:Bulgarian
9657:Dalmatian
9557:Ripuarian
9552:Old Norse
9547:Norwegian
9542:Icelandic
9505:Afrikaans
9133:recipient
9119:(not for
8924:particles
8920:possessor
8918:) of the
8914:(but not
8872:consonant
8864:Syllables
8830:Phonology
8759:element (
8725:bribalaia
8668:sak-b-aia
8644:ing-w-aia
8615:dak-w-aia
8591:rat-b-aia
8562:dak-b-aia
8536:'patient'
8534:ra-raw-ra
8484:'running'
8454:pahb-anka
8426:plap-aika
8403:pahb-aika
8281:tangni-ka
8243:tar-k-ira
8178:'rock' →
8168:'hair' →
8146:Examples
8140:Function
8131:affixes:
7791:nu takri.
7627:apia kaka
7447:'yes' or
7195:Questions
7169:upla kumi
7159:upla kumi
7149:Upla kumi
7108:The verb
6896:takaskan.
6647:araska ba
6472:'to be'.
6071:sentences
6006:pulri kan
5840:auxiliary
5828:aspectual
5768:Salamanca
5706:want sna.
5598:auxiliary
5588:(b) in a
5565:adjective
5527:auxiliary
5416:Watla ra
4999:Future II
4915:dakakatna
4834:Present I
4713:Future I
4620:Stems of
4342:Future I
4312:'to be'.
4306:defective
4288:'drink',
4085:Future I
4062:'play').
4026:banghwaia
3993:inclusive
3942:Kaikisna.
3811:suffixes
3644:synthetic
3631:) of the
3627:(but not
3415:pura(-ra)
3362:takaskan.
3348:Man nani
3250:locatives
3227:bip taya
2990:Honduras
2893:'anybody'
2774:baku, ban
2766:naku, nan
2708:Pronouns
2655:yang nani
2618:Singular
2601:morpheme
2245:'my deer'
2172:'my land'
1813:'tooth',
1809:'mouth',
1785:'food' →
1768:su-a-l-ia
1755:'deer' →
1743:suffix +
1715:'boat' →
1703:suffix +
1673:si-a-laka
1625:'land' →
1601:'rock' →
1535:Examples
1405:construct
1345:aras kum
1207:and most
1093:kumi, wan
774:Syllables
756:'to fill'
754:banghkaia
712:devoicing
700:loanwords
609:voiceless
490:voiceless
444:voiceless
242:Phonology
212:Nicaragua
162:July 2024
45:talk page
10587:artistic
10577:American
10539:Cherokee
10447:Hawaiian
10385:Has Hlai
10329:Kokborok
10324:Dzongkha
10286:Okinawan
10276:Japanese
10180:Ugaritic
10175:Tigrinya
10100:Georgian
10077:European
10003:Livonian
9978:Estonian
9934:Albanian
9911:Sanskrit
9886:Maithili
9876:Gujarati
9871:Bhojpuri
9788:Silesian
9712:Venetian
9702:Romanian
9681:Lombard
9632:literary
9497:Germanic
9471:Pronouns
9446:Grammars
9421:Grammars
9278:See also
9233:Negation
9195:nin-i-ra
9179:adjuncts
9144:genitive
9113:argument
9109:pro-drop
9046:articles
8956:suffixes
8950:(of the
8908:ligature
8790:wantkaia
8708:compound
8621:ra-w-aia
8568:ra-k-aia
8513:'runner'
8509:'run' →
8507:plap-aia
8480:'run' →
8478:plap-aia
8450:pahb-aia
8424:'run' →
8422:plap-aia
8399:pahb-aia
8375:siks-ira
8365:sirpi-ra
8337:ingni-ka
8327:karn-ika
8295:walpa-ya
8237:'big' →
8225:sirpi-ka
8211:karn-ika
8180:kipl-ika
8143:Meaning
7869:wantkan.
7827:kaikaia.
7667:ligature
7429:kaikaia.
7182:Pyu kumi
7007:Negation
6981:'make',
6977:'give',
6934:yaptiki.
6911:clefting
6807:marker.
6805:ergative
6736:marker.
6734:ergative
6728:. Since
6505:compound
6463:particle
6460:negative
6448:kaikisna
6409:want sna
6366:aras ba
6357:aras ba
6289:Articles
6242:ligature
6189:wantsna.
6130:Baha ya
5625:'make'.
5519:negative
5317:3 / 1+2
5268:'to be'
5244:3 / 1+2
5167:Regular
5066:negative
5060:ends in
5003:irrealis
4975:Future I
4876:habitual
4791:3 / 1+2
4710:Past II
4704:Present
4597:3 / 1+2
4339:Past II
4280:'tell',
4276:'have',
4082:Past II
3909:pro-drop
3809:Subject
3758:tenses:
3728:tenses:
3698:tenses:
3637:suffixes
3540:'go out'
3489:Overview
3455:dukia-ra
3435:'behind'
3427:kaina-ra
3350:kainamra
3141:Lempira
2974:Locative
2960:locative
2950:enclitic
2846:'where?'
2663:man nani
2561:karna ba
2508:) yumhpa
2450:particle
1827:semantic
1565:'sea' →
1431:Example
1409:morpheme
1389:Ligature
1270:article
1268:proximal
1266:and the
1163:ligature
1147:and the
839:morpheme
726:'turtle'
702:such as
683:syllable
485:Plosives
382:Alveolar
377:Bilabial
247:Phonemes
224:Germanic
216:Honduras
92:May 2023
10678:Miskito
10595:Klingon
10549:Miskito
10508:Nahuatl
10462:Tagalog
10452:Ilocano
10442:Cebuano
10377:Kra–Dai
10344:Tibetan
10309:Burmese
10291:Hachijō
10268:Japonic
10243:Kannada
10220:Swahili
10051:Turkmen
10046:Turkish
9993:Ingrian
9983:Finnish
9956:Hittite
9944:Ancient
9906:Punjabi
9891:Marathi
9866:Bengali
9841:Persian
9831:Kurdish
9823:Iranian
9803:Slovene
9783:Russian
9730:Latvian
9707:Spanish
9690:Western
9685:Eastern
9672:Italian
9652:Catalan
9595:Cornish
9572:Yiddish
9562:Swedish
9532:Faroese
9520:English
9423:of the
9289:Miskito
9203:nina-ra
9149:arask-i
9129:patient
9036:, most
8952:subject
8934:In the
8904:nominal
8841:phoneme
8805:Nominal
8656:prefix
8646:'shine'
8603:suffix
8550:suffix
8530:raw-aia
8495:suffix
8482:plap-ra
8472:action
8466:suffix
8438:suffix
8428:'track'
8405:'broom'
8387:suffix
8349:suffix
8311:suffix
8255:suffix
8186:'rocky'
8172:'hairy'
8170:taw-ira
8154:suffix
8103:lexicon
8097:General
8092:Lexicon
8058:kainara
8038:dukiara
8019:ba + ra
7955:'but'.
7812:'is' +
7804:end in
7532:above.
7248:'where'
7228:'which'
7171:ra sin
7167:Muihki
7069:Man ai
7061:Man ai
7036:Man ai
7028:kaikras
7026:Man ai
6996:pulbia.
6945:Valency
6853:focused
6785:subject
6743:Puisin
6714:kaikri.
6407:pulaia
6368:kainara
6263:araska?
6152:tahbisa
6102:pruaisa
6087:objects
6079:subject
5623:daukaia
5562:passive
5548:kaikras
5546:Man ai
5540:kapram.
5538:kaikras
5536:Man ai
5478:takbia.
5366:kauhri.
5346:subject
5288:kaprika
5103:munpara
4986:pruaisa
4929:Past II
4904:perfect
4887:aisisna
4707:Past I
4672:yab-aia
4629:Object
4624:'give'
4543:'come'
4336:Past I
4323:'eat')
4319:-stem (
4294:Bal-aia
4284:'eat',
4079:Past I
4001:passive
3979:Man wal
3970:Yang ra
3962:, e.g.
3815:Object
3806:Person
3696:Present
3633:subject
3602:'sleep'
3578:'speak'
3566:kaikaia
3548:daukaia
3534:'go in'
3513:'go').
3501:suffix
3461:mapa-ra
3445:lama-ra
3439:tila-ra
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3423:'under'
3409:bila-ra
3380:dukiara
3297:bila-ra
3276:bila-ra
3208:'with (
3130:'from'
3058:, e.g.
3036:kaikri.
2994:iwisna.
2866:'when?'
2818:'what?'
2757:'there'
2632:'I/me'
2621:Plural
2591:persons
2189:tasbaya
2131:before
1766:(< *
1728:du-a-r-
1726:(< *
1691:w-a-tla
1689:(< *
1671:(< *
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1411:(often
1354:araska
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1101:wal, tu
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1032:'which'
908:at-para
900:atk-aia
879:sa-para
871:sab-aia
823:'play!'
748:walhwal
738:'white'
576:Liquids
397:Glottal
387:Palatal
252:Vowels
150:improve
10657:Lojban
10647:Other
10605:Quenya
10554:Navajo
10529:Other
10490:Ojibwe
10485:Munsee
10419:Korean
10414:Evenki
10404:Other
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10210:Herero
10170:Somali
10160:Kabyle
10148:Hebrew
10138:Arabic
10095:Basque
10090:Adyghe
10085:Abkhaz
10075:Other
10056:Uyghur
10036:Kyrgyz
10031:Kazakh
10023:Turkic
10008:Udmurt
9970:Uralic
9896:Nepali
9836:Pashto
9798:Slovak
9778:Polish
9745:Slavic
9722:Baltic
9662:French
9644:Italic
9590:Breton
9582:Celtic
9537:German
9510:Danish
9266:, and
9227:copula
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8975:Syntax
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8936:verbal
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7637:sakuna
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7398:Ya bui
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6112:iwisna
6056:Syntax
5973:Witin
5963:Witin
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5855:pulaia
5726:kapri.
5669:aisaia
5659:atkaia
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5576:daukan
5476:yarika
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5350:finite
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5064:; its
5042:balbia
4952:kaikri
4933:aorist
4900:Past I
4855:takuna
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3625:person
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3576:aisaia
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3447:'near'
3370:bilara
3360:lamara
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3340:ninira
3137:Bilwi
3001:Dative
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2925:'ever'
2898:kumsin
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2858:'how?'
2855:nahki?
2843:anira?
2823:dikia?
2810:'who?'
2793:'then'
2749:'here'
2737:'that'
2729:'this'
2640:'you'
2599:plural
2504:aras (
2446:Plural
2442:Number
2410:kangmk
2180:araska
2167:tasbay
2100:araska
2078:araska
1899:mannan
1894:horse'
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1707:INFIX
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1374:Witin
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1004:'that'
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916:at-bia
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827:praks!
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750:'four'
744:'roof'
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581:voiced
522:voiced
409:voiced
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10600:Naʼvi
10559:Otomi
10544:Inuit
10520:Nawat
10472:Algic
10457:Malay
10362:Khmer
10253:Tamil
10215:Sotho
10203:Pular
10120:Ubykh
10066:Yakut
10061:Uzbek
10041:Tatar
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9939:Greek
9927:Other
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9763:Czech
9677:Latin
9622:Welsh
9600:Irish
9515:Dutch
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9461:Nouns
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8868:vowel
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8385:-aika
8371:siksa
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7264:'how'
7261:nahki
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7085:-para
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6920:Naha
6886:Juan.
6872:Baku
6777:buaia
6747:ikan.
6710:Meri
6532:want
6525:aulna
6514:aisi
6391:kapri
6389:puli
6329:aras
6320:aras
6311:aras
6302:aras
6185:Yang
6142:yabri
5832:modal
5775:Green
5743:Note:
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5607:Yang
5497:sakan
5465:-rika
5443:sakka
5353:tense
5283:kapri
5113:kaiks
5082:-p(i)
5074:-para
5032:wabia
5022:pruma
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4902:is a
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4810:kaisa
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4748:kamna
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4697:'be'
4683:k-aia
4664:k-aia
4653:k-aia
4550:'go'
4446:aisma
4430:satma
4391:aisna
4375:satna
4321:piaia
4298:w-aia
4189:aisma
4134:aisna
3621:moods
3596:'eat'
3594:piaia
3582:wiaia
3568:'see'
3473:tawan
3274:utla
3150:utla
3065:aras
3042:saw."
2986:auna.
2785:'now'
2679:yawan
2645:witin
2607:yawan
2539:pihni
2537:aras
2475:baha
2466:yang
2419:duarm
2370:kakma
2158:arask
1819:lakra
1815:kakma
1796:dukia
1792:diara
1661:silak
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1627:tasba
1623:tasba
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1575:piuta
1532:Form
1486:Johan
1468:karna
1428:Type
1395:Ezāfe
1294:utla
1285:aras
1246:aras
1236:aras
1227:aras
1218:aras
1104:'two'
1096:'one'
1076:'all'
1017:bukra
1009:naura
920:at-ka
912:at-ma
891:sa-ka
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736:pihni
704:heven
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282:Front
272:Front
260:Short
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10569:sign
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10339:Mizo
10225:Zulu
10198:Fula
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9901:Odia
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9215:nina
9205:(or
9197:(or
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8910:and
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8079:taim
8048:mata
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8009:bara
7932:kaka
7922:kaka
7912:kaka
7901:kaia
7897:Kaka
7893:kaka
7865:Jon
7825:saba
7806:saba
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7497:bika
7486:mood
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7427:saba
7416:sapa
7414:(or
7412:saba
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7125:apia
7114:apia
7110:kaia
7052:apia
7017:-ras
6932:sika
6922:sika
6907:Sika
6894:lika
6884:lika
6874:lika
6863:Lika
6851:and
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6745:mita
6730:mita
6726:mita
6541:win
6523:bri
6491:apia
6481:apia
6470:kaia
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6420:The
6346:and
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6252:baha
6232:and
6215:and
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5995:and
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5859:kaia
5724:waia
5716:sna.
5714:waia
5704:waia
5679:waia
5671:wan.
5632:Mai
5594:kaia
5578:kan.
5523:kaia
5517:The
5474:Man
5397:puli
5364:taki
5337:The
5326:kaka
5301:kaia
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5200:rika
5078:-ram
5018:pima
4984:Jon
4800:kata
4780:kama
4695:kaia
4641:1+2
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4290:swi-
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4250:aisa
4173:atma
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4118:atna
4110:isna
4056:-aia
4052:stem
4050:The
3882:1+2
3766:aisa
3726:Past
3668:pul-
3619:and
3556:'do'
3528:'go'
3526:waia
3503:-aia
3252:(in
3152:wina
3139:wina
3123:wina
2831:ani?
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2585:The
2568:upla
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2477:nani
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2457:Nani
2453:nani
2326:napa
2306:bila
2284:bila
2109:bila
2087:bila
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2023:1+2
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1852:Mark
1811:napa
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1509:aras
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1203:The
1182:baha
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1140:The
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885:, 3
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730:naha
294:High
287:Back
277:Back
265:Long
214:and
202:The
10390:Lao
10110:Laz
9605:Old
9525:Old
9155:),
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8601:-w-
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7418:).
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7225:ani
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6964:ai-
6960:-w-
6956:-b-
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6826:bui
6824:Yâ
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6797:Bui
6789:bui
6773:Bui
6769:bui
6588:In
6534:sna
6503:In
6493:sa.
6446:mai
6436:wan
6432:mai
6400:kan
6359:wal
6322:uya
6313:kum
6261:ani
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5954:sip
5596:as
5432:-ka
5399:kan
5388:bri
5321:kan
5296:kan
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5248:pul
5237:ram
5235:pul
5224:aia
5222:pul
5214:pul
5208:ras
5206:pul
5198:pul
5190:pul
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5182:pul
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5005:in
4874:or
4805:kan
4785:bas
4760:sma
4728:sna
4681:wan
4662:mai
4602:aul
4581:aul
4560:aul
4515:bia
4438:ram
4422:sma
4399:mna
4367:sna
4286:di-
4282:pi-
4278:wi-
4258:bia
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4248:pul
4240:pul
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4232:pul
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4224:pul
4218:uya
4216:pul
4203:pul
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4140:pul
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4124:pul
4116:pul
4108:pul
4102:una
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3764:pul
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3212:)'
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3175:wal
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2204:-a-
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2050:wan
2027:wan
1997:-m-
1977:-i-
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1745:-a-
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