435:. Furthermore, for four subsequent years up to 1950, no Japanese person was allowed re-entry into Singapore. In the period leading up to the independence of Singapore in 1965, the former existence of a Japanese enclave in the surrounding area of Middle Road, and its connections to commercial and everyday life in pre-war Singapore were displaced to ameliorate the memory of the "replacement" Asian colonisers. Although the Japanese community began to show significant growth again in the early 1970s as Japanese businesses shifted manufacturing activities out of the mainland, the enclave became dilapidated by the end of the 1980s and many of its shophouses have since been demolished.
89:
234:
309:
460:
474:
266:, but also in combination with clan surnames. Hylam Street, (Transliteration for "Hainan") was named for the early Hainanese settlers that lived along Malabar Street. In early 1900s, the Hainanese community had moved to the Beach Road area to capitalise on the sea frontage and pier facilities. It was later called
344:
Around nine o'clock, I went to see the infamous Malay Street. The buildings were constructed in a western style with their facades painted blue. Under the verandah hung red gas lanterns with numbers such as one, two or three, and wicker chairs were arranged beneath the lanterns. Hundreds and hundreds
443:
Alhambra Cinema was formerly located at the junction of Beach Road and Middle Road, next to the former
Marlborough Cinema, another landmark building in the area. The Cinema was built in 1907 by motion picture industry pioneer, Tan Cheng Kee. It was one of the pioneer cinema halls in the early 1930s
205:
The first
Hainanese settler was recorded as Lim Chong Jin, who arrived in Singapore in 1841. By 1881, the Hainanese had constituted about 10% of the local Chinese population numbering 8,319. The Hainanese worked mainly in service-related industries and operated provision shops, ship-chandling and
363:
The booming of the brothels in the
Southeast Asian regions was followed by the migration of merchants, shopkeepers, doctors and bankers to bolster the economy of a country yet unable to compete globally as a modern industrial nation. With the abolition of prostitution in Singapore in 1920, these
414:
sold high-quality textiles to
Japanese and non-Japanese customers alike. The textiles and clothing were stored in full-height timber cabinets that ran along the length of the ground level walls. On one length side, a raised platform was also constructed, known as
202:. The three streets that run perpendicular to these two – Middle Road, Purvis Street and Seah Street were respectively called Hainan First Street, Hainan Second Street and Hainan Third Street by the Hainanese and other Chinese communities.
245:
and clan temple building was built in 1857 in three adjoining shop houses along No. 6, Malabar Street. In 1878, it moved to its present location along Middle Road, and later underwent renovations in 1963. The main deity of this temple was
169:. Jackson's 1822 plan for the European Town composed of four parallel roads laid out in the northeast-southwestern direction, and a major intersecting road. This perpendicular road is the present-day Middle Road. Due to increasing
261:
Besides the main association and temple complex, an estimate of 21 additional sub-clan associations can be found along three connecting streets, mainly around Seah Street, differentiated not only by origin district on
206:
remittance services, hotels and coffee shops. It was in the "food" business that would bring them most regional fame. Ngiam Tong Boon, a
Hainanese bartender working at Raffles Hotel concocted a gin tonic called
839:
163:
The road formerly served as a demarcation line which separated the civic area from the ethnic settlements of
Singapore as part of the British colonial government's town planning, known as the
212:
in 1915. At Nos. 51—53 Middle Road (now demolished), Wong Yi Guan adapted a rice dish served with chicken, which made famous by his apprentice Mok Fu Swee through his restaurant,
298:
in early 1900s. They set up various
Japanese shops and companies and the community increased substantially numbering 6,950 at the beginning of the 20th century.
448:("by the sea" in Hainanese) due to its proximity to the sea. The Cinema was eventually demolished to make way for the construction of Shaw Towers in the 1970s.
351:
of striking colours... Most of them were young girls under 20 years of age. I learned from a maid at the hotel that the majority of these girls came from
173:
immigrants settling near the
European Town, the Europeans subsequently vacated the area to dwell more inland, away from the urbanising city quarters.
876:
290:. Uta Matsuda, the first female Japanese settler, ran a grocery shop with her Chinese husband in the 1860s. The Japanese introduced the
345:
of young
Japanese girls were sitting on the chairs calling out to passers-by, chatting and laughing... most of them were wearing
758:
Prof Lai Chee Kien (2006). "Multi-ethnic
Enclaves around Middle Road: An Examination of Early Urban Settlement in Singapore" –
375:
and Middle Road, alongside the Hainanese and other enclaves. Middle Road was known to the Japanese community as Central Street
149:, the area around Middle Road, Hylam Street and Malay Street was also a bustling Japanese enclave known for its brothels of
371:
By 1926, the Japanese community in Singapore had grown to occupy the area bound roughly by Prinsep Street, Rochor Road,
294:
to the local scene, a two-wheeled, passenger cart pulled by one person in 1894, which culminated in the building of the
1270:
844:
869:
816:
752:
332:, a transliteration of the English word "street". A Japanese reporter in 1910 described the scene for the people of
320:
The development of the Japanese enclave in Singapore was connected to the establishment of brothels east of the
237:
The Hainanese association, Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan is located along Middle Road, Singapore. Taken in July 2007.
1131:
862:
497:
719:
324:, namely along Hylam, Malabar, Malay and Bugis Streets during the late 1890s. The Japanese prostitutes or
1265:
896:
885:
88:
1237:
364:
trades replaced the brothel "business" and sustained the community that by then had its own newspaper,
904:
826:
255:
130:
1242:
1086:
1078:
995:
912:
114:
1187:
1179:
1035:
763:
502:
283:
217:
1149:
990:
254:), the goddess of safe passage at sea. The temple has a wealth of valuable artefacts such as
194:
community was the largest. Its enclave was adjacent to European churches, army camps and the
125:
planning areas. It starts from its junction with Selegie Road and ends at its junction with
1116:
965:
444:
and was the first Singapore cinema to have air-conditioning. Alhambra Cinema was nicknamed
386:
170:
142:
258:
by famous personalities, rare bronze guard of honour, stone tablets and inscribed boards.
8:
1207:
352:
224:(coffeeshops) of Southeast Asia. Some turned into successful franchise business such as
1222:
295:
138:
1227:
985:
975:
970:
920:
812:
748:
378:
372:
279:
226:
199:
55:
1010:
465:
432:
187:
146:
44:
1275:
1005:
321:
208:
854:
313:
126:
77:
66:
1259:
1202:
1197:
960:
935:
195:
118:
402:
During the Japanese heyday in Middle Road, the area was synonymous with the
220:. It is generally acknowledged that the Hainanese brewed the best coffee in
1111:
1091:
1015:
980:
955:
487:
479:
233:
165:
151:
282:
in 1862 and who died here in 1867. His remains were later reburied at the
1217:
1212:
1192:
950:
930:
925:
769:
492:
333:
308:
776:. Singapore: Department of Geography, University of Malaya in Singapore.
137:
in 1836. The area around Middle Road was the original settlement of the
129:. Middle Road was already in existence in early Singapore, appearing in
1139:
1063:
1053:
1169:
1101:
1058:
1025:
216:. Later, this dish would be "re-exported" elsewhere in the region as
191:
102:
198:, and extended from the seashore along Beach Road westwards towards
1164:
1068:
368:(1908), a cemetery (1911), a school (1912) and a clubhouse (1917).
247:
141:
immigrant community, a community noted for its active role in the
1159:
1154:
1144:
1106:
1020:
945:
940:
356:
287:
419:, where customers would sit while they examine the merchandise.
1121:
1096:
1048:
1000:
790:. Singapore: Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations.
407:
347:
312:
The Hylam Street has been incorporated within a shopping mall,
263:
122:
1043:
428:
809:
Ah Ku and Karayuki-san: Prostitution in Singapore: 1870—1940
621:
Prof Lai, "Multi-ethnic Societies – Past and Present", p. 9.
1232:
802:
Pre-war Japanese community in Singapore: Picture and record
427:
Most of the Japanese community was repatriated to mainland
316:
as an air-conditioned "indoor" street. Taken in July 2007.
278:
The first Japanese resident who migrated to Singapore was
190:
dialect groups that occupied the area of Middle Road, the
797:. Singapore: Seng Yew Book Store and Shin Min News Daily.
646:
Prof Lai, "The Japanese Community and Enclave", pp. 7—8.
270:
when the nearby Japanese community took over its place.
781:
The Hainanese Commercial and Industrial Directory—Vol 2
546:
Prof Lai, "The Hainanese Community and Enclave", p. 6.
155:
and traditional shops run by the Japanese immigrants.
788:
History of the Chinese Clan Associations in Singapore
745:
Toponymics—A Study of Singapore Street Names (2nd Ed)
455:
823:
The Pre-Pacific War Japanese Community in Singapore
230:founded by another Hainanese, Loi Ah Koon in 1944.
181:
884:
273:
1257:
783:. Singapore: Hainanese Association of Singapore.
664:Prof Lai, "Built Forms in the Enclaves", p. 8-9.
612:Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan, "Kheng Chiu Tin Hou Kong".
390:
700:Prof Lai, "Built Forms in the Enclaves", p. 9.
870:
525:Prof Lai, "The Early Ethnic Landscape", p. 5.
774:The Malayan Journal of Tropical Geography, 1
877:
863:
673:Warren, "Brothels and Prostitutes", p. 41.
542:
540:
747:. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
743:Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2004).
772:(1953). "Racial groupings in Singapore"—
307:
241:The Hainanese Association of Singapore,
232:
825:. Unpublished M.A. Thesis submitted to
537:
145:. From the late 19th century until the
1258:
811:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
804:. Singapore: The Japanese Association.
642:
640:
638:
636:
581:
579:
143:food and beverage history of Singapore
858:
633:
576:
117:of Singapore, stretching along the
13:
14:
1287:
833:
438:
472:
458:
87:
807:Warren, James Francis. (1993).
737:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
624:
615:
606:
301:
182:Hainanese community and enclave
720:"Beach Road – Alhambra Cinema"
597:
588:
567:
558:
549:
528:
519:
274:Japanese community and enclave
1:
508:
691:Mikami, —, pp. 36—41, 82—95.
498:Japanese people in Singapore
158:
7:
760:Biblioasia (Vol 2, Issue 2)
573:Hodder, p. 34; Chan, p. 48.
451:
391:
10:
1292:
336:in a local newspaper, the
176:
38:Name transcription(s)
1271:Downtown Core (Singapore)
1178:
1130:
1077:
1034:
903:
893:
422:
382:
98:
86:
75:
64:
53:
42:
37:
30:
23:
845:Singapore Hainan Huiguan
827:Brigham Young University
513:
131:George Drumgoole Coleman
93:Middle Road in July 2007
1243:Western Water Catchment
1087:Central Water Catchment
328:dubbed Malay Street as
764:National Library Board
503:Japanese Cemetery Park
361:
317:
284:Japanese Cemetery Park
238:
218:Hainanese chicken rice
1150:North-Eastern Islands
722:. Singapore Infopedia
682:Mikami, —, pp. 22—23.
630:Mikami, —, pp. 14—21.
585:Chan, —, pp. 209—296.
431:after the end of the
342:
311:
236:
214:Swee Kee Chicken Rice
821:Grubler, G. (1972).
655:Mikami, —, pp. 26—27
243:Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan
886:Places in Singapore
800:Mikami, K. (1998).
795:Roots the series #3
793:Wong, C.S. (1992).
779:Chan, S.K. (1976).
594:Wong, —, pp. 51—60.
209:The Singapore Sling
1266:Roads in Singapore
840:Map of Middle Road
786:Tan, B.L. (1986).
709:Grubler, —, p.130.
338:Fukuoka Nichinichi
318:
296:Jinricksha Station
239:
1251:
1250:
916:
766:. ISSN 0219-8126.
534:Hodder, —, p. 35.
373:North Bridge Road
280:Yamamoto Otokichi
227:Ya Kun Kaya Toast
200:North Bridge Road
113:is a road in the
108:
107:
18:Road in Singapore
1283:
1011:Southern Islands
914:
879:
872:
865:
856:
855:
732:
731:
729:
727:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
653:
647:
644:
631:
628:
622:
619:
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
574:
571:
565:
562:
556:
553:
547:
544:
535:
532:
526:
523:
482:
477:
476:
475:
468:
466:Singapore portal
463:
462:
461:
433:Second World War
398:
397:
394:
384:
147:Second World War
135:Map of Singapore
91:
21:
20:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1238:Western Islands
1174:
1126:
1073:
1030:
1006:Singapore River
899:
889:
883:
836:
740:
735:
725:
723:
718:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
654:
650:
645:
634:
629:
625:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
598:
593:
589:
584:
577:
572:
568:
563:
559:
554:
550:
545:
538:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
478:
473:
471:
464:
459:
457:
454:
441:
425:
395:
376:
322:Singapore River
306:
276:
256:couplet scrolls
184:
179:
161:
94:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
909:
907:
901:
900:
897:planning areas
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
874:
867:
859:
853:
852:
842:
835:
834:External links
832:
831:
830:
819:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
767:
756:
739:
736:
734:
733:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
632:
623:
614:
605:
603:Chan, —, p. 9.
596:
587:
575:
566:
564:Tan, —, p. 29.
557:
555:Chan, —, p.48.
548:
536:
527:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
469:
453:
450:
440:
439:Past landmarks
437:
424:
421:
314:Bugis Junction
305:
300:
275:
272:
183:
180:
178:
175:
160:
157:
127:Nicoll Highway
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
80:
73:
72:
69:
62:
61:
58:
51:
50:
47:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Choa Chu Kang
1201:
1199:
1198:Bukit Panjang
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Marine Parade
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Downtown Core
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
915:(City centre)
913:Central Area
911:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
892:
887:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
860:
857:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
828:
824:
820:
818:
817:0-19-588616-X
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:. Singapore:
761:
757:
754:
753:981-210-364-3
750:
746:
742:
741:
721:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
641:
639:
637:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
580:
570:
561:
552:
543:
541:
531:
522:
518:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
470:
467:
456:
449:
447:
436:
434:
430:
420:
418:
413:
409:
406:, a Japanese
405:
400:
393:
388:
380:
374:
369:
367:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
310:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
264:Hainan island
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
235:
231:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
203:
201:
197:
196:Raffles Hotel
193:
189:
174:
172:
168:
167:
156:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Downtown Core
116:
112:
104:
101:
97:
90:
85:
81:
79:
76: •
74:
70:
68:
65: •
63:
59:
57:
54: •
52:
48:
46:
43: •
41:
36:
29:
22:
16:
1253:
1112:Sungei Kadut
1092:Lim Chu Kang
1016:Straits View
996:River Valley
956:Marina South
848:
822:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
770:Hodder, B.W.
759:
744:
738:Bibliography
724:. Retrieved
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
569:
560:
551:
530:
521:
488:Jackson Plan
480:Japan portal
445:
442:
426:
416:
411:
403:
401:
370:
366:Nanyo Shimpo
365:
362:
359:in Kyūshū...
346:
343:
337:
329:
326:Karayuki-san
325:
319:
303:Karayuki-san
302:
291:
277:
268:Japan Street
267:
260:
251:
242:
240:
225:
221:
213:
207:
204:
185:
166:Jackson Plan
164:
162:
152:Karayuki-san
150:
134:
115:Central Area
110:
109:
71:Jalan Tengah
15:
1218:Jurong West
1213:Jurong East
1193:Bukit Batok
951:Marina East
931:Bukit Timah
926:Bukit Merah
493:Sungei Road
292:Jinrickshaw
111:Middle Road
82:மிடில் ரோடு
25:Middle Road
1260:Categories
1140:Ang Mo Kio
1132:North-East
1064:Paya Lebar
1054:Changi Bay
991:Queenstown
895:Listed by
509:References
410:shop. The
1170:Serangoon
1117:Woodlands
1102:Sembawang
1059:Pasir Ris
1026:Toa Payoh
888:by region
392:Chuo-Dori
353:Shimabara
330:Suteretsu
222:kopitiams
192:Hainanese
159:Etymology
139:Hainanese
103:Singapore
1208:Clementi
1188:Boon Lay
1165:Sengkang
1069:Tampines
452:See also
412:Echigoya
404:Echigoya
379:Japanese
248:Tian Hou
56:Japanese
1223:Pioneer
1160:Seletar
1155:Punggol
1145:Hougang
1107:Simpang
1021:Tanglin
981:Orchard
946:Kallang
941:Geylang
905:Central
849:Chinese
726:18 July
446:Hai Kee
417:Koagari
387:Hepburn
357:Amakusa
288:Hougang
252:Ma Chor
188:Chinese
186:Of the
177:History
171:Chinese
99:Country
45:Chinese
1276:Rochor
1228:Tengah
1122:Yishun
1097:Mandai
1049:Changi
1001:Rochor
986:Outram
976:Novena
971:Newton
966:Museum
921:Bishan
815:
751:
423:Demise
408:draper
348:yukata
334:Kyūshū
123:Rochor
1079:North
1044:Bedok
514:Notes
429:Japan
78:Tamil
67:Malay
1233:Tuas
1180:West
1036:East
847:(in
813:ISBN
749:ISBN
728:2007
383:中央通り
355:and
250:(or
121:and
60:中央通り
32:Road
286:in
133:'s
49:密驼路
1262::
635:^
578:^
539:^
399:.
389::
385:,
381::
340::
878:e
871:t
864:v
851:)
829:.
755:.
730:.
396:)
377:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
