Middle kingdoms of India

117: 8052: 3877: 7707: 6699: 7052: 3552: 3468: 2874: 2738: 2892: 5046: 7454: 8555:"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p.83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p.377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea." 5799: 4503: 9927:"According to him (D C Sircar) Narayanavarma, the father of Bhutivarman, was the first Kamarupa king to perform horse-sacrifices and thus for the first time since the days of Pusyavarman freedom from the Gupta political supremacy was declared by Narayanavarma. But a careful study or even a casual perusal of the seal attached to the Dubi C.P. and of the nalanda seals should show that it is Sri Mahendra, the father of Narayanavarma himself, who is described as the performer of two horse-sacrifices." ( 7465: 5446: 5350:. Much of the information about this dynasty comes from bardic legends of little historical value, and therefore, the reconstruction of their history is difficult. According to the bardic tradition, the dynasty's founder Anangapal Tuar (that is Anangapala I Tomara) founded Delhi in 736 CE. However, the authenticity of this claim is doubtful. The bardic legends also state that the last Tomara king (also named Anangapal) passed on the throne of Delhi to his maternal grandson 5247: 7572:, eulogised by contemporary Arab traveller Sulaiman as one among the four great emperors of the world, succeeded Govinda III to the throne and ruled during an important cultural period that produced landmark writings in Kannada and Sanskrit. The benevolent development of Jain religion was a hallmark of his rule. Because of his religious temperament, his interest in the arts and literature and his peace-loving nature, he has been compared to emperor 7502:). Although the origins of the early Rashtrakuta ruling families in central India and the Deccan in the 6th and 7th centuries is controversial, during the eighth through the 10th centuries they emphasised the importance of the Kannada language in conjunction with Sanskrit in their administration. Rashtrakuta inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit only. They encouraged literature in both languages and thus literature flowered under their rule. 8199: 7722:, changed the balance of power in favour of the Chalukyas. His fifty-year reign was an important period in Karnataka's history and is referred to as the "Chalukya Vikrama era". His victories over the Cholas in the late 11th and early 12th centuries put an end to the Chola influence in the Vengi region permanently. Some of the well known contemporaneous feudatory families of the Deccan under Chalukya control were the Hoysalas, the 3731: 4445: 7192: 5473: 7877: 6137: 53: 11410: 2950: 6795: 5897:

never encroached upon the domains of the Ganga Emperors for nearly a century. His military exploits still survive today as folklore in Odisha. This kingdom prospered through trade and commerce and the wealth was mostly used in the construction of temples. The rule of the dynasty came to end under the reign of King Bhanudeva IV (1414–1434 CE), in the early 15th century.

4970:, has wondered at slow progress of Muslim invaders in India compared to their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Now there can be little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of 5877:. It was built by King Narasimhadeva I (1238–1264 CE). During their reign (1078-1434 CE) a new style of temple architecture came into being, commonly called as Indo-Aryan architecture. This dynasty was founded by King Anantavarma Chodaganga Deva (1078–1147 CE). He was a religious person and a patron of art and literature. He is credited for having built the famous 8469: 4097:, also known as Hund, for its new capital. In ancient time, the title Shahi appears to be a quite popular royal title in Afghanistan and the northwestern areas of the Indian subcontinent. Variants were used much more priorly in the Near East, but as well later on by the Sakas, Kushans Hunas, Bactrians, by the rulers of Kapisa/Kabul and 8449: 8652:"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278. 7758:. His rule was cut short by his assassination in 1167 and the ensuing civil war caused by his sons fighting over the throne ended the dynasty as the last Chalukya scion regained control of Kalyani. This victory however, was short-lived as the Chalukyas were eventually driven out by the Seuna Yadavas. 6525:

and matrilineal succession—which survived well into the 19th century—cross-cousin marriage, and strong regional identity. Tribal chieftains emerged as "kings" just as people moved from pastoralism toward agriculture sustained by irrigation based on rivers by small-scale water tanks (as man-made ponds

8537:

It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a

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in a series of campaigns at the beginning of the common era. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam,

2926:

which continued to flourish under the patronage of both invaders and the Satavahanas and Guptas and provides a cultural bridge between the two cultures. Over time, the invaders became "Indianized" as they influenced society and philosophy across the Gangetic plains and were conversely influenced by

7738:

in the south. Vikramaditya VI is considered one of the most influential kings of Indian history. Important architectural works were created by these Chalukyas, especially in the Tungabhadra river valley, that served as a conceptual link between the building idioms of the early Badami Chalukyas and

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rulers from both northern and southern India but were perhaps one of the few empires to have successfully invaded and defeated their Muslim adversaries. The Eastern Ganga King Narasimha Deva I invaded the Muslim kingdom of Bengal and handed a heavy defeat to the Sultan. This ensured that Sultanate

6341:

Despite interregional conflicts, local autonomy was preserved to a far greater degree in the south where it had prevailed for centuries. The absence of a highly centralized government was associated with a corresponding local autonomy in the administration of villages and districts. Extensive and

7142:(three line) metre is considered the earliest available record in Kannada poetics. The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind. More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to them, built between 450 and 700, have survived in the 6761:

and Chutus were not natives of the region and the nucleus of power resided outside present day Karnataka. The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use Kannada, the language of the soil at an administrative level. In the history of Karnataka, this era serves as a broad based historical

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During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek, Hindu and Buddhist religious practices, as seen in the archaeological remains of their cities and in the indications of their support of

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by Kamban in the 12th century. A nationwide cultural synthesis had taken place with a minimum of common characteristics in the various regions of South Asia, but the process of cultural infusion and assimilation would continue to shape and influence India's history through the centuries.

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of northern India cultivated marital relationships with his family, giving a fair indication of the sovereign nature of their kingdom. Tiring of the endless battles and bloodshed, one of the later descendants, King Shivakoti adopted Jainism. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the

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are the best examples of Pandyan Temple architecture. The Pandyas excelled in both trade as well as literature and they controlled the pearl fisheries along the South Indian coast, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world.

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Though territorially a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to polity, culture and literature of the modern south Karnataka region is considered important. The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage towards

9104:

The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45-46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan - Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud

3083:. The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 CE following the invasions of the Indo-Scythians, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the Indo-Parthians and 4609:

who made advances in a variety of academic fields. Science and political administration advanced during the Gupta era. Trade ties made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in

6234:. Kingdom was established around the confluence of the Brahmaputra river with the Meghna and Surma rivers in today's Central Bangladesh area. The capital was called Khorongma and was along the Meghna river in the Sylhet Division of present-day Bangladesh. 3651:

basin, conquering a number of kingdoms across the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the process. The Kushans conquered the central section of the main Silk Road and, therefore, had control of the overland trade between India, and

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Quote:"Of the city of Kalyana, situated in the north of Karnataka nothing is left, but a fabulous revival in temple building during the 11th century in central Karnataka testifies to the wealth during Kalyan Chalukya rule"(Foekema (1996),

10932:

Vishnuvardhana made many military conquests later to be further expanded by his successors into one of the most powerful empires of South India—William Coelho. He was the true maker of the Hoysala kingdom—B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001),

8639:"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", 7070:

in present-day Odisha. A Chalukya viceroyalty was set up in Gujarat and Vengi (coastal Andhra) and princes from the Badami family were dispatched to rule them. Having subdued the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, he accepted tributes from the

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region in Karnataka, were at first a feudatory of the Kadambas. They encouraged the use of Kannada in addition to the Sanskrit language in their administration. In the middle of the 6th century the Chalukyas came into their own when

4900:

as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion". Siladitya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I. Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included

7926:, Malwa and western Deccan. Their capital was Mahismati situated in the Narmada river valley. There were three prominent members; Krishnaraja, Shankaragana and Buddharaja. They distributed coins and epigraphs around this area. 7123:, the Pallava capital and occupied it on three occasions, the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II. He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a 3621:, and his successors under the Kushans, the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara. Although they called themselves "Satraps" on their coins, leading to their modern designation of "Western Satraps", Ptolemy's 9907:"Three thousand years after these mythical ancestors (Naraka, Bhagadatta and Vajradatta) there occurred Pushyavarman as the first historical king, after whom we have an uninterrupted line of rulers up to Bhaskarvarman." ( 11397:

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (Bombay, Inde), Majumdar, R. C., Pusalker, A. D., & Majumdar, A. K. (1988). The history and culture of the Indian people: 3. (History and culture of the Indian people.) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya

9114:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan -

4994:

were a Hindu clan who rose to power across a region stretching from the Gangetic plains to the Afghan mountains, and refer to the various dynasties of the many kingdoms in the region in the wake of the collapse of the

3428:

does not distinguish between the Pahlavas and Pallavas. The Pahlavas are said to be same as the Parasikas, a Saka group. According to P. Carnegy, the Pahlava are probably those people who spoke Paluvi or Pehlvi, the

3609:. They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushan Empire, which ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and were possibly their overlords, and the Satavahana dynasty of 6510:(in the south). They were involved in internecine warfare seeking regional supremacy. They are mentioned in Greek and Ashokan sources as important Indian kingdoms beyond the Mauryan Empire. A corpus of ancient 4157:

were gaining ground. Eventually weakened both by contention with the northwestern invaders and internal strife they broke up and gave rise to several nations around Deccan and central India regions even as the

8700:

See: Notes on the Races, Tribes, and Castes inhabiting the Province of Oudh, Lucknow, Oudh Government Press 1868, p 4; The Geographical Data in Early Puranas, a Critical Studies, 1972, p 135, Dr M. R. Singh;

7361:

over the control of the strategic Vengi country. The five centuries of the Eastern Chalukya rule of Vengi saw not only the consolidation of this region into a unified whole, but also saw the efflorescence of

8067:

in the 11th century as a feudatory of the Chalukyas (in the south Karnataka region). In the early 12th century they successfully fought the Cholas in the south, convincingly defeating them in the battle of

4958:

and brought political unity and its attendant blessings upon a large part of Northern India. But its chief credit lies in its successful resistance to the foreign invasions from the west, from the days of

8023:(Chedi) ruled in central India with its base at the ancient city of Tripuri (Tewar); it originated in the 8th century, expanded significantly in the 11th century, and declined in the 12th–13th centuries. 9865:

Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma - 2005,"Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ... - Volume 3", Page 248, Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms.

4121:) in imitation of Achaemenid practice. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras—the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870 CE. 4880:, who had established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat approximately in the last quarter of the 5th century. The first two Maitraka rulers Bhatarka and Dharasena I used only the title of 3328:

around 20 BCE. The kingdom lasted only briefly until its conquest by the Kushan Empire in the late 1st century CE and was a loose framework where many smaller dynasts maintained their independence.

7611:

in the east to Broach (Bharuch) in the west. While the Rashtrakutas built many fine monuments in the Deccan, the most extensive and sumptuous of their work is the monolithic Kailasanatha temple at

6369:. The religions vied with each other for royal favor, expressed in land grants but more importantly in the creation of monumental temples, which remain architectural wonders. The cave temples of 7615:, the temple being a splendid achievement. In Karnataka their most famous temples are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal. All of the monuments are designated 6268:

Third, because of the seesawing of numerous dynasties that had a remarkable ability to survive perennial military attacks, regional kingdoms faced frequent defeats but seldom total annihilation.

4892:

along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of

5097:). Chauhans adopted a political policy that saw them indulge largely in campaigns against the Chalukyas and the invading Muslim hordes. In the 11th century, they founded the city of Ajayameru ( 3079:

Buddhism, pointing to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of

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in 345 which at times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. One of his successors,

4725:

as the rulers of Magadha and Malwa however, there is no evidence to connect the two dynasties and the Later Guptas may have adopted the -gupta suffix to link themselves the Imperial Guptas.

6648:

Little of their origins or the time during which they ruled is known beyond that they ruled over the entirety of the southern tip of India during the 3rd to the 6th century, overcoming the

6599:, dated between 300 BCE and 600 CE mentions the exploits of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them. Cherans, who spoke Malayalam language ruled from the capitals of 6557:), was the center of intellectual and literary activity. Poets and bards assembled there under royal patronage at successive concourses to composed anthologies of poems and expositions on 7127:

inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple. He later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country, the Pandyas, Cholas and Keralas in addition to subduing a

4974:, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the "chief contribution of the Gurjara Pratiharas to the history of India". 9323: 7754:) during the reign of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI. Seizing an opportune moment in the waning power of the Chalukyas, Bijjala II declared independence in 1157 and annexed their capital 6903:. In the late 10th century, north of Tungabhadra river, the Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola Dynasty saw renewed power south of the 3047:. His son, Demetrius, founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, was therefore of Greek descent from his father at minimum. A marriage treaty was arranged for Demetrius with a daughter of 2919:, both successor states to the Maurya Empire, attempt to contain the expansions of the successive before eventually crumbling internally due to the pressure exerted by these wars. 7739:

the later Hoysalas. With the weakening of the Chalukyas in the decades following the death of Vikramaditya VI in 1126, the feudatories of the Chalukyas gained their independence.

6315:

heralded a new era in the history of South India. The idiom of a Pan-Indian empire had moved to south. South Indian kingdoms had hitherto ruled areas only up to and south of the

9980:

Jayasimha and Ranaraga, ancestors of Pulakeshin I, were administrative officers in the Badami province under the Kadambas (Fleet in Kanarese Dynasties, p343), (Moraes 1931, p51)

7016:

inscription of Pulakeshin II, written in classical Sanskrit language and old Kannada script dated 634, proclaims his victories against the Kingdoms of Kadambas, Western Gangas,

7659:

is still debated. Whatever the Western Chalukya origins, Kannada remained their language of administration and the Kannada and Sanskrit literature of their time was prolific.

7173:

cave no. 1, "The Temptation of the Buddha" and "The Persian Embassy" are also credited to them. Further, they influenced the architecture in far off places like Gujarat and

7087:

of the Kerala region. Pulakeshin II thus became the master of India, south of the Narmada River. Pulakeshin II is widely regarded as one of the great kings in Indian history.

5281:

trade, and Anhilwara was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. The Chaulukyas were patrons of the great seaside temple of

10286:

The Badami Chalukya introduced in the western Deccan a glorious chapter alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace (K.V. Sounderrajan in Kamath 2001, p68

8714:

The Geographical Data in Early Puranas, a Critical Studies, 1972, p 135, M. R. Singh; Sacred Books of the East, XXV, Intr. p cxv; Rapson, Coins of Ancient India, p 37, n.2.

7225:. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century. It has been widely accepted by scholars that they were originally executive officers under the 7746:

of Karnataka, whose ancestors were immigrants into the southern deccan from central India, had ruled as a feudatory from Mangalavada (modern Mangalavedhe in Maharashtra).

3246:

as well as nearby countries. In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just one chapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with Chinese

2099: 8123:, the most effective of the Hoysala rulers, defeated the aggressive Pandya when they invaded the Chola kingdom and assumed the titles "Establisher of the Chola Kingdom" ( 6753:. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, they ruled large parts of Karnataka. During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled Karnataka, the 7915:. They are disparately placed in time and space. Apart from the dynastic name and perhaps a belief in common ancestry, there is little in known sources to connect them. 7322:

empire. The Vengi kingdom was continued to be ruled by Eastern Chalukyan kings under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 CE, when the kingdom succumbed to the

6350:. Trade facilitated cultural diffusion in Southeast Asia, where local elites selectively but willingly adopted Indian art, architecture, literature, and social customs. 7603:(912) called them the "greatest kings of India" and there were many other contemporaneous books written in their praise. The Rashtrakuta empire at its peak spread from 6895:. After a century of struggle for autonomy, the Western Gangas finally accepted Rashtrakuta overlordship and successfully fought alongside them against their foes, the 4586:, was invented in India during this period. The peace and prosperity created under Guptas leadership enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India. 6254:

was the dominant theme of political and dynastic history of the Indian subcontinent. Three features commonly characterize the sociopolitical realities of this period.

7974:

gradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was a short and turbulent and yet very important from the socio-religious movement point of view; a new sect called the

6242:

In the first half of the millennium the South saw various small kingdoms rise and fall mostly independent to the turmoil in the Gangetic plains and the spread of the

4232:. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade and the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Gangetic plains to the southern tip of India. 4220:

but declared independence with its decline. They were the first Indic rulers to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed and are known for their patronage of

63: 3227:

or Moga who established Saka power in Gandhara and gradually extended supremacy over north-western India. Indo-Scythian rule in India ended with the last of the

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in what is now northern Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan; during the 1st century CE, they expanded their territory to include the Punjab and much of the

10625: 5166:

originated as tributaries of the preceding powers of the region. Some scholars point out that it was only following the downfall, in the 8th-10th century, of

4089:

in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565 CE-670 CE, when the capitals were located in

7647:, also known as the Kalyani Chalukyas or 'Later' Chalukyas rose to power by overthrowing the Rashtrakutas under whom they had been serving as feudatories. 5647:

The death of Devapala ended the period of ascendancy of the Pala Empire and several independent dynasties and kingdoms emerged during this time. However,

5628:

in the south. According to Pala copperplate inscription Devapala exterminated the Utkalas, conquered the Pragjyotisha (Assam), shattered the pride of the

4954:

by many historians of repute but without any real justification, for the Pratihara empire was probably larger, certainly not less in extent rivalled the

4376:

but his importance is neglected in many accounts of Indian history. The main source of information about Khārabeḷa is his famous seventeen line rock-cut

2721:

is estimated to have been the largest in the world, having between one-third and one-quarter of the world's wealth. This period was followed by the late

7891:

Kalachuri is the name used by two kingdoms who had a succession of dynasties from the 10th-12th centuries, one ruling over areas in Central India (west

6840:. The general belief is the Western Gangas began their rule during a time when multiple native clans asserted their freedom due to the weakening of the 6459:; they often borrowed themes and vocabulary from Sanskrit but preserved much local cultural lore. Examples of Tamil literature include two major poems, 11466: 9898:, Page 143 While Pushyavarman was the contemporary of the Gupta Emperor Samudra Gupta, Bhaskaravarman was the contemporary of Harshavardhana of Kanauj. 7703:

regions. For approximately 100 years, beginning in the early 11th century, the Cholas occupied large areas of South Karnataka region (Gangavadi).

8779:, in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushanas. Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc..." Rapson, p ciii 5935: 7824:. Around the middle of the 12th century, they declared independence and established rule that reached its peak under Singhana II. The foundations of 7634: 2009: 11292: 8968: 8750: 8508: 8107:

architecture stemming from the Chalukyas, culminating in the Hoysala architectural articulation and style as exemplified in the construction of the

2903:

became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. The whole northwest attracted a series of invaders between 200 BCE and 300 CE. The

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grammar. By the end of the 1st century BCE, South Asia was crisscrossed by overland trade routes, which facilitated the movements of Buddhist and

4021:

was established around 625 CE. During the eighth century they consolidated their rule over Kashmir. The most illustrious ruler of the dynasty was

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Kamboja (Cambodia), Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha,

2133: 2039: 4749:

at the beginning of the 9th century and transferred their capital to Kannuaj and founded an empire which at its peak was bounded on the east by

74: 12509: 4008: 3559: 2881: 12440: 6265:

Second was the ascendancy of the Brahman priestly and landowning groups that later dominated regional institutions and political developments.

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The high points of this cultural creativity is seen in Gupta architecture, sculpture and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as

9297: 2049: 9319: 6762:

starting point in the study of the development of region as an enduring geo-political entity and Kannada as an important regional language.

6133:. According to historical records, there were ten rulers in this dynasty. The Mlechchha dynasty in Kamarupa was followed by the Pala kings. 4645:(ca. 376–415) —brought much of India under their leadership. They successfully resisted the North-Western Kingdoms until the arrival of the 6125:

succeeded the Varman dynasty and ruled to the end of the 10th century. They ruled from their capital in the vicinity of the Harrupeshwara (

9674: 8595: 8569: 9232: 7444: 7440: 8139:

a provincial capital. This gave them control over South Indian politics that began a period of Hoysala hegemony in the southern Deccan.

10823:

in his Sanskrit work wrote "Rama Rajya" regarding his rule, poet Vijnaneshwara called him "A king like none other" (Kamath 2001, p106)

9188: 7584:

followed Indra III to the throne in 939. A patron of Kannada literature and a powerful warrior, his reign marked the submission of the

7564:. The Sanjan inscription states the horses of Govinda III drank the icy water of the Himalayan stream and his war elephants tasted the 7146:

basin in Karnataka. The constructions are centred in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland. The structural temples at

4947: 9579: 9375: 9162: 4547: 9849: 9145: 4539: 35: 5651:

I rejuvenated the reign of the Palas. He recovered control over all of Bengal and expanded the empire. He survived the invasions of

3625:

still called them "Indo-Scythians". Altogether, there were 27 independent Western Satrap rulers during a period of about 350 years.

12504: 5458:

Pratihars ruled from Mandore, near present-day Jodhpur, they held the title of Rana before being defeated by Guhilots of Chittore.

3613:

who ruled in Central India. They are called "Western" in contrast to the "Northern" Indo-Scythian satraps who ruled in the area of

17: 7066:(lord of the south). Pulakeshin II continued his conquests in the east where he conquered all kingdoms in his way and reached the 3467: 11707: 11665: 8337: 4535: 3003:

The expression "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities. There were numerous cities, such as

2650: 10593: 9608: 8135:). The Hoysalas extended their foothold in areas known today as Tamil Nadu around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near 7318:

and their dynasty lasted for around 500 years from the 7th century until c. 1130 CE when the Vengi kingdom merged with the

5144:, assisted him. The Chauhan kingdom collapsed after Prithviraj and his armies faced defeat from Mohammed of Ghor in 1192 at the 2563: 11459: 10701: 10412:

Chopra (2003), p87, part1; Literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flowered during the Rashtrakuta rule (Kamath 2001, p73, pp 88–89)

10034:

In this composition, the poet deems himself an equal to Sanskrit scholars of lore like Bharavi and Kalidasa (Sastri 1955, p312

11388: 11310: 11264: 11202: 11178: 10224: 9934: 9914: 9881: 9782: 9563: 9418: 9277: 9033: 9014: 8995: 8935: 8908: 8881: 8854: 8375: 4170:

and rebirth of empire as decentralized local administrative model and the spread of Indian culture until collapse under the

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region in central India. This dynasty was founded by Upendra in c. 800 CE. The most significant ruler of this dynasty was

5061:

flourished from the 8th to 12th centuries CE. It was one of the three main Rajput dynasties of that era, the others being

2737: 2454: 2366: 10372:

The Samangadh copper plate grant (753) confirms that feudatory Dantidurga defeated the Chalukyas and humbled their great

8229:. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km (1,389,968 sq mi). Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular 4229: 2126: 1859: 9998:

Quote:"They belonged to the Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada" (Sen 1999, p360); Kamath (2001), p58,

4633:, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers - 10633: 8158:

in 1343. This resulted in the merger of the sovereign territories of the Hoysala empire with the areas administered by

7699:

region despite suffering some defeats while maintaining control over his feudatories in the Konkan, Gujarat, Malwa and

7401: 7388:

was in the deep south away from the coast. They had extensive trade links with the Southeast Asian maritime empires of

5849:

from the 11th century to the early 15th century. Their capital was known by the name Kalinganagar, which is the modern

4194:

arose forming a formidable nation marking the migration of the centers of cultural and military power long held in the

31: 10841:

Sastri (1955), pp 427–428; Quote:"Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition" (Kamath 2001, p115)

9462:

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker; A. K. Majumdar; Dilip Kumar Ghose; Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1977).

7494:

trounced the great Chalukyan "Karnatabala" (power of Karnata). Having overthrown the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas made

5663:, the last great ruler of the dynasty, managed to retrieve the position of the dynasty to some extent. He crushed the 2540: 2449: 11452: 11367: 11346: 11154: 10261: 9498: 9213:

Shashi Kant (2000): The Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela and the Bhabru Edict of Ashoka, D K Printworld Pvt. Ltd.

8463: 8166:, located in the Tungabhadra region in present-day Karnataka. The new kingdom thrived for another two centuries with 8088:). With the waning of the Western Chalukya power, the Hoysalas declared their independence in the late 12th century. 7580:

in the 10th century enhanced the Rashtrakuta position as an imperial power as they conquered and held Kannauj again.

5892:(1238–1264 CE). The rulers of Eastern Ganga dynasty not only defended their kingdom from the constant attacks of the 5101:) in the southern part of their kingdom, and in the 12th century, the Chauhans captured Dhilika (the ancient name of 3764:, thereby causing the collapse of the Gupta Empire. They were eventually defeated by the Sasanian Empire allied with 336: 92: 325: 9222:

A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume edited by K. K. Kusuman, Page no 153

8051: 8038: 7675:

of Central India to the Rashtrakutas capital in 973. This era produced prolonged warfare with the Chola dynasty of

7366:

culture, literature, poetry and art during the later half of their rule. It can be said to be the golden period of

3610: 9452:, Vincent A. Smith, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Jan., 1909), pp. 53-75 9349: 7478:

In the middle of the 8th century the Chalukya rule was ended by their feudatory, the Rashtrakuta family rulers of

9623: 8619: 7505:

The Rashtrakutas quickly became the most powerful Deccan empire, making their initial successful forays into the

6907:. The defeat of the Western Gangas by Cholas around 1000 resulted in the end of Ganga influence over the region. 6096: 5608:, successor of Dharmapala, expanded the empire to cover much of South Asia and beyond. His empire stretched from 4839:

as Viceroy to rule over the conquered lands. Eventually Vishnuvardhana declared his independence and started the

11114: 10079:

Some of these kingdoms may have submitted out of fear of Harshavardhana of Kannauj (Majumdar in Kamat 2001, p59)

6879:, the Gangas accepted Chalukya overlordship and fought for the cause of their overlords against the Pallavas of 3700:, saw them exert their influence into the Indus region and conquer lands from the Kushan Empire, setting up the 12304: 11657: 11303:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

9259: 8962: 8744: 8502: 8401: 5355: 4381: 3605: 2604: 2357: 2119: 368: 126: 9461: 6579:

From early pre-historic times, Kerala and Tamil Nadu were the homes of the four Tamil-Malayalam states of the

6103:

and threw off the imperial yoke. The first of the three Kamarupa dynasties, the Varmans were followed by the

5674:

The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal. Palas were responsible for the introduction of

5085:, and at Bundi and Kota in the east. Inscriptions also associate them with Sambhar, the salt lake area in the 8042: 7711: 7638: 6518:(academy) works, provides much useful information about life in these kingdoms in the era 300 BCE to 200 CE. 2683:, from 230 BCE. The "middle" period lasted for almost 1436 years and ended in 1206 CE, with the rise of the 1944: 9398: 6353:

The interdynastic rivalry and seasonal raids into each other's territory notwithstanding, the rulers in the

5724:

In 1097 AD, the Karnat dynasty of Mithila emerged on the Bihar/Nepal border area and maintained capitals in

2927:

it. This period is marked by both intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and

2549: 12160: 11774: 11597: 10343:'Advanced History of India', K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1970)p. 181-182, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 7700: 6958: 5826: 5354:. This claim is also inaccurate: historical evidence shows that Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father 4946:

which continued in full glory for nearly a century, was the last great empire in Northern India before the

4278: 4048: 2238: 453: 8846:

The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys

5027:

lineage; with recent research suggests that Katoch may be one of the oldest royal dynasties in the world.

2521: 2516: 11419: 11289: 8952: 8734: 8492: 8250: 8108: 7730:

and the Southern Kalachuri. At their peak, the Western Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the

7664: 7616: 7468: 7051: 5729: 4699:. This unity did not last long beyond his reign and his empire fractured soon after his death in 647 AD. 3262:

and India as well as far off Rome in the west. The Scythian groups that invaded India and set up various

2643: 2402: 2054: 1924: 12279: 11434: 11050:

The most outstanding of the Hoysala kings according to Barrett and William Coelho in Kamath (2001), p126

7048:(joyful disposition) on seeing a large number of his war elephants die in battle against Pulakeshin II. 5543:. This event is recognized as one of the first democratic elections in South Asia since the time of the 4931:

from the 6th to the 11th centuries. At its peak of prosperity and power (c. 836–910 CE), it rivaled the

9528: 8297: 7270: 4481: 2204: 2104: 39: 9512: 8416: 7245:

that the Pallavas emerged into prominence. They subjugated the Cholas and reigned as far south as the

6935:

of 978 CE, is an important work in Kannada prose. Many classics were written on subjects ranging from

6196:

was another notable sovereign of this line. Records of his land-grants have been found at Bargaon and

5089:(later Jaipur) district (the Sakhambari branch remained near lake Sambhar and married into the ruling 4649:

who established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century, with their capital at

11579: 11425: 7723: 7534: 7162: 6974: 5927: 5637: 5298: 5090: 5062: 5040: 4247:

to establish their rule. Later they had to contend in protecting their domain from the incursions of

3956: 3704:

around 240 CE. They were to maintain their influence in the region until they were overthrown by the

2718: 2074: 2034: 2024: 1499: 1093: 442: 314: 8150:

began. After over two decades of waging war against a foreign power, the Hoysala ruler at the time,

7695:, a brave Chalukyan king, successfully curtailed the growth of the Chola Empire to the south of the 6439:

was the language of learning and theology in South India, as it was in the north, the growth of the

12242: 11980: 11896: 11740: 11693: 11603: 9529:"Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty definition of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty in the Free Online Encyclopedia" 8702: 7919: 7743: 5744:

being produced in the 14th century by Jyotirishwar Thakur. The Karnats also carried out raids into

5547:. He reigned from 750 to 770 CE and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of 4094: 3044: 1959: 873: 9293: 7946:. This dynasty rose to power in the Deccan between 1156 and 1181 CE. They traced their origins to 7706: 6802:

as Gommateshvara built by the Western Ganga is one of the largest monolithic statues in the world.

2535: 2530: 2347: 70: 67:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

12442:

Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

12300: 10385:

A capital which could put to shame even the capital of gods-From Karda plates (Altekar 1934, p47)

7817: 7644: 7628: 6323:

who first forged north to the Gangetic plains and successfully contested their might against the

6176:(900-920 CE), was founder Pala dynasty (900–1100 CE) of Kamarupa. Dynasty ruled from its capital 6152: 6141: 6108: 5878: 5793: 5605: 5597: 5145: 4623: 4619: 4377: 4358: 4272: 3532: 3048: 2823: 2761: 2412: 2064: 2029: 1864: 1644: 1193: 745: 674: 9678: 8591: 8565: 7970:

king Taila III. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshwara and Sangama but after 1181 CE, the

7796:) (c. 850–1334 CE) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the 6698: 6521:

Tamil social order was based on different ecoregions. Segments of society were characterized by

6029:, that existed from 350 to 1140 CE. Ruled by three dynasties from their capitals in present-day 5966:

and fled to eastern Bengal where he ruled few more years. The Sena dynasty brought a revival of

3059:(80 BCE) may have been of Indo-Scythian descent. Intermarriage also occurred, as exemplified by 12499: 8829: 8274: 7436: 7405: 7335: 7258: 6786:

and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy.

6251: 5558:

lasted for four centuries (750-1120 CE) and ushered in a period of stability and prosperity in

5137: 4393: 3883: 3287: 2989: 2981: 2958: 2636: 2394: 2328: 2150: 1979: 1954: 1904: 1844: 1429: 1365: 1163: 379: 254: 11378: 11357: 11256: 9236: 9070:

Shahi Family. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 October 2006

8925: 8365: 12062: 11946: 11917: 11817: 9797: 8898: 8871: 8844: 8391: 8281: 8273:, the king of the Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it 8019: 7930: 7676: 7655:). Whether the kings of this empire belonged to the same family line as their namesakes, the 6833: 6779: 6673: 6619: 6493: 6444: 5783: 5523:

and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs. The Palas were followers of the

4468:

they formed the southern boundaries of the north and ruled over today's modern-day states of

4022: 3321: 3315: 3113:" and meaning "Western foreigner", were described as living beyond Gandhara. Yavanas, Sakas, 2226: 2014: 1984: 1849: 1804: 1634: 1273: 1263: 1233: 965: 945: 806: 175: 137: 11336: 9371: 9192: 8115:

at Halebidu. Both these temples were built in commemoration of the victories of the Hoysala

6923:. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in Kannada and 5888:

King Anantavarman Chodagangadeva was succeeded by a long line of illustrious rulers such as

4721:

from the 6th and 8th centuries CE. The Later Guptas emerged after the disintegration of the

2511: 11225: 10780:

Sastri (1955), p164, p174; The Cholas occupied Gangavadi from 1004–1114 (Kamath 2001, p118)

10454: 9846: 9166: 8293: 8142:

In the early 13th century, with the Hoysala power remaining unchallenged, the first of the

8046: 5593: 5575: 4836: 4713:

The Later Gupta dynasty, also known as the Later Guptas of Magadha, were the rulers of the

4419: 3056: 2501: 2431: 2352: 2338: 2214: 2210: 2094: 1949: 1934: 1879: 1520: 10421:

Even royalty of the empire took part in poetic and literary activities (Thapar 2003, p334)

9587: 9142: 8451:

The World Economy – Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics

7330:. They had their capital originally at Vengi now (Pedavegi, Chinavegi and Denduluru) near 8: 12325: 12263: 11715: 11510: 8322: 8163: 8112: 7550: 7542: 7499: 7154: 7055: 6966: 6940: 6884: 6448: 5971: 5866: 5814: 5749: 5601: 5586: 5571: 5540: 5498: 5409: 5397: 5050: 4870: 4758: 4708: 4629:

The Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized

4531: 4523: 4484:), built under the patronage of the Vakataka rulers. They were eventually overrun by the 4373: 4195: 4163: 4150: 3675: 3572: 3060: 3025: 2668: 2496: 2380: 2313: 1874: 1602: 1449: 1143: 1123: 535: 483: 11222:, Reprinted by B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, India, 1985, first published in 1928. 10088:

The rulers of Kosala were the Panduvamshis of South Kosala (Sircar in Kamath 2001, pp59)

4938:

Pointing out the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara empire in the history of India Dr.

4317:

The Kharavelan state had a formidable maritime empire with trading routes linking it to

3551: 2895:

Ptolemy's 10th map of asia, depicting India within the Ganges, 15th century reproduction

2873: 34:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

12074: 11901: 11845: 11801: 10016:

7th century Chalukya inscriptions call Kannada the natural language (Thapar 2003, p345)

9829: 8870:

Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).

8822: 8301: 7518: 7430: 7413: 7353:). Throughout their history they were the cause of many wars between the more powerful 7262: 7008:

for the first time and successfully defied Harshavardhana, the King of Northern India (

6852:. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruling from 6622:

kingdoms between the 4th and the 7th centuries. This is referred to as the Dark Age in

6042: 5719: 5532: 5439: 5375: 5366:

had captured Dhillika (Delhi) and Ashika (Hansi); he probably defeated a Tomara ruler.

5351: 5250: 4827:. The Vishnukundin reign came to an end with the conquest of the eastern Deccan by the 4559: 4207: 4044: 3749: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3080: 3068: 2974: 2966: 2954: 2944: 2912: 2692: 2676: 2554: 2426: 2257: 2079: 1939: 1919: 1564: 1173: 1083: 853: 843: 776: 725: 431: 347: 10220: 7667:), re-established the Chalukya rule by defeating the Rashtrakutas during the reign of 6565:

missionaries and other travelers and opened the area to a synthesis of many cultures.

5562:. They created many temples and works of art as well as supported the Universities of 3242:, often referred to as the "Indo-Scythian invasion", played a significant part in the 12313: 12309: 12267: 12256: 12234: 12202: 12188: 11873: 11384: 11380:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

11363: 11342: 11306: 11260: 11249: 11198: 11174: 11150: 10589: 10240: 9559: 9494: 9414: 9410: 8958: 8931: 8904: 8877: 8850: 8740: 8498: 8459: 8397: 8371: 8327: 8151: 7821: 7696: 7483: 7358: 7298: 7222: 7108: 6596: 6515: 6115: 6104: 5862: 5802: 5789: 5737: 5675: 5536: 5427: 5241: 4914: 4571: 4551: 4415: 4409: 3894: 3484: 3430: 3145:

s. This name was used to indicate their cultural differences with the culture of the

3030: 2417: 2371: 2089: 2059: 1969: 1964: 1909: 1854: 1684: 1574: 1553: 1509: 1479: 1183: 1113: 1103: 1073: 555: 517: 397: 149: 10697: 6272:

Peninsular India was involved in an 8th-century tripartite power struggle among the

5604:. This triggered once again the power struggle for the control of the subcontinent. 4063:. According to historians, Kalhana highly exaggerated the conquests of Lalitaditya. 27:

Political entities in the Indian subcontinent from 3rd century BCE - 13th century CE

12198: 12183: 12179: 12132: 12128: 12088: 12054: 12050: 11869: 11099: 9406: 8543: 8332: 8317: 8120: 8091:

During this period of Hoysala control, distinctive Kannada literary metres such as

8064: 8056: 7847: 7841: 7789: 7785: 7727: 7672: 7656: 7585: 7392:

and their successors. As well as contacts, even diplomatic, reaching as far as the

7215: 6936: 6916: 6872: 6817: 6714: 6511: 6452: 6370: 6008: 5641: 5509: 5506: 5339: 5294: 5213: 5191: 5133: 5086: 5066: 4967: 4840: 4790: 4786: 4684: 4666: 4563: 3938: 3929: 3819: 3667: 3661: 3449:, demonstrating an awareness of these Saka-Parthians, probably by way of commerce. 3243: 2988:

early in the 2nd century BCE. The Greeks in India were eventually divided from the

2582: 2243: 2084: 2019: 1989: 1974: 1929: 1914: 1899: 1869: 1764: 1459: 1243: 1153: 1032: 1022: 975: 904: 883: 473: 463: 302: 237: 9274: 9133:

Agrawal, Sadananda (2000): Śrī Khāravela, Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack, Odisha

6300:

kingdoms were enemies, the real struggle for political domination was between the

12436: 12317: 12275: 12271: 12238: 12210: 12206: 12152: 12058: 11990: 11952: 11758: 11325: 11296: 11237: 11192: 11188: 11168: 11144: 11140: 11118: 11095: 10691: 9853: 9281: 9263: 9149: 8623: 8266: 8189: 7939: 7885: 7719: 7599:(851) called the Rashtrakutas one among the four principle empires of the world. 7546: 7479: 7135: 7116: 7021: 6952: 6865: 6841: 6703: 6681: 6588: 6550: 6221: 5889: 5741: 5699: 5691: 5617: 5310: 5128:

has become famous in folk tales and historical literature as the Chauhan king of

5036: 5003:

and marks the transition of Buddhist ruling dynasties to Hindu ruling dynasties.

4996: 4642: 4567: 4299: 4260: 4090: 3947: 3832: 3737: 3697: 3568: 3514: 3491: 3458: 3373: 3291: 3228: 2851: 2816: 2779: 2684: 2599: 2281: 1542: 1531: 1489: 1469: 1387: 1354: 935: 863: 823: 735: 695: 657: 575: 9071: 7453: 6660:

as the only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in the many

4476:

during the 3rd and 5th centuries. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and chaityas of

12172: 12045: 11942: 11543: 9636: 8238: 8218: 8214: 8206: 8116: 8032: 7955: 7935: 7892: 7851: 7825: 7813: 7767: 7680: 7671:. He timed his rebellion to coincide with the confusion caused by the invading 7569: 7379: 7367: 7311: 7238: 7230: 7186: 7096: 7025: 6892: 6807: 6730: 6558: 6527: 6460: 6456: 6402: 6354: 6347: 6250:

to the southern tip of India. From the mid-seventh to the mid-13th centuries,

6217: 6189: 6181: 6069: 6034: 5991: 5987: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5798: 5771: 5761: 5652: 5625: 5613: 5476: 5363: 5326: 5270: 5229: 5179: 5125: 5117: 5094: 5045: 4939: 4812: 4657:

and southern India were largely unaffected by this state of flux in the north.

4654: 4634: 4511: 4502: 4469: 4303: 4187: 4142: 4130: 4018: 3998: 3986: 3868: 3765: 3752:

was another Central Asian nomadic group to invade. They are also linked to the

3734: 3701: 3691: 3596: 3541: 3442: 3303: 3232: 3172: 3162: 3134: 3052: 3019:,. These cities would house a number of dynasties in their times, and based on 2722: 2709: 2318: 1752: 1704: 1398: 1376: 1344: 1322: 1283: 1213: 1203: 1063: 796: 606: 108: 11592: 9609:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206-1526) - I By Satish Chandra

5426:, during 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Khayaragarh in 3055:

descent. The ethnicity of later Indo-Greek rulers is less clear. For example,

12488: 12321: 12124: 12084: 11985: 11968: 11921: 11906: 11892: 11865: 11861: 11821: 11806: 11795: 11747: 11438: 11414: 11164: 10505: 7911:) (northern branch) and the other southern Kalachuri who ruled over parts of 7900: 7881: 7859: 7801: 7755: 7731: 7684: 7565: 7363: 7234: 7229:. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of 7084: 7080: 7067: 7033: 7005: 6997: 6896: 6774: 6770: 6649: 6584: 6580: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6316: 6167: 5740:

language started to develop with the first piece of Maithili literature, the

5544: 5431: 5415: 5385: 5381: 5286: 5175: 5174:'s empire), that the Kacchapaghata state emerged as a principal power in the 5078: 5024: 4832: 4802: 4778: 4696: 4692: 4602: 4575: 4240: 4236: 4217: 4138: 4086: 4027: 3969: 3856: 3836: 3634: 3505: 3498: 3348: 3204: 3084: 3016: 2900: 2858: 2672: 2592: 2267: 2158: 1674: 1614: 1439: 833: 786: 766: 640: 623: 585: 565: 500: 284: 274: 264: 207: 9820:

Sinha, CPN (1969). "Origin of the Karnatas of Mithila - A Fresh Appraisal".

8417:"The World Economy (GDP): Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" 7464: 4277:

The Mahameghavahanas (c. 250s BCE-400s CE) was an ancient ruling dynasty of

4178:

the Gangetic region broke up into several states temporarily reunited under

12040: 11913: 11813: 11683: 11621: 11586: 11568: 11560: 11504: 11444: 11087: 10987:

Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), pp164, 203; Rice E. P. (1921), p59

10878:

Chopra (2003), p139, part1; From the Chikkalagi records (Kamath 2001, p108)

8361: 8289: 8222: 8202: 8193: 8185: 8179: 8167: 7934:

or the southern Kalachuris (1130–1184 CE) at their peak ruled parts of the

7735: 7692: 7652: 7612: 7604: 7526: 7510: 7472: 7448: 7393: 7307: 7266: 7246: 7199: 7195: 7170: 7088: 6993: 6928: 6920: 6849: 6766: 6623: 6574: 6386: 6382: 6312: 6289: 6145: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6046: 5943: 5912: 5842: 5567: 5445: 5435: 5278: 5106: 5000: 4955: 4932: 4877: 4774: 4770: 4722: 4672: 4638: 4598: 4555: 4527: 4507: 4497: 4477: 4461: 4449: 4427: 4256: 4225: 4175: 4159: 3852: 3657: 3337: 3239: 3146: 3114: 3036: 3008: 2916: 2703: 2688: 2289: 2262: 1794: 1784: 1664: 1654: 1584: 1419: 1409: 1293: 1223: 1005: 925: 545: 409: 357: 225: 11431: 10457:" gaining only fame and booty in that region (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p75) 10394:

A capital city built to excel that of Indra (Sastri, 1955, p4, p132, p146)

10265: 6848:, a geo-political event sometimes attributed to the southern conquests of 6409:

in Tamil Nadu are enduring legacies of otherwise warring regional rulers.

5246: 2891: 12461:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

12229: 12222: 12105: 12079: 11887: 11857: 11518: 8305: 8254: 8230: 8147: 7943: 7923: 7829: 7805: 7797: 7581: 7561: 7522: 7487: 7457: 7417: 7274: 7254: 7250: 7242: 7120: 7001: 6996:

made the hill fortress in Badami his center of power. During the rule of

6880: 6845: 6758: 6745:

empires for over five hundred years during which time they branched into

6742: 6538: 6534: 6472: 6464: 6406: 6324: 6320: 6281: 6185: 6173: 6058: 5931: 5924: 5906: 5834: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5484: 5480: 5467: 5305:

king Ashapall or Ashaval, and after his victory established a city named

5070: 4820: 4762: 4650: 4646: 4473: 4385: 4295: 4281:

after the decline of the Mauryan Empire. The third ruler of the dynasty,

4171: 4076: 4032: 3906: 3848: 3783: 3777: 3761: 3741: 3721: 3588: 3523: 3425: 3377: 3364: 3325: 3212: 3138: 3118: 2993: 2830: 2770: 2754: 2468: 2463: 2333: 2183: 1814: 1774: 1734: 1133: 995: 985: 9833: 7718:

In 1076 CE, the ascent of the most famous king of this Chalukya family,

7384:

Pallavas were replaced by the Pandyas in the 8th century. Their capital

6526:

are called in India) and wells, as well as maritime trade with Rome and

4865:

in western India from the c. 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty,

4137:

rose as the successor state to check and contend with the influx of the

3760:(present-day Afghanistan) they extended their rule across the Indus and 12291: 12101: 9345: 8771:

Kharapallana and Vanaspara are known from an inscription discovered in

8159: 7979: 7747: 7660: 7648: 7495: 7491: 7397: 7339: 7226: 7147: 7143: 7100: 6962: 6888: 6733:

district. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger

6554: 6522: 6390: 6331: 6201: 6193: 6162:

of Kamarupa succeeded the Mlechchha dynasty, ruled from its capital at

6130: 6100: 6054: 4606: 4583: 4543: 4465: 4423: 4154: 4134: 4110: 4072: 4036: 3828: 3571:(35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India ( 3279: 3220: 3033:

in the south was also probably a satrapal or royal seat at some point.

2997: 2985: 2970: 2928: 2788: 2484: 2294: 2247: 2222: 2168: 1724: 1624: 1334: 10007:

Considerable number of their records are in Kannada (Kamath 2001, p67)

9095:

Darius used titles like "Kshayathiya, Kshayathiya Kshayathiyanam" etc.

8616: 7549:. Because of Govinda III's victories, historians have compared him to 12034: 11111: 11091: 8285: 8234: 8136: 8063:

The Hoysalas had become a powerful force even during their rule from

7971: 7963: 7912: 7896: 7871: 7855: 7809: 7577: 7490:). Sensing an opportunity during a weak period in the Chalukya rule, 7389: 7346: 7037: 6825: 6722: 6643: 6615: 6533:

Discoveries of Roman gold coins in various sites attest to extensive

6205: 6197: 5920: 5838: 5733: 5725: 5695: 5656: 5528: 5423: 5314: 5306: 5290: 5266: 5082: 4928: 4873: 4742: 4734: 4615: 4594: 4353:. Colonists from Kaḷinga settled in Sri Lanka, Burma, as well as the 4318: 4282: 3644: 3592: 3275: 3216: 3192: 2932: 2587: 2308: 2172: 1694: 11276: 10376:

army (referring to the army of the Badami Chalukyas) (Reu 1933, p54)

9257: 8957:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (f). 8739:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). 8497:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (d). 8103:(seven line) etc. became widely accepted. The Hoysalas expanded the 7541:. The Rashtrakutas held Kannauj intermittently during a period of a 7169:

are their most celebrated monuments. Two of the famous paintings at

6258:

First, the spread of Brahmanical religions was a two-way process of

5736:, a military commander of Karnataka-origin. Under this dynasty, the 5694:. This can be seen in the sculptures and architectural style of the 5535:

was the first ruler from the dynasty. He came to power in 750 CE in

4896:. His son, the next ruler Siladitya I, Dharmaditya was described by 3708:. Afterwards, they were displaced in 410 CE by the invasions of the 2671:

from 230 BCE to 1206 CE. The period begins after the decline of the

12112: 11995: 11853: 11679: 11671: 11625: 11616: 10663:

Fleet, Bhandarkar and Altekar and Gopal B.R. in (Kamath 2001, p100)

9233:"India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha" 8927:

A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation

8776: 8270: 8198: 8073: 7995: 7975: 7967: 7820:

in Maharashtra). The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the

7668: 7651:

was their capital early on before they moved it to Kalyani (modern

7323: 7282: 7211: 7203: 7128: 7104: 6924: 6900: 6799: 6738: 6726: 6693: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6627: 6600: 6592: 6476: 6468: 6436: 6413: 6362: 6358: 6305: 6273: 6259: 6243: 6080: 6030: 5967: 5959: 5939: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5648: 5579: 5552: 5524: 5494: 5393: 5392:, during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at 5217: 5157: 4897: 4852: 4828: 4824: 4766: 4741:(Bhinmal or Srimal), situated nearly 50 miles to the north west of 4688: 4630: 4590: 4485: 4439: 4354: 4334: 4326: 4221: 4191: 4146: 4040: 3844: 3815: 3791: 3671: 3618: 3358: 3299: 3295: 3263: 3196: 3150: 3126: 3040: 2923: 2907:

speak of many of these tribes as foreigners and impure barbarians (

2865: 2802: 2795: 2717:, which is dated from 200 BCE to 1100 CE. From 1 CE until 1000 CE, 2714: 2299: 2196: 2044: 955: 420: 197: 187: 11286:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. 11086:

Two theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brother

10895: 10893: 9758: 4683:

was able to briefly bind them together under his rulership as the

4051:. Kalhana also states that he extended his influence of Malwa and 3730: 12193: 12119: 12020: 12001: 11849: 11722: 11675: 11637: 11630: 11413:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

11242:. Vol. 3, Part 1. Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans. 10820: 10741: 10690:

More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to the Chalukya King

9746: 9449: 9427: 9294:"Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 8772: 8396:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 32, 8258: 8246: 8242: 8155: 8099:(meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument), 8069: 7986: 7608: 7554: 7538: 7409: 7385: 7191: 7124: 7076: 7072: 7041: 6912: 6857: 6783: 6754: 6750: 6734: 6653: 6631: 6604: 6562: 6546: 6417: 6366: 6335: 6301: 6293: 6288:. The Chalukya rulers were overthrown by their subordinates, the 6285: 6277: 6247: 6231: 6204:, has been discovered at Guwahati. Pala dynasty come to end with 6177: 6163: 5707: 5687: 5563: 5555: 5472: 5359: 5347: 5274: 5262: 5167: 5105:) from the Tomaras and annexed some of their territory along the 5074: 4862: 4782: 4738: 4714: 4680: 4579: 4397: 4369: 4346: 4330: 4244: 4113:(Huna chief). The Kushanas are stated to have adopted the title 4052: 3919: 3640: 3614: 3580: 3353: 3259: 3251: 3208: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3110: 3020: 2973:

during the last two centuries BCE, and was ruled by more than 30

2908: 2904: 2844: 2837: 2809: 1253: 158: 9705: 9655: 8944: 8076:. Historians refer to the founders of the dynasty as natives of 7876: 6342:

well-documented overland and maritime trade flourished with the

6136: 5829:

which consisted of the parts of the modern-day Indian states of

5659:. After Mahipala I the Pala dynasty again saw its decline until 5600:. Dharmapala extended the empire into the northern parts of the 5069:. Chauhan dynasties established themselves in several places in 4388:, Odisha. According to the Hathigumpha inscription, he attacked 2949: 12156: 11727: 11642: 11574: 11500: 10890: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9464:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age

8226: 8143: 8104: 8077: 7589: 7573: 7557: 7530: 7514: 7354: 7350: 7286: 7166: 7158: 7151: 7112: 7017: 7013: 6988: 6984: 6970: 6904: 6876: 6861: 6837: 6542: 6507: 6440: 6429: 6398: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6328: 6297: 6126: 6050: 6038: 6026: 5963: 5955: 5916: 5893: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5858: 5830: 5810: 5806: 5683: 5582: 5559: 5548: 5335: 5201: 5171: 5019: 5012: 4990: 4983: 4960: 4951: 4927:: गुर्जर प्रतिहार) formed an Indian dynasty that ruled much of 4902: 4816: 4746: 4676: 4389: 4362: 4338: 4311: 4307: 4183: 4179: 4098: 3840: 3799: 3757: 3753: 3648: 3600: 3188: 3064: 3012: 3004: 2680: 2623: 1053: 9558:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207 to 208. 8705:, XXV, Intr. p cxv, Rapson, Coins of Ancient India, p 37, n.2. 8241:'s navies went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now 8003:(poets). Many other important works like Virupaksha Pandita's 7095:

traveller visited the court of Pulakeshin II at this time and

6794: 4963:. This was frankly recognised by the Arab writers themselves. 4884:(general). The third ruler Dronasimha declared himself as the 4444: 3639:

The Kushan Empire (c. 1st–3rd centuries) originally formed in

2713:

from 500 CE onwards. It also encompasses the era of classical

10899:

Students' Britannica India By Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani.

8682:

Barstow (1928), reprint 1985, pp. 105-135, 63, 155, 152, 145.

7688: 7331: 7319: 7315: 7174: 7092: 7029: 7000:

a south Indian empire sent expeditions to the north past the

6915:

resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as

6853: 6608: 6425: 6421: 6062: 6022: 5951: 5947: 5745: 5679: 5609: 5419: 5389: 5343: 5293:; Bhima Dev helped rebuild the temple after it was sacked by 5282: 5209: 5205: 5141: 5129: 5102: 5098: 4971: 4924: 4750: 4718: 4675:, the gangetic plains fractured into numerous small nations. 4611: 4574:

that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as

4322: 4286: 4198:

to the new nations forming in the southern regions of India.

4082: 4060: 4056: 3795: 3787: 3679: 3653: 3584: 3576: 3283: 3271: 3267: 3255: 3247: 3224: 3130: 3072: 10352: 9962:

N. Laxminarayana Rao and S. C. Nandinath in Kamath 2001, p57

9729: 9717: 9693: 7750:, the most powerful ruler of this dynasty, was a commander ( 7233:

and the Tamil country. Later they had marital ties with the

6262:

of local cults and localization of Brahmanical social order.

4785:, which was offshoot of this kingdom, was also ruled by the 4372:, and was responsible for the propagation of Jainism in the 3219:, from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century 11687: 11528: 9799:

Majestic Monuments of India: Ancient Indian Mega Structures

9514:

A historical review of Hindu India: 300 B. C. to 1200 A. D.

9346:"The Gupta Empire of India | Chandragupta I | Samudragupta" 8262: 8080:

Karnataka, based on the numerous inscriptions calling them

7506: 7327: 6665: 6343: 5703: 5302: 5225: 4823:

during the 5th and 6th centuries carving land out from the

4350: 4342: 4291: 4252: 4248: 3803: 3678:

the deities of their later coinage came to reflect its new

3176: 3166: 3096: 1714: 64:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

11094:

commanders of the Hoysala army and another that they were

10740:

Tailapa II was helped in this campaign by the Kadambas of

10124:

From the notes of Arab traveller Tabari (Kamath 2001, p60)

9580:"Dharam Prakash Gupta, "Seminar on Katoch dynasty trail". 9086:, p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar. 7525:

signaled a new era with Rashtrakuta victories against the

6467:(The Jewelled Belt); the body of devotional literature of 4141:

tribes from the Northwest. The Satavahanas straddling the

4039:, and subsequently conquered eastern kingdoms of Magadha, 3599:

states). Their state, or at least part of it, was called "

11320:, Reprinted by Progressive Books, Lahore, Pakistan, 1984. 11232:, Reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971. 10363:

From the Rashtrakuta inscriptions (Kamath 2001, p57, p64)

9770: 9002: 8669: 8667: 7962:

a viceroy of this dynasty established the authority over

7858:, India from 1083 to 1323 CE. They were one of the great 7828:

culture was laid by the Yadavas and the peculiarities of

7278: 7111:

avenged his father's defeat, conquered and plundered the

7103:

exchanged ambassadors. However, the continuous wars with

6746: 5081:. They were also prominent at Sirohi in the southwest of 3756:

who had founded the Kushan Empire. From their capital in

8221:, the Cholas rose as a notable power in south Asia. The 6668:

literature of the time. They were contemporaries of the

6188:

had his capital at Kamarupa Nagara, now identified with

5861:. Today they are most remembered as the builders of the 5497:

dynasty that ruled from the north-eastern region of the

4263:

weakened them and the empire split into smaller states.

3433:. Buhler similarly suggests Pahlava is an Indic form of 3346:

are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the

10330:

Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand",

7115:

who may have died in battle. A century later, Chalukya

7107:

took a turn for the worse in 642 when the Pallava king

6443:(devotional) movements enhanced the crystallization of 5414:

The Khayaravala dynasty ruled parts of the present-day

5170:(the regional seat-of-power, following the break-up of 3744:

King Napki Malka (Afghanistan or Gandhara, c. 475–576).

10539:

Chopra (2003), p92, part1; Altekar in Kamath 2001, p81

9553: 9040: 8664: 8456:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8370:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 105, 6475:—Hindu devotional movements; and the reworking of the 6140:

9th-10th century lion sculpture representing powerful

5813:, built by King Narasimhadeva I (1236–1264 AD) also a 5380:

The Gahadavala dynasty ruled parts of the present-day

5140:

in 1191. Armies from other Rajput kingdoms, including

5116:

became the leading state in Northern India under King

4695:) prevented him from expanding his reign south of the 3141:

region and Gandhara were sometimes also classified as

10978:

Natives of south Karnataka (Chopra, 2003, p150 Part1)

9556:

History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D

9021: 8280:

The Cholas excelled in building magnificent temples.

7310:

dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day

6170:). Dynasty reigned till the end of the 12th century. 5438:

were king of the dynasty according to inscription of

5261:(also called Solankis) was another Rajput dynasty In 3372:. In some texts the Pahlavas are synonymous with the 10218: 9403:

The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa

8983: 8869: 7177:

as evidenced in the Nava Brahma temples at Alampur.

6773:

was a powerful ruler and even the kings of imperial

4368:

Although religiously tolerant, Khārabēḷa patronised

3674:; however, as Kushans expanded southward toward the 12454:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 11246: 10869:

From the 1142 and 1147 records, Kamath (2001), p108

10264:. © 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from 9764: 9444: 9442: 9052: 7537:of north western India resulting in the capture of 6611:, and traded extensively with West Asian kingdoms. 6545:in the northwest (in modern Pakistan), the city of 5923:the second ruler of this dynasty defeated the last 4745:. The Pratihara of Bhinmal moved to Kannuaj on the 4452:, built under the patronage of the Vakataka rulers. 3794:even though they also established a huge temple of 11355: 11248: 10694:than to any other king prior to the 12th century, 9752: 9433: 9372:"Trade | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" 8821: 8409: 6129:). The rulers were aboriginals, with lineage from 10453:Chopra (2003), p89, part1; His victories were a " 8269:in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated 7635:Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire 6357:and South India patronized all three religions - 5690:. The Palas had extensive trade and influence in 4124: 2702:, from the Maurya Empire up until the end of the 12486: 11239:A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300-985) 10722:From the 957 and 965 records (Kamath 2001, p101) 10259: 9439: 8819: 8292:of the Chola kingdom. Brihadshwara temple is an 6498:Farther south were three ancient Tamil states — 5204:in early medieval Indian dynasty who ruled over 4081:The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled portions of the 11230:Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans 11187: 11139: 11017: 10675: 9510: 9320:"Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 7993:was also born during this time. The writers of 7396:. During the 13th century of the Christian era 7210:The 7th century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the 7040:. The inscription describes how King Harsha of 6237: 4869:(general) Bhatarka, was a military governor of 4737:was Gurjara area for centuries with capital at 4530:(ca. 320 CE–600 CE). This period is called the 3207:, and into parts of Western and Central India, 3029:and the nomenclature of later kings, a certain 10919: 10917: 10887:Chopra (2003), p140, part1; Kamath (2001) p109 10684: 10617: 9950:Readings in the history & culture of Assam 9781:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoma_Niyogi1959 ( 7607:in the south to Kannauj in the north and from 7345:Eastern Chalukyas were closely related to the 6721:) (345–525 CE) was an ancient royal family of 6626:history. They were eventually expelled by the 5748:. They fell in 1324 following the invasion of 4448:The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and chaityas of 4392:in Magadha, thus inducing the Indo-Greek king 4266: 3437:meaning "Parthian". In a 4th-century BCE, the 3238:The invasion of India by Scythian tribes from 11460: 11376: 11235: 11163: 10681:Sastri (1955), pp356–358; Kamath (2001), p114 10587: 9880:harvcol error: no target: CITEREFSircar1990 ( 9740: 9723: 9711: 9699: 9661: 8842: 6824:) was an important ruling dynasty of ancient 6079:(350-650 CE), the first historical rulers of 5942:the capital. The fourth king of this dynasty 5667:rebellion and extended his empire farther to 4430:mention Naga rulers in his Allahabad pillar. 2644: 2127: 11474: 10907: 10905: 10623: 9480:, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp.553-4 9152:. Visvacomplex.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12. 8950: 8732: 8490: 7832:'s social life developed during their rule. 7816:, from its capital at Devagiri (present-day 7165:and early experiments in temple building at 6389:(in Maharashtra), and structural temples of 4950:." This honour is accorded to the empire of 4534:and was marked by extensive achievements in 4085:valley and Gandhara from the decline of the 3266:, included, besides the Sakas, other allied 2992:centered in Bactria (now the border between 12435: 10914: 10788: 10786: 10280: 10245:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10132: 10130: 9952:. Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti. p. 227. 9776: 9013:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMajumdar1977 ( 8813: 7663:, a feudatory ruler from Tardavadi (modern 7445:Society of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta 7441:Economy of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta 6836:, who in later centuries ruled over modern 4224:, resulting in Buddhist monuments from the 3643:on either side of the middle course of the 11467: 11453: 11236:D. C. Ganguly (1981). R. S. Sharma (ed.). 10774: 10695: 10580: 10515: 10492: 10490: 10438: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10397: 10262:"History of Karnataka—Chalukyas of Badami" 10253: 10204: 10202: 9933:harv error: no target: CITEREFSharma1978 ( 9913:harv error: no target: CITEREFSharma1978 ( 9822:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 8617:"Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India". 8288:is a classical example of the magnificent 7261:reached its peak during the Pallava rule. 6652:era kingdoms. The appear to be patrons of 6483: 5132:who resisted and repelled the invasion by 4811:was an Indian dynasty that ruled over the 3550: 3156: 2977:kings, often in conflict with each other. 2969:covered various parts of the Northwestern 2872: 2651: 2637: 2134: 2120: 11305:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 10981: 10902: 10826: 10765: 10756: 10734: 10716: 10648: 10499: 10460: 9390: 9124:India, A History, 2001, p 203, John Keay. 6432:vigorously competed for popular support. 5919:under one ruler during the 12th century. 4908: 4259:. In particular their struggles with the 4145:also provided a link for transmission of 93:Learn how and when to remove this message 12449: 11323: 11062: 11044: 11035: 10972: 10963: 10954: 10945: 10783: 10747: 10725: 10657: 10542: 10469: 10332:Journal of the American Oriental Society 10217:Over 125 temples exist in Aihole alone, 10190: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10141:. The Clarendon press. pp. 325–327. 10127: 10019: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9046: 9008: 8994:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSingh2008 ( 8447: 8389: 8197: 8050: 7875: 7705: 7622: 7463: 7452: 7338:end later changed to Rajamahendravaram ( 7292: 7190: 7050: 6793: 6697: 6676:. They were overcome by the rise of the 6135: 6095:, but as the power of the Guptas waned, 6021:, was one of the historical kingdoms of 5797: 5471: 5444: 5245: 5044: 4501: 4443: 4426:sacrifices on the banks of Ganga River. 4403: 4361:. Even today Indians are referred to as 4235:The Sātavāhanas had to compete with the 4201: 4101:. In Persian form, the title appears as 3809: 3729: 3715: 2948: 2890: 11359:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 11251:History and Historians in Ancient India 11098:speakers and commanders of the earlier 11080: 11053: 11026: 10936: 10926: 10881: 10872: 10863: 10804: 10795: 10533: 10524: 10487: 10424: 10415: 10406: 10388: 10211: 10199: 10154: 10109: 10064: 10055: 10010: 9956: 9483: 9032:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWink1991 ( 8896: 8338:Political history of medieval Karnataka 6946: 6891:in 753 CE as the dominant power in the 5362:inscription of Someshvara, his brother 5220:. The seat of the Paramara kingdom was 4966:Historians of India, since the days of 4888:. King Guhasena stopped using the term 2922:The invading tribes were influenced by 14: 12495:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India 12487: 12458: 12024:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 10990: 10854: 10844: 10577:by Ibn Haukal (976) (Reu 1933, p41–42) 10551: 10478: 10379: 10366: 10319:History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D 10118: 10100: 10082: 10046: 9947: 9928: 9908: 9875: 9795: 8930:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 8923: 8084:or "Lord of the Male (hills) chiefs" ( 7938:extending over regions of present-day 7850:was a South Indian dynasty that ruled 7592:in the north and Cholas in the south. 6537:links with the outside world. As with 6041:, it at its height covered the entire 5994:and were contemporaries of the Senas. 5774:and were contemporaries of the Palas. 5713: 5403: 4660: 4522:refers to the period when much of the 3530: 3496: 3489: 3452: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2759: 2687:, founded in 1206, and the end of the 12510:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India 12426: 12221: 12038: 11967: 11940: 11891: 11886: 11448: 11334: 11059:B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p126 10999: 10835: 10813: 10666: 10608: 10560: 10357: 10145: 10136: 9948:Samiti, Kamarupa Anusandhana (1984). 9819: 9643:from the original on 27 December 2010 9493:, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 9466:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 66. 9396: 9058: 8989: 8971:from the original on 24 February 2021 8753:from the original on 24 February 2021 8538:Greek city but an Indian one"; not a 8511:from the original on 24 February 2021 8360: 7982:sect was founded during these times. 7062:These victories earned him the title 6883:. The Chalukyas were replaced by the 6789: 6091:. This dynasty became vassals of the 5962:. Lakshman was later defeated by the 5946:expanded the empire beyond Bengal to 5777: 5369: 4796: 4306:) and expanded Kaḷinga as far as the 4153:and the Southern regions even as the 3685: 3512: 3482: 3309: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2786: 2752: 11288:Draft annotated English translation. 11071: 11008: 10447: 10289: 10091: 10073: 10037: 9027: 8900:Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage 8472:from the original on 15 October 2014 7862:kingdoms that lasted for centuries. 7679:for control of the resources of the 7249:. Pallavas ruled a large portion of 4687:. Only a defeat at the hands of the 3521: 3503: 3473: 2793: 2777: 2768: 2743: 46: 10435:Narasimhacharya (1988), p68, p17–21 10028: 9535:from the original on 2 October 2011 9489:Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). 9470: 8849:. Algora Publishing. pp. 93–. 8726: 8364:(27 April 2010), Arnold, D. (ed.), 8304:in the heart of the temple town of 8055:Shilabalika, Chennakeshava temple, 7985:A unique and purely native form of 7424: 5320: 4835:. Pulakeshin appointed his brother 4230:Amaravathi village, Guntur district 4066: 3843:areas of what are now northwestern 3696:The rise of new Persian power, the 3539: 3223:. The first Saka king in India was 2667:were the political entities in the 24: 10001: 9478:Political History of Ancient India 9378:from the original on 28 March 2010 9326:from the original on 30 March 2010 9300:from the original on 30 March 2010 9064: 8824:Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia 8598:from the original on 20 April 2008 8572:from the original on 20 April 2008 8072:and moved their capital to nearby 7241:. It was around 550 AD under King 6856:and later moving their capital to 6184:. The greatest of the Pala kings, 5592:The empire reached its peak under 2953:Silver coin of the founder of the 2938: 2698:This period encompasses two eras: 2675:and the corresponding rise of the 25: 12521: 11275:The Peoples of the West from the 11194:A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 10704:from the original on 8 March 2013 10596:from the original on 6 April 2020 10530:Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80 9352:from the original on 11 July 2011 8429:from the original on 22 July 2013 7922:(550–620 CE) ruled over northern 7865: 7498:their capital (modern Malkhed in 7138:record from this period (700) in 6114: 5732:. The dynasty was established by 5006: 4149:and contact between the Northern 4103:Kshathiya, Kshathiya Kshathiyanam 3562:South Asia in the 2nd century CE. 2931:as the new kingdoms straddle the 12407: 12398: 12389: 12380: 12371: 12362: 12353: 12344: 12334:References and sources for table 11408: 11105: 10942:B.L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p123 10346: 10337: 10324: 10311: 10298: 9411:10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00571 9082:Sehrai, Fidaullah (1979). Hund: 8954:A Historical atlas of South Asia 8951:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 8736:A Historical atlas of South Asia 8733:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 8494:A Historical atlas of South Asia 8491:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 8039:Literature in the Hoysala Empire 7835: 6637: 6618:invaded and displaced the three 6292:(753-973 CE). Although both the 6068: 5997: 5990:of Kamarupa) ruled over eastern 5453: 5185: 5023:were a Hindu Rajput clan of the 4935:in the extent of its territory. 4846: 4433: 3875: 3466: 2899:During the 2nd century BCE, the 2736: 2728: 115: 51: 12505:Iron Age cultures of South Asia 11324:Chadurah, Haidar Malik (1991). 11290:Weilue: The Peoples of the West 10700:. 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. 10592:. 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. 10227:from the original on 8 May 2021 9941: 9921: 9901: 9888: 9868: 9859: 9840: 9813: 9796:Prabhu, T. L. (4 August 2019). 9789: 9667: 9629: 9624:August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle 9613: 9602: 9572: 9554:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). 9547: 9521: 9504: 9455: 9364: 9338: 9312: 9286: 9275:The Age of the Guptas and After 9268: 9251: 9225: 9216: 9207: 9181: 9155: 9136: 9127: 9118: 9108: 9098: 9089: 9076: 8917: 8890: 8863: 8836: 8804: 8795: 8782: 8775:, and dated to the 3rd year of 8765: 8717: 8708: 8694: 8685: 8676: 8655: 8646: 8633: 8630:, Vol. 22 (1902), pages 268–293 8610: 8026: 7180: 6871:After the rise of the imperial 6687: 5911:The Palas were followed by the 5342:ruled parts of the present-day 5151: 5030: 4728: 4702: 4464:and the successor state of the 4414:Before the rise of the Guptas, 4105:, Shao of the Kushanas and the 4031:, he defeated the Tibetans and 3862: 3331: 10586:From the Sanjan inscriptions, 10334:, Vol. 107, No. 1, p. 125-126. 10137:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). 9675:"Agnivansha: Paramara Dynasty" 9637:"Stella Snead – Guardian Lion" 9084:The Forgotten City of Gandhara 8924:Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). 8584: 8558: 8549: 8523: 8484: 8441: 8383: 8354: 7804:rivers, including present-day 7761: 7643:In the late 10th century, the 7545:for the resources of the rich 7373: 6420:began to decline as sectarian 6151: 5977: 5755: 5120:(1165–1192 CE), also known as 5093:, who then ruled an empire in 4977: 4460:was the contemporaries of the 4382:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves 4125:The Gangetic Plains and Deccan 3628: 3606:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 3090: 369:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 13: 1: 9448:The Gurjars of Rajputana and 9189:"Maharaja Kharavela's Family" 8343: 8173: 8043:Economy of the Hoysala Empire 7989:literature-poetry called the 7639:Western Chalukya Architecture 6832:to distinguish them from the 6568: 6381:, as it was known formerly), 5986:(not to be confused with the 5671:, Odisha and Northern India. 5338:during 9th-12th century. The 4890:Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata 4491: 4365:in Malaysia because of this. 4174:invasions. After the fall of 3827:was an ancient region in the 3250:which had lasting effects on 2980:The kingdom was founded when 1299: 1038: 1011: 910: 889: 812: 751: 680: 663: 646: 629: 612: 591: 506: 489: 243: 12463:, Cambridge University Press 12431:, Cambridge University Press 12161:Decline of Buddhism in India 11598:Northern Black Polished Ware 11247:Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1984). 11090:. One states that they were 10753:Ganguli in Kamath 2001, p103 10548:Chopra (2003), p92–93, part1 9896:Assam in Indian Independence 9517:I. M. H. Press. p. 125. 8348: 8119:against the Cholas in 1116. 7966:. He wrested power from the 6959:Badami Chalukya Architecture 6828:in India. They are known as 6238:The Deccan plateau and South 5900: 5461: 5235: 4653:. Nevertheless, much of the 4216:began as feudatories to the 4129:Following the demise of the 3121:were sometimes described as 454:Northern Black Polished Ware 7: 12429:An Introduction to Hinduism 11383:. Pearson Education India. 11356:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 10810:Chopra (2003), p139, part 1 10512:in Sanskrit (Reu 1933, p38) 9894:Arun Bhattacharjee (1993), 9476:Roychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). 8628:Journal of Hellenic Studies 8311: 8251:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 8127:), "Emperor of the south" ( 7617:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 7601:Kitab-ul-Masalik-ul-Mumalik 7404:in existence. Temples like 6765:The dynasty was founded by 6346:on the west coast and with 6200:, while a similar relic of 6099:(470-494 CE) performed two 6057:, and at times portions of 6002: 5930:and established his reign. 5632:, and humbled the lords of 5273:) served as their capital. 4582:, including the concept of 4267:The Mahameghavahana dynasty 3771: 3179:who migrated from southern 2050:Influence on Southeast Asia 10: 12526: 12452:Hinduism. Past and present 12322:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 12280:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 11672:Rise of Shramana movements 11127: 11112:Great Living Chola Temples 10792:Chopra (2003), p139, part1 10654:Chopra (2003), p137, part1 10632:. Spectrum. Archived from 10219:Michael D. Gunther, 2002. 10139:The Early History of India 8828:. Brill Archive. pp. 8393:Hinduism. Past and present 8300:". Another example is the 8298:Great Living Chola Temples 8213:By the 9th century, under 8183: 8177: 8036: 8030: 8011:and Chandrasagara Varni's 7869: 7839: 7765: 7632: 7626: 7434: 7428: 7377: 7296: 7271:UNESCO World Heritage Site 7184: 7119:marched victoriously into 7064:Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy 6956: 6950: 6805: 6691: 6680:and the resurgence of the 6641: 6614:An unknown dynasty called 6572: 6487: 6463:(The Jewelled Anklet) and 6215: 6006: 5904: 5853:in Srikakulam District of 5787: 5781: 5759: 5717: 5465: 5407: 5373: 5324: 5239: 5189: 5155: 5034: 5010: 4981: 4912: 4850: 4800: 4773:, and on the South by the 4706: 4671:After the collapse of the 4664: 4495: 4482:UNESCO World Heritage Site 4437: 4407: 4294:, the Satavahanas and the 4270: 4205: 4070: 3866: 3813: 3775: 3719: 3689: 3632: 3456: 3335: 3313: 3160: 3094: 2942: 432:Black and Red ware culture 29: 12459:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 12331: 12228: 12207:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 12192: 12171: 12146: 12118: 12078: 12073: 12014: 11900: 11835: 11793: 11772: 11756: 11745: 11738: 11721: 11705: 11691: 11662: 11655: 11601: 11583: 11580:Painted Grey Ware culture 11565: 11557: 11541: 11517: 11514: 11509: 11496: 11491: 11482: 11426:Federal Research Division 11338:Kashmir Under the Sultans 11146:Military History of India 11102:(Kamath 2001, pp 159–160) 11005:Sastri (1955), p359, p361 10496:Chopra (2003), p91, part1 10466:Chopra (2003), p90, part1 10403:Altekar (1934), pp411–413 10353:http://www.whatsindia.org 10160:Thapar (2003), p331, p345 9397:Ghosh, Suchandra (2022). 8820:Grégoire Frumkin (1970). 8673:Cunningham (1888), p. 33. 8661:Cunningham, (1888) p. 33. 8131:) and "Hoysala emperor" ( 8125:Cholarajyapratishtacharya 7950:who was the conqueror of 7793: 7724:Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri 7036:and Gurjaras of southern 6975:Mahakuta group of temples 6821: 6718: 6211: 5513: 5041:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 4025:. According to Kalhana's 2885:South Asia circa 150 BCE. 443:Painted Grey Ware culture 315:Indus Valley Civilisation 12427:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 12016:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 11981:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 11897:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 11658:Persian-Greek influences 11476:Middle kingdoms of India 11335:Hasan, Mohibbul (1959). 11295:23 December 2017 at the 11213:India as Known to Panini 11211:Agarwala, V. S. (1954). 10996:Kamath (2001), pp132–134 10801:Thapar, 2003, pp 468–469 10510:Prashnottara Ratnamalika 10306:A History of South India 10178:Ramesh (1984), pp159–160 9765:Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1984 9511:Panchānana Rāya (1939). 9148:26 February 2013 at the 8801:Hill (2009), pp. 29, 31. 8723:Agarwala (1954), p. 444. 8703:Sacred Books of the East 8533:(London, 1968). Pp. 112 8448:Maddison, Angus (2006). 8154:, died in the battle of 7289:of the Pallava dynasty. 7273:. Many sources describe 7206:. (c. eighth century CE) 7113:capital of Pulakeshin II 6412:By the mid-7th century, 5624:) in the north-west and 5313:, at the site of modern 5253:built by the Chaulukyas. 4944:Gurjara Pratihara Empire 4921:Gurjara Pratihara Empire 4182:then giving rise to the 4012:South Asia circa 700 CE. 3802:close to their capital, 2961:(r. c. 205–171 BC). 2695:, who died in 1279 CE). 2665:middle kingdoms of India 1094:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 1074:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 675:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 18:Middle Kingdoms of India 12450:Michaels, Axel (2004), 12148:Late-Classical Hinduism 11220:The Sikhs: An Ethnology 10762:Sastri (1955), p167–168 10744:(Moraes 1931, pp 93–94) 10626:"Reclaiming past glory" 9753:Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 9434:Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 9280:4 December 2008 at the 8641:India, the Ancient Past 8390:Michaels, Axel (2004), 7880:Sangamanatha temple at 7629:Western Chalukya Empire 7460:in 800 CE, 915 CE. 6484:The Sangam Era Kingdoms 5794:Jagannath Temple (Puri) 5770:who ruled over eastern 5146:Second Battle of Tarain 4624:mainland Southeast Asia 4526:was reunited under the 4359:Maritime Southeast Asia 4273:Mahameghavahana dynasty 3157:The Indo-Scythian Sakas 3129:and the inhabitants of 3049:Antiochus III the Great 1194:Western Chalukya Empire 337:Mature Harappan culture 11534:Middle Gangetic Plain 11377:Upinder Singh (2008). 11117:5 January 2013 at the 10698:"Chalukyas of Kalyana" 10573:by Al Istakhri (951), 10260:Arthikaje, Mangalore. 10070:Kamath (2001), pp59–60 9143:Keling_English Version 8843:Rafi U. Samad (2011). 8531:Flames over Persepolis 8275:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 8210: 8060: 7888: 7715: 7521:. The rule of his son 7475: 7461: 7437:Rashtrakuta literature 7406:Meenakshi Amman Temple 7336:West Godavari district 7259:Dravidian architecture 7207: 7157:, the cave temples of 7059: 6803: 6706: 6148: 5818: 5487: 5450: 5277:was a major center of 5254: 5178:valley of present-day 5138:First Battle of Tarain 5054: 4909:The Gurjara Pratiharas 4765:, on the North By the 4580:decimal numeral system 4515: 4453: 4394:Demetrius I of Bactria 4378:Hātigumphā inscription 3745: 3670:was a great patron of 3384:distinguishes between 2990:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2982:Demetrius I of Bactria 2962: 2896: 2100:Science and technology 484:Three Crowned Kingdoms 326:Early Harappan culture 141:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 73:by rewriting it in an 12063:Western Ganga Dynasty 11930: 1st century BCE 11918:Early Pandyan kingdom 11883: 2nd century BCE 11843:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 11837:Preclassical Hinduism 11818:Early Pandyan kingdom 11790: 3rd century BCE 11735: 4th century BCE 11702: 5th century BCE 11612: 6th century BCE 11537:Lower Gangetic Plain 11525:Upper Gangetic Plain 11318:History of the Panjab 11301:Hill, John E. (2009) 11023:Sen (1999), pp500–501 10061:Sen (1999), pp361–362 9626:, Herbert Alick Stark 9262:2 August 2009 at the 8832:–. GGKEY:4NPLATFACBB. 8643:, Burjor Avari, p.130 8622:29 March 2019 at the 8454:. OECD Publishing by 8201: 8129:Dakshina Chakravarthi 8054: 8020:Kalachuris of Tripuri 7931:Kalachuris of Kalyani 7879: 7710:Gadag style pillars, 7709: 7623:The Western Chalukyas 7568:of the Ganges River. 7467: 7456: 7293:The Eastern Chalukyas 7277:, the founder of the 7194: 7054: 6814:Western Ganga Dynasty 6797: 6780:Western Ganga Dynasty 6701: 6674:Western Ganga Dynasty 6549:, the capital of the 6541:in the northeast and 6494:Ancient Tamil country 6445:vernacular literature 6311:The emergence of the 6139: 6083:; was established by 5845:, Madhya Pradesh and 5823:Eastern Ganga dynasty 5801: 5784:Eastern Ganga dynasty 5531:schools of Buddhism. 5475: 5448: 5249: 5048: 4787:Gurjaras of Nandipuri 4753:, on the west by the 4717:region and partly of 4505: 4447: 4404:The Bharshiva dynasty 4298:regions ruled by the 4202:The Satavahana Empire 4093:and Kabul, and later 4023:Lalitaditya Muktapida 3810:The Gandharan kingdom 3733: 3716:The Hephthalite Hunas 3656:to the east, and the 3322:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 3316:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2952: 2894: 2725:in the 13th century. 2239:Age of the human race 2003:Specialised histories 1274:Kalachuris of Kalyani 1264:Kalachuris of Tripuri 946:Western Ganga Kingdom 874:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 824:Western Satrap Empire 807:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 797:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 348:Late Harappan culture 109:History of South Asia 12413:Michaels (2004) p.41 12404:Michaels (2004) p.40 12386:Michaels (2004) p.39 12368:Michaels (2004) p.39 12305:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 11937: 1st century CE 11316:Latif, S.M., (1891) 11273:Hill, John E. 2004. 11226:Alexander Cunningham 11197:. Orient Blackswan. 10569:by Al Masudi (944), 10221:"Monuments of India" 10208:Hardy (1995), p65–66 9852:23 June 2008 at the 9163:"Maharaja Kharavela" 8897:Warikoo, K. (2004). 8876:. Psychology Press. 8691:Latif (1984), p. 56. 8294:UNESCO Heritage Site 8282:Brihadeshwara Temple 8225:stretched as far as 8133:Hoysala Chakravarthi 8047:Hoysala architecture 8007:, Dharani Pandita's 7734:in the north to the 7712:Western Chalukya art 7400:mentioned it as the 7314:. Their capital was 6947:The Badami Chalukyas 6860:on the banks of the 6595:. The oldest extant 6424:devotional cults of 6087:, a contemporary of 5825:rulers reigned over 5309:on the banks of the 5073:and in the state of 4837:Kubja Vishnuvardhana 4809:Vishnukundina Empire 4420:Indo-Gangetic plains 4285:, conquered much of 4009:class=notpageimage| 3175:are a branch of the 3057:Artemidoros Aniketos 1521:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1323:Late medieval period 1234:Eastern Ganga Empire 966:Vishnukundina Empire 36:adding missing items 12264:Rashtrakuta dynasty 11716:Shaishunaga dynasty 11666:Second Urbanisation 11511:Indo-Gangetic Plain 11330:. Bhavna Prakashan. 11255:. Abhinav. p. 11149:. Orient Longmans. 11041:Kamath (2001), p124 11032:Foekema (1996), p14 11014:Sastri (1955), p427 10969:Kamath (2001), p123 10960:Thapar (2003), p367 10860:Kamath (2001), p107 10771:Kamath (2001), p104 10588:Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. 10444:Reu (1933), pp37–38 10196:Ramesh (1984), p159 10106:Kamath (2001), pp58 9989:Thapar (2003), p328 9856:www.britannica.com. 9714:, pp. 168–170. 9664:, pp. 169–171. 8323:History of Hinduism 8164:Vijayanagara Empire 8113:Hoysaleswara temple 8109:Chennakesava Temple 8015:were also written. 7918:The earliest known 7551:Alexander the Great 7543:tripartite struggle 7517:during the rule of 7500:Kalaburagi district 7237:who ruled over the 7155:World Heritage Site 7056:Badami Cave Temples 6967:Badami Cave Temples 6941:elephant management 6933:Chavundaraya Purana 6506:(on the east), and 6449:Dravidian languages 5972:Sanskrit literature 5938:in Bengal and made 5867:World Heritage Site 5815:World Heritage Site 5750:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 5714:Karnatas of Mithila 5602:Indian Subcontinent 5587:Indian Subcontinent 5572:Somapura Mahavihara 5541:democratic election 5499:Indian subcontinent 5410:Khayaravala dynasty 5404:Khayaravala dynasty 5358:. According to the 5122:Prithvi Raj Chauhan 5051:Prithvi Raj Chauhan 4942:has observed, "the 4781:. The region round 4709:Later Gupta dynasty 4661:The Harsha Vardhana 4641:(ca. 335–376), and 4536:science, technology 4532:Golden Age of India 4524:Indian Subcontinent 4506:Silver coin of the 4422:. They perform ten 4374:Indian subcontinent 4196:Indo-Gangetic Plain 4164:Indo-Gangetic Plain 3851:. It was one of 16 3676:Indian subcontinent 3603:" according to the 3453:The Western Satraps 3109:people, literally " 3061:Alexander the Great 2669:Indian subcontinent 2314:Classical antiquity 1603:Early modern period 1450:Vijayanagara Empire 1430:Chitradurga Kingdom 1124:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 536:Shaishunaga dynasty 12395:Hiltebeitel (2002) 12377:Hiltebeitel (2002) 12075:Hephthalite Empire 11911:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 11902:Satavahana dynasty 11888:Indo-Greek Kingdom 11811:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 11802:Satavahana dynasty 11775:Spread of Buddhism 11497:Northwestern India 11327:History of Kashmir 11170:A History of India 10672:Sen (1999), p. 393 10521:Kamath (2001), p90 10475:Keay (2000), p199) 10295:Kamath (2001), p68 10268:on 4 November 2006 10169:Sastri (1955) p140 10043:Kamath (2001), p59 9741:D. C. Ganguly 1981 9724:Upinder Singh 2008 9712:Romila Thapar 1990 9700:Romila Thapar 1990 9662:Romila Thapar 1990 9620:A History of India 9239:on 18 October 2015 8873:A History of India 8367:A History of India 8302:Chidambaram Temple 8211: 8061: 8009:Bijjalarayacharite 8005:Chennabasavapurana 7958:. It is said that 7899:) and were called 7889: 7788:: देवगिरीचे यादव, 7716: 7597:Silsilatuttavarikh 7595:An Arabic writing 7560:of the Hindu epic 7519:Dhruva Dharavarsha 7476: 7462: 7458:Rashtrakuta Empire 7431:Rashtrakuta Empire 7414:Nellaiappar Temple 7263:Narasimhavarman II 7257:as their capital. 7208: 7060: 6822:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ 6804: 6790:The Western Gangas 6707: 6327:of Bengal and the 6276:(556–757 CE), the 6149: 6043:Brahmaputra Valley 5819: 5778:The Eastern Gangas 5720:Karnats of Mithila 5638:Gurjara-Pratiharas 5488: 5451: 5376:Gahadavala dynasty 5370:Gahadavala dynasty 5352:Prithviraj Chauhan 5297:in 1026. His son, 5255: 5251:Modhera Sun Temple 5055: 4797:The Vishnukundinas 4516: 4454: 4418:ruled most of the 4214:Sātavāhana dynasty 4208:Satavahana dynasty 4186:dynasties. In the 3750:Hephthalite Empire 3746: 3726:Hephthalite Empire 3710:Hephthalite Empire 3706:Rashidun Caliphate 3686:The Indo-Sasanians 3310:The Indo-Parthians 3081:Greco-Buddhist art 3069:Seleucus I Nicator 3051:, who had partial 3039:was, according to 2967:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2963: 2955:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2945:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2913:Satavahana dynasty 2897: 2693:Rajendra Chola III 2677:Satavahana dynasty 2080:Partition of India 1945:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1893:Regional histories 1838:National histories 1725:Travancore Kingdom 1695:Thondaiman Kingdom 1565:Golkonda Sultanate 1174:Somavamshi Kingdom 1144:Rashtrakuta Empire 1084:Rashidun Caliphate 1006:Kabul Shahi Empire 854:Nagas of Padmavati 777:Indo-Greek Kingdom 717:(230 BC – AD 1206) 410:Vedic Civilisation 358:Vedic Civilisation 255:Ahar-Banas culture 75:encyclopedic style 62:is written like a 12482: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12314:Eastern Chalukyas 12310:Kalyani Chalukyas 12268:Eastern Chalukyas 12257:Gurjara-Pratihara 12250: 9th century 12235:Eastern Chalukyas 12218: 8th century 12203:Eastern Chalukyas 12189:Mlechchha dynasty 12168: 7th century 12150:(ca. CE 650-1100) 12097: 6th century 12070: 5th century 12030: 4th century 11976: 3rd century 11964: 2nd century 11874:Mahayana Buddhism 11841:"Hindu Synthesis" 11708:Persian conquests 11593:Shramanic culture 11529:Ganga-Yamuna doab 11390:978-81-317-1120-0 11311:978-1-4392-2134-1 11266:978-0-391-03250-7 11204:978-81-250-0333-5 11180:978-0-14-194976-5 11068:Keay (2000), p252 10951:Keay (2000), p251 10832:Sastri (1955), p6 10731:Sastri 1955, p162 10636:on 7 October 2011 10624:Vijapur, Raju S. 10614:Keay (2000), p200 10590:"The Rashrakutas" 10097:Keay (2000), p170 10052:Keay (2000), p169 9971:Keay (2000), p168 9681:on 11 August 2011 9590:on 2 January 2020 9565:978-81-269-0027-5 9420:978-1-119-39991-9 9030:, pp. 72–74. 9011:, pp. 260–3. 8937:978-87-7876-177-4 8910:978-81-86505-66-3 8883:978-0-415-32919-4 8856:978-0-87586-859-2 8529:Mortimer Wheeler 8422:. World Economy. 8377:978-1-4051-9509-6 8328:History of Bengal 8233:and parts of the 8162:, founder of the 8152:Veera Ballala III 8111:at Belur and the 8013:Bijjalarayapurana 7822:Western Chalukyas 7697:Tungabhadra River 7645:Western Chalukyas 7484:Amravati district 7359:Western Chalukyas 7304:Eastern Chalukyas 7299:Eastern Chalukyas 7227:Satavahana Empire 7223:Narasimhavarman I 7161:, the temples at 7109:Narasimhavarman I 7020:of South Canara, 6983:, natives of the 6702:Kadamba tower at 6401:in Karnataka and 6123:Mlechchha dynasty 5863:Konark Sun Temple 5803:Konark Sun Temple 5790:Konark Sun Temple 5676:Mahayana Buddhism 5428:Shahabad district 5242:Chaulukya dynasty 5224:(the present day 5091:Gurjara-Pratihara 4915:Gurjara Pratihara 4410:Bharshiva Dynasty 4166:and ushered in a 3431:Parthian language 3412:refer to both as 3410:Markendeya Purana 3400:refer to both as 3125:s, "foreigners". 2661: 2660: 2613: 2612: 2605:Political history 2230: 2218: 2188: 2184:Pleistocene epoch 2144: 2143: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1743: 1742: 1645:Thanjavur Kingdom 1593: 1592: 1554:Bijapur Sultanate 1510:Deccan sultanates 1388:Tughlaq Sultanate 1335:Ghaznavid Dynasty 1313: 1312: 1184:Chaulukya Kingdom 1114:Mallabhum kingdom 1104:Umayyad Caliphate 844:Bharshiva Dynasty 740:(200 BC – AD 300) 730:(230 BC – AD 220) 726:Satavahana Empire 704: 703: 700:(247 BC – AD 224) 556:Macedonian Empire 530:(450 BC – AD 489) 518:Achaemenid Empire 388: 387: 293: 292: 216: 215: 166: 165: 150:Madrasian culture 103: 102: 95: 16:(Redirected from 12517: 12464: 12455: 12446: 12437:Hiltebeitel, Alf 12432: 12414: 12411: 12405: 12402: 12396: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12378: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12351: 12348: 12199:Badami Chalukyas 12194:Adivasi (tribes) 12184:Empire of Harsha 12180:Vakataka dynasty 12133:Kalabhra dynasty 12129:Badami Chalukyas 12120:Adivasi (tribes) 12089:Kalabhra dynasty 12055:Kalabhra dynasty 12051:Andhra Ikshvakus 12018:(ca. CE 320-650) 12002:Adivasi (tribes) 11870:Smarta Tradition 11723:Adivasi (tribes) 11638:Adivasi (tribes) 11494:cultural period 11489: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11446: 11445: 11437:14 July 2012 at 11429: 11412: 11411: 11394: 11373: 11352: 11331: 11270: 11254: 11243: 11208: 11184: 11167:(28 June 1990). 11160: 11122: 11109: 11103: 11100:Kakatiya Kingdom 11084: 11078: 11077:Sen (1999), p500 11075: 11069: 11066: 11060: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11042: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11006: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10970: 10967: 10961: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10923:Sen (1999), p499 10921: 10912: 10911:Sen (1999), p498 10909: 10900: 10897: 10888: 10885: 10879: 10876: 10870: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10833: 10830: 10824: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10802: 10799: 10793: 10790: 10781: 10778: 10772: 10769: 10763: 10760: 10754: 10751: 10745: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10696:Kamat, Jyotsna. 10688: 10682: 10679: 10673: 10670: 10664: 10661: 10655: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10584: 10578: 10564: 10558: 10555: 10549: 10546: 10540: 10537: 10531: 10528: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10485: 10484:Kamath 2001, p76 10482: 10476: 10473: 10467: 10464: 10458: 10451: 10445: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10422: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10377: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10355: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10335: 10328: 10322: 10315: 10309: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10287: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10215: 10209: 10206: 10197: 10194: 10188: 10187:Sen (1999), p364 10185: 10179: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10161: 10158: 10152: 10151:Sen (1999), p362 10149: 10143: 10142: 10134: 10125: 10122: 10116: 10115:Ramesh 1984, p76 10113: 10107: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10080: 10077: 10071: 10068: 10062: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10044: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10026: 10025:Sen (1999), p360 10023: 10017: 10014: 10008: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9981: 9978: 9972: 9969: 9963: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9905: 9899: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9872: 9866: 9863: 9857: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9777:Roma Niyogi 1959 9774: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9677:. Archived from 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9633: 9627: 9617: 9611: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9586:. Archived from 9576: 9570: 9569: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9508: 9502: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9459: 9453: 9446: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9290: 9284: 9272: 9266: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9235:. Archived from 9229: 9223: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9191:. Archived from 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9165:. Archived from 9159: 9153: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9087: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8827: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8706: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8637: 8631: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8592:"Polybius 11.34" 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8544:Hippodamian plan 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8358: 8333:History of Bihar 8318:History of India 8170:as its capital. 8146:incursions into 8121:Veera Ballala II 7920:Kalachuri family 7848:Kakatiya dynasty 7842:Kakatiya dynasty 7795: 7728:Kakatiya dynasty 7665:Bijapur district 7657:Badami Chalukyas 7482:(in present-day 7425:The Rashtrakutas 7216:Mahendravarman I 7010:Uttarapatheswara 6937:religious topics 6917:Shravanabelagola 6873:Chalukya dynasty 6823: 6725:that ruled from 6720: 6512:Tamil literature 6371:Elephanta Island 6280:(300–888 CE) of 6208:(1075-1100 CE). 6101:horse sacrifices 6009:Kamarupa Kingdom 5958:and probably to 5879:Jagannath Temple 5696:Sailendra Empire 5578:is the greatest 5515: 5483:, 11th century, 5340:Tomaras of Delhi 5332:Tomaras of Delhi 5321:Tomaras of Delhi 5301:, conquered the 5295:Mahmud of Ghazni 5214:philosopher king 5198:Paramara dynasty 5192:Paramara dynasty 5134:Mohammed of Ghor 5124:or Rai Pithora. 4841:Eastern Chalukya 4791:Gurjaras of Lata 4685:Empire of Harsha 4667:Empire of Harsha 4067:The Kabul Shahis 3948:GREATER PALLAVAS 3879: 3820:Gandhara kingdom 3790:were patrons of 3668:Emperor Kanishka 3554: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3470: 3406:Brahmanda Purana 3244:history of India 2876: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2740: 2679:, starting with 2653: 2646: 2639: 2628: 2622: 2583:Age of Discovery 2490: 2489: 2258:Earliest records 2244:Recorded history 2220: 2208: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2146: 2145: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2085:Pakistan studies 1925:Himachal Pradesh 1765:Portuguese India 1761: 1760: 1757: 1715:Sikh Confederacy 1611: 1610: 1607: 1460:Bengal Sultanate 1399:Sayyid Sultanate 1377:Khalji Sultanate 1366:Mamluk Sultanate 1331: 1330: 1327: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1244:Kakatiya Kingdom 1154:Paramara Kingdom 1047: 1043: 1040: 1016: 1013: 956:Kamarupa Kingdom 919: 915: 912: 905:Kalabhras Empire 898: 894: 891: 817: 814: 801:(50 BC – AD 400) 781:(180 BC – AD 10) 760: 756: 753: 722: 721: 718: 689: 685: 682: 668: 665: 651: 648: 634: 631: 617: 614: 600: 596: 593: 511: 508: 494: 491: 474:Haryanka dynasty 464:Pradyota dynasty 406: 405: 402: 311: 310: 307: 248: 245: 238:Anarta tradition 234: 233: 230: 198:Mehrgarh culture 188:Bhirrana culture 184: 183: 180: 179:(10,800–3300 BC) 146: 145: 142: 132: 131: 119: 105: 104: 98: 91: 87: 84: 78: 55: 54: 47: 40:reliable sources 21: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12417: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12399: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12381: 12376: 12372: 12367: 12363: 12358: 12354: 12349: 12345: 12335: 12324: 12320: 12318:Medieval Cholas 12316: 12312: 12303: 12278: 12276:Medieval Cholas 12274: 12272:Pandyan kingdom 12270: 12266: 12241: 12239:Pandyan kingdom 12237: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12182: 12159: 12153:Advaita Vedanta 12151: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12104: 12091: 12087: 12061: 12059:Kadamba Dynasty 12057: 12053: 12044: 12023: 12019: 11991:Western Satraps 11953:Kuninda Kingdom 11945: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11910: 11904: 11895: 11872: 11844: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11810: 11804: 11741:Greek conquests 11674: 11670: 11596: 11590: 11578: 11572: 11526: 11498: 11493: 11478: 11473: 11443: 11421:Country Studies 11418: 11409: 11391: 11370: 11349: 11297:Wayback Machine 11267: 11218:Barstow, A.E., 11205: 11189:Jadunath Sarkar 11181: 11157: 11141:Jadunath Sarkar 11130: 11125: 11119:Wayback Machine 11110: 11106: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11054: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10955: 10950: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10927: 10922: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10784: 10779: 10775: 10770: 10766: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10748: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10692:Vikramaditya VI 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10671: 10667: 10662: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10622: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10599: 10597: 10585: 10581: 10575:Ashkal-ul-Bilad 10565: 10561: 10557:Reu (1933), p39 10556: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10508:in Kannada and 10504: 10500: 10495: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10474: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10425: 10420: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10329: 10325: 10316: 10312: 10304:K.A.N. Sastri, 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10258: 10254: 10238: 10237: 10230: 10228: 10216: 10212: 10207: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10173: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10074: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10056: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9911:, p. xxix) 9906: 9902: 9893: 9889: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9854:Wayback Machine 9845: 9841: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9739: 9730: 9722: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702:, pp. 170. 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9618: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9566: 9552: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9509: 9505: 9488: 9484: 9475: 9471: 9460: 9456: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9379: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9282:Wayback Machine 9273: 9269: 9264:Wayback Machine 9256: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9150:Wayback Machine 9141: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9119: 9115:Indo-Scythians. 9113: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9090: 9081: 9077: 9069: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8965: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8787: 8783: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8638: 8634: 8624:Wayback Machine 8615: 8611: 8601: 8599: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8505: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8466: 8458:. p. 656. 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8314: 8209:c. 1030 CE 8196: 8190:Medieval Cholas 8182: 8176: 8095:(blank verse), 8049: 8035: 8029: 7940:North Karnataka 7886:North Karnataka 7874: 7868: 7844: 7838: 7770: 7764: 7752:mahamandaleswar 7720:Vikramaditya VI 7687:doab region in 7641: 7631: 7625: 7547:Gangetic plains 7451: 7433: 7427: 7382: 7376: 7301: 7295: 7285:in China, as a 7189: 7183: 7136:Kappe Arabhatta 7117:Vikramaditya II 7022:Mauryas of Puri 6981:Chalukya Empire 6977: 6955: 6953:Chalukya Empire 6949: 6866:Mysore district 6842:Pallava dynasty 6816:(350–1000 CE) ( 6810: 6792: 6729:in present-day 6711:Kadamba Dynasty 6704:Doddagaddavalli 6696: 6690: 6682:Pandyan Kingdom 6646: 6640: 6577: 6571: 6551:Pandyan Kingdom 6502:(on the west), 6496: 6488:Main articles: 6486: 6260:Sanskritization 6240: 6224: 6222:Manikya dynasty 6216:Main articles: 6214: 6156: 6119: 6073: 6011: 6005: 6000: 5980: 5970:and cultivated 5909: 5903: 5890:Narasimhadeva I 5796: 5786: 5780: 5764: 5758: 5742:Varna Ratnakara 5722: 5716: 5692:south-east Asia 5470: 5464: 5456: 5449:Rohtasgarh Fort 5412: 5406: 5398:Gangetic plains 5378: 5372: 5329: 5323: 5311:Sabarmati River 5244: 5238: 5194: 5188: 5160: 5154: 5114:Chauhan Kingdom 5059:Chauhan dynasty 5043: 5037:Chauhan dynasty 5035:Main articles: 5033: 5015: 5009: 4997:Sassanid Empire 4986: 4980: 4948:Muslim conquest 4917: 4911: 4859:Maitraka Empire 4855: 4849: 4825:Vakataka Empire 4805: 4799: 4731: 4723:Imperial Guptas 4711: 4705: 4669: 4663: 4643:Chandragupta II 4637:(ca. 319–335), 4500: 4494: 4458:Vakataka Empire 4442: 4436: 4416:Bharshiva Kings 4412: 4406: 4300:Pandyan dynasty 4275: 4269: 4261:Western Satraps 4210: 4204: 4151:Gangetic plains 4127: 4119:"Shaonano shao" 4079: 4071:Main articles: 4069: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3871: 3865: 3822: 3814:Main articles: 3812: 3780: 3774: 3728: 3720:Main articles: 3718: 3698:Sasanian Empire 3694: 3688: 3637: 3631: 3569:Western Satraps 3565: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3461: 3459:Western Satraps 3455: 3447:Sakah-Parthavah 3422:Bhishama Parava 3374:Pallava dynasty 3340: 3334: 3324:was founded by 3318: 3312: 3288:Parama Kambojas 3229:Western Satraps 3169: 3161:Main articles: 3159: 3099: 3093: 3067:of Bactria, or 3045:Magnesian Greek 2947: 2941: 2939:The Indo-Greeks 2889: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2731: 2723:Medieval period 2719:India's economy 2706:in 500 CE, and 2700:Classical India 2685:Delhi Sultanate 2657: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2545: 2526: 2507: 2506: 2487: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2459: 2445: 2436: 2422: 2408: 2407: 2397: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2376: 2362: 2343: 2324: 2323: 2304: 2284: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2253: 2234: 2233: 2219: 2207: 2199: 2176: 2165: 2140: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1758: 1755: 1753:Colonial states 1745: 1744: 1635:Madurai Kingdom 1608: 1605: 1595: 1594: 1543:Bidar Sultanate 1532:Berar sultanate 1500:Ladakh Kingdom 1490:Gajapati Empire 1470:Garhwal Kingdom 1355:Delhi Sultanate 1328: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1284:Chutiya Kingdom 1254:Zamorin Kingdom 1045: 1041: 1033:Maukhari Empire 1023:Chalukya Empire 1014: 976:Maitraka Empire 917: 913: 896: 892: 884:Vakataka Empire 864:Sasanian Empire 815: 758: 754: 736:Kuninda Kingdom 719: 716: 714:Middle Kingdoms 706: 705: 696:Parthian Empire 687: 683: 666: 649: 632: 615: 598: 594: 509: 492: 403: 400: 390: 389: 308: 305: 295: 294: 246: 231: 228: 218: 217: 208:Edakkal culture 181: 178: 168: 167: 159:Soanian culture 143: 140: 129: 99: 88: 82: 79: 71:help improve it 68: 56: 52: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12523: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12480: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12466: 12465: 12456: 12447: 12433: 12423: 12416: 12415: 12406: 12397: 12388: 12379: 12370: 12361: 12352: 12342: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12307: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12261: 12259: 12254: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12232: 12227: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12177: 12175: 12173:Indo-Sassanids 12170: 12164: 12163: 12145: 12137: 12136: 12122: 12117: 12115: 12110: 12108: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12065: 12048: 12046:Varman dynasty 12037: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12013: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11950: 11947:Indo-Parthians 11943:Indo-Scythians 11939: 11933: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11899: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11834: 11826: 11825: 11799: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11762: 11759:HISTORICAL AGE 11754: 11753: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11718: 11713: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11690: 11661: 11654: 11646: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11633: 11628: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11600: 11582: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11547: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11522: 11521: 11519:Southern India 11516: 11515:Central India 11513: 11508: 11495: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11472: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11449: 11442: 11441: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11374: 11368: 11353: 11347: 11332: 11321: 11314: 11299: 11271: 11265: 11244: 11233: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11203: 11185: 11179: 11173:. Penguin UK. 11161: 11155: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11123: 11104: 11079: 11070: 11061: 11052: 11043: 11034: 11025: 11016: 11007: 10998: 10989: 10980: 10971: 10962: 10953: 10944: 10935: 10925: 10913: 10901: 10889: 10880: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10843: 10834: 10825: 10812: 10803: 10794: 10782: 10773: 10764: 10755: 10746: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10683: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10647: 10616: 10607: 10579: 10571:Kitabul Akalim 10559: 10550: 10541: 10532: 10523: 10514: 10498: 10486: 10477: 10468: 10459: 10446: 10437: 10423: 10414: 10405: 10396: 10387: 10378: 10365: 10356: 10345: 10336: 10323: 10317:Durga Prasad, 10310: 10297: 10288: 10279: 10252: 10210: 10198: 10189: 10180: 10171: 10162: 10153: 10144: 10126: 10117: 10108: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10072: 10063: 10054: 10045: 10036: 10027: 10018: 10009: 10000: 9991: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9940: 9920: 9900: 9887: 9867: 9858: 9839: 9812: 9788: 9769: 9767:, p. 117. 9757: 9755:, p. 339. 9745: 9743:, p. 704. 9728: 9726:, p. 571. 9716: 9704: 9692: 9666: 9654: 9628: 9612: 9601: 9582:Himachal Plus. 9571: 9564: 9546: 9520: 9503: 9482: 9469: 9454: 9438: 9436:, p. 246. 9426: 9419: 9399:"Later Guptas" 9389: 9363: 9337: 9311: 9285: 9267: 9250: 9224: 9215: 9206: 9180: 9154: 9135: 9126: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9088: 9075: 9063: 9061:, pp. 54. 9051: 9039: 9020: 9001: 8992:, p. 571. 8982: 8963: 8943: 8936: 8916: 8909: 8889: 8882: 8862: 8855: 8835: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8781: 8764: 8745: 8725: 8716: 8707: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8632: 8609: 8583: 8557: 8548: 8522: 8503: 8483: 8464: 8440: 8408: 8402: 8382: 8376: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8310: 8239:Rajendra Chola 8219:Rajendra Chola 8215:Rajaraja Chola 8207:Rajendra Chola 8178:Main article: 8175: 8172: 8117:Vishnuvardhana 8082:Maleparolganda 8033:Hoysala Empire 8031:Main article: 8028: 8025: 7956:Madhya Pradesh 7954:and Dahala in 7893:Madhya Pradesh 7870:Main article: 7867: 7866:The Kalachuris 7864: 7852:Andhra Pradesh 7840:Main article: 7837: 7834: 7814:Madhya Pradesh 7782:Yadava dynasty 7768:Yadava dynasty 7766:Main article: 7763: 7760: 7681:Godavari River 7627:Main article: 7624: 7621: 7576:. The rule of 7570:Amoghavarsha I 7469:Kailash Temple 7429:Main article: 7426: 7423: 7402:richest empire 7380:Pandyan Empire 7378:Main article: 7375: 7372: 7312:Andhra Pradesh 7297:Main article: 7294: 7291: 7187:Pallava Empire 7185:Main article: 7182: 7179: 7058:No 3. (Vishnu) 6951:Main article: 6948: 6945: 6834:Eastern Gangas 6830:Western Gangas 6808:Western Gangas 6806:Main article: 6791: 6788: 6731:Uttara Kannada 6692:Main article: 6689: 6686: 6642:Main article: 6639: 6636: 6573:Main article: 6570: 6567: 6528:Southeast Asia 6485: 6482: 6461:Cilappatikaram 6403:Mahaballipuram 6348:Southeast Asia 6270: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6239: 6236: 6230:ruled ancient 6228:Twipra Kingdom 6218:Twipra Kingdom 6213: 6210: 6190:North Guwahati 6182:North Guwahati 6155: 6150: 6142:Kamarupa-Palas 6118: 6116:The Mlechchhas 6113: 6097:Mahendravarman 6077:Varman dynasty 6072: 6067: 6035:North Guwahati 6017:, also called 6007:Main article: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5988:Varman dynasty 5984:Varman Dynasty 5979: 5976: 5905:Main article: 5902: 5899: 5855:Andhra Pradesh 5851:Srimukhalingam 5847:Andhra Pradesh 5782:Main article: 5779: 5776: 5768:Candra Dynasty 5762:Candra Dynasty 5760:Main article: 5757: 5754: 5718:Main article: 5715: 5712: 5653:Rajendra Chola 5545:Mahā Janapadas 5466:Main article: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5408:Main article: 5405: 5402: 5374:Main article: 5371: 5368: 5364:Vigraharaja IV 5327:Tomara dynasty 5325:Main article: 5322: 5319: 5271:Siddhpur Patan 5240:Main article: 5237: 5234: 5230:Madhya Pradesh 5202:Rajput dynasty 5190:Main article: 5187: 5184: 5180:Madhya Pradesh 5156:Main article: 5153: 5150: 5126:Prithviraj III 5118:Prithviraj III 5095:Northern India 5032: 5029: 5011:Main article: 5008: 5007:Katoch Dynasty 5005: 4982:Main article: 4979: 4976: 4940:R. C. Majumdar 4929:Northern India 4913:Main article: 4910: 4907: 4851:Main article: 4848: 4845: 4801:Main article: 4798: 4795: 4730: 4727: 4707:Main article: 4704: 4701: 4665:Main article: 4662: 4659: 4635:Chandragupta I 4512:Kumara Gupta I 4496:Main article: 4493: 4490: 4470:Madhya Pradesh 4438:Main article: 4435: 4432: 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4396:to retreat to 4304:Andhra Pradesh 4271:Main article: 4268: 4265: 4206:Main article: 4203: 4200: 4143:Deccan plateau 4131:Mauryan Empire 4126: 4123: 4068: 4065: 4019:Karkota Empire 4007: 4006: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869:Karkota Empire 3867:Main article: 3864: 3861: 3811: 3808: 3776:Main article: 3773: 3770: 3766:Turkic peoples 3717: 3714: 3702:Indo-Sasanians 3692:Indo-Sasanians 3690:Main article: 3687: 3684: 3633:Main article: 3630: 3627: 3597:Madhya Pradesh 3558: 3557: 3549: 3472: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457:Main article: 3454: 3451: 3336:Main article: 3333: 3330: 3314:Main article: 3311: 3308: 3270:, such as the 3233:Rudrasimha III 3173:Indo-Scythians 3163:Indo-Scythians 3158: 3155: 3135:Kekeya Kingdom 3095:Main article: 3092: 3089: 3071:, who married 3063:, who married 3015:in Pakistan's 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2710:Medieval India 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2550:Southeast Asia 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2450:Southeast Asia 2446: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2367:Southeast Asia 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319:Late antiquity 2316: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1705:Maratha Empire 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1685:Sikkim Kingdom 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675:Marava Kingdom 1671: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575:Keladi Kingdom 1571: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480:Mysore Kingdom 1476: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1410:Lodi Sultanate 1405: 1404: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1345:Ghurid Dynasty 1341: 1340: 1337: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1214:Hoysala Empire 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204:Lohara Kingdom 1200: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064:Tibetan Empire 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 972: 971: 968: 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 936:Kadamba Empire 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 907: 901: 900: 886: 880: 879: 876: 870: 869: 866: 860: 859: 856: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 836: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 809: 803: 802: 799: 793: 792: 789: 783: 782: 779: 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 748: 742: 741: 738: 732: 731: 728: 720: 712: 711: 708: 707: 702: 701: 698: 692: 691: 677: 671: 670: 660: 658:Pallava Empire 654: 653: 643: 637: 636: 626: 620: 619: 609: 603: 602: 588: 582: 581: 578: 576:Seleucid India 572: 571: 568: 562: 561: 558: 552: 551: 548: 542: 541: 538: 532: 531: 528: 524: 523: 520: 514: 513: 503: 501:Maha Janapadas 497: 496: 486: 480: 479: 476: 470: 469: 466: 460: 459: 456: 449: 448: 445: 438: 437: 436:(1300–1000 BC) 434: 427: 426: 423: 416: 415: 412: 404: 396: 395: 392: 391: 386: 385: 382: 375: 374: 373:(2000–1600 BC) 371: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 352:(1900–1300 BC) 350: 343: 342: 341:(2600–1900 BC) 339: 332: 331: 330:(3300–2600 BC) 328: 321: 320: 319:(3300–1300 BC) 317: 309: 306:(3300–1300 BC) 301: 300: 297: 296: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 279:(1600–1300 BC) 277: 271: 270: 267: 261: 260: 259:(3000–1500 BC) 257: 251: 250: 240: 232: 229:(3500–1500 BC) 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213: 212:(5000–3000 BC) 210: 204: 203: 202:(7000–3300 BC) 200: 194: 193: 192:(7570–6200 BC) 190: 182: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 163: 161: 155: 154: 152: 144: 136: 135: 130: 125: 124: 121: 120: 112: 111: 101: 100: 59: 57: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12522: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12500:Iron Age Asia 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12410: 12401: 12392: 12383: 12374: 12365: 12356: 12347: 12343: 12341: 12340: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12226: 12224: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12125:Vishnukundina 12123: 12121: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12085:Vishnukundina 12083: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11986:Kushan Empire 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11969:Kushan Empire 11965: 11962: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11907:Sangam period 11903: 11898: 11894: 11893:Shunga Empire 11889: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11866:Brahma Sutras 11863: 11862:Bhagavad Gita 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11807:Sangam period 11803: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11796:Maurya Empire 11791: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11742: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11667: 11660: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11588: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11570: 11563: 11562: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11512: 11506: 11502: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11481: 11477: 11470: 11465: 11463: 11458: 11456: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11440: 11439:archive.today 11436: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11416: 11415:public domain 11407: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11382: 11381: 11375: 11371: 11369:9788122411980 11365: 11361: 11360: 11354: 11350: 11348:9788187879497 11344: 11340: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11165:Romila Thapar 11162: 11158: 11156:9780861251551 11152: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11108: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11074: 11065: 11056: 11047: 11038: 11029: 11020: 11011: 11002: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10948: 10939: 10929: 10920: 10918: 10908: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10884: 10875: 10866: 10857: 10847: 10838: 10829: 10822: 10816: 10807: 10798: 10789: 10787: 10777: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10743: 10737: 10728: 10719: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10678: 10669: 10660: 10651: 10635: 10631: 10630:Deccan Herald 10627: 10620: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10567:Murujul Zahab 10563: 10554: 10545: 10536: 10527: 10518: 10511: 10507: 10506:Kavirajamarga 10502: 10493: 10491: 10481: 10472: 10463: 10456: 10450: 10441: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10418: 10409: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10375: 10369: 10360: 10354: 10349: 10340: 10333: 10327: 10320: 10314: 10307: 10301: 10292: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10256: 10248: 10242: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10205: 10203: 10193: 10184: 10175: 10166: 10157: 10148: 10140: 10133: 10131: 10121: 10112: 10103: 10094: 10085: 10076: 10067: 10058: 10049: 10040: 10031: 10022: 10013: 10004: 9995: 9986: 9977: 9968: 9959: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9897: 9891: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9862: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9847:Ganga Dynasty 9843: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9801: 9800: 9792: 9784: 9779:, p. 38. 9778: 9773: 9766: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9575: 9567: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9516: 9515: 9507: 9500: 9499:81-219-0887-6 9496: 9492: 9491:Ancient India 9486: 9479: 9473: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9435: 9430: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9219: 9210: 9195:on 3 May 2001 9194: 9190: 9184: 9169:on 3 May 2001 9168: 9164: 9158: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9139: 9130: 9121: 9111: 9101: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9049:, p. 45. 9048: 9047:Chadurah 1991 9043: 9035: 9029: 9024: 9016: 9010: 9009:Majumdar 1977 9005: 8997: 8991: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8920: 8912: 8906: 8903:. Third Eye. 8902: 8901: 8893: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8839: 8831: 8826: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8688: 8679: 8670: 8668: 8658: 8649: 8642: 8636: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8613: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8552: 8545: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8487: 8471: 8467: 8465:9789264022621 8461: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8425: 8418: 8412: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7942:and parts of 7941: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7882:Kudalasangama 7878: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7836:The Kakatiyas 7833: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812:and parts of 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7732:Narmada River 7729: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685:Krishna River 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566:sacred waters 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7235:Vishnukundina 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7202:built by the 7201: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7081:Chola dynasty 7078: 7074: 7069: 7068:Bay of Bengal 7065: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7024:, Kingdom of 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7006:Narmada River 7003: 6999: 6998:Pulakeshin II 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6897:Chola dynasty 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6801: 6796: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6775:Gupta Dynasty 6772: 6771:Kakusthavarma 6768: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6737:empires, the 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6638:The Kalabhras 6635: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6490:Sangam period 6481: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319:. It was the 6318: 6317:Narmada River 6314: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6180:, modern-day 6179: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168:North Gauhati 6165: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6107:and then the 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6053:and parts of 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6010: 5998:The Northeast 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936:Kulīna System 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698:(present-day 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5616:in the east, 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5459: 5454:The Pratihars 5447: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5432:Pratapdhavala 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416:Indian states 5411: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386:Uttar Pradesh 5383: 5382:Indian states 5377: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287:Somnath Patan 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5186:The Paramaras 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079:Western India 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5025:Chandravanshi 5022: 5021: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4847:The Maitrakas 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833:Pulakeshin II 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819:and parts of 4818: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4803:Vishnukundina 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4697:Narmada River 4694: 4693:Pulakeshin II 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4603:Vishnu Sharma 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576:Hindu culture 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Classical Age 4513: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4434:The Vakatakas 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241:Kanva dynasty 4239:and then the 4238: 4237:Shunga Empire 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218:Maurya Empire 4215: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162:arose in the 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139:Central Asian 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4115:Shah-in-shahi 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095:Udabhandapura 4092: 4088: 4087:Kushan Empire 4084: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4055:and defeated 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4028:Rajatarangini 4024: 4020: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3921: 3910: 3898: 3887: 3878: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3857:ancient India 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:to the west. 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3635:Kushan Empire 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3445:mentions the 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:Matsya Purana 3395: 3394:Vamana Purana 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3235:, in 395 CE. 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085:Kushan Empire 3082: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2915:and then the 2914: 2911:). First the 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:Maurya Empire 2893: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2749: 2739: 2729:The Northwest 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Maurya Empire 2670: 2666: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593:Postmodernity 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522:South America 2520: 2518: 2517:North America 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2395:Postclassical 2391: 2390: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2339:South America 2337: 2335: 2334:North America 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2268:Proto-writing 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159:Human history 2157: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960:Uttar Pradesh 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1834: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1615:Mughal Empire 1613: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1440:Reddy Kingdom 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1164:Yadava Empire 1162: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1054:Harsha Empire 1052: 1051: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 994: 993: 989: 987: 984: 983: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 967: 964: 963: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 927: 924: 923: 908: 906: 903: 902: 887: 885: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 871: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 837: 835: 834:Kushan Empire 832: 831: 827: 825: 822: 821: 810: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 778: 775: 774: 770: 768: 767:Shunga Empire 765: 764: 749: 747: 746:Mitra Dynasty 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 715: 710: 709: 699: 697: 694: 693: 688: AD 500 684: 250 BC 678: 676: 673: 672: 667: 250 AD 661: 659: 656: 655: 650: 300 BC 644: 642: 639: 638: 633: 300 BC 627: 625: 624:Chera Kingdom 622: 621: 616: 300 BC 610: 608: 607:Pandya Empire 605: 604: 599: 300 AD 595: 300 BC 589: 587: 586:Sangam period 584: 583: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 567: 566:Maurya Empire 564: 563: 559: 557: 554: 553: 549: 547: 544: 543: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 525: 521: 519: 516: 515: 504: 502: 499: 498: 493: 600 BC 487: 485: 482: 481: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 455: 451: 450: 447:(1200–600 BC) 446: 444: 440: 439: 435: 433: 429: 428: 425:(1500–600 BC) 424: 422: 418: 417: 414:(1500–500 BC) 413: 411: 408: 407: 401:(1500–200 BC) 399: 394: 393: 384:(1600–500 BC) 383: 381: 377: 376: 372: 370: 366: 365: 362:(2000–500 BC) 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 349: 345: 344: 340: 338: 334: 333: 329: 327: 323: 322: 318: 316: 313: 312: 304: 299: 298: 289:(1400–700 BC) 288: 286: 285:Jorwe culture 283: 282: 278: 276: 275:Malwa culture 273: 272: 269:(1600–750 BC) 268: 266: 265:Pandu culture 263: 262: 258: 256: 253: 252: 241: 239: 236: 235: 227: 222: 221: 211: 209: 206: 205: 201: 199: 196: 195: 191: 189: 186: 185: 177: 172: 171: 162: 160: 157: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 139: 134: 133: 128: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 97: 94: 86: 76: 72: 66: 65: 60:This article 58: 49: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12460: 12451: 12441: 12428: 12419: 12418: 12409: 12400: 12391: 12382: 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Retrieved 10686: 10677: 10668: 10659: 10650: 10638:. Retrieved 10634:the original 10629: 10619: 10610: 10598:. Retrieved 10582: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10553: 10544: 10535: 10526: 10517: 10509: 10501: 10480: 10471: 10462: 10449: 10440: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10381: 10373: 10368: 10359: 10348: 10339: 10331: 10326: 10318: 10313: 10305: 10300: 10291: 10282: 10270:. Retrieved 10266:the original 10255: 10229:. Retrieved 10213: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10165: 10156: 10147: 10138: 10120: 10111: 10102: 10093: 10084: 10075: 10066: 10057: 10048: 10039: 10030: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9994: 9985: 9976: 9967: 9958: 9949: 9943: 9931:, p. 8) 9923: 9903: 9895: 9890: 9870: 9861: 9842: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9803:. Retrieved 9798: 9791: 9772: 9760: 9748: 9719: 9707: 9695: 9683:. Retrieved 9679:the original 9669: 9657: 9645:. Retrieved 9631: 9619: 9615: 9604: 9592:. Retrieved 9588:the original 9581: 9574: 9555: 9549: 9537:. Retrieved 9523: 9513: 9506: 9490: 9485: 9477: 9472: 9463: 9457: 9429: 9402: 9392: 9380:. Retrieved 9366: 9354:. Retrieved 9340: 9328:. Retrieved 9314: 9302:. Retrieved 9288: 9270: 9253: 9241:. Retrieved 9237:the original 9227: 9218: 9209: 9197:. Retrieved 9193:the original 9183: 9171:. Retrieved 9167:the original 9157: 9138: 9129: 9120: 9110: 9100: 9091: 9083: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9042: 9023: 9004: 8985: 8973:. Retrieved 8953: 8946: 8926: 8919: 8899: 8892: 8872: 8865: 8845: 8838: 8823: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8789: 8784: 8767: 8755:. Retrieved 8735: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8657: 8648: 8640: 8635: 8627: 8626:W. W. Tarn. 8612: 8600:. Retrieved 8586: 8574:. Retrieved 8560: 8551: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8513:. Retrieved 8493: 8486: 8474:. Retrieved 8450: 8443: 8431:. Retrieved 8411: 8392: 8385: 8366: 8356: 8290:architecture 8279: 8223:Chola Empire 8217:and his son 8212: 8203:Chola Empire 8194:Later Cholas 8186:Early Cholas 8180:Chola Empire 8168:Vijayanagara 8141: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8062: 8027:The Hoysalas 8018: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8001:Vachanakaras 8000: 7999:were called 7994: 7990: 7984: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7929: 7928: 7917: 7908: 7904: 7890: 7845: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7771: 7751: 7741: 7736:Kaveri River 7717: 7693:Someshvara I 7653:Basavakalyan 7642: 7605:Cape Comorin 7600: 7596: 7594: 7533:and Gurjara 7527:Pala Dynasty 7515:Jamuna River 7511:Ganges River 7504: 7477: 7473:Ellora Caves 7449:Ellora Caves 7394:Roman Empire 7383: 7344: 7308:South Indian 7303: 7302: 7267:Shore Temple 7247:Kaveri River 7219: 7218:and his son 7209: 7200:Mamallapuram 7196:Shore Temple 7181:The Pallavas 7139: 7133: 7089:Hiuen-Tsiang 7063: 7061: 7045: 7009: 6994:Pulakeshin I 6980: 6978: 6932: 6931:'s writing, 6929:Chavundaraya 6927:flourished. 6921:Kambadahalli 6909: 6885:Rashtrakutas 6870: 6850:Samudragupta 6829: 6813: 6811: 6767:Mayurasharma 6764: 6710: 6708: 6688:The Kadambas 6647: 6613: 6578: 6575:Chera Empire 6535:South Indian 6532: 6520: 6497: 6434: 6411: 6352: 6340: 6321:Rashtrakutas 6313:Rashtrakutas 6310: 6290:Rashtrakutas 6271: 6241: 6227: 6225: 6172: 6160:Pala dynasty 6159: 6157: 6146:Madan Kamdev 6122: 6120: 6093:Gupta Empire 6089:Samudragupta 6085:Pushyavarman 6076: 6074: 6047:North Bengal 6019:Pragjyotisha 6018: 6014: 6012: 5983: 5981: 5944:Lakshman Sen 5925:Pala emperor 5915:who brought 5913:Sena dynasty 5910: 5887: 5843:Chhattisgarh 5822: 5820: 5767: 5765: 5723: 5673: 5646: 5620:(modern-day 5591: 5568:Vikramashila 5520: 5516: 5502: 5490: 5489: 5481:Bodhisattvas 5457: 5436:Shri Pratapa 5413: 5379: 5331: 5330: 5279:Indian Ocean 5258: 5256: 5222:Dhara Nagari 5221: 5197: 5195: 5163: 5161: 5152:The Kachwaha 5121: 5113: 5111: 5107:Yamuna River 5058: 5056: 5031:The Chauhans 5018: 5016: 5001:Gupta Empire 4989: 4987: 4968:Eliphinstone 4965: 4956:Gupta Empire 4943: 4937: 4933:Gupta Empire 4920: 4918: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4878:Gupta Empire 4866: 4858: 4856: 4808: 4806: 4754: 4733:Present day 4732: 4729:The Gurjaras 4712: 4703:Later Guptas 4673:Gupta Empire 4670: 4639:Samudragupta 4628: 4599:Varahamihira 4588: 4528:Gupta Empire 4519: 4517: 4498:Gupta Empire 4478:Ajanta Caves 4462:Gupta Empire 4457: 4455: 4450:Ajanta Caves 4428:Samudragupta 4413: 4367: 4316: 4296:South Indian 4276: 4257:the Pahlavas 4234: 4226:Ellora Caves 4213: 4211: 4176:Gupta Empire 4168:"Golden Age" 4167: 4160:Gupta Empire 4128: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4080: 4026: 4016: 3997: 3975: 3971: 3863:The Karkotas 3853:Mahajanapada 3847:and eastern 3824: 3823: 3781: 3747: 3695: 3666: 3658:Roman Empire 3638: 3622: 3604: 3566: 3475: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380:. While the 3370:Brhatsamhita 3369: 3363: 3357: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3338:The Pahlavas 3332:The Pahlavas 3319: 3240:Central Asia 3237: 3170: 3147:Kuru Kingdom 3142: 3122: 3115:the Pahlavas 3106: 3102: 3100: 3077: 3037:Euthydemus I 3035: 3024: 3009:Pushkalavati 3002: 2984:invaded the 2979: 2964: 2921: 2917:Gupta Empire 2898: 2745: 2707: 2704:Gupta Empire 2699: 2697: 2689:Later Cholas 2664: 2662: 2627: 2502:Contemporary 2497:Early modern 2440: 2263:Protohistory 2215:Contemporary 2209: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2025:Demographics 2015:Architecture 1795:French India 1785:Danish India 1665:Bengal Subah 1655:Bhoi dynasty 1585:Koch Kingdom 1420:Ahom Kingdom 1294:Deva Kingdom 986:Huna Kingdom 926:Gupta Empire 828:(AD 35–405 ) 787:Kanva Empire 759: 50 BC 713: 641:Chola Empire 580:(312–303 BC) 570:(321–184 BC) 560:(330–323 BC) 550:(380–321 BC) 546:Nanda Empire 540:(424–345 BC) 522:(550–330 BC) 478:(684–424 BC) 468:(799–684 BC) 458:(700–200 BC) 380:Swat culture 226:Chalcolithic 138:Palaeolithic 89: 80: 61: 44: 32:dynamic list 12445:, Routledge 12326:Rashtrakuta 12230:Pala Empire 12223:Kabul Shahi 12106:Kabul Shahi 12080:Alchon Huns 11858:Mahabharata 11781:Pre-history 11694:Pre-history 11604:Pre-history 11362:. New Age. 10708:24 December 10640:27 February 10600:20 December 10272:10 November 10231:10 November 9929:Sharma 1978 9909:Sharma 1978 9876:Sircar 1990 9647:10 February 9382:5 September 8810:Hill (2004) 8602:20 February 8576:20 February 8306:Chidambaram 8255:Lakshadweep 8231:South India 8148:South India 7944:Maharashtra 7924:Maharashtra 7830:Maharashtra 7806:Maharashtra 7798:Tungabhadra 7762:The Yadavas 7582:Krishna III 7562:Mahabharata 7523:Govinda III 7488:Maharashtra 7418:Tirunelveli 7374:The Pandyas 7349:of Vatapi ( 7275:Bodhidharma 7269:which is a 7255:Kanchipuram 7251:South India 7243:Simhavishnu 7121:Kanchipuram 7002:Tapti River 6881:Kanchipuram 6846:South India 6759:Satavahanas 6743:Rashtrakuta 6553:(in modern 6539:Pataliputra 6514:, known as 6473:Vaishnavism 6465:Manimekalai 6407:Kanchipuram 6332:Prathiharas 6282:Kanchipuram 6252:regionalism 6186:Dharma Pala 6174:Brahma Pala 6111:dynasties. 6070:The Varmans 6059:West Bengal 5978:The Varmans 5954:, northern 5934:introduced 5932:Ballal Sena 5907:Sena Empire 5881:of Puri in 5835:West Bengal 5756:The Candras 5730:Simraongadh 5622:Afghanistan 5501:. The name 5491:Pala Empire 5485:Pala Empire 5468:Pala Empire 5336:Rajput Clan 5071:North India 4978:The Rajputs 4898:Hiuen Tsang 4894:Mahadhiraja 4821:South India 4763:Arabian Sea 4618:, and both 4560:mathematics 4540:engineering 4474:Maharashtra 4466:Satavahanas 4386:Bhubaneswar 4135:Satavahanas 4077:Hindu Shahi 4033:Yashovarman 3849:Afghanistan 3784:Rai dynasty 3778:Rai dynasty 3762:North India 3722:Huna people 3629:The Kushans 3589:Maharashtra 3583:, southern 3485:SATAVAHANAS 3426:Mahabharata 3382:Vayu Purana 3378:South India 3365:Mahabharata 3326:Gondophares 3213:Maharashtra 3139:Indus River 3091:The Yavanas 3075:of Sogdia. 2994:Afghanistan 2975:Hellenistic 2831:ARJUNAYANAS 2755:SATAVAHANAS 2469:Renaissance 2010:Agriculture 1980:South India 1955:Maharashtra 1905:Balochistan 1845:Afghanistan 1819:(1858–1947) 1815:British Raj 1809:(1757–1858) 1805:Company Raj 1799:(1759–1954) 1789:(1620–1869) 1779:(1605–1825) 1775:Dutch India 1769:(1510–1961) 1756:(1510–1961) 1739:(1799–1849) 1735:Sikh Empire 1729:(1729–1947) 1719:(1707–1799) 1709:(1674–1818) 1699:(1650–1948) 1689:(1642–1975) 1679:(1600–1750) 1669:(1576–1757) 1659:(1541–1804) 1649:(1532–1673) 1639:(1529–1736) 1629:(1540–1556) 1619:(1526–1858) 1606:(1526–1858) 1589:(1515–1947) 1579:(1499–1763) 1569:(1518–1687) 1558:(1492–1686) 1547:(1492–1619) 1536:(1490–1574) 1525:(1490–1636) 1514:(1490–1596) 1504:(1470–1842) 1494:(1434–1541) 1484:(1399–1947) 1474:(1358–1803) 1464:(1352–1576) 1454:(1336–1646) 1444:(1325–1448) 1434:(1300–1779) 1424:(1228–1826) 1414:(1451–1526) 1403:(1414–1451) 1392:(1320–1414) 1381:(1290–1320) 1370:(1206–1290) 1359:(1206–1526) 1349:(1170–1206) 1326:(1206–1526) 1307: 1300 1303: 1200 1288:(1187–1673) 1278:(1156–1184) 1258:(1102–1766) 1248:(1083–1323) 1238:(1078–1434) 1228:(1070–1230) 1224:Sena Empire 1218:(1040–1347) 1208:(1003–1320) 1134:Pala Empire 996:Rai Kingdom 838:(AD 60–240) 771:(185–73 BC) 527:Ror Dynasty 247: 3950 12489:Categories 12339:References 12292:Ghaznavids 12102:Nezak Huns 11282:by Yu Huan 9501:, pp.594-6 9199:16 January 9173:16 January 9059:Hasan 1959 8990:Singh 2008 8964:0226742210 8790:Geographia 8746:0226742210 8542:or with a 8504:0226742210 8403:0691089523 8344:References 8184:See also: 8174:The Cholas 8160:Harihara I 8037:See also: 7980:Virashaiva 7818:Daulatabad 7748:Bijjala II 7744:Kalachuris 7661:Tailapa II 7649:Manyakheta 7633:See also: 7509:region of 7496:Manyakheta 7492:Dantidurga 7435:See also: 7398:Marco Polo 7340:Rajamundry 7281:school of 7265:built the 7148:Pattadakal 7144:Malaprabha 7101:Khosrau II 6963:Pattadakal 6957:See also: 6889:Manyakheta 6864:in modern 6798:Statue of 6597:literature 6569:The Cheras 6555:Tamil Nadu 6523:matriarchy 6391:Pattadakal 6284:, and the 6202:Indra Pala 6194:Ratna Pala 6131:Narakasura 6055:Bangladesh 6025:alongside 5974:in India. 5928:Madanapala 5857:bordering 5788:See also: 5640:) and the 5594:Dharmapala 5576:Dharmapala 5356:Someshvara 5259:Chaulukyas 5212:who was a 5063:Pratiharas 5049:Statue of 4871:Saurashtra 4761:, and the 4755:lost river 4607:Vatsyayana 4572:philosophy 4552:literature 4514:(414–455). 4492:The Guptas 4424:Ashvamedha 4155:Upanishads 4111:Mihirakula 4073:Turk Shahi 4037:Kanyakubja 3682:majority. 3617:, such as 3573:Saurashtra 3476:South Asia 3368:, and the 3352:, various 3280:Massagetae 2998:Uzbekistan 2986:Hindu Kush 2971:South Asia 2929:syncretism 2789:AUDUMBARAS 2762:MAHAMEGHA- 2748:in 150 BCE 2746:South Asia 2600:Futurology 2541:South Asia 2441:South Asia 2358:South Asia 2295:Bronze Age 2290:Copper Age 2248:Common Era 2223:10,000 BCE 2169:Prehistory 2090:Philosophy 2070:Metallurgy 2060:Literature 1985:Tamil Nadu 1850:Bangladesh 1625:Sur Empire 1339:(977–1186) 1305: – c. 1268:(675–1210) 1198:(973–1189) 1188:(942–1244) 1178:(882–1110) 1168:(850–1334) 1158:(800–1327) 1138:(750–1174) 1118:(694–1947) 1098:(650–1036) 1078:(624–1075) 1046: 700 1044: – c. 1042: 550 1015: 500 960:(350–1100) 950:(350–1000) 918: 600 916: – c. 914: 250 897: 500 895: – c. 893: 250 816: 130 791:(75–26 BC) 757: – c. 755: 150 686: – c. 652:– AD 1279) 635:– AD 1102) 618:– AD 1345) 597: – c. 510: 600 495:– AD 1600) 303:Bronze Age 30:This is a 12243:Kalachuri 12035:Kidarites 11341:. Aakar. 11092:Kannadiga 10455:digvijaya 9828:: 66–72. 9594:3 January 9539:19 August 9356:1 January 9243:1 January 9028:Wink 1991 8788:Ptolemy, 8476:3 January 8362:Stein, B. 8349:Citations 8286:Thanjavur 8235:Sri Lanka 8137:Srirangam 7972:Chalukyas 7964:Karnataka 7913:Karnataka 7897:Rajasthan 7872:Kalachuri 7856:Telangana 7810:Karnataka 7677:Tamilakam 7578:Indra III 7535:Pratihara 7390:Srivijaya 7370:history. 7347:Chalukyas 7044:lost his 7038:Rajasthan 6826:Karnataka 6723:Karnataka 6644:Kalabhras 6616:Kalabhras 6435:Although 6274:Chalukyas 6206:Jaya Pala 6198:Sualkuchi 6153:The Palas 6105:Mlechchha 5921:Vijay Sen 5901:The Senas 5839:Jharkhand 5734:Nanyadeva 5726:Darbhanga 5657:Chalukyas 5574:built by 5521:protector 5462:The Palas 5424:Jharkhand 5315:Ahmedabad 5307:Karnavati 5291:Kathiawar 5267:Anhilwara 5236:Chalukyas 5083:Rajputana 5067:Paramaras 4874:peninsula 4843:dynasty. 4759:the Hakra 4743:Mount Abu 4735:Rajasthan 4689:Chalukyas 4616:Sri Lanka 4595:Aryabhata 4564:astronomy 4548:dialectic 4486:Chalukyas 4390:Rajagriha 4319:Sri Lanka 4283:Khārabēḷa 4192:Chalukyas 3939:MAITRAKAS 3930:CHALUKYAS 3897:CALIPHATE 3645:Amu Darya 3623:Geography 3593:Rajasthan 3579:: modern 3544:PARTHIANS 3533:MAHAMEGA- 3478:in 150 CE 3443:Kātyāyana 3349:Manusmṛti 3276:Scythians 3217:Rajasthan 3193:Arachosia 3031:Theophila 3026:Geography 2959:Demetrius 2933:Silk Road 2866:SAMATATAS 2796:YAUDHEYAS 2782:BACTRIANS 2588:Modernity 2555:West Asia 2536:East Asia 2455:West Asia 2432:East Asia 2372:West Asia 2353:East Asia 2309:Axial Age 2211:Neolithic 2205:Timelines 2173:Stone Age 2040:Education 2030:Dynasties 1950:Rajasthan 1935:Karnataka 1880:Sri Lanka 1148:(753–982) 1128:(736–916) 1108:(661–750) 1088:(632–661) 1068:(618–841) 1058:(606–647) 1027:(543–753) 1000:(489–632) 990:(475–576) 980:(475–767) 970:(420–624) 940:(345–525) 930:(280–550) 878:(230–360) 868:(224–651) 858:(210–340) 848:(170–350) 811:(AD 21 – 669:– AD 800) 421:Janapadas 249:–1900 BC) 176:Neolithic 83:June 2019 12439:(2002), 12113:Maitraka 11998:kingdom 11996:Kamarupa 11854:Ramayana 11680:Buddhism 11626:Panchala 11617:Gandhara 11577:culture) 11544:IRON AGE 11435:Archived 11293:Archived 11191:(1994). 11143:(1960). 11115:Archived 10933:p124–126 10702:Archived 10594:Archived 10374:Karnatik 10321:., pp 68 10308:pp 91–92 10241:cite web 10225:Archived 9850:Archived 9834:44138330 9641:Archived 9584:On line" 9533:Archived 9376:Archived 9350:Archived 9324:Archived 9298:Archived 9278:Archived 9260:Archived 9146:Archived 8969:Archived 8792:, Chap 7 8777:Kanishka 8751:Archived 8620:Archived 8596:Archived 8570:Archived 8509:Archived 8470:Archived 8424:Archived 8312:See also 8271:Mahipala 8101:Shatpadi 8097:Sangatya 8074:Halebidu 7996:Vachanas 7991:Vachanas 7976:Lingayat 7968:Chalukya 7952:Kalinjar 7808:, north 7673:Paramara 7669:Karka II 7586:Paramara 7326:and the 7324:Hoysalas 7283:Buddhism 7212:Pallavas 7204:Pallavas 7163:Mahakuta 7129:Kalabhra 7105:Pallavas 7099:emperor 6925:Sanskrit 6901:Tanjavur 6800:Bahubali 6741:and the 6739:Chalukya 6727:Banavasi 6694:Kadambas 6678:Pallavas 6672:and the 6670:Kadambas 6662:Buddhist 6658:Buddhism 6630:and the 6628:Pallavas 6601:Kuttanad 6593:Pallavas 6477:Ramayana 6469:Shaivism 6437:Sanskrit 6414:Buddhism 6363:Hinduism 6359:Buddhism 6308:realms. 6306:Chalukya 6278:Pallavas 6244:Buddhism 6081:Kamarupa 6031:Guwahati 6015:Kāmarūpa 6003:Kamarupa 5968:Hinduism 5960:Varanasi 5940:Nabadwip 5738:Maithili 5669:Kamarupa 5665:Varendra 5661:Ramapala 5655:and the 5649:Mahipala 5642:Dravidas 5634:Gurjaras 5606:Devapala 5598:Devapala 5580:Buddhist 5553:Buddhist 5525:Mahayana 5519:) means 5495:Buddhist 5394:Varanasi 5269:(modern 5232:state). 5228:city in 5218:polymath 5164:Kachwaha 5158:Kachwaha 5053:at Ajmer 4886:Maharaja 4882:Senapati 4867:Senapati 4853:Maitraka 4829:Chalukya 4767:Himalaya 4631:Buddhism 4620:maritime 4591:Kalidasa 4568:religion 4440:Vakataka 4355:Maldives 4335:Cambodia 4327:Thailand 4310:and the 4302:(modern 4222:Buddhism 4147:Buddhism 4041:Kamarupa 3999:KARKOTAS 3845:Pakistan 3833:Peshawar 3825:Gandhāra 3816:Gandhara 3792:Buddhism 3772:The Rais 3672:Buddhism 3619:Rajuvula 3435:Parthava 3359:Ramayana 3344:Pahlavas 3300:Rishikas 3296:Bahlikas 3264:kingdoms 3197:Gandhara 3151:Panchala 3127:Kambojas 3041:Polybius 2924:Buddhism 2909:Mlecchas 2817:KUNINDAS 2810:VRISHNIS 2803:PAURAVAS 2715:Hinduism 2574:See also 2418:Americas 2403:Timeline 2300:Iron Age 2197:Holocene 2151:a series 2149:Part of 2105:Timeline 2095:Religion 2075:Military 2065:Maritime 2055:Language 2045:Indology 1875:Pakistan 1865:Maldives 1563: – 1552: – 1541: – 1530: – 1519: – 1408: – 1397: – 1386: – 1375: – 1364: – 512:–300 BC) 452: – 441: – 430: – 419: – 398:Iron Age 378: – 367: – 346: – 335: – 324: – 12420:Sources 12211:Pallava 12142:Culture 12021:Puranas 12010:Culture 11850:Puranas 11831:Culture 11768:Culture 11684:Ājīvika 11676:Jainism 11651:Culture 11631:Magadha 11553:Culture 11403:Website 11398:Bhavan. 11228:(1888) 11128:Sources 10821:Bilhana 10742:Hanagal 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