34:
528:, and holidays and fast days—quoting the Tosefta, the gemara lays out that while there is no inherent issue with women reading from the Torah, the sages maintained that they should not do so out of respect for the congregation. Similar to the issue of Megillah reading, the Reform movement readily allows this nonetheless, while the Conservative movement does so with a progressive yet
295:
339:—also cannot be said out of order. In the same standard Talmudic fashion, the Gemara goes through each law of the Mishnah, quoting Tannaim and Amoraim's statements on the topics. For the most part, other than the out-of-order laws, the chapter does not go into tangents unrelated to the Mishnah at hand.
319:
that analyzes and discusses the
Mishnayot of the same tractate; however, it does not do so in order: the first chapter of each mirror each other, as do the second chapters, but the Gemara's third chapter reflects the fourth of the Mishnah, and the fourth comments on the third.
346:
that appears in a story related to the laws of Torah reading. The majority of the fourth chapter, "Bnei Ha'ir" (people of the city), is unrelated to the Book of Esther and the holiday of Purim, instead giving a several-page-long discussion on sacred items, such as
442:(laws) regarding women, the first being a blanket statement in the Gemara that the only types of people prohibited from reading the Megillah are deaf people, imbeciles, and minors. When discussing that Mishnah in a separate conversation,
272:
period that are included in the
Mishnah, but it also adds more regarding many of the same topics, including the proper way to read the Megillah as well as the treatment of sacred objects. Several of the
1078:
897:
323:
The second chapter, "Hakoreh L'mafre'ah" (one who reads out of order), opens with a discussion on the prohibition of reading the
Megillah out of order; this delves into reasons why other
469:
One contemporary
Orthodox conclusion is that for both Ashkenazim and Sephardim, women can indeed not fulfil a man's obligation but can read on behalf of women, based on the majority of
1133:
456:
codification, the Beit Yosef mentions that some hold that men cannot fulfil their own obligation from a woman's reading as a woman's obligation, according to
497:
The
Conservative movement (which has, for some time, been allowing women to participate more in traditional Jewish practice), however, based on a variety of
1091:
532:
approach, adopted in the late 1970s. While the vast majority of
Orthodox congregations across the world only allow men to chant from the Torah, the "
1034:
438:
outlines, to at least some degree, the ways in which Jews of all denominations observe the holiday of Purim today. More relevant, however, are two
1109:
1059:
905:
1160:
462:, is that of hearing instead of reading. The Rema also mentioned that some hold this in his commentary on that same Beit Yosef law based on
822:
848:
227:
concepts; laws of how to read the
Megillah—including language, the reader, and other factors—and various times during which
1140:
427:. Laws regarding Torah reading can be found in other parts of Orach Chayim, as can laws from the fourth chapter about sacred objects.
992:
1941:
874:
607:
585:
1240:
566:
342:
This is also true in chapter three, "Hakoreh Omed" (one who reads standing), though the
Amoraim do dive into a law regarding
223:(the scroll of Esther), when to give gifts to the poor as mandated in the Book of Esther, and various differences between
1458:
1961:
363:(books). The remainder analyzes the Mishnayot that specify which sections of the Torah to read on particular days.
243:; and further laws regarding reading the Megillah, though the majority deals with laws of public Torah reading and
208:("Tractate Scroll") were compiled, along with the rest of the Mishnah, by the second or third centuries CE by
2168:
1275:
533:
277:
from the
Tosefta that were not included in the Mishnah are brought up as additional Tannaitic sources in the
1436:
1013:
505:—stated that women and men are equally obligated in the mitzvot, which includes reading the Megillah.
2215:
2173:
1934:
1285:
968:
1233:
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1063:
835:
Therefore, cities that were enclosed during the time of Joshua do not celebrate until the 15th of Adar
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20:
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96:
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of modern import is regarding public reading of the Torah, which occurs on
Mondays, Thursdays,
856:
1451:
1226:
1746:
1364:
463:
192:
continues to dictate how Purim is celebrated in Jewish communities worldwide to this day.
8:
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163:
132:
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997:
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299:
949:
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can be performed; laws regarding buying and selling sacred objects as well as which
2236:
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137:
39:
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adds that listing those groups as disallowed serves to include women. In the
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1425:
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1415:
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536:," based on the Shulchan Arukh, posits that a congregation may waive its
395:
352:
215:. Their overall goal is to enumerate the laws for the Jewish holiday of
1883:
1858:
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901:
379:
1192:
Full Hebrew and English text of the Talmud Bavli for tractate Megillah
33:
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2014:
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988:
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Talmud Bavli: The Gemara, Schottenstein Edition - Tractate Megillah
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47:
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Full Hebrew and English text of the Tosefta for tractate Megillah
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1183:
Full Hebrew and English text of the Mishnah for tractate Megillah
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790:
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The laws regarding reading the Megillah were codified in various
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Full Hebrew text of the Talmud Yerushalmi for tractate Megillah
402:; they make up the majority of the 690th topic on the latter's
336:
328:
278:
173:
51:
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2086:
2035:
1958:
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1827:
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219:. They consist of four chapters: laws regarding when to read
216:
209:
181:
2045:
1644:
1498:
1079:"The Status of Daughters of Kohanim And Leviyim for Aliyot"
423:, for the most part does not differ on the codification of
169:
69:
969:"Women's Megillah Readings: What's the Controversy About?"
315:
of the Babylonian Talmud (Gemara) is a commentary of the
249:. Like other tractates of the Mishnah, the Mishnayot of
406:(daily life) section. While Rabbi Karo was a prominent
869:
1070:
1032:
966:
803:
Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 135, 141, 282, 423, 663.
557:
Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "Mishnah".
1011:
987:
253:
for the most part do not elaborate or give reasons.
1053:
1051:
513:support, similarly maintains that women are equal
168:'Tractate Scroll') is a tractate in Seder
501:considerations—including some sources from
415:, Rabbi Moses Isserles (the Rema), who gives the
2228:
1076:
556:
1048:
1026:
1161:Schottenstein Edition of the Babylonian Talmud
1057:
1935:
1452:
1234:
1107:
180:. It deals with laws and stories relating to
840:
812:Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 151–153.
1942:
1928:
1459:
1445:
1241:
1227:
561:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 319.
32:
981:
734:
709:
707:
705:
580:
578:
935:
933:
650:
648:
646:
627:
625:
398:'s (Beit Yosef) widely accepted code of
366:
293:
264:has three chapters; it includes several
184:, a Jewish holiday originating from the
1014:"Women's Obligation in Megilla Reading"
960:
921:
494:seem to have supported this viewpoint.
2229:
1005:
912:
898:"15 Purim Facts Every Jew Should Know"
889:
815:
806:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
725:
702:
600:
575:
1923:
1440:
1222:
1126:
1101:
1060:"Reform Judaism in the United States"
930:
846:
797:
716:
693:
657:
643:
622:
1248:
1033:Barmash, Rabbi Pamela (2014-04-29).
967:Gottlieb, Rabbi Dovid (2023-02-22).
684:
675:
666:
1012:Brofsky, Rabbi David (2014-09-21).
875:"Introduction to Masechet Megillah"
239:are read on particular days of the
195:
158:
13:
1949:
942:
895:
863:
787:"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 690"
14:
2253:
1171:
939:Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 689.
550:
1110:"May women read from the Torah?"
430:
1178:Mishnah Megillah text in Hebrew
1134:"Guide for the Halakhic Minyan"
1077:Roth, Rabbi Joel (1989-11-15).
540:and allow women to read Torah.
1:
2169:Esther in rabbinic literature
1058:Goldman, Karla (2021-06-23).
543:
534:Guide for the Halakhic Minyan
509:, though less concerned with
289:
2216:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
2174:Haman in rabbinic literature
1108:Brody, Shlomo (2012-06-14).
993:"Women Reading the Megillah"
7:
849:"Purim: Laws & Customs"
298:The first page (2a) of the
10:
2258:
1154:
847:Lucas, Alan (2013-02-12).
18:
2208:
2182:
2141:
2115:
2054:
2023:
1957:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1473:שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה
1472:
1401:
1363:
1320:
1259:
378:codes, notably including
284:
128:
117:
106:
95:
87:
75:
65:
57:
46:
31:
740:Megillah 17a–18a.
359:, Torah wrappings, and
1467:The Six Orders of the
1286:in rabbinic literature
1276:in rabbinic literature
871:Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin
309:
16:Tractate of the Talmud
950:"Halachot Gedolot 19"
722:Mishnah Megillah 3:1.
699:Mishnah Megillah 4:1.
690:Mishnah Megillah 2:1.
672:Mishnah Megillah 1:1.
559:Encyclopaedia Judaica
485:Sephardic Chief Rabbi
297:
989:Weiss, Rabbi Avraham
19:For other uses, see
1087:Rabbinical Assembly
1042:Rabbinical Assembly
1035:"Women and Mitzvot"
853:Rabbinical Assembly
492:Aharon Lichtenstein
419:perspective on the
305:edition Babylonian
28:
2072:Bigthan and Teresh
1302:Bigthan and Teresh
1115:The Jerusalem Post
896:Posner, Menachem.
608:"Tosefta Megillah"
586:"Mishnah Megillah"
310:
26:
2224:
2223:
2159:Megillah (Talmud)
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1434:
1433:
1340:Purim HaMeshulash
1167:, 1991, Artscroll
568:978-0-02-865942-8
503:Masechet Megillah
436:Masechet Megillah
425:Masechet Megillah
313:Masechet Megillah
206:Masekhet Megillah
178:Jerusalem Talmuds
167:
150:Masekhet Megillah
146:
145:
97:Babylonian Talmud
38:Beginning of the
2249:
2195:Oxyrhynchus 4443
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1220:
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1148:
1147:
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1139:. Archived from
1138:
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1123:
1118:. Archived from
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1099:
1098:
1096:
1090:. Archived from
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:. Archived from
1055:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:Torat Har Etzion
1009:
1003:
1002:
985:
979:
978:
964:
958:
957:
946:
940:
937:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
909:
904:. Archived from
893:
887:
886:
881:. Archived from
867:
861:
860:
855:. Archived from
844:
838:
837:
829:. Archived from
823:"Purim: History"
819:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
794:
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664:
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614:. Archived from
604:
598:
597:
592:. Archived from
582:
573:
572:
554:
477:opinions. Major
459:Halachot Gedolot
455:
196:Tannaitic period
162:
160:
108:Jerusalem Talmud
36:
29:
25:
2257:
2256:
2252:
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2248:
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2200:Palau-Ribes 163
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2019:
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833:on 2023-03-24.
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483:such as former
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292:
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241:Hebrew calendar
221:Megillat Esther
198:
142:
141:
135:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2242:Book of Esther
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2133:Fast of Esther
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1951:Book of Esther
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1330:Fast of Esther
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1267:Book of Esther
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1172:External links
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1146:on 2011-07-14.
1125:
1122:on 2023-03-17.
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908:on 2023-03-20.
888:
885:on 2023-03-24.
879:Orthodox Union
873:(2007-02-08).
862:
859:on 2017-08-24.
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633:"Megillah 17a"
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918:Megillah 19b.
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773:
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764:
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749:Megillah 20a.
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737:
731:Megillah 25b.
728:
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713:Megillah 21a.
710:
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663:Megillah 25a.
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538:kavod tzibbur
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211:
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140: →
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35:
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22:
2164:Targum Sheni
2158:
1767:Avodah Zarah
1669:
1350:Second Purim
1250:Purim
1164:
1141:the original
1128:
1120:the original
1113:
1103:
1092:the original
1085:
1072:
1064:the original
1028:
1017:
1007:
996:
983:
972:
962:
944:
923:
914:
906:the original
891:
883:the original
865:
857:the original
842:
834:
831:the original
817:
808:
799:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
695:
686:
681:Megillah 2a.
677:
668:
659:
616:the original
602:
594:the original
558:
552:
537:
529:
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514:
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488:Ovadia Yosef
479:
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404:Orach Chayim
399:
389:
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370:codification
367:
341:
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274:
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189:
149:
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147:
2190:Papyrus 967
2183:Manuscripts
1737:Bava Metzia
1675:Mo'ed Katan
1426:Purim rabbi
1421:Purim Torah
1416:Purim spiel
1403:Purim humor
1365:Purim foods
1345:Purim Katan
1323:observances
998:YUTorah.org
974:YUTorah.org
927:Arakhin 3a.
520:The second
396:Joseph Karo
138:Mo'ed Katan
2231:Categories
1884:Makhshirin
1742:Bava Batra
1732:Bava Kamma
1549:(Purities)
1501:(Festival)
1260:Background
1252:(פּוּרִים)
902:Chabad.org
544:References
490:and Rabbi
473:and later
380:Maimonides
357:Torah arks
349:synagogues
335:, and the
290:Babylonian
174:Babylonian
159:מסכת מגילה
76:Number of
2067:Ahasuerus
1894:Tevul Yom
1747:Sanhedrin
1721:Kiddushin
1594:Ma'aserot
1541:קָדָשִׁים
1529:נְזִיקִין
1525:(Damages)
1373:Hamantash
1321:Religious
1297:Ahasuerus
526:Shabbatot
444:Masechet
417:Ashkenazi
408:Sephardic
270:Tannaitic
268:from the
202:Mishnayot
121:chapters:
88:Chapters:
2142:Analysis
2097:Mordecai
2031:Ethiopia
1970:Esther 1
1962:chapters
1874:Mikva'ot
1803:Bekhorot
1793:Menachot
1788:Zevachim
1757:Shevu'ot
1670:Megillah
1640:Shekalim
1614:Bikkurim
1584:Shevi'it
1579:Kil'ayim
1564:Berakhot
1555:)
1553:טָהֳרוֹת
1543:)
1537:(Holies)
1535:Kodashim
1531:)
1519:)
1507:)
1495:)
1493:זְרָעִים
1475:)
1411:Adloyada
1388:Kreplach
1378:Fazuelos
1292:Mordecai
991:(1998).
530:halakhic
517:actors.
515:halakhic
511:halakhic
499:halakhic
475:halakhic
471:rishonim
440:halakhot
394:, Rabbi
388:and the
376:halakhic
368:Halakhic
344:Tachanun
325:tefillot
307:Megillah
275:halakhot
266:halakhot
262:Megillah
251:Megillah
246:tefillot
233:sections
225:halakhic
190:Megillah
78:Mishnahs
58:English:
48:Tractate
27:Megillah
21:Megillah
2237:Mishnah
2123:Agagite
2116:Phrases
2092:Memucan
2062:Abagtha
1899:Yadayim
1869:Tohorot
1859:Nega'im
1823:Me'ilah
1818:Keritot
1813:Temurah
1808:Arakhin
1777:Horayot
1701:Nedarim
1696:Ketubot
1691:Yevamot
1680:Hagigah
1665:Ta'anit
1635:Pesahim
1625:Shabbat
1604:Challah
1589:Terumot
1547:Tohorot
1523:Nezikin
1517:נָשִׁים
1513:(Women)
1489:(Seeds)
1469:Mishnah
1284: (
1274: (
1214:Sefaria
1205:Sefaria
1196:Sefaria
1187:Sefaria
1155:Sources
954:Sefaria
791:Sefaria
637:Sefaria
612:Sefaria
590:Sefaria
522:halakha
446:Arakhin
400:halakha
361:sefarim
327:—
317:Amoraim
258:Tosefta
235:of the
229:mitzvot
172:of the
166:
133:Ta'anit
119:Tosefta
50:of the
2107:Zeresh
2102:Vashti
2077:Esther
2055:People
2041:Persia
2024:Places
1904:Uktzim
1879:Niddah
1854:Oholot
1849:Keilim
1838:Kinnim
1833:Middot
1798:Hullin
1762:Eduyot
1752:Makkot
1716:Gittin
1655:Beitza
1650:Sukkah
1630:Eruvin
1511:Nashim
1505:מוֹעֵד
1487:Zeraim
1383:Impade
1355:Grager
1312:Zeresh
1307:Vashti
1272:Esther
565:
480:poskim
454:'s
337:Amidah
331:, the
329:Hallel
300:Vilna
285:Talmud
279:Talmud
155:Hebrew
110:pages:
99:pages:
66:Seder:
61:Scroll
52:Talmud
2209:Sites
2128:Purim
2087:Hegai
2082:Haman
2036:India
1959:Bible
1889:Zavim
1864:Parah
1828:Tamid
1711:Sotah
1706:Nazir
1609:Orlah
1574:Demai
1569:Pe'ah
1282:Haman
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
412:posek
333:Shema
237:Torah
217:Purim
210:Rabbi
182:Purim
1772:Avot
1645:Yoma
1499:Moed
563:ISBN
256:The
200:The
176:and
170:Moed
164:lit.
70:Moed
1212:on
1203:on
1194:on
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382:'s
302:daf
260:of
204:of
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704:^
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2010:9
2005:8
2000:7
1995:6
1990:5
1985:4
1980:3
1975:2
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
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