Mishnah - Knowledge

2691: 2680: 2661: 2669: 1884:, many rulings were given in a specific context but would be taken out of it, or a ruling was revisited, but the second ruling would not become popularly known. To correct this, Judah the Prince took up the redaction of the Mishnah. If a point was of no conflict, he kept its language; where there was conflict, he reordered the opinions and ruled, and he clarified where context was not given. The idea was not to use his discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required. 2473: 155: 6463: 4558: 2143: 47: 4570: 6477: 3283: 3141:), includes Albeck's extensive commentary on each Mishnah, as well as introductions to each tractate (Masekhet) and order (Seder). This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, with less reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work. Especially important are the scholarly notes in the back of the commentary. 4546: 1765: 2614:

of different versions being used for study. These differences are shown in divergent citations of individual Mishnah passages in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Talmud Bavli, and in variances of medieval manuscripts and early editions of the Mishnah. The best known examples of these differences is found in J.N.Epstein's Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah (1948).

3224:, a format specially designed so as to facilitate recital and memorization, published by Rabbi E. Dordek in 1992. The layout is such that an entire chapter and its structure is readily visible, with each Mishnah, in turn, displayed in its component parts using line breaks (click on above image to view); includes tables summarizing each tractate, and the 2118:", suggesting a still earlier collection; on the other hand, these references may simply mean his teachings in general. Another possibility is that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, making them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book. 2736:

Mishnah study, independent of the Talmud, was a marginal phenomenon before the late 15th century. The few commentaries that had been published tended to be limited to the tractates not covered by the Talmud, while Maimonides' commentary was written in Judeo-Arabic and thus inaccessible to many Jewish

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Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do attempt to tease out later editorial additions leaving behind

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Following Judah the Prince's redaction there remained a number of different versions of the Mishnah in circulation. The Mishnah used in the Babylonian rabbinic community differing markedly from that used in the Palestinian one. Indeed within these rabbinic communities themselves there are indications

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in many editions from 1823 until 1936: reprints of the vocalized Livorno editions were published in Israel in 1913, 1962, 1968 and 1976. These editions show some textual variants by bracketing doubtful words and passages, though they do not attempt detailed textual criticism. The Livorno editions are

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As Judah the Prince went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of

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While most discussions in the Mishnah concern the correct way to carry out laws recorded in the Torah, it usually presents its conclusions without explicitly linking them to any scriptural passage, though scriptural quotations do occur. For this reason it is arranged in order of topics rather than in

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The term "Mishnah" is related to the verb "to teach, repeat", and to adjectives meaning "second". It is thus named for being both the one written authority (codex) secondary (only) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books

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According to the Encyclopaedia Judaica (Second Edition), it is accepted that Judah the Prince added, deleted, and rewrote his source material during the process of redacting the Mishnah between the ending of the second century and the beginning of the 3rd century CE. Modern authors who have provided

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by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud. The Karaites comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and

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Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain

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As well as being printed on its own, the Mishnah is included in all editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. However, that discussion itself often cites the Mishnah line by line. While the text printed in

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Despite the many secular demands on his time, Rabbeinu Shmuel authored a number of books. The most famous is the Mevo HaTalmud, an introduction to the study of the Talmud which clarifies the language and structure which can be so confusing to beginners. In addition, the Mevo HaTalmud describes the

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Epstein has also concluded that the period of the Amoraim was one of further deliberate changes to the text of the Mishnah, which he views as attempts to return the text to what was regarded as its original form. These lessened over time, as the text of the Mishnah became more and more regarded as

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Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishnaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and

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as an exposition to the latter. The accumulated traditions of the Oral Law, expounded by scholars in each generation from Moses onward, is considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. Jews sometimes refer to this as the Masorah (Hebrew:

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and based on classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late 20th century. The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah accessible to a wide readership. Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each

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Jewish center in Jerusalem, Jewish social and legal norms were in upheaval. The Rabbis were faced with the new reality of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in

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Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each

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Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation of the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along

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theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? Can these early sources be identified, and if so, how? In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches.

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in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation. These institutes are the Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Archives (the

3127:) in 1930 was one of the first attempts to create a modern commentary on Mishnah. His decision to use the Vilna text (as opposed to a modern scholarly edition), and to write an introduction to every tractate describing its content and the relevant biblical material, influenced 2111:) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law. 2216:; though there is sometimes a difference between the text of a whole paragraph printed at the beginning of a discussion (which may be edited to conform with the text of the Mishnah-only editions) and the line-by-line citations in the course of the discussion. 2809:("the Rash") was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates. It is printed in many editions of the Mishnah. It is interwoven with his commentary on major parts of the Tosefta. 2052:). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah the Prince ruled so. The halakhic ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively ( 1843:, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries CE. Rabbis expounded on and debated the Tanakh without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes ( 2581:, who made careful eclectic use of both medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions of pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes an introduction by Yelon detailing his eclectic method. 2223:(Jerusalem 2014), warns against over-simplifying the picture by assuming that the Mishnah-only tradition is always the more authentic, or that it represents a "Palestinian" as against a "Babylonian" tradition. Manuscripts from the 1698:(the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism). Similarly, there were then several decrees in place aimed at suppressing outward signs of national identity, including decrees against wearing tefillin and tzitzit; as 2125:(Epistle of Rabbi Sherira Gaon) is ambiguous on the point, although the Spanish recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the 2639:

distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.

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Before the publication of the Mishnah, Jewish scholarship and judgement were predominantly oral, as according to the Talmud, it was not permitted to write them down. The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the

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presented in the Torah and aims to cover all aspects of human living, serve as an example for future judgments, and, most important, demonstrate pragmatic exercise of the Biblical laws, which was much needed since the

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in a number of undecided issues. Of particular significance are the various introductory sections – as well as the introduction to the work itself – these are widely quoted in other works on the Mishnah, and on the

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paragraph form has generally been standardized to follow the Vilna edition, the text cited line by line in the Gemara often preserves important variants, which sometimes reflect the readings of older manuscripts.

2037:(which refers to the period after Judah's death). In addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, although the rulings do not always appear in the text. 2690: 3734:

was handed down by word of mouth during a long period. ... The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century.

1945:, by contrast, while presenting similar laws, does so in the form of a Biblical commentary and explicitly links its conclusions to details in the Biblical text. These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah. 2491: 4724: (archived June 25, 2003) – A program of two Mishnayot per day. Currently inactive, but archives contain the complete text of Kehati in English for Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, and about half of Kodashim. 2390:

The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 3 The Literature of the Sages: First Part: Oral Tora, Halakha, Mishna, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates.

2551:; there may also be tunes for Mishnaic passages in other parts of the liturgy, such as the passages in the daily prayers relating to sacrifices and incense and the paragraphs recited at the end of the 4741: 3219: 2121:

Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah the Prince recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the

2570:.) Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings. 4740:– Popular edition of Hebrew text (with vowels), used in many schools, formatted to encourage review and aid memory. Tables summarizing content. Mishna songs and recordings. Wiki article in Hebrew 1616:) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. The Mishnah was divided into six thematic sections by its author, Judah HaNasi. There is also a tradition that 1624:

but 60 esoteric books. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but

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Mordechai Meir, “Shisha Sidrei Ha-Mishna Menukadim U-mefurashim al Yedei Chaim Nachman Bialik: Kavim Le-mifalo Ha-nishkach shel Bialik,” Netuim 16 (5770), pp.191-208, available at:

2927: 3796: 2025:, of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, or five generations, in the first and second centuries CE. 2357:

only. Unlike all of the above mss., the vocalization and consonant text are probably by the same hand, which makes it the oldest vocalization of part of the Mishnah known.

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appointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution.

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is credited with the final redaction and publication of the Mishnah, although there have been a few additions since his time: those passages that cite him or his grandson (

4708: (archived 10 October 2011) – One Mishnah per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English). 2725:" — often entails long, tangential discussions; and neither version of the Talmud covers the entire Mishnah (each covers about 50–70% of the text). As a result, numerous 4714:– MishnahYomit.com hosts a weekly publication complementing the learning of people studying the regular program. It include articles, review questions and learning aids. 2490: 1923:), roughly translated as tradition, though that word is often used in a narrower sense to mean traditions concerning the editing and reading of the Biblical text (see 4701: 2563:, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. (In some traditions this intonation is the same as or similar to that used for the 3238:. Its "Yad Avraham" commentary comprises supplementary explanations and notes, drawing on the Gemara and the other Mishnah commentaries and cross referencing the 2871:(15th century) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries. He draws on Maimonides' work but also offers Talmudical material (in effect a summary of the 3746:

The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of

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argued that it was unnecessary for "Judah the Prince" to discuss them as many of these laws were so well known. Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was

932:, which followed the order of the Bible. As a written compilation, the order of the Mishnah is by subject matter and includes a much broader selection of 3480: 2208:

Very roughly, there are two traditions of Mishnah text. One is found in manuscripts and printed editions of the Mishnah on its own, or as part of the

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Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral law in writing.

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on the Mishna have been written, typically intended to allow for the study of the work without requiring direct reference to (and facility for) the

1849:) for example of court decisions. The oral traditions were far from monolithic, and varied among various schools, the most famous of which were the 5967: 2879:. In addition to its role as a Mishnah commentary, this work is often used by students of Talmud as a review-text and is often referred to as "the 4640:(Hebrew) – Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting). 2530:(out loud). Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words. 6513: 6357: 3160:

Mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. The current version of this edition is printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's.

3790: 3235: 1110:("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, food purity, and bodily purity (12 tractates). 5040: 785: 2679: 4670:– English text as translated in The William Davidson edition of the Koren Noé Talmud, with commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz. 2905:. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. In many compact Mishnah printings, a condensed version of his commentary, titled 6317: 3349:) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the 1122:

for these orders. In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest.

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Learn the entire Mishnah online in Hebrew with English translation, and create Smart Mishnah Charts for Shloshim and Yahrzeit learning.

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The Parma ms. is close to the Kaufmann ms. palaeographically but not textually. Text is closest to the Mishnah quotations given in the

3857: 385: 4864: 3001:). Although Rabbi Lipschutz has faced some controversy in certain Hasidic circles, he was greatly respected by such sages as Rabbi 2286:

It is considered the best manuscript and forms the base text of all critical editions. Vocalization is by a different, later hand.

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Shaye J.D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57–87

5463: 4917: 4727: 1877:(530s BCE / 3230s AM – 70 CE/ 3830 AM) would be forgotten, so the justification was found to have these oral laws transcribed. 4717: 5458: 4755:– A program of learning two mishnayos every day. Site include Hebrew and English together with a link for audio for each day. 4290: 4030: 3461: 3379: 3234:'s "Elucidated Mishnah", a phrase-by-phrase translation and elucidation based on the Bertinoro - following the format of the 1714:

that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah.

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in general. Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter of tractate Sanhedrin where he enumerates the

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development of the Mishnah and the Gemara and lists the Tannaim and Amoraim who were instrumental in preparing the Talmud.

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the form of a Biblical commentary. (In a very few cases, there is no scriptural source at all and the law is described as

6523: 5478: 5473: 4897: 2559:. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic 2384:. The consonant text is dependent on early printed editions. The value of this ms. lies exclusively in the vocalization. 2313: 282: 6290: 5167: 3829: 3652: 4749:(Hebrew) – Host to Shiurim, and learning and review according to the Perek HaYomi in Mishna instituted by the Maharal. 2239:. The earliest extant material witness to rabbinic literature of any kind is dating to the 6th–7th centuries CE, see 1880:

Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising problems of interpretation. According to the

111: 6518: 5318: 5172: 4457: 4358: 4340: 3529: 2190: 1146: 778: 130: 4801: 2172: 83: 6528: 5227: 5135: 4587:

is developing Mishnah texts, commentaries, and translations. The project is currently available in four languages:

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about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of

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Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these, especially some fragments found in the

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Shishah Sidre Mishnah = The Mishnah Elucidated: A phrase-by-phrase interpretive translation with basic commentary

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communities. Dedicated Mishnah study grew vastly in popularity beginning in the late 16th century, due to the

1752:, with the oldest surviving Talmudic manuscripts dating to the 8th century CE. Unlike the Hebrew Mishnah, the 1029:

means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "

6369: 5690: 4046: 3477: 2271: 1952:, but just as practical advice, even at times for humor or as guidance for understanding historical debates. 922:" originally referred to a method of teaching by presenting topics in a systematic order, as contrasted with 574: 4807: 3697: 2933: 1124: 6432: 6300: 6295: 5483: 5468: 5232: 5187: 4932: 3821:

2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century

2777:) a comprehensive commentary on the Mishnah. It was written in Arabic using Hebrew letters (what is termed 2326: 771: 3808:

Though as shown below, there is some disagreement about whether the Mishnah was originally put in writing.

1078:("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates) 6397: 6382: 5263: 5123: 1694:, Judah could not have included discussion of Hanukkah, which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the 97: 4562: 4206: 1086:("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates) 6508: 6351: 6245: 5896: 5790: 5498: 5431: 4992: 4882: 4765: 4402: 4379: 3306: 2482: 2365: 1861: 1801: 913: 901: 1644:("Final Portal") are often regarded as subdivisions of one enormous tractate, titled simply Nezikin.) 881:

between the ending of the second century CE and the beginning of the third century in a time when the

6467: 6407: 6305: 6285: 6155: 6080: 5940: 5807: 5493: 5453: 4821: 2422: 333: 277: 17: 2795: 79: 6387: 6218: 5517: 5392: 4550: 3621: 2745:; it was aided by the spread of Bertinoro's accessible Hebrew Mishnah commentary around this time. 2164: 2153: 1347: 850:‎, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish 599: 508: 64: 1722:

Rabbinic commentary, debate and analysis on the Mishnah from the next four centuries, done in the

6340: 6329: 5923: 5844: 5549: 5448: 5387: 5273: 5246: 4439:, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417–23 3764: 2157: 2041: 470: 370: 57: 2227:, or citations in other works, may support either type of reading or other readings altogether. 6376: 6346: 5409: 4592: 4399:

The Mishnah, a new integrated translation and commentary based on Rabbeinu Ovadiah M'Bartenurah

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Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the

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The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of

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and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the

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vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vocalized by

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A number of important laws are not elaborated upon in the Mishnah. These include the laws of

1139: 415: 4368: 4109: 2781:) and was one of the first commentaries of its kind. In it, Rambam condensed the associated 1764: 6437: 6427: 5930: 4902: 4588: 4578: 4276:

The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah With Introductions and Notes

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Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "The Traditional Interpretation of the Mishnah".

3191: 2890: 2831: 1909: 1874: 1629: 1434: 890: 569: 490: 2989:. It is subdivided into two parts, one more general and the other more analytical, titled 2668: 8: 6085: 6053: 5979: 5888: 5834: 5441: 5241: 4975: 4940: 4527:

La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep

3509: 3116: 2998: 2947: 2864: 2648: 2541: 2296: 1352: 1327: 1322: 1301: 1251: 1095: 1062:("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates) 882: 859: 485: 475: 465: 410: 146: 6417: 6412: 6223: 5945: 5822: 5817: 5802: 5772: 5725: 5648: 5554: 5414: 4987: 4892: 4859: 4646:– Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting. 4613: 4173: 3880: 3784: 2302:

Palestine or Southern Italy, which in any case it reached soon after being written down

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11th centuries CE, and remain extant, although they currently number in the thousands.

1705: 1556: 1408: 1383: 1291: 866: 495: 480: 445: 5700: 5576: 4788: 4371:. London, 1935-1952. Includes Mishnah-translations for those tractates without Gemara. 1050:– the "six orders"), although that term is more often used for the Talmud as a whole. 6201: 6132: 6014: 5999: 5782: 5653: 5618: 4907: 4453: 4354: 4336: 4286: 4075: 4026: 3930: 3825: 3772: 3675: 3658: 3648: 3525: 3488: 3457: 3375: 2632: 2585: 2501:, which describes how scholars of the Talmud create peace in the world. Performed by 2498: 2396: 1691: 1357: 649: 523: 365: 104: 3546:—the "Oral Law" forming basis of the Talmud; edited c. 220 C.E. by R. Judah HaNassi. 3148:

in 1945 (published in Montreal). Its vocalization is supposed to be of high quality.

1070:("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates) 6503: 6267: 6235: 6196: 6167: 6150: 6100: 5901: 5710: 5643: 5596: 5544: 5512: 5503: 5488: 5362: 5337: 5313: 5197: 5128: 5045: 4912: 4227: 3374:. Studia Judaica. Center for Israel studies. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 231–237. 3267: 3262: 3244:

as applicable. The work also includes a general introduction to each tractate. The

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A very careless copy, it is nonetheless useful where the Kaufmann text is corrupt.

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This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to

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have half completed a 45 volume socio-historic commentary "Mishnat Eretz Yisrael".

1613: 6177: 6172: 5984: 5911: 5744: 5715: 5638: 5628: 5591: 5566: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5327: 5118: 5035: 5002: 4960: 4950: 4734: (archived 29 August 2018) – Custom learning and review programs for Mishnah. 4731: 4721: 4705: 4655: 4364: 4180: 3819: 3719: 3513: 3484: 3469: 3213: 2770: 2450: 2275: 2240: 2053: 1961: 1941: 1897: 1869:

writing. The possibility was felt that the details of the oral traditions of the

1854: 1745: 1730:, were eventually redacted and compiled as well. In themselves they are known as 1695: 1566: 1520: 1449: 1337: 1317: 987: 980: 974: 966: 897: 836: 717: 639: 559: 503: 259: 4783: 4600: 2096:

actually refers to texts from earlier Sages upon which Rebbi based his Mishnah.

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on the matter, and (ii) the judgment that was given by a notable rabbi based on

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Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library

3288: 3240: 3088: 2818: 2806: 2644: 2574: 2506: 2034: 1965: 1924: 1808:. The Mishnah is thus a collection of existing traditions rather than new law. 1723: 1710: 1673: 1398: 1393: 1362: 851: 695: 682: 644: 619: 594: 405: 246: 2593:

at the Jewish National and University Library). See below for external links.

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edition, which is the basis of the editions now used by the religious public.

862:, with the oldest surviving material dating to the 6th to 7th centuries BCE. 6497: 6250: 6095: 6022: 5829: 5763: 5736: 5685: 5633: 5606: 5581: 5571: 5332: 5278: 5212: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5150: 5096: 5025: 4970: 4346: 4328: 3995: 3968: 3662: 3372:

Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis in late antique Palestine

3317: 3311: 3245: 3209: 3156: 3152: 3134: 3128: 2921: 2446: 2026: 1975: 1865: 1154: 870: 629: 564: 425: 420: 163: 154: 28: 4643: 3776: 2414:. There have been many subsequent editions, including the late 19th century 6230: 6027: 5989: 5950: 5539: 5283: 5222: 5202: 5162: 5145: 5113: 5101: 5062: 4980: 4955: 4596: 4412: 3955: 3747: 3496: 3138: 2715:. However, the Talmud is not usually viewed as a commentary on the Mishnah 2628: 2578: 2534: 2224: 2104: 1454: 1281: 751: 528: 4637: 4095: 3472:, dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Graetz, 2421:

Vocalized editions were published in Italy, culminating in the edition of

6240: 5755: 5680: 5658: 5561: 5155: 5084: 5079: 5067: 5057: 4667: 4298: 3346: 3131:, whose project was considered a continuation and expansion of Bialik's. 3024: 3002: 2838:. This relatively unknown commentary was first printed in Israel in 1955. 2738: 2115: 1994:

which maintain that the Talmud is an authoritative interpretation of the

1913: 1637: 1561: 1459: 1444: 1424: 1036:

Because of the division into six orders, the Mishnah is sometimes called

518: 327: 4777: 4614:

Complete Mishnah manuscript (15th century CE), Cambridge Digital Library

1795:

In this way, the Mishnah brings to everyday reality the practice of the

6334: 6041: 5623: 5217: 4965: 4887: 4771: 4574: 4427:

Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations

3095: 2954: 2762: 2527: 2518: 2454: 2100: 1983: 1821: 1708:

suggests that there existed ancient texts analogous to the present-day

1641: 1633: 1571: 1546: 1510: 1429: 1419: 855: 708: 634: 32: 4413:

full text of the Mishnah with various open-source English translations

2457:, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and 6255: 5720: 5611: 5522: 5140: 5074: 4383: 4232: 4207:"Translating Jewish Poland into Canadian Yiddish: Symcha Petrushka's 3909:

sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; from the Aramaic root

3231: 2897:

In the introduction Heller says that his aim is to add a supplement (

2868: 2856: 1948:

The Mishnah also quotes the Torah for principles not associated with

1870: 1727: 1687: 1581: 886: 878: 5091: 3404:"Commentary on Tractate Avot with an Introduction (Shemona perakim)" 3403: 3124: 2142: 936:

subjects and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly than the

46: 5974: 5916: 5861: 5856: 5527: 4813: 3203: 2791: 2754: 2741:

emphasis on Mishnah study and as a reaction against the methods of

2567: 2564: 2212:. The other is found in manuscripts and editions of the Babylonian 2030: 1979: 1836: 1777: 1665: 1657: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1256: 1222: 1119: 1090: 4784:

Download all 6 tractates of Mishnah for Free on TorahDownloads.com

4737: 4569: 4557: 2827:, providing a digest of the Talmudic-discussion and Rishonim there 6189: 6073: 6068: 6046: 5866: 5851: 5795: 5730: 5705: 5668: 5532: 5207: 5106: 5030: 4922: 4848: 4409: 3624:[Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah] (in Hebrew). pp. 25–28 3562:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 499–500. 3322: 3296: 3199: 3145: 3006: 2902: 2799: 2719:, because: the Talmud also has many other goals; its analysis — " 2603: 2556: 2497:

A traditional setting of the last passage of the first tractate,

2434: 2415: 2016: 1999: 1970: 1960:

Some Jews do not accept the codification of the oral law at all.

1928: 1832: 1828: 1792:, and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his decision. 1789: 1785: 1661: 1653: 1586: 1505: 1495: 1464: 1378: 1367: 1276: 1234: 1210: 1115: 1106: 1099: 1082: 1043: 933: 926: 730: 440: 347: 207: 194: 180: 4711: 2841:

A 12th-century Italian commentary of the Mishnah, made by Rabbi

2830:

An 11th-century CE commentary of the Mishnah, composed by Rabbi

2610:

examples of these changes include J.N. Epstein and S. Friedman.

6260: 6127: 6063: 4545: 3353:, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading. 3350: 3120: 2872: 2782: 2742: 2721: 2560: 2502: 2426: 2411: 2213: 2069: 1987: 1776:

The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting

1741: 1732: 1625: 1621: 1609: 1591: 1541: 1536: 1525: 1485: 1439: 1403: 1342: 1198: 1174: 1074: 1058: 662: 226: 211: 4752: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 2573:

Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard

6211: 6206: 6160: 6115: 6036: 6031: 5295: 5050: 5020: 4473:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14–22. 3906: 3307:

List of tractates, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud

3261:

A notable literary work on the composition of the Mishnah is

2936:, a brief commentary on the entire Mishnah drawing from "the 2876: 2786: 2703: 2552: 2458: 2003: 1995: 1905: 1840: 1805: 1769: 1620:

the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the

1576: 1551: 1515: 673: 322: 302: 4661: 2425:, publ. Venice 1737. The Altaras edition was republished in 1702:

was against Roman law, Judah would not have discussed this.

6310: 4844: 4658:– High resolution images of this important textual witness. 4631: 4625: 3858:"Why The Mishnah Is the Best Jewish Book You've Never Read" 3155:, which uses the Albeck text of the Mishnah, is written in 2643:

a possible historical text. See, for example, the works of

2526:

The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through

2430: 2021:

The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the

1617: 1332: 1186: 1066: 827: 4804:

at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).

4376:

The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham

4274:

Shaye J. D. Cohen, Robert Goldenberg, Hayim Lapin (eds.),

3087:

by Rav Avrohom Abba Krenitz (the great grandfather of Rav

3005:, whom he frequently cites, and is widely accepted in the 2410:

The first printed edition of the Mishnah was published in

821: 4768:

on the Mishnah and Talmud in English – Produced in Israel

4294: 4150:[Rambam's introduction to the chapter "Chelek"]. 4004:

The Traditions of Hebrew and Aramaic of the Jews of Yemen

1949: 818: 4685:[Mishna Study and Study Groups in Modern Times] 4466:(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1–13 and 19–44 3198:. The commentary appears for the entire text except for 2103:(Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by 4746: 4795: 4674: 2445:

The nearest approach to a critical edition is that of

1780:

being brought to judgment, usually along with (i) the

3647:. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. pp. 3–16. 3491:

in his "Sefer HaKabbalah le-Ravad", or what was then

3452:

Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). "Mishnah".

2438:

the basis of the Sephardic tradition for recitation.

1748:(to which the term "Talmud" normally refers) and the 824: 4451:'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly 4174:

http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/netuim16_meir.pdf

3558:

Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2004). "Rabbinic Literature".

3278: 2711:

The main work discussing the Mishnah is the Talmud,

2464: 4480:(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212–25 4070:. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. p. 1887: 815: 812: 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4124:[Introduction to the Mishnah Commentary]. 4061: 4006:; ed. Yosef Tobi), Tel Aviv 2001, p. 183 (note 12) 1094:("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the 4810:– Recordings of Seder Zera'im in Syrian tradition 4487:(Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8–9 3642: 1927:). The resulting Jewish law and custom is called 6495: 4435:Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in 4020: 3695: 3643:Scherman, Nosson; Zlotowitz, Meir, eds. (2016). 3451: 3314: – daily cycle of Mishna studying 2901:) to Bertinoro's commentary in the style of the 2712: 38:First major written collection of the Oral Torah 3750:and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, 3487:), and which date follows that penned by Rabbi 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 2453:of the Mishnah together with the commentary of 2393:Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum 4045:See for example § "Both Broad and Deep" under 4000:The Samaritan and Yemenite Tradition of Hebrew 1717: 31:, a much later book of Rabbinic literature by 4829: 3574:"Maimonides on the Six Orders of the Mishnah" 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3144:Symcha Petrushka's commentary was written in 2997:respectively (after two large pillars in the 2114:There are also references to the "Mishnah of 1964:, for example, recognises only the Tanakh as 1812:to complement the Tanakh in certain aspects. 1140: 779: 4789:The "Master Torah" Mishnah Ba'al Peh Program 4437:The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East 4401:, Machon Yisrael Trust, available online at 3948: 3724:. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 11–12 3508: 3447: 3445: 3356: 2082: 2074: 2046: 1918: 1844: 1019: 1011: 1003: 995: 959: 953: 945: 924: 6318:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 4577:has original text related to this article: 4285:. The Judaica Press, Ltd., reprinted 2000 ( 3985:(in Hebrew). Leshonenu 24. pp. 47–231. 2940:", reprinted 20 times since its publication 2664:Rambam's Mishnah Commentary in Judeo-Arabic 2171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4836: 4822: 4691:JSIJ – Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal 4278:, New York, Oxford University Press, 2022. 4025:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 327. 3789:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3763: 3456:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). p. 319. 3388: 3369: 3341:The same meaning is suggested by the term 1147: 1133: 786: 772: 4619: 4446:(Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978) 4231: 4105: 4103: 3557: 3551: 3442: 2596: 2191:Learn how and when to remove this message 386:Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 4865:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4634:– Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online. 4607: 4219:TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction 4204: 4059: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3855: 2689: 2678: 2667: 2659: 1763: 6364:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5001: 4774:– given by Rabbi Chaim Brown in English 4664:– English Translation & Commentary. 4268: 3817: 3370:Fine, Steven; Koller, Aaron J. (2014). 3123:with vocalization (partially available 2913:Other commentaries by early Acharonim: 2748: 2040:Most of the Mishnah is related without 843:, "study by repetition", from the verb 14: 6514:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 6496: 4680: 4100: 4058:See summary of per-tractate coverage: 3980: 3721:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash 3717: 3401: 3256: 3252:) edition includes all these features. 3194:wrote a commentary on ethical issues, 2875:) largely following the commentary of 2821:'s commentary on most of the Mishnah, 2072:refers to these differing versions as 1759: 893:(516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. 4817: 4538: 4009: 3913:(תנא) equivalent for the Hebrew root 3878: 3163:The encyclopedic editions put out by 3045:(Rav Efrayim Yitzchok from Premishla) 2981:A (the) prominent commentary here is 2961:on parts of the Mishnah, and glosses 2815:(Rosh)'s commentary on some tractates 1982:. It rejects the codification of the 1128: 4843: 4471:Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah 2651:, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick. 2305:Script shows strong similarities to 2169:adding citations to reliable sources 2136: 1998:. Karaites maintain that all of the 1672:. These were later discussed in the 981: 943:The Mishnah consists of six orders ( 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 4675:Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah 4499:Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e 4419: 3137:'s edition (1952–59) (vocalized by 3027:(glosses, rather than a commentary) 2774: 2405: 2203: 2057: 1990:and subsequent works of mainstream 1919: 1901: 1845: 964:), each containing 7–12 tractates ( 960: 840: 283:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai 24: 6311:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 6291:American Jewish Historical Society 4780:in English produced in Los Angeles 4683:"לימוד משנה וחברות משנה בעת החדשה" 3718:Strack, Hermann Leberecht (1945). 3560:The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions 2683:Title page of the Mishna with the 2471: 2395:, Ed. Shmuel Safrai, Brill, 1987, 2132: 1939:, "law to Moses from Sinai".) The 1025:). In this last context, the word 896:Most of the Mishnah is written in 25: 6545: 4796:Oral traditions and pronunciation 4759: 4533: 4387: 4255:Mishnat Eretz Yisrael on Berakhot 4047:Gemara: The Essence of the Talmud 3698:"The Exclusivity of the Oral Law" 2465:Oral traditions and pronunciation 1756:is written primarily in Aramaic. 1744:. Two Talmuds were compiled, the 985:; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Each 6475: 6462: 6461: 4632:Learn Mishna in Someone's Memory 4568: 4556: 4544: 3824:. Philipp Feldheim. p. 68. 3522:University of Pennsylvania Press 3476:, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1898, p. 3302:Jewish commentaries on the Bible 3281: 2855:Prominent commentaries by early 2517:Problems playing this file? See 2487: 2141: 2068:certain laws were released. The 1888:The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible 1802:destruction of the Second Temple 808: 153: 45: 4478:The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael 4247: 4198: 4195:(Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik,)1:9. 4191:Hanoch Albeck, 'Introduction', 4185: 4166: 4140: 4114: 4088: 4052: 4039: 3989: 3974: 3961: 3940: 3937:, Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew) 3924: 3895: 3872: 3849: 3811: 3802: 3769:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon 3757: 3740: 3711: 3689: 3669: 3636: 3614: 3524:(published 2004). p. 333. 3345:("doubling" or "repetition" in 3059:(the commentary on the rest of 3020:Others from this time include: 2655: 2537:, are partially annotated with 858:. It is also the first work of 381:Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules 376:Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules 56:needs additional citations for 6383:Relations with other religions 4668:Mishnah (Hebrew & English) 4464:Making the Classics in Judaism 4351:The Mishnah: A New Translation 3754:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193. 3598:"The Mishnah | Reform Judaism" 3590: 3566: 3502: 3421: 3335: 2834:, President of the Academy in 2701:to note their summary of each 2449:. There is also an edition by 2230: 1904:) was given to Moses with the 1864:in 70 CE, with the end of the 13: 1: 6370:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4766:Rav Avraham Kosman – Slabodka 4656:Codex Kaufmann of the Mishnah 4519: 4444:The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir 4263: 3771:. Jerusalem. pp. 28–29. 3518:Jewish Magic and Superstition 3013:is an important gloss on the 2272:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 2010: 1684:Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud 1636:(literally: "First Portal"), 907: 575:Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon 6301:Leo Baeck Institute New York 6296:American Sephardi Federation 4492:Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah 3983:Cantillation of the Oral Law 3933:calculated the date 189 CE. 3236:Schottenstein Edition Talmud 2796:thirteen fundamental beliefs 2461:editions and other sources. 2327:Cambridge University Library 2235:Complete manuscripts (mss.) 1955: 1835:discussion is structured as 1647: 988: 975: 967: 7: 5124:Constantinopolitan Karaites 4802:The National Sound Archives 4353:. New Haven, reprint 1991 ( 4096:Moses Maimonides commentary 3949: 3935:Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad 3883:. Cambridge Digital Library 3274: 2505:Meyer Kanewsky in 1919 for 2083: 2075: 2047: 1815: 1718:Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud 1118:"Z'MaN NaKaT" is a popular 1020: 1012: 1004: 996: 954: 946: 925: 748:Targum to the Five Megillot 10: 6550: 6524:Hebrew-language literature 6352:National Library of Israel 4993:Zionism, race and genetics 4778:Rav Grossman on the Mishna 4591:(the largest collection), 4513:Mishna and Tosefta Studies 4205:Margolis, Rebecca (2009). 3946:According to the Epistle ( 3901:The plural term (singular 3514:"Glossary of Hebrew Terms" 2893:wrote a commentary called 2851:is known to have survived) 2769:(The Book of the Lantern, 2366:National Library of Israel 2221:Mishna and Tosefta Studies 2014: 1819: 993:is divided into chapters ( 914:List of Talmudic tractates 911: 26: 6450: 6306:Yeshiva University Museum 6286:Center for Jewish History 6276: 6141: 6013: 5887: 5781: 5312: 4931: 4873: 4855: 4110:Coffee with the Bartenura 4068:A Book of Jewish Concepts 4060:Birnbaum, Philip (1975). 3081:, by Rav Dov Ber Lifshitz 2423:David ben Solomon Altaras 2314:Leiden Palestinian Talmud 1240: 1228: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1161:שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה 1160: 847: 334:Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim 278:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael 6519:Hebrew words and phrases 4898:Ancient Israel and Judah 4506:Mavo le-nikud ha-Mishnah 4148:"הקדמת רמב"ם לפרק "חלק"" 3765:Rabinowich, Nosson Dovid 3328: 3151:The commentary by Rabbi 2433:in 1797 and 1810 and in 2309:, securely dated to 1073 2307:Codex Hebr. Vaticanus 31 2123:Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 900:, but some parts are in 27:Not to be confused with 6529:Jewish texts in Aramaic 5274:North African Sephardim 5247:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4808:Tradition and Relevance 4525:Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, 4485:The Iron Pillar Mishnah 4094:See this discussion on 3981:Yeivin, Israel (1960). 3971:'s Mishnah translation. 3818:Schloss, Chaim (2002). 3119:'s commentary to Seder 2064:) is given separately. 1937:Halakha leMoshe miSinai 1628:was originally part of 1033:", for the whole work. 1009:) and then paragraphs ( 471:Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer 371:Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva 328:Sifrei Zutta on Numbers 315:Numbers and Deuteronomy 6377:Holocaust Encyclopedia 6347:Jewish Virtual Library 4681:Ahrend, Aaron (2004). 4644:The Structured Mishnah 4620:Other electronic texts 4508:(Jerusalem 1964) (Heb) 4049:, myjewishlearning.com 3860:. myjewishlearning.com 3696:Dr. Shayna Sheinfeld. 2708: 2687: 2676: 2665: 2597:As a historical source 2584:Two institutes at the 2476: 2283:10th, possibly 11th C. 2080:("First Mishnah") and 1862:First Jewish–Roman War 1773: 1640:("Middle Portal") and 1155:The Six Orders of the 902:Jewish Western Aramaic 854:that are known as the 688:Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 6324:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6106:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 5291:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5041:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 4608:Digitised manuscripts 4023:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3752:A History of the Jews 3602:www.reformjudaism.org 3512:(13 February 2004) . 3454:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3408:World Digital Library 3157:Modern Israeli Hebrew 3069:Gershon Henoch Leiner 2924:; early 17th century) 2843:Isaac ben Melchizedek 2707:alongside its Mishnah 2693: 2682: 2671: 2663: 2475: 2219:Robert Brody, in his 1767: 1700:conversion to Judaism 1670:conversion to Judaism 416:Pesikta de-Rav Kahana 303:Sifra (Torat Kohanim) 4903:Second Temple period 4791:by Rabbi Meir Pogrow 4553:at Wikimedia Commons 4497:David Tzvi Hoffman, 4382:, since the 1990s. ( 4380:Mesorah Publications 4269:English translations 4193:Shisha Sidre Mishnah 4122:"הקדמה לפירוש המשנה" 3622:"יסוד המשנה ועריכתה" 3510:Trachtenberg, Joshua 3192:Yehuda Leib Ginsburg 3169:Beis Medrosho Govoah 3071:, the Radziner Rebbe 2934:R. Elisha en Avraham 2932:(Amsterdam 1697) by 2907:Ikar Tosefot Yom Tov 2891:Yomtov Lipman Heller 2749:List of commentaries 2631:, Baruch M. Bokser, 2549:Friday night service 2165:improve this section 1875:Second Temple period 1053:The six orders are: 891:Second Temple period 757:Targum to Chronicles 570:Shir ha-Shirim Zutta 491:Shir HaShirim Rabbah 65:improve this article 6341:Jewish Encyclopedia 6086:Hekhalot literature 5897:Religious movements 5432:Judeo-Tripolitanian 4585:Open Mishna Project 4490:Reuvain Margolies, 4429:Jason Aronson, Inc. 4425:Shalom Carmy (Ed.) 3474:History of the Jews 3257:Cultural references 3212:, Chana Safrai and 3117:Hayim Nahman Bialik 2999:Temple in Jerusalem 2948:Immanuel Hai Ricchi 2873:Talmudic discussion 2865:Obadiah ben Abraham 2765:(Rambam) published 2727:commentaries-proper 2697:students using the 2649:David Weiss Halivni 2635:, Steven D. Fraade. 2297:Biblioteca Palatina 2000:divine commandments 1986:in the Mishnah and 1760:Content and purpose 883:persecution of Jews 860:rabbinic literature 486:Ecclesiastes Rabbah 476:Tanna Devei Eliyahu 466:Avot de-Rabbi Natan 411:Lamentations Rabbah 171:Talmudic literature 147:Rabbinic literature 6482:Judaism portal 6418:Jews and Halloween 6413:Jews and Christmas 5803:Rabbinic authority 5555:Judaeo-Piedmontese 4988:Xueta Christianity 4893:Origins of Judaism 4860:Outline of Judaism 4539:Wikimedia projects 4442:Robert Goldenberg 4179:2022-06-27 at the 3578:My Jewish Learning 3483:2022-11-02 at the 3165:Mishnat Rav Aharon 2832:Nathan ben Abraham 2785:, and offered his 2783:Talmudical debates 2709: 2688: 2677: 2666: 2477: 2252:Formal designation 2090:David Zvi Hoffmann 2088:("Last Mishnah"). 2033:), and the end of 1896:, the Oral Torah ( 1839:commentary on the 1774: 1706:David Zvi Hoffmann 1668:, and the laws of 1102:(11 tractates) and 496:Deuteronomy Rabbah 481:Alphabet of Sirach 446:Megillat Antiochus 6509:3rd-century texts 6491: 6490: 6457:extinct languages 6358:YIVO Encyclopedia 6133:Hebrew literature 6101:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 5941:Reconstructionist 5619:Judaeo-Portuguese 5308: 5307: 5264:Eastern Sephardim 4908:Synagogal Judaism 4561:Works related to 4549:Media related to 4408:Various editors. 4393:Yoseph Milstein, 4374:Various editors. 4291:978-0-910818-00-1 4281:Philip Blackman. 4032:978-0-02-865942-8 3931:Abraham ben David 3676:Babylonian Talmud 3489:Abraham ben David 3463:978-0-02-865942-8 3381:978-1-61451-485-5 3039:Mishnah Acharonah 2675:Mishna commentary 2633:Shaye J. D. Cohen 2586:Hebrew University 2492: 2483:Amar Rabbi Elazar 2388: 2387: 2329:ms. Add. 470 (II) 2201: 2200: 2193: 2084:Mishnah Acharonah 1746:Babylonian Talmud 1692:Bar Kokhba revolt 1664:, the holiday of 1610:Babylonian Talmud 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 796: 795: 763: 762: 725: 724: 703: 702: 657: 656: 650:Smaller midrashim 607: 606: 582: 581: 536: 535: 524:Baraita of Samuel 453: 452: 393: 392: 366:Seder Olam Rabbah 342: 341: 310: 309: 290: 289: 254: 253: 234: 233: 227:Babylonian Talmud 202: 201: 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 6541: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6465: 6464: 5597:Judeo-Golpaygani 5198:Palestinian Jews 5173:Alexandrian Jews 5129:Crimean Karaites 5046:Unterlander Jews 4999: 4998: 4913:Rabbinic Judaism 4838: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4698: 4688: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4529:: Jerusalem 1990 4515:(Jerusalem 2014) 4449:John W McGinley 4420:Historical study 4335:. Oxford, 1933 ( 4257: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4233:10.7202/044829ar 4215: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4018: 4007: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3879:Outhwaite, Ben. 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3538: 3520:. Philadelphia: 3506: 3500: 3467: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3367: 3354: 3339: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3268:As a Driven Leaf 3263:Milton Steinberg 3031:Mishnah Rishonah 2987:Israel Lipschitz 2950:(Amsterdam 1731) 2895:Tosefet Yom Tov. 2813:Asher ben Jehiel 2776: 2753:Commentaries by 2494: 2493: 2474: 2406:Printed editions 2322:Cambridge / Lowe 2276:Kaufmann ms. A50 2246: 2245: 2210:Jerusalem Talmud 2204:Textual variants 2196: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2145: 2137: 2094:Mishnah Rishonah 2086: 2078: 2076:Mishnah Rishonah 2059: 2050: 1992:Rabbinic Judaism 1922: 1921: 1903: 1894:Rabbinic Judaism 1851:House of Shammai 1848: 1847: 1797:613 Commandments 1750:Jerusalem Talmud 1680:Nissim ben Jacob 1660:(phylacteries), 1242: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1194: 1182: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1126: 1125: 1023: 1015: 1007: 999: 991: 984: 983: 978: 970: 963: 962: 957: 949: 930: 865:The Mishnah was 849: 842: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 788: 781: 774: 727: 726: 705: 704: 670: 669: 625:Yalkut haMachiri 609: 608: 584: 583: 555:Midrash Tehillim 538: 537: 514:Midrash Proverbs 455: 454: 436:Seder Olam Zutta 431:Leviticus Rabbah 395: 394: 355: 354: 312: 311: 292: 291: 267: 266: 260:Halakhic Midrash 236: 235: 222:Jerusalem Talmud 204: 203: 177: 176: 157: 143: 142: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6476: 6474: 6446: 6272: 6137: 6009: 5883: 5777: 5592:Judeo-Borujerdi 5567:Judeo-Malayalam 5513:Judeo-Aragonese 5484:Lishanid Noshan 5316: 5304: 5036:Oberlander Jews 4997: 4927: 4869: 4851: 4842: 4798: 4762: 4753:2 Mishnas A Day 4732:Wayback Machine 4728:Daf Yomi Review 4722:Wayback Machine 4706:Wayback Machine 4686: 4677: 4622: 4610: 4541: 4536: 4522: 4422: 4365:Isidore Epstein 4271: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4213: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4181:Wayback Machine 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4019: 4010: 4002:(published in: 3994: 3990: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3945: 3941: 3929: 3925: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3782: 3781: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3556: 3552: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3507: 3503: 3485:Wayback Machine 3470:Heinrich Graetz 3464: 3450: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3400: 3389: 3382: 3368: 3357: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3259: 3196:Musar HaMishnah 3171:, Lakewood) on 3015:Tiferet Yisrael 2983:Tiferet Yisrael 2967:Chidushei HaGra 2918:Melechet Shlomo 2824:Beit HaBechirah 2751: 2685:Tosefet Yom Tov 2658: 2618:authoritative. 2599: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2467: 2408: 2280:Prob. Palestine 2241:Mosaic of Rehob 2233: 2206: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2162: 2146: 2135: 2133:Mishnah studies 2019: 2013: 2002:handed down to 1962:Karaite Judaism 1958: 1942:Midrash halakha 1890: 1855:House of Hillel 1831:form, in which 1824: 1818: 1762: 1740:, are known as 1720: 1696:Seleucid Empire 1674:minor tractates 1650: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1530: 1469: 1413: 1372: 1306: 1238: 1226: 1214: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1164: 1153: 916: 910: 898:Mishnaic Hebrew 852:oral traditions 811: 807: 792: 739:Targum Tehillim 718:Targum Jonathan 692:Fragment Targum 640:Midrash HaGadol 560:Midrash Hashkem 504:Pesikta Rabbati 348:Aggadic Midrash 247:Minor Tractates 166: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6547: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6471: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424:non-Christian 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6123:Shulchan Aruch 6120: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6111:Sefer Yetzirah 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091:Pardes Rimonim 6088: 6081:Kabbalah texts 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5874:Land of Israel 5871: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5750:Judeo-Alsatian 5742: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Judeo-Hamedani 5599: 5594: 5589: 5579: 5577:Judaeo-Occitan 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5518:Jewish English 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5449:Judaeo-Aramaic 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5437:Judeo-Tunisian 5434: 5429: 5427:Judeo-Moroccan 5424: 5423: 5422: 5420:Judeo-Baghdadi 5407: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5324: 5322: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5276: 5271: 5269:Livornese Jews 5266: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5016:Afrikaner-Jode 5007: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4761: 4760:Audio lectures 4758: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4581: 4566: 4554: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4534:External links 4532: 4531: 4530: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511:Robert Brody, 4509: 4504:Hanokh Yalon, 4502: 4495: 4488: 4483:Dov Zlotnick, 4481: 4474: 4469:Jacob Neusner 4467: 4462:Jacob Neusner 4460: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4391: 4372: 4369:Soncino Talmud 4362: 4344: 4326: 4279: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4246: 4226:(2): 183–209. 4197: 4184: 4165: 4139: 4113: 4099: 4087: 4080: 4051: 4038: 4031: 4008: 3988: 3973: 3960: 3939: 3923: 3894: 3871: 3856:Lex Robeberg. 3848: 3831:978-1583302149 3830: 3810: 3801: 3767:, ed. (1988). 3756: 3739: 3710: 3688: 3668: 3654:978-1422614624 3653: 3635: 3613: 3589: 3565: 3550: 3530: 3501: 3462: 3441: 3420: 3387: 3380: 3355: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3289:Judaism portal 3276: 3273: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3241:Shulchan Aruch 3229: 3217: 3207: 3188: 3161: 3149: 3142: 3132: 3112:20th century: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3089:Malkiel Kotler 3082: 3072: 3049:Sidrei Tohorot 3046: 3028: 3018: 3011:Tiferet Yaakov 2977:19th century: 2975: 2974: 2959:Shenot Eliyahu 2951: 2941: 2925: 2911: 2910: 2909:, is featured. 2888: 2853: 2852: 2839: 2828: 2819:Menachem Meiri 2816: 2810: 2807:Samson of Sens 2803: 2767:Kitab as-Siraj 2750: 2747: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2645:Saul Lieberman 2640: 2636: 2598: 2595: 2514: 2507:Edison Records 2496: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2407: 2404: 2386: 2385: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2299:ms. Parm. 3173 2294: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258:Period written 2256: 2253: 2250: 2232: 2229: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2149: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2107:in his famous 2092:suggests that 2035:tractate Sotah 2015:Main article: 2012: 2009: 1957: 1954: 1925:Masoretic Text 1889: 1886: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1768:Mishna study, 1761: 1758: 1724:Land of Israel 1719: 1716: 1711:Shulchan Aruch 1649: 1646: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1129: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1063: 1048:Shisha Sedarim 909: 906: 794: 793: 791: 790: 783: 776: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 755: 749: 746: 743: 742:Targum Mishlei 740: 734: 733: 723: 722: 721: 720: 712: 711: 701: 700: 699: 698: 696:Targum Neofiti 693: 690: 685: 683:Targum Onkelos 677: 676: 666: 665: 659: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 647: 645:Numbers Rabbah 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 620:Yalkut Shimoni 614: 613: 605: 604: 603: 602: 600:Sefer haYashar 597: 595:Midrash Tadshe 589: 588: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 549: 543: 542: 534: 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509:Midrash Shmuel 506: 501: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 460: 459: 451: 450: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 406:Genesis Rabbah 400: 399: 391: 390: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 360: 359: 351: 350: 344: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 330: 325: 317: 316: 308: 307: 306: 305: 297: 296: 288: 287: 286: 285: 280: 272: 271: 263: 262: 256: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 241: 240: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 216: 215: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 184: 183: 173: 172: 168: 167: 160:Talmud Readers 158: 150: 149: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6546: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Protestantism 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:Sefer HaBahir 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Sifrei Kodesh 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5879:Who is a Jew? 5877: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:Chosen people 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5764:Scots-Yiddish 5762: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5737:Klezmer-loshn 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Judeo-Shirazi 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5582:Judeo-Persian 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Judeo-Marathi 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5550:Judeo-Italian 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5405:Judeo-Amazigh 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5228:Hadhrami Jews 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Mountain Jews 5191: 5189: 5188:Egyptian Jews 5186: 5184: 5183:Bukharan Jews 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 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4576: 4573: Hebrew 4571: 4567: 4565:at Wikisource 4564: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4476:Gary Porton, 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4458:0-595-40488-X 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4359:0-300-05022-4 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347:Jacob Neusner 4345: 4342: 4341:0-19-815402-X 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329:Herbert Danby 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996:Shelomo Morag 3992: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3969:Herbert Danby 3964: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3917:(שנה), as in 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3533: 3531:9780812218626 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3430: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3318:Mishneh Torah 3316: 3313: 3312:Mishnah Yomis 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3246:Modern Hebrew 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3221:Mishnah Sdura 3218: 3215: 3211: 3210:Shmuel Safrai 3208: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Pinhas Kehati 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3135:Hanoch Albeck 3133: 3130: 3129:Hanoch Albeck 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963:Eliyaho Rabba 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922:Solomon Adeni 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2849: 2848:Seder Zera'im 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699:Mishnah Sdura 2696: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447:Hanoch Albeck 2443: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255:Place written 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2195: 2192: 2184: 2181:February 2008 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2150:This section 2148: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Judah ha-Nasi 2024: 2018: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:religious law 1973: 1972: 1967: 1966:authoritative 1963: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1892:According to 1885: 1883: 1882:Mevo Hatalmud 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1866:Second Temple 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 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888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Judah ha-Nasi 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 846: 838: 832: 805: 801: 789: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 769: 767: 766: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 732: 729: 728: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 710: 707: 706: 697: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 661: 660: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630:Midrash Jonah 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 611: 610: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 586: 585: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Exodus Rabbah 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 540: 539: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500:Devarim Zutta 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 457: 456: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Midrash Iyyob 424: 422: 421:Esther Rabbah 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 397: 396: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 357: 356: 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Retrieved 3402:Maimonides. 3371: 3342: 3337: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3239: 3225: 3220: 3214:Ze'ev Safrai 3195: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3139:Hanoch Yelon 3111: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3085:Ahavat Eitan 3084: 3078: 3075:Gulot Iliyot 3074: 3067:is lost) by 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3014: 3010: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2971:Meoros HaGra 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2880: 2854: 2846: 2836:Eretz Israel 2835: 2823: 2779:Judeo-Arabic 2766: 2752: 2735: 2730: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2672: 2656:Commentaries 2629:Louis Jacobs 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2590: 2583: 2579:Hanoch Yelon 2572: 2546: 2542:cantillation 2532: 2525: 2516: 2444: 2440: 2429:in 1777, in 2420: 2409: 2392: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2362:Yemenite ms. 2354: 2348:North Africa 2321: 2306: 2291: 2266: 2261:Description 2236: 2234: 2225:Cairo Geniza 2220: 2218: 2207: 2187: 2178: 2163:Please help 2151: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2105:Sherira Gaon 2098: 2093: 2081: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2045: 2039: 2022: 2020: 1969: 1959: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1902:תורה שבעל-פה 1891: 1881: 1879: 1859: 1846:מגילות סתרים 1825: 1810: 1794: 1781: 1778:actual cases 1775: 1753: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1709: 1704: 1683: 1678: 1651: 1607: 1455:Avodah Zarah 1156: 1113: 1105: 1100:dietary laws 1089: 1081: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1010: 1002: 994: 986: 973: 965: 952: 944: 942: 937: 923: 919: 917: 895: 875:Beit Shearim 873:probably in 864: 844: 803: 799: 797: 752:Targum Sheni 745:Targum Iyyov 587:1000–1200 CE 529:Targum Sheni 189: 159: 127: 121:October 2022 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 6398:Catholicism 5980:Hellenistic 5818:Eschatology 5756:Lachoudisch 5681:Lotegorisch 5659:Lachoudisch 5649:Koiné Greek 5562:Judeo-Latin 5499:Palestinian 5393:Palestinian 5242:Mustaʿravim 5168:Afghan Jews 5156:Berber Jews 5080:Bene Israel 5068:Falash Mura 5058:Beta Israel 4976:Persecution 4918:Middle Ages 4738:MishnaSdura 4626:Mishnah.org 4405:(archived). 4333:The Mishnah 4299:HebrewBooks 4154:(in Hebrew) 4128:(in Hebrew) 4063:"Tractates" 3864:February 2, 3837:February 1, 3703:February 2, 3495:500 of the 3347:Koine Greek 3228:commentary. 3025:Akiva Eiger 3009:world. The 3003:Akiva Eiger 2787:conclusions 2775:كتاب السراج 2739:kabbalistic 2713:as outlined 2555:service on 2451:Yosef Qafiḥ 2368:quarto 1336 2231:Manuscripts 2116:Rabbi Akiva 2042:attribution 1914:Mount Horeb 1910:Mount Sinai 1638:Bava Metzia 1425:Bava Metzia 1363:Mo'ed Katan 1017:, singular 1001:, singular 972:, singular 951:, singular 551:Eichah Zuta 541:900–1000 CE 519:Ruth Rabbah 6498:Categories 6393:Anabaptism 6335:Jew (word) 6202:Leadership 6015:Literature 6000:Secularism 5946:Humanistic 5813:Conversion 5783:Philosophy 5624:Judeo-Urdu 5388:Babylonian 5233:Saada Jews 5218:Adeni Jews 5011:Ashkenazim 4966:Samaritans 4933:Population 4888:Israelites 4652:in Hebrew. 4601:Portuguese 4575:Wikisource 4520:Recitation 4386:mentioned 4293:). Online 4283:Mishnayoth 4264:References 4152:Daat.ac.il 4126:Daat.ac.il 4081:088482876X 3905:) for the 3607:2023-12-29 3583:2023-12-29 3343:Deuterosis 3226:Kav veNaki 3096:Chazon Ish 2955:Vilna Gaon 2929:Kav veNaki 2883:" or "the 2763:Maimonides 2575:Ashkenazic 2528:recitation 2519:media help 2455:Maimonides 2401:9004275134 2374:17–18th C. 2351:12–13th C. 2335:14–15th C. 2332:Sepharadic 2249:Usual name 2101:Rabbi Meir 2011:Authorship 1984:Oral Torah 1860:After the 1837:exegetical 1822:Oral Torah 1690:after the 1642:Bava Batra 1634:Bava Kamma 1614:Hagiga 14a 1572:Makhshirin 1430:Bava Batra 1420:Bava Kamma 1237:(Purities) 1189:(Festival) 1098:, and the 918:The term " 912:See also: 908:Six orders 856:Oral Torah 635:Ein Yaakov 458:650–900 CE 398:400–600 CE 91:newspapers 33:Maimonides 6455:indicate 6403:Mormonism 6388:Christian 6268:Symbolism 6256:Synagogue 6236:Mythology 6197:Education 6168:Astronomy 6151:Astrology 5968:relations 5773:Zarphatic 5721:Galitzish 5523:Yeshivish 5400:Catalanic 5363:Samaritan 5338:Ashkenazi 5319:Diasporic 5314:Languages 5259:Sephardim 5254:Romaniote 5141:Krymchaks 5075:Desi Jews 4951:Buddhists 4384:ArtScroll 4253:See e.g. 4239:9 October 4209:Mishnayes 4158:9 October 4132:9 October 3887:8 October 3881:"Mishnah" 3785:cite book 3728:9 October 3663:872378784 3628:9 October 3429:"Mishnah" 3413:9 October 3265:'s novel 3232:ArtScroll 2985:by Rabbi 2944:Hon Ashir 2938:Bartenura 2881:Bartenura 2869:Bertinoro 2857:Acharonim 2761:In 1168, 2673:Bartenura 2606:sources. 2604:Midrashic 2591:Phonoteca 2152:does not 1956:Rejection 1873:from the 1871:Pharisees 1829:midrashic 1728:Babylonia 1648:Omissions 1630:Sanhedrin 1582:Tevul Yom 1435:Sanhedrin 1409:Kiddushin 1282:Ma'aserot 1229:קָדָשִׁים 1217:נְזִיקִין 1213:(Damages) 1031:Mishnayot 1013:mishnayot 968:masechtot 889:from the 887:Pharisees 879:Sepphoris 754:to Esther 548:Ruth Zuta 358:Tannaitic 295:Leviticus 181:Tannaitic 80:"Mishnah" 18:Mishnayot 6468:Category 6438:Hinduism 6428:Buddhism 6330:Genetics 6246:Politics 6219:Marriage 6178:Holidays 6173:Calendar 6054:Rabbinic 6030:/Hebrew 5975:Haymanot 5902:Orthodox 5889:Branches 5862:Kabbalah 5857:Haskalah 5835:Holiness 5711:dialects 5691:Shassagh 5654:Krymchak 5634:Kayliñña 5528:Yinglish 5504:Galilean 5494:Talmudic 5489:Biblical 5464:Betanure 5383:Biblical 5378:Mishnaic 5373:Medieval 5358:Tiberian 5353:Yemenite 5343:Sephardi 5279:Paradesi 5223:Ḥabbanim 5213:Teimanim 5178:Baghdadi 5151:Maghrebi 5119:Karaites 5097:Gruzínim 5085:Kochinim 5003:Diaspora 4961:Karaites 4946:Atheists 4883:Timeline 4662:eMishnah 4319:Kodashim 4177:Archived 3907:Rabbinic 3777:20044324 3481:Archived 3275:See also 3204:Kodashim 3037:and the 2792:Oral law 2755:Rishonim 2568:Haggadah 2565:Passover 2539:Tiberian 2499:Berakhot 2274:Library 2267:Kaufmann 2062:hachamim 2031:Judah II 1980:theology 1974:(Jewish 1853:and the 1833:halakhic 1816:Oral law 1688:redacted 1666:Hanukkah 1658:tefillin 1562:Mikva'ot 1491:Bekhorot 1481:Menachot 1476:Zevachim 1445:Shevu'ot 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