494:"a beast of burden had shucked off his load. It happened as his master was marching in front of him. But the ones who were coming from behind and saw the animal dragging his burden after him, had shouted to the master to turn around and straighten the burden. Well, this event was the reason for a great agitation in the army, and started a flight to the rear, because the shout was known to the crowd: the same words were also a signal, and it seemed to mean "run", as if the enemies had appeared nearby more rapidly than could be imagined. There was a great turmoil in the host, and a lot of noise; all were shouting loudly and goading each other to turn back, calling with great unrest in the language of the country "
738:
with success. However, when
Maurice ordered the army to spend the winter of 602/603 on the northern bank of the Danube to further his success and to save money on quarters, his troops mutinied, as they had done in 593. While Priscus then had used his own judgment and initiative, Peter did not dare disobey the emperor's orders. He, therefore, soon lost control of his army, which marched straight to Constantinople. That led to the overthrow and death of Maurice, the first successful coup d'Ă©tat in Constantinople.
1082:
750:. The Avars and Slavs had been kept sternly at bay. The provinces were at a stage of potential recovery; reconstruction and resettlement were the keys to restoring Roman rule firmly. Maurice had planned to settle Armenian militia peasants within the depopulated areas and to Romanize the Slavic settlers in the area. After his ouster, those plans went astray as well as the campaigns and the possible destruction or submission of the Avar realm. The new Roman emperor,
534:
977:
622:, where they sacked several fortresses, avoiding direct confrontation with Priscus. Roman commanders were never unduly concerned about barbarian incursions into that remote and impoverished province and so Priscus had to act cautiously. He could not afford to neglect the defence of the Danube and so he dispatched a small force to check the Avar advance. The small force hampered the Avar advance and even retrieved part of the booty.
112:
329:
377:. By doing this, Bayan established a new base of operations within Roman territory from where he could raid anywhere in the Balkans unhindered. The Avars were not compelled to leave the territory until the Romans agreed to pay 80,000 solidi annually. The Slavs, partially under Avar rule, were not bound by the treaty and continued to pillage south of the Danube, which made the Avars and Slavs to be quite different threats.
795:(610–641). Even a moderate recovery under Phocas may have taken place. Evidently, many fortresses were rebuilt either under Maurice or Phocas. However, even so, it was Phocas' inaction, more or less imposed by the deteriorating situation on the Persian front, that paved the way for the massive invasions of Heraclius' first decade as well as the eventual collapse of Roman rule over the Balkans until the campaigns of the
903:; the Croats even pushed the frontier to the Sava in 630. Having to fight off the Arabs in the east, however, he could not finish his project. Roman rule in rural areas of the Balkans was limited to the successes attained in short summer campaigns. The cities of the Balkans, traditionally the major centres of Roman civilization, had degenerated from the populous, wealthy and self-sufficient
1109:
invincible, allowing them to thoroughly exploit their subjects. Once Avar renown had fallen, the first rebellions occurred, to be crushed after 603. The Avars were able to score further successes against the
Lombards, Franks and Romans; however, they were unable to restore their former reputation. That can explain the Slavic uprising under the leadership of
656:, just 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Tomis. For reasons that remain unknown, Priscus did not pursue the Avars and aid Comentiolus. The latter was forced to retire to Iatrus, where his troops were nonetheless routed and had to fight their way south over the Haemus Range. The Avars used the victory to advance to Drizipera, near
558:
had done a century earlier. Furthermore, he intended to keep the Avars and Slavs off Balkan territory by invading their homeland beyond Danube, to enable Roman troops to increase their earnings other than regular pay, by pillaging in hostile territory, which would make such campaigns more attractive.
425:
for details), he could muster only a small army against the Avars and Slavs who were marauding in the
Balkans. His efforts were hampered by the fact that operations in the Balkans were a completely defensive matter. As opposed to the Persian theatre, the Balkan theatre provided little possibility for
647:
Strengthened by
Frankish pay-offs, the Avars resumed their Danubian campaigns in autumn 597, which surprised the Romans. The Avars even managed to besiege Priscus' army in Tomis. On 30 March 598, however, they lifted the siege, as Comentiolus had led an army of rather inexperienced soldiers over the
758:
once more: the eastern enemy occupied
Armenia in the first phase of the new war. Therefore, Phocas could neither continue the campaigns on the same scale as before nor settle any Armenians in Balkans. That finally led to the decline of classical Roman rule in the Balkan interior, marking the end of
304:
Although it is widely believed that his campaigns were only a token measure and that Roman rule over the
Balkans collapsed immediately after his overthrow in 602, Maurice was actually well on his way to forestalling the Slavic landfall on the Balkans and nearly preserved the order of Late Antiquity
943:
In short, the decline of Roman power on the
Balkans was a slow affair that took place only because of the lack of Byzantine military presence. Being short on troops in the Balkans, Byzantium could not have provided for safe communication among cities. Byzantium could locally impose a rule over the
737:
and was on the brink of collapse because of the mutiny of several Avar tribes. One of the rebellious tribes even defected to the Roman side. For the time, the Romans had successfully re-established the Danube line, and forward defense in the hostile territories of
Wallachia and Pannonia was waged
553:
In 592, his troops retrieved
Singidunum, but it was to be lost to the Avars again. Smaller Roman units were involved in policing actions against Slavic raiders in Moesia, re-establishing lines of communication between the Roman cities. Maurice aimed to re-establish a sturdy defense line along the
868:
Some cities survived the Avar and Slav incursions and were able to maintain communications with
Constantinople via the sea and rivers. Chronicles mention a Roman commander of Singidunum in the middle of Heraclius' reign. Many Danube tributaries accessible by ship, Roman settlements survived like
340:
had neglected Balkan defences against the Slavs, who had threatened the frontier since 500 and pillaged the Balkan provinces ever since. Although he rebuilt the fortifications of the Danube Limes, he avoided campaigns against the Slavs, in favour of a policy focusing on the eastern and western
614:
That success enabled Priscus, who had meanwhile been entrusted with the command of another army upstream to prevent an Avar siege of Singidunum in 595 in a combined action with the Roman Danube fleet. The fact that the Avars retreated and gave up their plans to destroy the city and deport its
474:
in 586, which were accompanied by Slavic raids down to the Peloponnese. Under the leadership of Comentiolus, the outnumbered Roman Army avoided any direct confrontation and restricted itself to disturbing the Avar raids by skirmishes and night attacks, a tactical expedient that was advised by
1108:
Probably, Avar defeats in the late part of the campaigns from 599 onward had a long-term impact. The Avars had been bloodily defeated in their own country and had proved to be unable to protect themselves, let alone their subjects. Until the battle of Viminacium in 599, they had been seen as
1104:
In the end, the successes of Maurice's campaigns were forgone by Phocas. Maurice's hopes for rebuilding the Balkans and resettling Armenian militia peasants in the depopulated areas were not realised. Heraclius could do even less for the Balkans as he was preoccupied with the Eastern front.
353:
and later against the Slavs, but that only allowed the Avar Khaganate to become a more powerful threat than the Gepids and Slavs. As Justin II let the Avars attack the Slavs from Roman territory, they soon noted where the most booty was to be had. To make matters worse, Justin II started the
774:
Phocas indeed continued Maurice's campaigns (albeit with likely much less rigour and discipline) and probably transferred forces to the Persian front after 605. However, even after 605, it is unlikely that he withdrew all forces from the Balkans because of his Thracian heritage. There is no
524:
Even so, Maurice did all he could to reinforce his troops on Balkans, as Slavic pillaging continued. He hoped to acquire more money by cutting the soldiers' payment by a quarter. Announcing the plans led to a mutiny on the Persian front in 588, which forced Maurice to abandon the idea. As a
545:, who ceded most part of Armenia to the Roman Empire. Finally, the veterans of the Persian wars were at his disposal and so was the recruiting potential of Armenia. Decreasing Avar and Persian pressure enabled the Romans to focus on the Slavs in 590/591. Maurice had already visited
919:
invasion of 679, also being under Byzantine rule until then. The fact that the Proto-Bulgarians used a debased form of Greek as their administrative language shows that Roman population and administrative structures existed there even after 679. In Dalmatia, Romance languages
807:
It is likely that Heraclius withdrew all Roman forces from the Balkans, so as to deal with ongoing Persian invasion. The civil war against Phocas led to a deterioration of the Persian front unequalled by anything before. That, as well as their successful campaigns against the
732:
and kept the Avars away from the Danube cataracts, the latter being vital for the Roman Danube fleet to maintain access to the cities of Sirmium and Singidunum. In 602, Peter inflicted another severe defeat on the Slavs in Wallachia, and the Avar Khaganate was opposed by the
453:
to the Persians. Maurice rejected the offer and was able to negotiate much more favorable peace terms in 591, after substantial successes on the battlefield. For the time being, however, he had to abide by Avar and Slavic incursions and hope that his forces garrisoned at
385:
In 583, the Avars demanded an increase in the tribute to 100,000 solidi. Maurice decided to end all tribute to the Avars, as he concluded that additional concessions would only provoke additional demands. The renewed Avar invasion began in 583 with the capture of
458:
could deter the invaders, who posed a constant threat to the Avar homeland, just on the other side of the Danube. The Roman presence at Singidunum was strong enough to effect constant ends of Avar raids. However, it could not prevent the attacks.
630:
After that only moderately successful Avar raid into Dalmatia, there were only minor actions in the Balkans for about one-and-a-half years. Discouraged by the lack of success, the Avars saw more prospect for booty in the West and so raided the
295:
by paying adequate attention to the safety of the northern frontier against barbarian incursions. During the second half of his reign, the Balkan campaigns were the main focus of Maurice's foreign policies, as a favourable peace treaty with
549:
and other cities in Thrace personally in 590 to oversee their reconstruction and to boost the morale of his troops and the local population. After making peace with Persia, he sped up that development by redeploying troops to the Balkans.
915:. They were unable to form a cultural and economic nucleus upon which the Roman state could build. Their population was then assimilated by the Slavic settlers. Even so, some cities along the Danube retained their Romanness until the
402:, one of the Roman ambassadors. Nevertheless, Maurice established peace in 584 by agreeing to pay the Avars' initial demands of 100,000 solidi. However, the Slavs were unhindered by the treaty and began to raid further south into
300:
in 591 enabled him to shift his experienced troops from the Persian front to the region. The refocusing of Roman efforts soon paid off: the frequent Roman failures before 591 were succeeded by a string of successes afterwards.
775:
archaeological evidence such as coin hoards or destruction of communities implying Slav or Avar incursions, let alone a total collapse of Roman power during Phocas' reign. On the contrary, there is evidence that refugees from
703:, much in the same way the Avars and Slavs had done in the Balkans. Several Avar tribes and their Gepid subjects suffered particularly high casualties. Two other battles on the banks of the Tisza meant further Avar defeats.
571:
until autumn. Then, he disobeyed Maurice's order to spend the winter on the northern Danube bank, among the frozen swamps and rivers and the leafless forests. Instead, Priscus retired to winter quarters in Odessos (modern
426:
a soldier to bolster his pay by pillaging, which made fighting there rather unattractive. Maurice's badly-motivated troops found it difficult to achieve even minor and local success. Rather an exception, a victory won by
562:
General Priscus began to hinder the Slavs crossing the Danube in the spring of 593. He routed them several times before he crossed the Danube to carry on the fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day
679:
west of Constantinople. For the time being, Maurice had managed to buy off the Avars, and in the same year, a peace treaty was concluded with Bayan, the Avar Khagan, explicitly allowing Roman expeditions in
316:, effectively delaying Slavic landfall on the Balkans by two decades. With respect to the Slavs, the campaigns had the typical trait of Roman campaigns against unorganized tribes and of what is now called
936:, parts of Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia, a small ethnic group, unnoticed over centuries of Roman rule, retained its pre-Roman language and also survived Slavic landfall, the ancestors of modern-day
611:) and the Black Sea. In late August, he crossed the Danube near Securisca west of Novae and fought his way to the Helibacia River, effectively disturbing Slav preparations for new pillaging campaigns.
687:
Then, the Romans violated the treaty: Priscus advanced in the area surrounding Singidunum and wintered there in 598/599. In 599, the armies of Priscus and Comentiolus moved downstream to nearby
398:
after only three months of war. A Roman embassy met the Avars near Anchialus, but negotiations broke down after the Avar Chagan threatened further conquests, provoking an irate response out of
229:
695:
in their own homeland. That was not only the first Avar defeat in their own homeland, but also saw the death of several more sons of Bayan Khagan. Priscus then thrust north into the
1116:
Maurice's campaigns put an end to Avar dreams of hegemony over the Balkans and paved the way for an end of the Avar threat. The Khagan's power collapsed only after the unsuccessful
699:, the Avar homeland. He defeated the Avars deep within their realm, but Comentiolus remained near the Danube. Afterwards, Priscus devastated vast tracts of the land east of the
1105:
Therefore, the only immediate consequence was the delay in Slavic landfall on the Balkans. For that reason, it is often assumed that Maurice's Balkan campaigns were a failure.
200:
1128:
from the 630s onward led to the loss of all of Rome's long-held eastern provinces as far as the Taurus Mountains. The constant Arab threat over strategically important
820:
in 614 was the key event that Roman counterattack was unlikely. To support this view, the chronicles written in the 610s again record wholesale pillaging. Cities like
1132:
had a great impact on the Balkans. Several decades were to pass before Constantinople could regain the initiative and reconquer parts of the Slav-controlled areas (
487:, the Khagan escaped via the lagoon-shaped coast, but an ambush on the south slope of the Balkan Mountains was thwarted by miscommunication among the Roman troops:
877:, which even has a church built in the 7th century. Heraclius made use of the short time between the end of the last war against Persia in 628 and the outbreak of
639:, near Odessos, as a base of operations on the lower Danube against the Slavs and failed to exploit the Avar absence. No major Slavic raids took place meanwhile.
816:
in 610 and against the Franks in 611, probably encouraged the Avars and their Slav subjects to renew their incursions some time after 612. Fortunately to them,
881:
in 634, in order to try to re-establish at least some sort of Roman authority over the Balkans. Clear evidence for that is the construction of the fortress of
193:
828:
succumbed to such attacks. It is unknown when a certain area was subdued by Slavic tribes but some events clearly stand out: the destruction of
1751:
998:
171:
479:. In 586 and 587, Comentiolus won several victories against the Slavs on the Lower Danube and nearly caught the Avar Khagan Bayan twice. At
1800:
1795:
1790:
1765:
1049:
186:
115:
87:
1021:
1820:
948:
them. Byzantium, however, used any opportunity given by pauses of activity on the Arab front to subjugate the Slavs and resettle them
1028:
615:
inhabitants, as opposed to their conquest of 584, showed their lack of confidence and the threat they saw in the border fortress.
860:
in 626. From 620 onward, archaeological evidence also provides evidence of Slav settlements within the destroyed Balkan regions.
1035:
1680:
755:
1805:
1094:
1017:
525:
consequence, in the Balkans Maurice had only limited means to keep the Avars and Slavs at bay for the next three years.
521:. As the state of the Avar bridges across the Sava river near Sirmium deteriorated, however, Avar pressure decreased.
308:
Retrospectively, the campaigns were the last in the series of classical Roman campaigns against the Barbarians on the
1723:
1654:
1068:
358:, which tied down forces in the east while they were needed in the Balkans. Maurice's predecessor and father-in-law,
1006:
1810:
771:
The view that Roman control of Balkans collapsed immediately after his accession is not supported by the evidence.
355:
672:
1785:
1780:
1002:
1117:
857:
249:
1042:
684:. The Romans used the remainder of the year to reorganize their forces and analyze the causes of failure.
849:
845:
244:
576:). That led to a new Slavic incursion 593/594 in Moesia and Macedonia, during which the towns of Aquis,
1815:
955:
After a delay of two centuries, Thrace and Greece were re-Hellenized, while, with the exception of the
506:
144:
595:. Despite initially failing, Peter maintained his position, defeated the Slavs (Priscus speaks about
434:
584/585 deflected Slavic incursions to southern Greece. The evident destruction of vast parts of old
1496:. Translated by George T. Dennis. Philadelphia 1984, Reprint 2001, page 124 with further references.
336:
At Maurice's accession, the greatest omissions of his predecessors were to be found in the Balkans.
987:
817:
991:
878:
359:
210:
1125:
555:
476:
362:, emptied the treasury. For all those reasons, the Slavic incursions in the Balkans continued.
288:
92:
900:
728:. The mountain pass had not been used by the Romans for decades. In 601 Peter advanced to the
1623:
945:
692:
591:
In 594, Maurice disposed of Priscus and replaced him by his own rather inexperienced brother
239:
1715:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
747:
707:
421:
As Maurice's forces were tied down in a war against the Persians caused by Justin II, (see
8:
1156:
710:
592:
366:
148:
34:
1277:
Theophylact Simocatta, II.15.6–9, ed. De Boor, Leipzig, 1887; cf. FHDR 1970, Walter Pohl
664:, where a large part of their army and seven sons of the Avar Khagan were killed by the
1745:
1669:
1646:
The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700
921:
853:
796:
422:
317:
924:) persisted into the late 19th century, and in Macedonia, the ancestors of modern-day
1719:
1676:
1650:
882:
462:
Despite the Roman garrison at Singidunum, the Avars destroyed the fortified towns of
268:
265:
136:
776:
1586:
1151:
829:
821:
665:
604:
370:
276:
224:
57:
1713:
1644:
696:
676:
573:
365:
A few months before Maurice's accession in the winter of 581/2, the Avar Khagan
346:
297:
280:
856:, on the shores of the Marmara Sea in 619; Slavic raids on Crete in 623 and the
746:
Maurice had pacified the Balkan borders, a feat not achieved since the reign of
675:, and Maurice summoned the Circus factions and his own bodyguards to defend the
1086:
870:
760:
734:
721:
661:
517:
turned out to be a fiasco, even encouraging the Avars to advance as far as the
292:
120:
1774:
636:
600:
441:
Later on, the Balkans deteriorated in such a manner that in 585, the Persian
29:
657:
1664:
1640:
1081:
874:
841:
788:
471:
1766:
Excerpt from the 'Historia' of Theophylakt Simokatta (English translation)
963:, the rest of the former Byzantine Balkans became permanently Slavicized.
480:
1733:
1121:
1120:
in 626, and the Avar Khaganate would be finally destroyed much later, by
929:
649:
518:
427:
415:
399:
337:
284:
140:
124:
541:
In the late summer of 591, Maurice finally made peace with Persian Shah
1129:
1124:
in (791–803). The Avar Khaganate Empire ceased to exist after 790. The
1098:
925:
688:
542:
455:
446:
431:
391:
387:
305:
there. His success was undone only over ten years after his overthrow.
161:
691:
and crossed the Danube. On the north bank, they defeated the Avars in
533:
178:
1134:
1090:
956:
937:
891:
792:
681:
484:
449:, could reasonably hope to negotiate a peace treaty that would leave
406:, as is evidenced by many coin hoards in the region, particularly in
342:
65:
976:
671:
Comentiolus was temporarily relieved of his command and replaced by
1139:
809:
784:
653:
619:
608:
564:
498:", as if a battle had suddenly started in the middle of the night."
463:
328:
166:
61:
1620:. translated by George T. Dennis. Philadelphia 1984, Reprint 2001.
390:
after stiff resistance. The Avars quickly moved east and captured
291:, who did his best to implement determined Balkan policies during
1113:
in 623, three years before the abortive Siege of Constantinople.
933:
916:
837:
833:
766:
725:
596:
585:
581:
568:
546:
510:
450:
395:
272:
156:
840:
and the destruction of Justiniana Prima in 615; three sieges of
652:
and was moving along the Danube up to Zikidiba, near modern-day
1696:" (pp. 139ff.). Franz Georg Maier, Frankfurt a. M. (1973)
960:
911:
896:
825:
813:
751:
714:
632:
514:
467:
435:
411:
407:
403:
374:
350:
313:
153:
1618:
Maurice's Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy
1494:
Maurice's Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy
905:
886:
780:
729:
700:
577:
309:
1110:
442:
394:
and Augustae, and they began attacking as far southeast as
509:
took over command from Comentiolus. His first campaign in
380:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
802:
863:
944:
Balkan Slavs only on a short-term basis, not enough to
16:
Battles conducted by the Byzantine Emperor (582 to 602)
1204:
287:. Maurice was the only East Roman emperor, other than
264:were a series of military expeditions conducted by
1668:
1142:restored all of the Balkans to Byzantine control.
1772:
1671:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
332:Western Europe and the East Roman Empire 526–600
767:Phocas' unknown Balkan campaigns (602–612/615)
642:
323:
271:(reigned 582–602) in an attempt to defend the
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1467:
741:
194:
1547:
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1352:
1324:
1322:
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1301:
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373:, a large fortified settlement south of the
1005:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1464:
1396:
1394:
1388:Pohl (2002), p. 157; Whitby (1998), p. 164
1375:
1373:
528:
201:
187:
1675:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1649:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1540:
1481:
1479:
1349:
1319:
1298:
1138:). Several centuries were to pass before
1069:Learn how and when to remove this message
1080:
720:In autumn 599, Comentiolus reopened the
532:
327:
1702:
1500:
1391:
1370:
381:Avar and Slavic incursions (582 to 591)
208:
1773:
1711:
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803:The great Slav and Avar raid (612–626)
618:Subsequently, the Avars turned off to
1663:
1639:
909:of Antiquity to a limited, fortified
864:Slow decline of the Balkans after 626
182:
1732:
1633:
1461:Curta (2001) with further references
1003:adding citations to reliable sources
970:
537:Northern Balkans in the 6th century.
369:, aided by Slavic auxiliary troops,
341:theatres. His nephew and successor,
1801:7th century in the Byzantine Empire
1796:6th century in the Byzantine Empire
1791:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire
885:in 629. Heraclius also allowed the
799:Emperors in the late 10th century.
635:in 596. Meanwhile, the Romans used
90:defense of their Balkan provinces (
22:Balkan campaigns of Emperor Maurice
13:
1611:
14:
1832:
1821:Campaigns of the Byzantine Empire
1759:
603:and patrolled the Danube between
27:Part of the Roman defence of the
1587:"Albanian | people | Britannica"
975:
110:
1579:
1570:
1554:
1524:
1509:
1488:
1455:
1446:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1382:
1361:
1340:
1331:
1310:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1201:compare Whitby (1998), pp. 86f.
754:(602–610), would have to fight
438:probably happened around then.
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
470:, on the Danube, and besieged
1:
1703:Norwich, John Julius (1998).
1162:
1705:A Short History of Byzantium
1018:"Maurice's Balkan campaigns"
889:to settle in the Balkans as
818:Persian capture of Jerusalem
356:Roman-Persian War of 572–591
7:
1806:Medieval history of Romania
1718:. Oxford University Press.
1530:Curta (2001), Compare also
1145:
832:after 613, the conquest of
643:Renewed campaigns (597–602)
324:Balkan Peninsula before 582
10:
1837:
1606:
1427:Whitby (1998), pages 184f.
1337:Whitby (1998), pp. 162–163
1316:Whitby (1998), pp. 161–162
1250:Whitby (1998), pages 143f.
1174:cf. Norwich (1998), p. 325
895:against the Avars and the
791:only under his successor,
742:Balkan Peninsula after 602
262:Maurice's Balkan campaigns
1576:Whitby (1998), pp. 190 f.
966:
713:repulsed Slav attacks on
660:, between Adrianople and
626:Quiet interlude (596–597)
220:
130:
104:
40:
26:
21:
1712:Whitby, Michael (1998).
1295:Whitby (1998), pp. 160f.
1286:Whitby (1998), pp. 159f.
1259:Pohl (2002), pp. 105–107
1232:Whitby (1998), pp. 141f.
1223:Whitby (1998), pp. 142f.
1241:Whitby (1998), pp. 89f.
1192:Whitby (1998), pp. 69f.
1118:Siege of Constantinople
959:and the proto-Romanian
858:siege of Constantinople
529:Campaigns in 591 to 595
483:, on the shores of the
360:Tiberius II Constantine
1690:Fischer Weltgeschichte
1565:Fischer Weltgeschichte
1536:Fischer Weltgeschichte
1520:Fischer Weltgeschichte
1442:Fischer Weltgeschichte
1268:Pohl (2002), pp. 86–87
1183:Norwich (1998), p. 334
1101:
724:pass, near modern-day
538:
333:
131:Commanders and leaders
93:Status quo ante bellum
1786:7th-century conflicts
1781:6th-century conflicts
1740:(in German). MĂĽnchen.
1624:Theophylact Simocatta
1551:Whitby (1998), p. 187
1452:Curta (2001), p. 189.
1418:Whitby (1998), p. 165
1409:Whitby (1998), p. 164
1358:Whitby (1998), p. 163
1328:Whitby (1998), p. 162
1307:Whitby (1998), p. 161
1084:
787:sought protection in
536:
331:
235:Warfare under Maurice
999:improve this section
756:against the Persians
505:The following year,
496:torna, torna, fratre
1811:Avar–Byzantine wars
1400:Pohl (2002), p. 158
1379:Pohl (2002), p. 156
1367:Pohl (2002), p. 154
1346:Pohl (2002), p. 153
1157:Avar-Byzantine wars
212:Avar–Byzantine wars
35:Avar-Byzantine Wars
1591:www.britannica.com
1102:
854:Heraclea Perinthus
539:
423:Roman-Persian Wars
334:
318:asymmetric warfare
1816:Maurice (emperor)
1682:978-0-521-81539-0
1634:Secondary sources
1079:
1078:
1071:
1053:
852:); the battle of
708:Exarch of Ravenna
706:Furthermore, the
554:Danube River, as
345:, played off the
275:provinces of the
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76:Byzantine victory
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1126:Muslim conquests
1074:
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1054:
1052:
1011:
979:
971:
899:in Dalmatia and
822:Justiniana Prima
763:in that region.
588:were destroyed.
245:2nd Thessalonica
230:1st Thessalonica
215:
213:
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116:Byzantine Empire
114:
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58:Balkan peninsula
42:
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1612:Primary sources
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1169:
1165:
1148:
1095:Constantine III
1093:along his sons
1075:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1012:
1010:
996:
980:
969:
952:to Asia Minor.
917:Proto-Bulgarian
866:
805:
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697:Pannonian plain
645:
628:
531:
383:
326:
259:
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216:
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147:
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137:Emperor Maurice
123:
111:
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17:
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1761:
1760:External links
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871:Veliko Tarnovo
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761:Late Antiquity
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722:Gate of Trajan
662:Constantinople
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293:Late Antiquity
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1665:Curta, Florin
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1656:9781139428880
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1641:Curta, Florin
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1506:Whitby (1998)
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1020: –
1019:
1015:
1014:Find sources:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
984:This section
982:
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637:Marcianopolis
634:
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601:Marcianopolis
598:
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266:Roman Emperor
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
32:
31:
30:Limes Moesiae
25:
20:
1737:
1734:Pohl, Walter
1714:
1704:
1693:
1692:, Band 13, "
1689:
1670:
1645:
1627:
1617:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1473:Curta (2001)
1457:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1384:
1363:
1342:
1333:
1312:
1291:
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1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1133:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1089:, depicting
1065:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1013:
997:Please help
985:
954:
949:
942:
928:survived as
910:
904:
890:
879:Arab attacks
875:Yantra River
867:
842:Thessalonica
806:
789:Thessalonica
773:
770:
748:Anastasius I
745:
719:
705:
686:
670:
658:Arkadiopolis
646:
629:
617:
613:
590:
561:
556:Anastasius I
552:
540:
523:
504:
497:
493:
472:Thessaloniki
461:
440:
420:
384:
371:took Sirmium
364:
349:against the
335:
307:
303:
289:Anastasius I
277:Roman Empire
261:
260:
234:
105:Belligerents
91:
28:
1698:(in German)
1122:Charlemagne
932:nomads. In
930:transhumant
869:modern-day
693:open battle
673:Philippicus
519:Marmara Sea
477:Strategikon
428:Comentiolus
416:Peloponnese
414:and in the
400:Comentiolus
338:Justinian I
285:South Slavs
172:Peiragastus
141:Comentiolus
125:South Slavs
86:Successful
81:Territorial
1775:Categories
1738:Die Awaren
1596:2022-01-21
1163:References
1130:Asia Minor
1099:Heraklonas
1059:March 2022
1029:newspapers
946:assimilate
926:Aromanians
797:Macedonian
711:Callinicus
689:Viminacium
677:long walls
543:Khosrau II
475:Maurice's
456:Singidunum
447:Hormizd IV
432:Adrianople
392:Viminacium
388:Singidunum
240:Viminacium
162:Ardagastus
48:582–602 AD
1746:cite book
1628:Historiae
1135:Sklavinia
1091:Heraclius
986:does not
957:Albanians
938:Albanians
922:Dalmatian
892:foederati
883:Nicopolis
793:Heraclius
682:Wallachia
650:Haemimons
547:Anchialos
485:Black Sea
396:Anchialus
343:Justin II
279:from the
66:Wallachia
1736:(2002).
1667:(2006).
1643:(2001).
1146:See also
1140:Basil II
950:en masse
844:(c.604,
810:Lombards
785:Pannonia
777:Dardania
717:in 599.
654:Medgidia
620:Dalmatia
609:Svishtov
607:(modern
565:Muntenia
464:Ratiaria
283:and the
167:Musocius
62:Pannonia
53:Location
33:and the
1607:Sources
1567:, p. 81
1087:solidus
1043:scholar
1007:removed
992:sources
934:Albania
912:kastron
873:on the
838:Serdica
834:Naissus
726:Ihtiman
597:Bulgars
586:Dobruja
582:Zaldapa
569:Romania
507:Priscus
451:Armenia
269:Maurice
225:Sirmium
157:Bayan I
145:Priscus
83:changes
1722:
1694:Byzanz
1679:
1653:
1561:Byzanz
1532:Byzanz
1516:Byzanz
1438:Byzanz
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
967:Legacy
961:Vlachs
897:Croats
826:Salona
814:Friuli
752:Phocas
715:Istria
666:plague
633:Franks
515:Moesia
511:Thrace
468:Oescus
436:Athens
412:Athens
408:Attica
404:Greece
375:Danube
351:Gepids
314:Danube
273:Balkan
154:Khagan
73:Result
1050:JSTOR
1036:books
906:polis
887:Serbs
830:Novae
781:Dacia
735:Antes
730:Tisza
701:Tisza
605:Novae
599:) at
593:Peter
578:Scupi
574:Varna
481:Tomis
410:near
367:Bayan
347:Avars
310:Rhine
281:Avars
149:Peter
88:Roman
1752:link
1720:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1111:Samo
1097:and
1022:news
990:any
988:cite
848:and
836:and
824:and
783:and
580:and
513:and
466:and
443:shah
312:and
45:Date
1563:in
1534:in
1518:in
1440:in
1001:by
850:617
846:615
812:in
584:in
430:at
1777::
1748:}}
1744:{{
1626:,
1589:.
1542:^
1478:^
1466:^
1393:^
1372:^
1351:^
1321:^
1300:^
1206:^
1085:A
940:.
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668:.
567:,
445:,
418:.
320:.
64:,
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1754:)
1728:.
1707:.
1685:.
1659:.
1599:.
1072:)
1066:(
1061:)
1057:(
1047:·
1040:·
1033:·
1026:·
1009:.
995:.
920:(
202:e
195:t
188:v
169:,
164:,
159:,
96:)
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