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Colonial Office with a proposal regarding
Chinese labour. In London, the Land and Mine Owners Association was formed in 1902 to lobby the Colonial Office and continued to press throughout 1903. The Colonial Office postponed its decision saying that the question concerned not only Rhodesia but all of southern Africa. Milner was lobbied by the BSAC and he promised his support. Clarke, however, dismissed the demands, arguing that 'the introduction of large numbers of Asiatics... will subject the aboriginal natives to unfair competition'. He forecast that the labour shortage was temporary and that the new bureau would satisfy demand. Clarke also argued that most Rhodesians were opposed to the introduction of Chinese labour. The
644:
having been sufficiently punished for his supposed offences. Clarke, persuaded by
Colenso, argued that Dinuzulu would not cause further trouble so long as the policy of fomenting intertribal strife were discontinued and Dinuzulu be appointed induna. He began the process for the return of Dinuzulu and sought to harness the authority of the Zulu leader to the administration. In January 1895, the exiles received notice of their return to Zululand with an official position for Dinuzulu. Their departure was set for February 1895 but was delayed after Ministers in London recommended that Zululand first be annexed to Natal.
544:, after his tour of Southern Africa in 1897, that Clarke combined tactfulness with firmness in order to inspire goodwill towards the British government. While he suppressed the more "noxious" customs of the native people, he did not allow Europeans to own land and mineral prospectors were forbidden: the only whites permitted to reside were officials, missionaries and certain traders. Clarke's policy was to reinstate the tribal institutions and to govern through the recognised chiefs, amongst whom
290:
640:, intervened on their behalf in London. On her return to Zululand in August 1893, Clarke invited her to his residence in Etshowe. While there, she was visited by Zulu from across the land. The Zulu people had great affection for Bishop Colenso and his daughter. She persuaded them that Clarke's appointment was beneficial to them and they gave Clarke the nickname 'uKwezi', meaning 'Keeper' or 'Protector'. A sign of this was the release of a number of Dinzulu's followers from prison.
313:
573:, he "...brought sympathy and knowledge to the establishment of careful experiments in self-government." Hobson compares the approach to imperialism in Basutoland with that in Rhodesia and the Cape Colony, noting that "in the former it is devoted to protecting and aiding the education and development of the native people, while in the latter two, the policy allows for the exploitation of the people and lands by white colonists." The
799:
new South Africa incorporating
Southern Rhodesia, for which he needed the support of the BSAC. He appears to have had respect for Clarke, although he seems to have resented his influence at the Colonial Office, denying him an increase in salary or an official secretary. On Clarke's retirement, Milner wrote 'Personally I hardly think the office of Resident Commissioner any longer necessary'.
736:
652:, Mehlokazulu of the Ngobese and Mpiyakhe of the Mdlalose, enabling them to try certain cases referred to them by Resident Magistrates. In 1895, according to Harriette Colenso, the Zulu people approved of direct rule with Clarke as Resident Commissioner. However, when Clarke was appointed Resident Commissioner in Rhodesia in 1898,
712:, offered the role to Clarke, whose impressive prior administrative career was an indication of the importance being placed on the role. Graham Bower, the imperial secretary, wrote recommending him for the role: "Clarke is far and away the best man in this country". Clarke was in post from 1898 to 1905, reporting directly to
763:
by joining forces against the government. So, along with the native commissioners, he summoned and addressed indabas around the country to reassure the
Africans that they would be protected and would not be called to fight, so could continue to pursue their peaceful occupations as normal. During this
675:
swarms in 1894 and 1895 caused damage to crops and resulted in famine in 1896. The government response was to offer the chief of each tribe a reward of 3 d for every muid of locusts collected as well as cattle to slaughter when a swarm was eradicated. At the same time, Clarke bought 1,090 muids
798:
After serving in office for an extra year to 1905, Clarke retired, having helped to create a better system for the benefit of all. While the
Colonial Office sought to mediate conflicts of interest, its impact was varied due to its desire to avoid expense. Milner was preoccupied with his vision of a
647:
Clarke's tenure marked a difference in policy: instead of trying to divide and rule and undermine the power of the hereditary chiefs, he granted considerable authority to them. He applied a similar approach to that of his previous work in
Basutoland. His view was that the native people were "better
750:
that it was their duty to supply labour. Clarke's subsequent report accused officials of the administration of requisitioning labour by 'pressure only short of force', causing 'discontent amongst the natives'. Clarke's view was that a mutually beneficial relationship between capital and labour was
745:
From the outset of his posting, Clarke had to deal with issues regarding land and labour. The latter was of major significance at this time in
Southern Rhodesia. In response to questioning by the African Association and the Manchester Society for the Protection of Native Races, Chamberlain in 1898
643:
In his first year in office, Clarke established good order in the colony. Unlike Osborn, who treated
Colenso's presence at the trials in 1888 as an affront, Clarke took up Colenso's cause and recommended to the Colonial Office in London that Dinuzulu and his uncles be allowed to return from exile,
786:
Clarke was a critic of migrant labour schemes, which were designed to attract foreign labour to
Rhodesia, and in 1900 he defended the rights of indigenous labour against infringement by foreign Africans from Mozambique, Nyasaland, Zambia and South Africa. As early as 1900, the BSAC came to the
782:
In the meantime, in 1902, Scott, a native commissioner, brought to Clarke's attention that many work-seekers were suffering great privation yet were unable to find work while some businesses were short of labour. Clarke took up the cause: 'This indicates the necessity of the organisation of an
771:, imposing a tax of £2 to induce natives to work. In 1903, Rhodesian capitalists even proposed a £4 tax but Chamberlain preferred the lower rate of £2 and sought Clarke's opinion on its potential to cause trouble. Clarke argued that even £2 was too high. Milner disagreed and wrote to Sir
527:
was quelled but led to intertribal strife over the partition of his land. The Cape government sought to regain control in 1880 by extending the Cape Peace
Preservation Act of 1878 to Basutoland, which provided for the disarmament of natives. Attempts to enforce the law resulted in the
586:
535:
Under Imperial Administration through Clarke, Basutoland once again demonstrated the loyalty seen under previous Imperial rule and returned to prosperity, supplying neighbouring territories with grain and livestock, as well as labour for the Kimberley Diamond Fields.
783:
Association for bringing those wanting labour and those seeking employment into contact and prevent, what I have myself seen, gangs of destitute natives wandering about the country.' In 1903, a Rhodesian Native Labour Bureau was proposed.
758:
Towards the end of 1899, the Second Boer War gave Clarke cause for concern and he requested aid from Britain for the defence of Rhodesia. He was particularly concerned with the possibility of Africans avenging their recent defeat in the
631:
Dinuzulu rebelled against the British in 1888 but was defeated and fled to the Transvaal. He gave himself up in November 1888, and he and his uncles Ndabuko and Tshingana were found guilty of high treason in April 1889 and exiled to
2709:
887:
of 1836, to him: "...I hope that you will accept these pages in memory of past time and friendship, and more especially for the providential events connected with a night-long ride which once we took on duty together..."
416:
noted that his approach fostered goodwill amongst native people towards Britain. In Zululand, Clarke granted considerable authority and special judicial functions to the hereditary chiefs; and was commended by Sir
809:
Southern Rhodesian natives have surely had much in past years to thank a succession of Imperial Representatives for, Resident Commissioners, to whom the first of their number, Sir Marshal Clarke, handed on a fine
2638:
The Native question in South Africa: outlines of a suggested charter for natives under British rule in South Africa : submitted to Her Majesty's Government on behalf of the Abrorigines Protection Society
922:
511:
in 1881. He was promoted to Major in November 1882. He was Commissioner of Cape Police in 1882. He was seconded to the Sultan of Turkey's army in command of a regiment of the Egyptian Gendarmerie in 1882.
648:
able to manage their own affairs than we can do it for them, though they need our help in international matters and in matters between white and black." He gave special judicial functions to Hlubi of the
523:
Clarke was appointed the first Resident Commissioner in Basutoland (today Lesotho) and took office on 16 March 1884. In the preceding years, Basutoland had become unruly. In 1879, an uprising by Chief
2265:
2002:
2788:
77:
1878:
2180:
Austral Africa: extension of British influence in trans-colonial territories : proceedings at a meeting of the London Chamber of Commerce, assembled on the 14th May, 1888, etc.
775:, the company administrator, saying: 'I am embarrassed by a report form the Resident Commissioner in which he utterly condemns the proposed Native Tax Ordinance'. In 1904, finally,
601:
was appointed successor to Sir Charles Mitchell as Governor of the colony in August 1893, as well as Governor of Natal, which was to gain responsible government two months later.
751:
possible through market forces alone, without additional pressure. Chamberlain agreed, although Milner was in favour of compulsory labour even to the extent of 'recommending the
552:, was paramount. An annual pitso (national assembly) was held to debate questions of welfare. The white authorities only intervened when disturbances occurred between natives.
624:, one of the 13 Zulu chiefs, led a force against Cetshwayo and on 22 July 1883 defeated him in Ulundi. Cetshwayo escaped injured but died in February 1884, leaving his son
2838:
2783:
680:, approved: "It is better to err on the side of unnecessary expenditure than to run the risk of exposing the people to starvation." Finally, in 1897, an outbreak of
371:
34:
2808:
792:
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429:, the paramount chief. While in Southern Rhodesia, he was appointed to protect the interests of native people against the overarching ambitions of the
732:
in London approved of his appointment, stating in its annual report of 1900 that he had a "rare capacity for dealing justly with native communities".
2823:
594:
2043:
Blacks and whites in South Africa: an account of the past treatment and present conditions of South African natives under British and Boer control
746:
responded that forced labour was not permitted. A year later, Chamberlain was concerned by a chief native commissioner instructing chiefs at an
2414:
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replaced him and he bowed to pressure from settlers and officials to minimise Dinuzulu's influence over the Zulu people, especially during the
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in London. His role was to safeguard the interests of the natives and to call on the High Commissioner for interference where he saw fit. The
2803:
1943:
1886:
867:
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194:
1952:
1933:
1924:
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of quick-growing mealies to be given on payment to families requiring immediate relief, a measure of which Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson,
48:
2813:
819:
He was invested as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in April 1880, and promoted to Knight Commander in 1886.
570:
717:
1746:
574:
709:
456:, married Maria Hill on 6 April 1837. Marshal James Clarke was their eldest son, born on 24 October 1841. He was born in
334:
129:
795:, recorded that he found Clarke's argument more convincing than Milner's, and the Colonial Office refused the proposal.
739:
713:
491:. He was appointed Special Commissioner to South Africa in 1876. He was Political Officer and Special Commissioner of
2818:
2012:
1991:
425:, for his action in the face of potential famine. He recommended to the Imperial Government the return from exile of
507:
Major in April 1880 in recognition of his services during operations in South Africa. He was Resident Magistrate of
2740:
2295:
Warhurst, P. R. (May 1999). "Imperial Watchdog: Sir Marshal Clarke as Resident Commissioner in Southern Rhodesia".
653:
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of 1880 to 1881. Unrest continued until it was agreed in 1884 to place the territory under direct British control.
465:
263:
121:
1911:
537:
413:
2147:
2102:
545:
150:
2755:
1092:
729:
917:
839:
701:
430:
779:, Chamberlain's successor refused assent, citing Clarke's reports and an ordinance limited the tax to £1.
859:
628:
to inherit the throne. He ultimately succeeded in driving out Zibhebhu with the help of Transvaal Boers.
2543:
Phimister, Ian (April 1974). "Peasant Production and Underdevelopment in Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1914".
677:
422:
2653:
Zulu affairs: correspondence, December, 1896–January, 1897 between Sir John Robinson and H. E. Colenso
2266:"The natives appear contented and quiet, the Nqutu district of Zululand under British rule, 1883–1897"
2828:
2572:
Phimister, Ian (April 1977). "White Miners in Historical Perspective: Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1953".
475:
He served in India, where he lost an arm to a tiger. Moving to Africa, he was Resident Magistrate of
2688:
565:(1902), summed up Clarke's work in Basutoland saying that, along with other administrators like Sir
2487:
912:
805:, the Anglican missionary and supporter of the rights of natives, said at the end of the BSAC era:
855:
500:
461:
282:
257:
871:(9 May 1887 – 8 April 1959) and Captain Brian Lloyd Clarke (30 September 1888 – 19 April 1915).
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823:
598:
418:
162:
99:
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in 1880 and had three children. He died suddenly of pneumonia in his home country of Ireland.
851:
802:
437:
380:
293:
2601:
Warhurst, Philip (April 1978). "A Troubled Frontier: North-Eastern Mashonaland, 1898–1906".
2059:
The view across the river : Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism
1846:
1826:
1806:
1177:
1138:
1118:
1040:
1020:
375:(24 October 1841 – 1 April 1909) was a British colonial administrator and an officer of the
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2793:
2506:
Kerr, A. J. (1958). "The Reception and Codification of Systems of Law in Southern Africa".
772:
561:
484:
408:
8:
2614:
2556:
760:
621:
620:, Bishop of Natal, appealed on his behalf, Cetshwayo was released and restored to power.
515:
He retired from the military in March 1883 with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.
2381:
854:
in 1880 and had three children: Elizabeth Clarke (17 June 1885 – 26 July 1952), Admiral
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1969:
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1123:
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1025:
705:
25:
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671:. When it proved too costly for the people, he waived the charge for the vaccination.
2276:
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2143:
2136:
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2008:
1987:
1961:
863:
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time, Africans deserted the mines, keeping their options open and "watching events".
637:
396:
2535:
2004:
Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The Decolonisation of White Identity in Zimbabwe
577:
honoured him in appreciation for his work to bring about peace and good governance.
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1981:
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killed many cattle and the government responded with a programme of inoculation.
663:
Clarke had to deal with four natural disasters during his tenure. An outbreak of
657:
469:
376:
344:
2341:, Aborigines Protection Society (Great Britain) Wilson Anti-Slavery Collection,
2094:
Terrific Majesty: The Power of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention
2112:
1937:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1050–1055.
900:
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354:
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for his devotion to the education and development of the native people, while
289:
2777:
2444:
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography
2280:
2066:
1947:
1928:
1063:
923:
Administrative posts of the British South Africa Company in Southern Rhodesia
768:
700:
to appoint a permanent Resident Commissioner to supervise the affairs of the
668:
667:
in 1894 was the result of labour migration and men returning from working in
613:
312:
2126:
1956:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 505–506.
597:
as Resident Commissioner and Chief Magistrate in Zululand in June 1893. Sir
2316:
Werner, Alice (July 1932). "African Economics and African Administration".
2083:
972:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
932:
827:
721:
693:
617:
480:
392:
388:
2391:
566:
487:, the Special Commissioner of South Africa in 1876 on his mission to the
2675:
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2645:
2361:
2346:
2243:
Sloley, Herbert C. (January 1917). "Recent Developments in Basutoland".
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1973:
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He was granted authority to wear the insignia of the Third Class of the
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and the division of the Zulu Kingdom into 13 chiefdoms. In 1883, after
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633:
609:
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492:
2455:
2439:
2424:
Wangi Kolia: Coal, Capital and Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe 1894–1954
767:
The administration in 1901 proposed a scheme similar to that of the
752:
2194:
Marks, Shula (1963). "Harriette Colenso and the Zulus, 1874–1913".
1966:
Zululand, the Exiled Chiefs, Natal, and the Colonial Office: 1893–5
1301:
850:
Clarke married Annie Stacy Lloyd, eldest daughter of Major General
664:
625:
449:
426:
1983:
Science and Empire: East Coast Fever in Rhodesia and the Transvaal
696:
in the winter of 1895–1896, the imperial government determined by
402:
For his work in Basutoland, Clarke drew praise from the economist
1747:
Chinese Labour in Rhodesia. (HC Deb 8 June 1904 vol 135 cc1078-9)
831:
649:
549:
842:, in recognition of his services in the employ of the Khedive.
747:
672:
524:
2138:
Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902
1226:
735:
479:
in 1874. He was promoted to captain in December 1875. He was
2339:
The annual report of the Aborigines Protection Society: 1900
1545:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
2273:
Collected Seminar Papers. Institute of Commonwealth Studies
2027:
The Aborigines' Protection Society: chapters in its history
1656:
1644:
1632:
1557:
1498:
1389:
1387:
1291:
1289:
585:
2789:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1610:
1608:
1440:
1438:
1250:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
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in 1879 had resulted in the imprisonment of the Zulu king
2029:, Aborigines' Protection Society LSE Selected Pamphlets,
1522:
1486:
1214:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
2157:
Mabille, H. E. (July 1906). "The Basuto of Basutoland".
1581:
1569:
1462:
1384:
1360:
1286:
460:, educated at a private school in Dublin and studied at
436:
He married Annie Stacy Lloyd, daughter of Major General
2337:
Britain), Aborigines Protection Society (Great (1900),
1942:
Cana, Frank Richardson; Hillier, Alfred Peter (1911). "
1859:
1787:
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1728:
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1151:
2230:
1202:
990:
959:
1704:
1474:
1450:
1190:
2670:, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, 1895,
2655:, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, 1897,
2640:, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, 1900,
2401:
An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe 1890–1914
2356:, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection, 1895,
1423:
1372:
1348:
1333:
1316:
1274:
1262:
793:
Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
2135:
1593:
1399:
2839:Deaths from pneumonia in the Republic of Ireland
2784:British military personnel of the First Boer War
2775:
687:
2045:, Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection,
448:Reverend Mark Clarke, the Rector and Vicar of
391:from 1893 to 1898; and, following the botched
2352:
2133:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1563:
1504:
387:from 1884 to 1893; Resident Commissioner in
2809:Resident Commissioners in Southern Rhodesia
2263:
1941:
1551:
1539:
1492:
1232:
2710:Resident Commissioner in Southern Rhodesia
2413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2040:
2021:
1979:
1587:
1575:
1468:
1393:
1295:
877:was a friend of Clarke's and he dedicated
142:18 March 1884 – 18 September 1893
49:Resident Commissioner in Southern Rhodesia
2571:
2542:
2421:
2398:
2177:
1256:
1244:
1058:
1056:
518:
468:and was commissioned a Lieutenant in the
2824:Military personnel from County Tipperary
2600:
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2090:
1845:
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1805:
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1781:
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1614:
1516:
1444:
1176:
1164:
1137:
1117:
1087:
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1039:
1019:
1007:
891:Clarke died suddenly on 1 April 1909 of
734:
584:
2379:
2156:
2073:
1960:
1865:
1456:
1417:
1378:
1354:
1327:
1208:
580:
61:5 December 1898 – 1 April 1905
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2437:
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2000:
1710:
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1310:
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1196:
1053:
965:
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1910:
1429:
1366:
1280:
1268:
1082:
826:in November 1883 conferred on him by
718:High Commissioner for Southern Africa
395:, the first Resident Commissioner in
2804:Resident Commissioners in Basutoland
2615:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096962
2557:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096469
2505:
2318:Journal of the Royal African Society
2245:Journal of the Royal African Society
2159:Journal of the Royal African Society
1922:
1342:
575:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
540:(later Viscount Bryce) noted in his
2756:Resident Commissioner in Basutoland
2574:Journal of Southern African Studies
2431:
2336:
2056:
1599:
1405:
973:"Lt.-Col. Sir Marshal James Clarke"
710:Secretary of State for the Colonies
130:Resident Commissioner in Basutoland
13:
2834:Resident Commissioners in Zululand
2732:Resident Commissioner in Zululand
2368:
2041:Fox Bourne, Henry Richard (1900),
740:Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner
692:As a result of the debacle of the
14:
2850:
2682:
2383:Cetywayo and his White Neighbours
2076:Swallow: A tale of the great trek
1885:. April–June 1909. Archived from
1879:"Domestic Announcements – Deaths"
1855:. 13 November 1883. p. 5381.
1147:. 19 December 1882. p. 6457.
593:Sir Marshal Clarke succeeded Sir
78:Resident Commissioner in Zululand
2814:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
2297:South African Historical Journal
1923:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "
1049:. 7 December 1875. p. 6300.
845:
466:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
311:
288:
264:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
2438:Clarke, Marshal (August 1888).
1904:
1871:
1839:
1819:
1799:
1740:
1170:
230:
2471:Duncan, Patrick (April 1959).
2196:The Journal of African History
1986:. Cambridge University Press.
1186:. 27 March 1883. p. 1697.
1131:
1127:. 20 April 1880. p. 2601.
1111:
1064:"British Resident in Rhodesia"
1033:
1029:. 17 March 1863. p. 1514.
1013:
724:, who in turn reported to the
16:British colonial administrator
1:
2380:Haggard, Henry Rider (1882).
2134:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983).
1815:. 6 April 1880. p. 2431.
938:
730:Aborigines Protection Society
688:Southern Rhodesia (1898–1905)
636:. Bishop Colenso's daughter,
464:. He went on to study at the
443:
2630:
2386:. London: Trübner & Co.
2354:Zulu letters from St. Helena
2264:Unterhalter, Elaine (1978).
2236:Burke's Irish Family Records
2232:Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh
2097:. Harvard University Press.
1980:Cranefield, Paul F. (2002).
1835:. 29 May 1886. p. 2634.
918:British South Africa Company
840:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
702:British South Africa Company
431:British South Africa Company
7:
2760:1884 – 1893
2735:1893 – 1898
2714:1898 – 1905
1968:, London: Burt & sons,
1916:Impressions of South Africa
960:Montgomery-Massingberd 1976
906:
856:Sir Marshal Llewelyn Clarke
834:of Egypt, as authorised by
10:
2855:
2486:(3): 55–59. Archived from
2473:"Basutoland in transition"
2182:, LSE Selected Pamphlets,
2091:Hamilton, Carolyn (1998).
2074:Haggard, H. Rider (1898).
814:
555:Clarke served until 1893.
2762:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2668:The Zulu question in 1895
2586:10.1080/03057077708707971
2520:10.1017/s0021855300003454
2309:10.1080/02582479908671356
2208:10.1017/s0021853700004321
2023:Fox Bourne, Henry Richard
1068:The Sydney Morning Herald
360:
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273:
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135:
127:
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94:
83:
75:
65:
54:
46:
42:
23:
2819:Royal Artillery officers
2440:"Unexplored Basuto Land"
2373:
2178:MacKenzie, John (1888),
2061:. Oxford: James Currey.
1918:. MacMillan and Company.
913:Company rule in Rhodesia
883:, his story of the Boer
368:Sir Marshal James Clarke
30:Sir Marshal James Clarke
2426:. Harare: Baobab Books.
2422:Phimister, Ian (1994).
2399:Phimister, Ian (1988).
1953:Encyclopædia Britannica
1934:Encyclopædia Britannica
1233:Cana & Hillier 1911
501:mentioned in despatches
462:Trinity College, Dublin
283:mentioned in despatches
258:Trinity College, Dublin
2766:Godfrey Yeatman Lagden
2719:Richard Chester-Master
2508:Journal of African Law
2001:Fisher, J. L. (2010).
824:Order of the Medjidieh
812:
742:
704:in Southern Rhodesia.
604:The conclusion of the
599:Walter Hely-Hutchinson
590:
519:Basutoland (1884–1893)
419:Walter Hely-Hutchinson
163:Godfrey Yeatman Lagden
100:Walter Hely-Hutchinson
71:Richard Chester-Master
2238:. Burkes Peerage Ltd.
852:Banastyre Pryce Lloyd
807:
738:
588:
438:Banastyre Pryce Lloyd
381:Resident Commissioner
323:Years of service
294:Order of the Medjidie
2118:Imperialism, A Study
1313:, Part 2 Chapter IV.
1093:"Sir Marshal Clarke"
581:Zululand (1893–1898)
562:Imperialism, A Study
495:in 1877. During the
485:Theophilus Shepstone
1369:, pp. 403–404.
1235:, pp. 505–506.
1223:, pp. 111–112.
962:, pp. 240–242.
789:Duke of Marlborough
761:Second Matabele War
622:Zibhebhu kaMaphitha
499:, Clarke was twice
399:from 1898 to 1905.
379:. He was the first
366:Lieutenant-Colonel
2727:Sir Melmoth Osborn
2697:Political offices
2057:Guy, Jeff (2001).
1852:The London Gazette
1832:The London Gazette
1812:The London Gazette
1183:The London Gazette
1144:The London Gazette
1124:The London Gazette
1046:The London Gazette
1026:The London Gazette
743:
706:Joseph Chamberlain
591:
472:in February 1863.
335:Lieutenant-Colonel
111:Sir Melmoth Osborn
26:Lieutenant-Colonel
2772:
2771:
2763:Succeeded by
2738:Succeeded by
2717:Succeeded by
2689:Marshalclarke.com
2142:. McGill-Queens.
1663:Keppel-Jones 1983
1651:Keppel-Jones 1983
1639:Keppel-Jones 1983
1564:Keppel-Jones 1983
1554:, pp. 66–67.
1505:Zulu letters 1895
1259:, pp. 16–17.
1097:The Straits Times
678:Governor of Natal
423:Governor of Natal
397:Southern Rhodesia
364:
363:
223:Annie Stacy Lloyd
2846:
2829:British amputees
2748:Preceded by
2741:Charles Saunders
2725:Preceded by
2702:Preceded by
2694:
2693:
2678:
2663:
2648:
2626:
2609:(307): 214–229.
2597:
2568:
2551:(291): 217–228.
2539:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2467:
2432:Journal articles
2427:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2395:
2364:
2349:
2333:
2324:(124): 245–254.
2312:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2270:
2260:
2239:
2227:
2190:
2174:
2153:
2141:
2130:
2108:
2087:
2070:
2053:
2037:
2018:
1997:
1976:
1957:
1938:
1919:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1868:, pp. v–vi.
1863:
1857:
1856:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1552:Unterhalter 1978
1549:
1543:
1540:Unterhalter 1978
1537:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1493:Unterhalter 1978
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1420:, pp. 5, 7.
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1017:
1011:
1005:
988:
987:
985:
983:
969:
963:
957:
875:H. Rider Haggard
870:
777:Alfred Lyttelton
698:order in council
654:Charles Saunders
589:Dinuzulu c. 1883
477:Pietermaritzburg
454:County Tipperary
406:in his treatise
374:
315:
303:Military service
292:
285:
266:
234:
232:
207:
187:
185:
173:Personal details
159:
140:
122:Charles Saunders
118:
108:
88:
68:
59:
37:
21:
20:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2685:
2666:
2651:
2636:
2633:
2603:African Affairs
2545:African Affairs
2496:
2494:
2493:on 18 June 2015
2490:
2475:
2456:10.2307/1801003
2450:(8): 519–5225.
2434:
2406:
2405:
2376:
2371:
2369:Further reading
2285:
2283:
2268:
2251:(62): 111–124.
2165:(20): 351–376.
2150:
2113:Hobson, John A.
2105:
2015:
2007:. ANU E Press.
1994:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1889:on 4 March 2016
1877:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
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1733:
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1721:
1717:
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1705:
1697:
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1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1602:, pp. 4–5.
1598:
1594:
1588:Fox Bourne 1900
1586:
1582:
1576:Cranefield 2002
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:, pp. 2–3.
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1469:Fox Bourne 1900
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1394:Fox Bourne 1899
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:, p. 1054.
1341:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1296:Fox Bourne 1900
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
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1195:
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1175:
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981:
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971:
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966:
958:
945:
941:
909:
858:
848:
817:
726:Colonial Office
690:
658:Second Boer War
583:
521:
470:Royal Artillery
446:
377:Royal Artillery
370:
345:Royal Artillery
298:
280:
269:
262:
236:
233: 1880)
228:
224:
209:
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189:
188:24 October 1841
183:
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1273:
1271:, p. 342.
1261:
1257:MacKenzie 1888
1249:
1245:MacKenzie 1888
1237:
1225:
1213:
1211:, p. 371.
1201:
1199:, p. 112.
1189:
1169:
1167:, p. 224.
1150:
1130:
1110:
1099:. 7 April 1909
1081:
1052:
1032:
1012:
1010:, p. 223.
989:
977:thepeerage.com
964:
942:
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930:
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915:
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905:
901:County Wicklow
895:at The Lodge,
847:
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836:Abdul Hamid II
816:
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773:William Milton
689:
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606:Anglo-Zulu War
595:Melmoth Osborn
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1589:
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1577:
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1541:
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1518:
1517:Hamilton 1998
1513:
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1495:, p. 64.
1494:
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1482:
1477:
1471:, p. 36.
1470:
1465:
1459:, p. 14.
1458:
1453:
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1445:Hamilton 1998
1441:
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1396:, p. 45.
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2495:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2483:
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2003:
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1965:
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1932:
1915:
1912:Bryce, James
1905:Bibliography
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1883:South Africa
1882:
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1866:Haggard 1898
1861:
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1457:Colenso 1895
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1418:Colenso 1895
1413:
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1381:, p. 5.
1379:Colenso 1895
1374:
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1357:, p. 4.
1355:Colenso 1895
1350:
1330:, p. 3.
1328:Colenso 1895
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1209:Mabille 1906
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1070:. 9 May 1898
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980:. Retrieved
976:
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933:Zulu Kingdom
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828:Tewfik Pasha
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481:Aide-de-Camp
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407:
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393:Jameson Raid
367:
365:
351:Battles/wars
206:(1909-04-01)
204:1 April 1909
158:Succeeded by
137:
117:Succeeded by
85:
67:Succeeded by
56:
18:
2799:1909 deaths
2794:1841 births
2497:21 November
2286:23 November
1893:23 November
1847:"No. 25287"
1827:"No. 25592"
1807:"No. 24831"
1711:Fisher 2010
1481:Werner 1932
1311:Hobson 1902
1221:Sloley 1917
1197:Sloley 1917
1178:"No. 25216"
1139:"No. 25179"
1119:"No. 24835"
1103:23 November
1074:21 November
1041:"No. 24273"
1021:"No. 22717"
982:21 November
903:, Ireland.
567:George Grey
542:Impressions
538:James Bryce
409:Imperialism
193:, Ireland,
107:Preceded by
2778:Categories
2149:0773505342
2104:0674874455
1944:Basutoland
1430:Marks 1963
1367:Marks 1963
1281:Bryce 1897
1269:Bryce 1897
939:References
928:Basutoland
897:Enniskerry
885:Great Trek
810:tradition.
682:rinderpest
571:Lord Ripon
509:Basutoland
444:Early life
385:Basutoland
308:Allegiance
250:Alma mater
211:Enniskerry
184:1841-10-24
2631:Pamphlets
2409:cite book
2403:. London.
2281:0076-0773
2275:: 60–75.
2224:161366058
2127:20549349M
2067:777867225
1343:Cana 1911
893:pneumonia
720:based in
638:Harriette
634:St Helena
610:Cetshwayo
548:, son of
505:brevetted
503:. He was
493:Lydenburg
489:Transvaal
458:Tipperary
326:1863–1883
191:Tipperary
138:In office
90:1893–1898
86:In office
57:In office
2750:new post
2704:new post
2676:60232764
2661:60232760
2646:60231814
2536:54848551
2362:60232550
2347:60239556
2234:(1976).
2188:60225479
2115:(1902).
2051:60231908
2035:60221819
2025:(1899),
1974:60229994
1964:(1895),
1925:Zululand
1914:(1897).
1600:APS 1900
1406:Guy 2001
907:See also
665:smallpox
626:Dinuzulu
450:Shronell
427:Dinuzulu
389:Zululand
241:Children
151:Victoria
128:1st
95:Governor
76:2nd
47:1st
2594:2636338
2464:1801003
2084:3334713
1950:(ed.).
1931:(ed.).
880:Swallow
832:Khedive
815:Honours
791:, then
650:Basotho
550:Moshesh
483:to Sir
235:
227:
147:Monarch
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2082:
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2011:
1990:
1972:
1946:". In
1927:". In
753:corvée
748:indaba
716:, the
673:Locust
546:Letsie
525:Morosi
281:Twice
274:Awards
218:Spouse
2672:JSTOR
2657:JSTOR
2642:JSTOR
2619:JSTOR
2590:JSTOR
2561:JSTOR
2532:S2CID
2524:JSTOR
2491:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2460:JSTOR
2374:Books
2358:JSTOR
2343:JSTOR
2326:JSTOR
2269:(PDF)
2253:JSTOR
2220:S2CID
2212:JSTOR
2184:JSTOR
2167:JSTOR
2047:JSTOR
2031:JSTOR
1970:JSTOR
866:
862:
559:, in
229:(
225:
2499:2012
2415:link
2288:2012
2277:ISSN
2144:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2080:OCLC
2063:OCLC
2009:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1895:2012
1105:2012
1076:2012
984:2012
569:and
372:KCMG
341:Unit
331:Rank
201:Died
178:Born
98:Sir
35:KCMG
2611:doi
2582:doi
2553:doi
2516:doi
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2305:doi
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860:KBE
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