Master's degree - Knowledge

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addressed the Oxbridge MA issue, noting that "the MAs granted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not academic qualifications". The first "framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland", also published in January 2001, used the same qualifications descriptors, adding in credit values that specified that a stand-alone master should be 180 credits and a "Masters (following an integrated programme from undergraduate to Masters level study)" should be 600 credits with a minimum of 120 at M-level. It was specified that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met the learning outcomes and credit definitions, although it was noted that "A small number of universities in Scotland have a long tradition of labelling certain first degrees as 'MA'. Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that the title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on standards should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level."

1166:(drs.) may be rendered, if obtained in the Netherlands from a university, after the application of the Bologna process, as: MSc instead of ir., LLM instead of mr. and MA or MSc instead of drs. This is because a single program that led to these degree was in effect before 2002, which comprised the same course load as the bachelor and master programs put together. Those who had already started the program could, upon completing it, bear the appropriate title (MSc, LLM or MA), but alternatively still use the old-style title (ir., mr. or drs.), corresponding to their field of study. Since these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is – in retrospect – incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their first academic degree. Bearers of foreign master's degree can use the titles ir., mr. and drs. only after obtaining a permission to bear such titles from the Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs. Those who received their mr., ir. or drs. title after the application of the Bologna process have the option of signing as 1189:, a master's degree can be obtained when completing a two-year study at university (120 ECTS), although there also exist some master's studies which only require 1 year of education (60 ECTS). This discrepancy has various reasons, but the main cause is the transition from the pre-Bologna Process degrees. Degrees like industrial engineering were previously not obtained through university and only took one year, but got transferred to universities, hence why the master's degree for industrial engineering only takes one year at university currently. Similar situations arose for other one-year degrees obtained before 2013 and are therefore now converted to master's degrees through a special certificate. Other master's degrees, such as the degrees from the faculty of Arts and Literature are historically only one year, just like they were before the Bologna Process ratification. Master's degrees for medicine take 3 years to be completed. The situation for the 1042:(EHEA) are moving to a three-cycle (bachelor's - master's - doctorate) system of degrees. Two-thirds of EHEA countries have standardised on 120 ECTS credits for their second-cycle (master's) degrees, but 90 ECTS credits is the main form in Cyprus, Ireland and Scotland and 60-75 credits in Montenegro, Serbia and Spain. The combined length of the first and second cycle varies from "3 + 1" years (240 ECTS credits), through "3 + 2" or "4 + 1" years (300 ECTS credits), to "4 + 2" years (360 ECTS credits). As of 2015, 31 EHEA countries have integrated programmes that combine the first and second cycle and lead to a second-cycle qualification (e.g. the UK integrated master's degree), particularly in STEM subjects and subjects allied to medicine. These typically have a duration of 300 – 360 ECTS credits (five to six years), with the integrated master's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland being the shortest at 240 ECTS credits (four years). 356:. The idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the automatic master's degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK. In the 1960s, new Scottish universities (except for Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in arts, restoring the MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, e.g. the Cambridge LLB became the LLM in 1982, and the Oxford BLitt, BPhil (except in philosophy) and BSc became the MLitt, MPhil and MSc. 1260:. The educational programmes allow students to be mobile within the system, for example one semester may be taken in a confederate school without paying additional membership or tuition fees. Subsequently, after passing the qualifications provided, people may procure teaching qualifications and continue their scholastic research around doctoral studies, or carry on studying within their career in the private or public sector. Graduates of the program, within the Baltic Sea area are also given the chance to continue onwards with their studies within the postgraduate system if they have studied the social sciences or humanities field. 307:

Science, along with the Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in the honours school of natural sciences. In 1879 a statute to actually establish the faculty of Natural Sciences at Oxford was promulgated, but in 1880 a proposal to rename the degree as a Master of Science was rejected along with a proposal to grant Masters of Natural Sciences a Master of Arts degree, in order to make them full members of the university. This scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science.

824:. Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and at least two-thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study. Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice-related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice-related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies. 33: 1320:) which is available after a four-year bachelor or a five-year specialist course. A graduate may choose a master course completely different from his/her previous one. During these two years master students attend specialized lectures in chosen profile, choose a faculty advisor and prepare their master thesis which is eventually defended before certifying commission consisting mostly of professors, leading by the professor from another university. 1506: 1385: 805:. Research master's degrees in the US (e.g., M.A./A.M. or M.S.) require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as (normally) a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e.g., M.E./M.Eng.) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e.g., M.B.A.) and often substitute a project for the thesis. 910:

between one calendar year and two academic years, with at least one academic year of study at master's level. The Framework for Higher Education Qualification (FHEQ) in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS) level 11 qualifications (postgraduate and integrated master's degrees, except for

1088:) takes two years and is worth 120 ECTS credits. The two years are often called the master 1 (M1) and master 2 (M2), following the Bologna Process. Depending on the goal of the student (a doctorate or a professional career) the master can also be called a "Master Recherche" (research master) or a "Master Professionnel" (professional master), each with different requirements. 1589:, M.Phil/MPhil/Master of Philosophy is the most advanced master's degree and usually includes both a taught portion and a research portion which requires candidates to complete an extensive original research for their thesis. Regardless of subject, students in all faculties (including sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences) may be awarded the Master of Philosophy. 789:) are designed to prepare students for a particular professional career and are primarily taught, although they may include work placements and independent study projects. Some may require professional experience for entry. Examples include MBA, MDiv, LLM and MSW as well as some integrated master's degrees. The name of the degree normally includes the subject name. 294:

MS was last awarded in 1876. In Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. When London introduced its Faculty of Sciences in 1858, the university was granted a new charter giving it the power "to confer the several Degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", but the degrees it awarded in science were the

953:. Students may also have to provide evidence of their ability to successfully pursue a postgraduate degree to be accepted into a taught master's course, and possibly higher for a research master's. Graduate schools in the US similarly require strong undergraduate performance, and may require students to take one or more standardised tests, such as the 1346:(Engineer) are also equivalent to master's degrees. They were integrated programmes of study that combined first and second cycles and led to a second cycle qualification. The Spanish government issued a royal decree in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna degrees and the 1943:

Tuition is less expensive than would be the case in North America, costing as little as US$ 5000 for an M.B.A. As an incentive designed to increase foreign student numbers, the government and universities of Taiwan have redoubled their efforts to make a range of high-quality scholarships available in

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In Nepal, after completing a bachelor's degree, students must spend at least three or four years studying full-time in college and university, with an entrance test for those who wish to pursue master's, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees. All doctoral and Ph.D. degrees, as well as third cycle degrees, are

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awards a non-thesis M.Eng. There also exists "a direct track" doctorate degree, which lasts four to five years. Taking this route, students prepare a preliminary research paper during their first year, after which they must pass an exam before being allowed to proceed, at which point they are awarded

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credits, with a minimum requirement of at least 60 ECTS credits at second-cycle level. The definition of ECTS credits is that "60 ECTS credits are allocated to the learning outcomes and associated workload of a full-time academic year or its equivalent", thus European master's degrees should last for

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criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs "the most stupendous of academic frauds" and "bogus degrees". Ensuing correspondence pointed out that "A Scotch M.A., at the most, is only the equivalent of an English B.A." and called for common standards for degrees, while defenders

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post-graduation) programs. At the Master's program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master's Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period

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Probably the most important master's degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science (MS in the US, MSc in the UK). At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858: "in course", first awarded in 1859, and "on examination", first awarded in 1862. The "in course"

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that "In England the Universities conferred degrees after a considerable period of residence, after much labour performed, and if they were not in all respects so rigorous as the statutes of the Universities required, nevertheless it could not be said, that Masters of Arts were created at Oxford and

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was awarded to BA graduates of a certain standing without further examination from the late 17th century, its main purpose being to confer full membership of the university. At Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the master's degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835

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there is a two-year education program that offers a chance to gain a master's degree in interdisciplinary issues. The system offers an education in different areas, such as humanities, environmental and social issues, whilst paying specific consideration to the Baltic Sea area. It is a joint-degree

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system, which is worth 60 ECTS credits and is taught part-time. The candidatus degree is abbreviated cand. and upon completion of, for instance, an engineering master's degree, a person becomes cand.polyt. (polytechnical). Similar abbreviations, inspired by Latin, apply to a large number of fields,

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in a related field, with an extra six months if following on straight from an ordinary bachelor's degree and another extra six months if following on from a degree in a different field, to four years for an "extended" master's degree. At some Australian universities, the master's degree may take up

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rather than as master's degrees, but confirmed that the extended undergraduate degrees were master's degrees, saying that "Some Masters degrees in science and engineering are awarded after extended undergraduate programmes that last, typically, a year longer than Honours degree programmes". It also

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The M.A. degree at Oxford and Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms, and to pass what seems have been an honours examination in order to proceed to the Master's

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directly admits that the incorrectly missing apostrophe used to be more widespread in publications of this and therefore presumably other Australian universities: "Note that both 'bachelor's degree' and 'master's degree', when used in a generic sense, require an apostrophe. While some dislike this

1131:(a three-year undergraduate degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree). In particular fields, namely law, pharmacy and medicine, this distinction is not made. University courses are therefore single and last five to six years, after which the master's degree is awarded (in this case referred to as 873:

In the UK, postgraduate master's degrees typically take one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time. Master's degrees may be classified as either "research" or "taught", with taught degrees (those where research makes up less than half of the volume of work) being further subdivided

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The form "Master in ..." is also sometimes used, particularly where a faculty title is used for an integrated master's degree in addition to its use in a traditional postgraduate master's degree, e.g. Master in Science (MSci) and Master in Arts (MArts). This form is also sometimes used with other

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suggested that Durham should award master's degrees in theology and science (with the suggested abbreviations MT and MS, contrary to later British practice of using MTh or MTheol and MSc for these degrees), but its recommendations were not enacted. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master of Natural

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disciplines, with the most common degrees being MEng, MSci and MChem. 82% of respondents conferred only a master's degree for the course, while 9% conferred a bachelor's degree at the end of the bachelor's-level stage and a master's degree at the end of the course and a further 9% conferred both

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announced the results of a survey of 150 major employers showing nearly two thirds mistakenly thought the Cambridge MA was a postgraduate qualification and just over half made the same error regarding the Edinburgh MA, with QAA chief executive John Randall calling the Oxbridge MA "misleading and

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credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one-year master's degrees in the UK. However, the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Framework for Qualifications of Higher

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The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January 2001. This specified learning outcomes for M-level (master's) degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning

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should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i.e. teacher) in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became

250:, which was only empowered by its charter to grant degrees by examination. However, by the middle of the century the MA as an examined second degree was again under threat, with Durham moving to awarding it automatically to those who gained honours in the BA in 1857, along the lines of the 143:(licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. Initially, the 1067:

e.g.: sociology (cand.scient.soc), economics (cand.merc., cand.polit. or cand.oecon), law (cand.jur), humanities (cand.mag) etc. Use of a cand. title requires a master's degree. Holders of a cand. degree are also entitled to use M.Sc. or M.A. titles, depending on the field of study. In

254:, and Edinburgh following the other Scottish universities in awarding the MA as its first degree, in place of the BA, from 1858. At the same time, new universities were being established around the then British Empire along the lines of London, including examinations for the MA: the 289:

as the terminal degree. Sometimes it was possible to earn an MA either by examination or by seniority in the same institution; for example, in Michigan the "in course" MA was introduced in 1848 and was last awarded in 1882, while the "on examination" MA was introduced in 1859.

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of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on a specific area of their knowledge.

1488:) requires physical attendance. In Brazil, the degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a Ph.D. It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the 507:

Master's degrees are commonly titled using the form 'Master of ...', where either a faculty (typically Arts or Science) or a field (Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Business Administration, etc.) is specified. The two most common titles of master's degrees are the

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were awarded after a minimum of four years of university studies and a successful defence of a written thesis and are considered equivalent to the master's degree. After the completion of that first cycle of the pre-Bologna higher education, the students obtained

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master's degrees are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation. These may be stand-alone master's courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA or MRes degrees, or integrated master's

338:(which, at the time in the UK involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as it still does in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries); and master's degrees that could only be obtained by further study (including all London master's degrees). In 1903, the 345:

of the ancient universities said that "the Cambridge M.A. does not pretend to be a reward of learning" and that "it is rather absurd to describe one of their degrees as a bogus one because other modern Universities grant the same degree for different reasons".

2151:(the UK standard), and aligns with our key institutional partner Warwick University. Currently, you will find the terms used both with and without an apostrophe throughout our online and print publications – gradually, we need to move toward correct usage." 363:

issued a "'Statement on enhanced and extended undergraduate engineering degree courses", proposing the establishment of a four-year first degree (Master of Engineering). These were up and running by the mid-1980s and were followed in the early 1990s by the

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course with an extra year at master's level (i.e. a total of four years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and five years in Scotland). A 2011 survey of UK Higher Education Institutes found that 64% offered integrated master's course, mostly in

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M.B.B.S. is only a medical degree with six and a half years of study resulting in a medical doctor and must finish its study in four years after master's degree with minimum education of 15 or 16 years of university bachelor's degree education.

1940:, bachelor's degree courses are about four years in length, while an entrance examination is required for people who want to study for master's degrees and doctorates. The courses leading to these higher degrees are normally research-based. 759:

master's degrees are primarily research based, although may contain taught elements, particularly on research methods. Examples are the MLitt (usually, but not always a research degree), the Master's by Research, and the MPhil. The Master's

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and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice. Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title "doctor".

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until the 19th century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor's and master's degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor's and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master's degrees

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education system, there are two different master's degree programmes. Master’s degrees are earned after having received a bachelor’s pass degree and one year after the honours degree. The master's program generally lasts for two years.

1174:, depending on the field in which the degree was obtained, since the ir., mr. and drs. titles are similar to a master's degree, and the shortcut MA or MSc. may officially be used in order to render such title as an international title. 865:

Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two years (full-time) in length. In some fields/programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's degree may be granted along the way as an

4718: 4691: 886:(which is always a taught degree) combines a bachelor's degree course with an additional year of study (120 credits) at master's level for a four (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) or five (Scotland) academic year total period. 1944:

the form of university-specific scholarships that include tuition waivers of up to NT$ 20,000 per month. The government offers the Taiwan Scholarship amounting to NT$ 20,000–30,000 per month (US$ 654–981) for a two-year program.

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The 19th century saw a great expansion in the variety of master's degrees offered. At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The

1480:) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it is practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years. Specialization ( 474:(EHEA). This established a three-cycle bachelor's—master's—doctorate classification of degrees, leading to the adoption of master's degrees across the continent, often replacing older long-cycle qualifications such as the 4479:"Verification of the compatibility of The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ) with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area(FQ-EHEA)" 239:

Cambridge as they were in Scotland, without any residence, or without some kind of examination. In Scotland, all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter."

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Irish master's degrees are one to two years (60–120 ECTS credits) for taught degrees and two years (not credit rated) for taught and research degrees. These have also been certified as compatible with the FQ-EHEA.

3517: 835:. Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated. 4478: 4442: 5196: 539:(M.A.S.), and Professional Master's (MProf). Integrated master's degrees and postgraduate master's degrees oriented towards professional practice are often more specifically named for their field of study ( 670:, etc.) are the traditional formal form of master's degree, where the student already holds an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree on entry. Courses normally last one year in the UK and two years in the US. 3886: 2304: 318:

in 1881. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durham's MA in requiring a further examination for those with an ordinary bachelor's degree but not for those with honours.

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Master of Science is generally abbreviated M.S. or MS in countries following United States usage and MSc or M.Sc. in countries following British usage, where MS would refer to the degree of

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In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid-19th century, although there were major doubts as to the quality of the Scottish degrees of this period. In 1832

1327:, first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are considered equivalent to master's degrees despite, for historical reasons, often having the titles of bachelor's degrees. 4922: 3487: 95:

level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of

5225: 3420: 1476:) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while a M.B.A. degree has to comply with a minimum of 400 class-hours. Master's degree ( 2073: 857:

may or may not be required depending on the program. In general, structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and university.

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Verification of compatibility of the Danish National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area

334:, granted to all BA graduates a certain period after their first degree without further study; master's degrees that could be gained either by further study or by gaining an 4818: 4000: 2114:), but it is becoming more common. It is considered incorrect by most if not all US and most UK and Australian universities, style guides, and dictionaries, for example: 1232:(abbreviation "mr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate university programme (and therefore qualified for a doctorate programme), while the title of 4586: 3509: 4300: 380:

into UK Higher Education in 1997, which called for the establishment of a national framework of qualifications and identified five different routes to master's degrees:

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After completing a successful bachelor's degree, students pursue master's degrees in engineering, education, and arts, as well as all law and medicine-related courses.

302:. The same two degrees, again omitting the master's, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the standard undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a 938:

is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification. In addition, students will normally have to write a personal statement and, in the

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outcomes in full. It addressed many of the Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H-level (honours), e.g. conversion courses, should be styled

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Education Institutes in Scotland have both been aligned with the overarching framework for the EHEA with these being accepted as masters-level qualifications.

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if the student petitions for it. Some universities offer evening options so that students can work during the day and earn a master's degree in the evenings.

3945: 3825: 4245: 4064: 488:(sciences) and state registration (professional) awards in Germany. As the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and 4638: 3446: 2272: 5077: 4547:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" 4515:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" 4417: 376:, and MGeol, and in some institutions general or specific MSci (Master in Science) and MArts (Master in Arts) degrees. This development was noted by the 3757: 5477: 5439: 5402: 5365: 4332: 3792: 3356: 1182: 352:

introduced the Master of Commercial Science (MCS), first awarded in 1902. This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern

611:, leading to the abbreviations A.M. and S.M. for these degrees. The forms "Master of Science" and "Master in Science" are indistinguishable in Latin. 710: 223:

in Ireland. When the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, "the same as that in Europe".

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it was a "discriminatory practice" and that it "devalues and undermines the efforts of students at other universities". The following month the

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There is a range of pathways to the degree with entry based on evidence of a capacity to undertake higher level studies in a proposed field. A

186: 4918: 3479: 1837: 3673: 878:, compared to 120 for an academic year), while research degrees are not typically credit rated but may take up to two years to complete. An 5218: 874:

into "specialist or advanced study" or "professional or practice". Taught degrees (of both forms) typically take a full calendar year (180

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degrees were placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF. These programmes have been phased out and replaced with the new Bologna programmes of

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is a FQ-EHEA second-cycle qualification worth 120 ECTS credits. These degrees are research-based and offered through universities (e.g.

5338: 5250: 3596: 2647: 2211: 246:(even though, as in the ancient English universities, this was to confer full membership), to be followed in 1840 by the similarly new 5155: 1224:

with the titles of Professor (abbreviation "prof.") for educational studies, Engineer (abbreviation "ing.") for technical studies, or

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professional of their field of expertise (abbreviation "dipl." with a reference to the profession) for other studies. The title of

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in 1859, although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the 1870s, alongside the

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degrees) as a stand-alone degree or (for integrated degrees) as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the

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The ancient universities of the UK and Ireland have traditionally awarded MAs in a different manner to that usual today. The

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Postgraduate studies in Israel require the completion of a bachelor's degree and is dependent upon this title's grades; see

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Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master's Degree ("mestrado", in Portuguese, a.k.a.

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In Australia, master's degrees vary from one year for a "research" or "coursework" master's following on from an Australian

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Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either (for

5264: 3667: 3254: 2205: 1864: 1764: 1658: 1545: 1465: 1432: 1347: 1283:), lasts normally from one to, more often, two years, and can be studied after a, at least, four-years undergraduate 659: 544: 4817:(in French). Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 30 September 2014. 4198: 3976: 1414: 3817: 725: 567:

integrated master's degrees and occasionally for postgraduate master's degrees (e.g. Master's in Accounting). Some

395: 259: 3937: 5392: 4056: 2758: 2123: 1870: 1756:) for examination by two or three examiners. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following: 5331: 4219: 3456: 3283: 3212: 3180: 3148: 3088: 3056: 3024: 2992: 2960: 2928: 2847: 2603: 2264: 2173: 1642:, usually requiring two years to complete. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following: 1527: 1410: 1039: 732:

is not an academic qualification; it is granted without further examination to those who have gained a BA from

471: 4390: 3749: 4241: 3344: 950: 17: 5678: 4325: 4197:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 59–62. Archived from 3975:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 72–73. Archived from 3779: 3378: 527:) an extended degree with a large research component. Other generically named master's programs include the 5619: 3651: 2058: 1963: 1712: 974: 954: 848: 428: 278: 4919:"wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek - BWBR0005682" 2138:, and the Macquarie Dictionary as shown in the following Monash University quotation. Monash University's 1833: 1461:

In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a

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and requiring a maximum of four years to complete. Master's degree students are required to submit their

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For part-time study, two or three years of study are normally required to achieve a postgraduate degree.

1190: 1092: 1084: 619: 502: 5296:"2023-2024 Taiwan Scholarship program will be open for application from February 1 till March 31, 2023" 3847: 2119: 2018: 1894: 1302: 1253: 1059: 615: 536: 4364: 2131: 5324: 3300: 3229: 3197: 3165: 3105: 3073: 3041: 3009: 2977: 2945: 2864: 2621: 2233: 2033: 667: 5193:"Permenristedikti Nomor 44 Tahun 2015 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi | LLDikti III" 4892: 4866: 3701: 2913: 2555: 2506: 2428: 2379: 516:(MSc/M.Sc./M.S./S.M.) degrees, which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material. 326:

At the start of the 20th century, there were four different sorts of master's degree in the UK: the

5457: 4485: 4449: 4132: 4096: 4006: 3788: 1484:) and M.B.A. degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master's degree ( 1395: 1055: 749: 532: 442: 412: 83:

upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific

5384: 3653: 3318: 2139: 1516: 1399: 1028: 560: 242:

It 1837, separate examinations were reintroduced for the MA in England, at the newly established

216: 2396:

The Charters of the Scotch Universities and Medical Corporations, and Medical Reform in Scotland

2111: 1446: 5430: 2725: 2127: 1978: 1706: 931: 741: 540: 437: 404: 282: 271: 133: 5054:[Value of old type degrees in the higher education system for the Flemish community]. 4388: 2879: 2788: 2700: 2521: 2472: 2394: 1240:

programme. Slovenia is a full member of the Bologna Process since 1999 and Croatia since 2001.

1141:

degree (Vecchio Ordinamento, Old Regulations), which was the only awarded in Italy before the

5491: 3659: 3652:

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee (30 April 2007).

3244: 2442: 2345: 2043: 1953: 1876: 1794: 1664: 1652: 608: 552: 391:

Conversion degrees, sometimes below the standard of undergraduate degrees in the same subject

277:

In the US, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in 1856 at the

212: 181:, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) developed so that the 4161: 3600: 2639: 2193: 5605: 5561: 5467: 5453: 5411: 5356: 5151: 3352: 2793:. The University of Michigan, an Encyclopedic Survey. University of Michigan. p. 294. 1983: 1958: 1924: 1774: 1737: 1670: 1635: 1298: 1257: 1063: 986: 737: 705: 524: 520: 455: 267: 263: 255: 247: 220: 92: 4038:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 7. Archived from 3724:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 6. Archived from 3574: 3571:"The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" 2318: 614:

In the UK, full stops (periods) are not commonly used in degree abbreviations. In the US,

8: 5596: 5581: 3416: 2038: 2003: 1900: 1814: 1749: 1729: 1249: 1248:

program, which is part of a team effort with four universities. There is for example the

1225: 1221: 1201: 1102:) is also the equivalent of a master's degree, provided the diploma is recognised by the 890: 786: 579:, the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees may be known in these institutions as 463: 360: 340: 295: 41: 5125: 2718: 32: 5523: 4039: 3725: 3689: 3444: 2901: 2543: 2494: 2416: 2367: 1700: 765: 604: 548: 174: 4740: 314:(MSc) degree was finally introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham, followed by the new 5615: 5379: 5244: 4749: 4407: 4033:

Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK

3719:

Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK

3663: 3250: 2201: 2189: 2053: 2013: 1882: 1784: 1676: 1615: 1233: 1229: 1204:

or Diplom (4 to 5 years in duration) is considered equivalent to the master's degree.

1011: 980: 733: 655: 626: 556: 528: 513: 349: 311: 299: 243: 208: 104: 37: 4993:"Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science" 4546: 4514: 1098: 368:

for physicists and since then integrated master's degrees in other sciences such as

5645: 5601: 5518: 5374: 4399: 3390: 3355:. 16 September 2015. Conversion of BLitt, BPhil, and BSc to MLitt, MPhil, and MSc. 1453:

post-graduation) or Specialization Degree ("especialização", in Portuguese, a.k.a.

1244: 451: 432: 303: 144: 5295: 4840: 3314: 1860:

The following are the most professional and internationalized programs in Nepal:

5640: 5624: 5586: 5571: 5538: 5348: 4717:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 54–56. 4715:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

4688:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

3119: 2816: 2669: 2177: 2083: 1998: 1216: 1142: 1035: 902: 477: 467: 231: 108: 72: 5099: 5029: 4970: 2198:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris

5610: 5566: 5533: 5416: 5178: 4999: 4002:

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies

3781:

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies

2627:

degree, and for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.

2609: 2048: 2023: 1918: 1906: 1804: 1694: 1646: 1608: 1586: 1572:

requires one or two years of full-time coursework to achieve a master's degree.

1324: 935: 663: 647: 509: 377: 335: 235: 152: 84: 5052:"Welke waarde heeft mijn oude diploma in de huidige bachelor-masterstructuur?" 5051: 1236:(abbreviation "dr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate 899:

Overarching Framework of Qualifications for the European Higher Education Area

128:

The master's degree dates back to the origin of European universities, with a

5672: 4690:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 17. 3597:"The framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland" 1462: 989:

and may be considered equivalent to a modern (standardized) master's degree (

576: 227: 49: 5316: 5528: 4675:(in Greek). Vol. 54, no. Appendix. Athens, Greece. 1 August 1978. 4639:"Graduate Admissions Tests at a Glance: GMAT, GRE, LSAT, TOEFL & IELTS" 1968: 939: 854: 630: 568: 69: 5272: 3394: 764:

Research (MbyRes, ResM), which is a research degree, is distinct from the

5591: 2644:

Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts

1197: 1162: 1149: 1062:). The second form is the Master Degree (no possessive) within the adult 915: 911: 729: 721: 407:, awarded without additional study several years after the award of a BA. 327: 251: 215:

in 1815. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by

190: 182: 163: 4358:"The framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area" 905:, a "second cycle" (i.e. master's degree) programme is typically 90–120 4389:

European Commission. Directorate General for Education Culture (2015).

2078: 1988: 1530: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 943: 629:. In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title "doctor": 156: 129: 88: 76: 45: 1564:

M.Arch., M.L.A., M.U.D., M.A., M.Sc., M.Soc.Sc., M.S.W., M.Eng., LL.M.

1468:, as it does not formally certify the student with a Master's degree ( 5486: 1973: 1741: 1725: 1639: 1569: 1237: 5154:. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. pp. 95973–95993. 5085: 4215: 2171: 1505: 1384: 1599: 1208: 1186: 1024: 772:(MRes), which is a taught degree concentrating on research methods. 424: 385: 195: 178: 100: 4748:. The Danish Evaluation Institute. November 2009. pp. 17–18. 4712: 4685: 4403: 1015:, or the similar five-year Diploma awarded in several subjects in 2574: 1212: 1178: 1068: 1047: 998: 994: 898: 148: 80: 3445:

The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997).

1305:

is considered equal to a graduate degree plus a master's degree.

618:

recommends placing periods in degrees (e.g. B.S., Ph.D.), while

132:

of 1233 decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the

5576: 5543: 5462: 4084: 4082: 3713: 3711: 1937: 1745: 1634:

system, a master's degree is a postgraduate degree following a

1309: 1264: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1072: 1050:

there are two forms of master's degree. The Master's Degree or

1016: 1007: 1002: 697: 689: 96: 4952: 3410:"An Engine for Change: A Chronicle of the Engineering Council" 2234:"History of Medieval Education, Middle Ages European Learning" 4363:. European Higher Education Area. 20 May 2005. Archived from 1631: 1331: 1116: 1020: 879: 693: 685: 677: 651: 572: 373: 369: 365: 112: 60: 5265:"Graduate School, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology" 5026:"titulatuur: drs. A. Jansen, M.B.A. - Genootschap Onze Taal" 4893:"Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca" 4869:. Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle. 4079: 3708: 2399:. Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. p. 687. 1193:

is similar in many ways, but has implemented it differently.

91:. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the 4612: 2110:

without an apostrophe is considered a mistake by many (see

1850:

research and experience oriented, with a focus on results.

1836:. Degrees awarded are the M.A., M.Sc., M.B.A. and LLM; the 962: 958: 744:

in Ireland is granted to its graduates in a similar manner.

701: 681: 622:

recommends writing degrees without periods (e.g. BS, PhD).

3750:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees" 2296:"Oxbridge masters degrees 'offensive', says Cambridge don" 394:

The honours arts undergraduate degree awarded by the four

5300:

Taipei Representative Office, Budapest, Hungary 駐匈牙利台北代表處

3407: 2344:

Board Of Overseers, Harvard University (6 January 1825).

1316:) degree can be obtained after a two-year master course ( 714:

bachelor's and master's degrees at the end of the course.

353: 286: 3599:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from 3573:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from 1185:

and have separately implemented the Bologna Process. In

724:

is a bachelor's-level qualification offered by the four

234:

and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the

1109:

répertoire national des certifications professionnelles

3480:"Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped" 2821:

University of London, the Historical Record: 1836-1912

2786: 3904: 3345:"Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates" 1366:, to be completed after completion of a programme of 1106:, as are qualifications recognised at Level 7 of the 704:, etc.) are UK degrees that combine an undergraduate 388:) first degrees in certain subjects, such as the MEng 3030:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

2823:. University of London Press. 1912. pp. 39–48. 882:

normally takes two calendar years (360 credits). An

400:

Postgraduate programmes, such as the MA, MSt and MSc

4998:. Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from 3818:"University of Nottingham Qualifications Framework" 1079:(abbreviated kand.) equates to a bachelor's degree. 918:) have been certified as meeting this requirement. 415:, which was charged with drawing up the framework. 4242:"Georgia Institute of Technology: Evening Program" 4216:"Irish National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ)" 3938:"Academic Degrees & Professional Designations" 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3282: 3211: 3179: 3147: 3087: 3055: 3023: 2991: 2959: 2927: 2846: 2719:"Graduate Education: Parameters for Public Policy" 2602: 2570:"PARLIAMENTARY REFORM—BILL FOR SCOTLAND—COMMITTEE" 2343: 2294: 1622:Both MA and MS are offered in all major subjects. 1119:the master's degree is equivalent to the two-year 107:, or professional application; and the ability to 4967:"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap" 3089:"The Victoria University and its Science Degrees" 2698: 2188: 1181:, the higher education system is governed by the 1145:, is equivalent to the current Laurea Magistrale. 1112:(national register of professional certificates). 949:In the UK, students will normally need to have a 946:, will often have to submit a portfolio of work. 262:in 1850, and the Universities of Bombay (now the 5670: 5023: 4843:. Centre International de Formation Europëenne. 4135:. September 2015. pp. 10–13. Archived from 3242: 2790:Degrees Authorized by the University of Michigan 1215:, during the pre-Bologna process education, all 435:calling for them to be scrapped and telling the 4815:"Organisation licence master doctorat (L.M.D.)" 4673:Journal of the Government of the Greek Republic 4326:"Higher education credit framework for England" 3735: 3477: 2262: 123: 5654:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 4867:"The French National Qualifications Framework" 4099:. September 2015. pp. 4–5. Archived from 4057:"TCD to keep selling Masters - Independent.ie" 3401: 2640:"Examination for the degree of Master of Arts" 1614:4 years master's programmes: these are mostly 1607:2 years master's programmes: these are mostly 1445:After acquiring a Bachelor's, Technologist or 968: 752:defines three categories of master's degrees: 5346: 5332: 4645:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 13 November 2013. 3124:. Victoria University. 1883. pp. 37–38. 2853:Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier 2600: 2200:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–22. 1271:(μεταπτυχιακό) which literally translates as 912:MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland 4985: 4162:"Master of Research (MRES) - UniSQ Handbook" 2755:"A (Very) Brief History the Master's Degree" 2392: 1728:higher education system, a master's degree ( 575:degree names; because of the flexibility of 483: 187:Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin 5100:"European higher education area - Slovenia" 4713:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 4686:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 4294:"Master's Degree Characteristics Statement" 4009:. November 2014. p. 29. Archived from 3538: 1889:Master of Science in Information Technology 1683:Master of Science in Information Technology 1413:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 827:In Ireland, master's degrees may be either 598: 592: 586: 580: 475: 168: 138: 63: 5339: 5325: 5126:"European higher education area - Croatia" 4666: 4664: 3885:. University of Oxford. 2016. p. 20. 3541:"Oxbridge MAs are misleading, says agency" 3062:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 2877: 4777: 4126:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement 4090:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement 3249:. Bucknell University Press. p. 15. 2165: 1994:European Joint Master degree in Economics 1546:Learn how and when to remove this message 1433:Learn how and when to remove this message 603:. Examples of the reversed usage include 523:(MPhil) indicates (in the same manner as 427:MAs in the UK Parliament, with Labour MP 403:The Oxford and Cambridge MA, and MA from 118: 99:and applied topics; high order skills in 5176: 3448:Higher Education in the learning society 3379:"New-style engineering degrees proposed" 2782: 2780: 31: 4661: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3870: 2519: 1736:) is a postgraduate degree following a 1096:(postgraduate degree in engineering of 740:Universities in England, and the MA of 14: 5671: 5249:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4218:. Quality and Qualifications Ireland. 4184: 4182: 3623:"EUROPE: Future of masters programmes" 3520:from the original on 10 September 2016 3490:from the original on 20 September 2016 644:Postgraduate/graduate master's degrees 591:or reversed from the English order to 147:(BA) was awarded for the study of the 5684:Academic degrees of the United States 5320: 5231:from the original on 12 December 2019 5132:from the original on 16 November 2017 4899:from the original on 12 December 2014 4338:from the original on 10 February 2019 3798:from the original on 17 December 2018 3754:United States Department of Education 2888:from the original on 28 December 2019 2777: 2530:from the original on 30 December 2019 2481:from the original on 31 December 2019 2453:from the original on 13 December 2019 2403:from the original on 31 December 2019 2307:from the original on 11 January 2022. 1761:Magister Administrasi Bisnis (M.A.B.) 795:United States Department of Education 423:In 2000, renewed pressure was put on 411:This led to the establishment of the 173:, or Master of Arts) were awarded at 5199:from the original on 9 December 2019 5106:from the original on 22 October 2017 4925:from the original on 18 October 2014 4274:from the original on 9 February 2019 3986: 3892:from the original on 2 February 2017 3551:from the original on 2 February 2017 3408:Colin R. Chapman; Jack Levy (2004). 2881:Regulations as to Degrees in Science 2735:from the original on 2 February 2017 2582:from the original on 2 February 2017 2244:from the original on 18 January 2022 2143:convention, it is prescribed by the 2079:Professional Science Master's degree 2029:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) 1834:Education in Israel#Higher education 1528:adding citations to reliable sources 1499: 1472:) but with a Specialization Degree ( 1411:adding citations to reliable sources 1378: 332:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) 185:became their first degree, while in 4847:from the original on 21 August 2016 4795:from the original on 6 January 2019 4721:from the original on 17 August 2016 4694:from the original on 17 August 2016 4619:from the original on 22 August 2016 4589:from the original on 17 August 2016 4459:from the original on 17 August 2016 4248:from the original on 9 January 2018 4222:from the original on 26 August 2016 4208: 4191:Australian Qualifications Framework 4179: 4067:from the original on 16 August 2016 3969:Australian Qualifications Framework 3828:from the original on 21 August 2016 3633:from the original on 20 August 2016 3426:from the original on 26 August 2014 3325:from the original on 21 August 2016 3263:from the original on 1 January 2020 2797:from the original on 3 January 2020 2765:from the original on 26 August 2016 2705:Chambers's Encyclopaedia•volume=III 2477:. Vol. 13. 1870. p. 284. 2354:from the original on 1 January 2020 2325:from the original on 19 August 2016 2214:from the original on 2 January 2020 810:Australian Qualifications Framework 718:Non-master's level master's degrees 24: 5158:from the original on 4 August 2017 4789:Swedish Higher Education Authority 4765:from the original on 22 March 2016 4559:from the original on 22 March 2016 4527:from the original on 22 March 2016 4306:from the original on 11 April 2019 3858:from the original on 29 April 2014 3676:from the original on 18 April 2021 3128:from the original on 18 April 2021 2680:from the original on 18 April 2021 2650:from the original on 5 August 2020 2147:(the Australian standard) and the 25: 5695: 4873:from the original on 25 June 2016 4649:from the original on 26 July 2016 4585:. Graduate Prospects. June 2016. 4495:from the original on 9 April 2016 4423:from the original on 26 June 2016 3359:from the original on 27 July 2016 2275:from the original on 27 July 2016 2265:"Commencements, from 1642 onward" 1865:Master of Business Administration 1765:Master of Business Administration 1659:Master of Business Administration 1348:European Qualifications Framework 1301:(schools of engineering) and the 1104:Commission des titres d'ingénieur 545:Master of Business Administration 470:, leading to the creation of the 330:, granted as a first degree; the 198:-style three years after the BA. 5293: 5287: 5257: 4821:from the original on 9 June 2016 3948:from the original on 8 June 2016 3879:University of Oxford Style Guide 3760:from the original on 14 May 2009 3478:Jennifer Currie (16 June 2000). 2827:from the original on 20 May 2016 2443:"Minutes of the Medical Council" 2069:Master's degree non-Euroamerican 2064:Master's degree in North America 1913:Master of Science in Agriculture 1504: 1383: 1350:(EQF) levels. Most (if not all) 1082:In France, the master's degree ( 845:Master's degree in North America 726:ancient universities of Scotland 396:ancient universities of Scotland 5393:Certificate of Higher Education 5211: 5185: 5170: 5144: 5118: 5092: 5070: 5044: 5017: 4959: 4937: 4911: 4885: 4859: 4833: 4807: 4733: 4706: 4679: 4631: 4609:"FAQs about postgraduate study" 4601: 4579:"Applying for a Masters degree" 4571: 4539: 4507: 4471: 4435: 4382: 4350: 4318: 4286: 4260: 4234: 4154: 4118: 4049: 4025: 3960: 3930: 3840: 3810: 3772: 3645: 3615: 3589: 3563: 3532: 3502: 3471: 3453:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 3438: 3371: 3337: 3307: 3275: 3236: 3204: 3172: 3140: 3112: 3080: 3048: 3016: 2984: 2952: 2920: 2871: 2839: 2809: 2787:Walter Arthur Donnelly (1941). 2759:American Historical Association 2747: 2711: 2699:Chambers w. And r, ltd (1862). 2692: 2662: 2632: 2594: 2575:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2562: 2513: 2465: 2435: 2263:Corydon Ireland (22 May 2012). 1871:Master of Computer Applications 1515:needs additional citations for 1134:Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico 812:classifies master's degrees as 797:classifies master's degrees as 418: 321: 201: 4398:. European Union. p. 10. 3655:The Bologna process and the UK 3057:"Clippings from the Athenaeum" 2674:The Durham University Calendar 2601:C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937). 2386: 2337: 2319:"Harvard College Laws of 1700" 2311: 2287: 2256: 2226: 2182: 2096: 2074:Postgraduate-only institutions 1691:Master of Statistics (M.Stat.) 1688:Master of Technology (M.Tech.) 1125:, which can be earned after a 1040:European Higher Education Area 979:In some European countries, a 936:bachelor's degree with honours 472:European Higher Education Area 219:and Durham in England and the 177:soon after its foundation. In 13: 1: 5028:. Onzetaal.nl. Archived from 3791:. November 2014. p. 36. 2604:"Durham University Centenary" 2449:. 13 July 1861. p. 441. 2447:The Medical Times and Gazette 2393:J. A. Lawrie (20 July 1855). 2158: 2124:Cambridge Dictionaries Online 1027:, and other universities and 776:Specialised or advanced study 260:Queen's University of Ireland 211:degree was introduced by the 4895:. Attiministeriali.muir.it. 4552:. November 2006. p. 7. 4268:"What is a Master's degree?" 3824:. University of Nottingham. 2526:. Vol. 4. p. 821. 1964:British degree abbreviations 1719: 1713:Master of Veterinary Science 1558: 925: 838: 279:University of North Carolina 124:Medieval era to 18th century 27:Postgraduate academic degree 7: 5389:Diploma of Higher Education 4969:. Minocw.nl. Archived from 3914:. Debrett's. Archived from 3854:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 3539:Ben Russell (3 July 2000). 2878:Ravenscroft, Edward (872). 2676:. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi. 2112:non-standard apostrophe use 1947: 1811:Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) 1593: 1191:French Community of Belgium 969:Comparable European degrees 860: 785:master's degrees (see also 674:Integrated master's degrees 620:The Chicago Manual of Style 543:), including, for example, 10: 5700: 5078:"Home - swissuniversities" 4841:"Degree & recognition" 2019:Master of Advanced Studies 1895:Master of Business Studies 1303:Athens School of Fine Arts 1254:Vytautas Magnus University 1060:Copenhagen Business School 972: 884:integrated master's degree 868:intermediate qualification 842: 616:The Gregg Reference Manual 537:Master of Advanced Studies 500: 155:(MA) for the study of the 5633: 5552: 5511: 5504: 5476: 5438: 5429: 5401: 5364: 5355: 3301:British Newspaper Archive 3243:Carter A. Daniel (1998). 3230:British Newspaper Archive 3198:British Newspaper Archive 3166:British Newspaper Archive 3106:British Newspaper Archive 3074:British Newspaper Archive 3042:British Newspaper Archive 3025:"University Intelligence" 3010:British Newspaper Archive 2993:"University Intelligence" 2978:British Newspaper Archive 2946:British Newspaper Archive 2865:British Newspaper Archive 2622:British Newspaper Archive 2176:October 21, 2008, at the 2149:Oxford English Dictionary 2059:Master's degree in Europe 2034:Master of Arts (Scotland) 1931: 1827: 1823:(Master of Sport Science) 1821:Magister Olahraga (M.Or.) 1771:Magister Manajemen (M.M.) 1611:(MA) leading to MPhil/PhM 1374: 1297:(δίπλωμα) awarded in all 975:Master's degree in Europe 849:Master's degree in Europe 496: 5082:www.swissuniversities.ch 4486:Quality Assurance Agency 4450:Quality Assurance Agency 4133:Quality Assurance Agency 4097:Quality Assurance Agency 4007:Quality Assurance Agency 3789:Quality Assurance Agency 3389:(9): 4. September 1983. 3349:Statutes and Regulations 3149:"Mr. Meyer and his D.D." 2961:"New Degrees of Science" 2646:. 1839. pp. 21–23. 2321:. Constitution Society. 2089: 2009:List of master's degrees 1844: 1625: 1056:University of Copenhagen 783:Professional or practice 750:Quality Assurance Agency 637: 533:Master of Advanced Study 503:List of master's degrees 443:Quality Assurance Agency 413:Quality Assurance Agency 5385:Higher National Diploma 5177:STROUD, ED.M, ANNETTA. 5152:"Real Decreto 967/2014" 4299:. QAA. September 2015. 3848:"Masters in Accounting" 3383:The Production Engineer 3319:University of Cambridge 3284:"Commerce as a Science" 2523:University of Edinburgh 2520:Barnard, Henry (1858). 1495: 1490:North American master's 901:defined as part of the 561:Master of Public Health 5024:Kees™ Internetbureau. 4921:. Wetten.overheid.nl. 3510:"Early day motion 806" 3484:Times Higher Education 3246:MBA: The First Century 2848:"University of London" 2728:. 1969. pp. 1–5. 2726:National Science Board 2701:"Edinburgh University" 1979:Educational specialist 1791:Magister Teknik (M.T.) 1781:Magister Sains (M.Si.) 1753: 1733: 1707:Master of Architecture 742:Trinity College Dublin 599: 593: 587: 581: 484: 476: 438:Times Higher Education 405:Trinity College Dublin 283:University of Michigan 169: 139: 134:University of Toulouse 119:Historical development 109:solve complex problems 64: 52: 40:degree conferred from 5492:Candidate of Sciences 5088:on 28 September 2011. 4945:"Veelgestelde vragen" 4204:on 10 September 2016. 3982:on 10 September 2016. 3660:The Stationery Office 3627:University World News 3395:10.1049/tpe.1983.0163 3094:Birmingham Daily Post 2934:Bury and Norwich Post 2817:"Third Charter, 1858" 2044:Master of Engineering 1877:Master of Engineering 1801:Magister Hukum (M.H.) 1795:Master of Engineering 1665:Master of Engineering 1653:Master of Social Work 1256:in Lithuania and the 843:Further information: 609:University of Chicago 553:Master of Engineering 258:in Australia and the 213:University of Glasgow 89:professional practice 35: 5562:Academic certificate 5454:Postgraduate diploma 4331:. QAA. August 2008. 4063:. 19 November 2005. 3912:"University Degrees" 3353:University of Oxford 3315:"The Faculty of Law" 3213:"University Degrees" 3181:"University Degrees" 2966:Cheltenham Chronicle 2884:. pp. 115–117. 2347:Revised Code of Laws 2145:Macquarie Dictionary 1925:Master of Management 1775:Master of Management 1671:Master of Philosophy 1524:improve this article 1407:improve this section 1293:Also, the five-year 1258:University of Latvia 1222:professional degrees 1077:kandidaatti/kandidat 1064:continuing education 525:Doctor of Philosophy 521:Master of Philosophy 466:in 1999 started the 456:Graduate Certificate 264:University of Mumbai 256:University of Sydney 248:University of London 221:University of Dublin 5597:Professional degree 4973:on 10 February 2009 3852:QS Top Universities 3417:Engineering Council 3121:University Calendar 2929:"Durham University" 2474:College of Surgeons 2134:(master's degree), 2039:Master of Education 1901:Master of Education 1841:a master's degree. 1815:Master of Education 1618:(MS) leading to PhD 1250:University of Tartu 1093:diplôme d'ingénieur 1038:, countries in the 787:professional degree 464:Bologna declaration 384:Four year (five in 361:Engineering Council 316:Victoria University 296:Bachelor of Science 115:and independently. 105:critical evaluation 42:Columbia University 5524:Doctor of Sciences 5056:Education Flanders 4615:. 5 January 2015. 4013:on 13 October 2016 3291:. 26 November 1903 3220:. 7 September 1903 3188:. 2 September 1903 2855:. 28 December 1859 1954:Associate's degree 1701:Master of Commerce 1230:Magister Scientiae 605:Harvard University 549:Master of Divinity 512:(MA/M.A./A.M) and 281:, followed by the 274:in India in 1857. 175:Harvard University 137:formalised as the 53: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5616:Specialist degree 5500: 5499: 5468:Engineer's degree 5425: 5424: 5412:Bachelor's degree 5380:Foundation degree 4755:978-87-7958-556-0 4520:. November 2006. 4488:. November 2008. 4413:978-92-79-43559-1 4392:ECTS Users' Guide 4142:on 6 October 2016 4106:on 6 October 2016 3756:. February 2008. 3629:. 26 April 2009. 3459:on 15 August 2016 3289:London Daily News 3218:London Daily News 3186:London Daily News 3154:London Daily News 3032:. 5 February 1880 2190:Hastings Rashdall 2132:American Heritage 2128:American Heritage 2054:Master of Science 2014:Magister (degree) 1984:Engineer's degree 1959:Bachelor's degree 1883:Master of Science 1785:Master of Science 1738:Bachelor's degree 1677:Master of Science 1636:Bachelor's degree 1616:Master of Science 1556: 1555: 1548: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1122:Laurea magistrale 1085:diplôme de master 706:bachelor's degree 627:Master of Surgery 600:Scientiæ magister 588:Magister scientiæ 557:Master of Physics 529:Master of Studies 514:Master of Science 350:Dartmouth College 341:London Daily News 312:Master of Science 300:Doctor of Science 244:Durham University 209:Master in Surgery 194:this was awarded 38:Master of Science 16:(Redirected from 5691: 5679:Master's degrees 5602:Graduate diploma 5519:Higher doctorate 5509: 5508: 5436: 5435: 5375:Associate degree 5362: 5361: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5294:Team, Internet. 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5275:on 10 April 2015 5271:. 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October 2006. 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4397: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4196: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4166:www.unisq.edu.au 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4094: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3997: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3786: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3577:on 14 April 2001 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3455:. 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2559: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2238:Academic Apparel 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2186: 2180: 2169: 2152: 2102:The spelling of 2100: 1638:and preceding a 1551: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1508: 1500: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1387: 1379: 1342:(Architect) and 1245:Baltic countries 1234:Scientiae Doctor 1217:academic degrees 602: 596: 590: 584: 541:"tagged degrees" 487: 481: 452:Graduate Diploma 446:anachronistic". 433:early day motion 304:royal commission 172: 145:Bachelor of Arts 142: 140:licentia docendī 67: 21: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5641:Honorary degree 5629: 5625:Terminal degree 5587:Magister degree 5572:External degree 5554: 5548: 5496: 5472: 5449:Master's degree 5421: 5397: 5351: 5349:academic degree 5345: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5219:"Archived copy" 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4955:on 12 May 2008. 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4583:prospects.ac.uk 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4370:on 6 March 2016 4367: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4045:on 9 July 2014. 4042: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3731:on 9 July 2014. 3728: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3603:on 2 March 2001 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3545:The Independent 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3294: 3292: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3191: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3099: 3097: 3096:. 16 April 1881 3086: 3085: 3081: 3067: 3065: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3035: 3033: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2876: 2872: 2858: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2785: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2615: 2613: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2578:. 9 July 1832. 2568: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2502: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2424: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2303:. 27 May 2010. 2301:Daily Telegraph 2293: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2269:Harvard Gazette 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2187: 2183: 2178:Wayback Machine 2170: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2136:Merriam-Webster 2104:master's degree 2101: 2097: 2092: 2084:Terminal degree 1999:Graduate school 1950: 1934: 1847: 1830: 1722: 1628: 1596: 1561: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1521: 1509: 1498: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1404: 1388: 1377: 1292: 1143:Bologna process 1089: 1075:, the title of 1036:Bologna Process 977: 971: 928: 903:Bologna process 863: 851: 841: 640: 594:Artium magister 582:Magister artium 577:syntax in Latin 505: 499: 468:Bologna Process 431:introducing an 429:Jackie Lawrence 421: 324: 232:Lord Chancellor 204: 170:Magister Artium 126: 121: 73:academic degree 57:master's degree 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5613: 5611:Higher diploma 5608: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:Artist diploma 5564: 5558: 5556: 5555:classification 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5417:Honours degree 5414: 5408: 5406: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5313: 5312: 5286: 5269:technion.ac.il 5256: 5210: 5184: 5169: 5143: 5117: 5091: 5069: 5043: 5016: 5005:on 7 June 2011 4984: 4958: 4936: 4910: 4884: 4858: 4832: 4806: 4776: 4754: 4732: 4705: 4678: 4660: 4630: 4600: 4570: 4538: 4506: 4470: 4434: 4412: 4381: 4349: 4317: 4285: 4259: 4233: 4207: 4178: 4153: 4117: 4078: 4061:Independent.ie 4048: 4024: 3985: 3959: 3929: 3918:on 28 May 2016 3903: 3869: 3839: 3822:Quality Manual 3809: 3771: 3734: 3707: 3668: 3662:. p. 52. 3644: 3614: 3588: 3562: 3531: 3501: 3470: 3437: 3400: 3370: 3336: 3306: 3274: 3255: 3235: 3203: 3171: 3139: 3111: 3079: 3047: 3015: 3000:. 5 April 1879 2998:Oxford Journal 2983: 2951: 2919: 2870: 2838: 2808: 2776: 2746: 2710: 2691: 2661: 2631: 2610:Yorkshire Post 2593: 2561: 2512: 2464: 2434: 2385: 2350:. p. 22. 2336: 2310: 2286: 2255: 2225: 2206: 2181: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049:Master of Laws 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024:Master of Arts 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1919:Master of Laws 1916: 1910: 1907:Master of Arts 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1846: 1843: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1808: 1805:Master of Laws 1798: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1740:, preceding a 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1695:Master of Laws 1692: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1647:Master of Arts 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1609:Master of Arts 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1587:United Kingdom 1574: 1573: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1441: 1440: 1391: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1338:(Licenciate), 1328: 1325:United Kingdom 1321: 1306: 1287:, which means 1261: 1241: 1205: 1194: 1175: 1172:A. Jansen, MSc 1146: 1113: 1099:grandes écoles 1080: 970: 967: 927: 924: 894:to two years. 891:honours degree 862: 859: 840: 837: 791: 790: 780: 773: 746: 745: 715: 671: 639: 636: 510:Master of Arts 498: 495: 420: 417: 409: 408: 401: 398: 392: 389: 378:Dearing Report 336:honours degree 323: 320: 236:House of Lords 203: 200: 162:From the late 153:Master of Arts 125: 122: 120: 117: 85:field of study 48:university in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5696: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Diplom degree 5461: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Undergraduate 5354: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5252: 5246: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5179:"AACRAO Edge" 5173: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5128:. ehea.info. 5127: 5121: 5105: 5102:. ehea.info. 5101: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4665: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404:10.2766/87192 4401: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4270:. Prospects. 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4200: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3978: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3669:9780215033727 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3514:Parliament.uk 3511: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3256:9780838753620 3252: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3231: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3011: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2968:. 5 June 1877 2967: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:"Regulations" 2665: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2369: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2213: 2209: 2207:9781108018104 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667:(M.Eng./M.E.) 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1550: 1547: 1539: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1513:This section 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1486:stricto-sensu 1483: 1479: 1478:stricto sensu 1475: 1471: 1470:stricto sensu 1467: 1464: 1463:United States 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451:stricto sensu 1448: 1437: 1434: 1426: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1392:This section 1390: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1370:(Bachelor's). 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:metaptychiako 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1168:A. Jansen, MA 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 923: 919: 917: 913: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 871: 869: 858: 856: 850: 846: 836: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 788: 784: 781: 777: 774: 771: 769: 763: 758: 755: 754: 753: 751: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 716: 712: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:MPhil/M.Phil. 649: 645: 642: 641: 635: 632: 628: 623: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 601: 595: 589: 583: 578: 574: 570: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519:The title of 517: 515: 511: 504: 494: 491: 486: 480: 479: 473: 469: 465: 460: 457: 453: 447: 444: 440: 439: 434: 430: 426: 416: 414: 406: 402: 399: 397: 393: 390: 387: 383: 382: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 359:In 1983, the 357: 355: 351: 346: 343: 342: 337: 333: 329: 319: 317: 313: 308: 305: 301: 297: 291: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 237: 233: 229: 228:Lord Brougham 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 199: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 135: 131: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 66: 62: 58: 51: 50:New York City 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 18:Master degree 5646: 5529:Habilitation 5512:Postdoctoral 5448: 5431:Postgraduate 5303:. 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Retrieved 2197: 2184: 2167: 2148: 2144: 2130:(master's), 2107: 2103: 2098: 1969:Diploma mill 1942: 1935: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1831: 1820: 1810: 1800: 1790: 1780: 1770: 1760: 1723: 1629: 1621: 1597: 1580:M.Phil.,Ph.M 1579: 1578: 1575: 1563: 1562: 1542: 1533: 1522:Please help 1517:verification 1514: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1429: 1420: 1405:Please help 1393: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1318:магистратура 1317: 1313: 1299:Polytechnics 1294: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1252:in Estonia, 1171: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1107: 1097: 1091: 1083: 1076: 1051: 1033: 1029:polytechnics 1006: 990: 987:first degree 981: 978: 948: 932:postgraduate 929: 920: 916:Oxbridge MAs 896: 888: 883: 872: 864: 855:dissertation 852: 832: 828: 826: 821: 817: 813: 807: 803:professional 802: 798: 792: 782: 775: 767: 761: 756: 747: 717: 673: 648:MA/M.A./A.M. 643: 631:Juris doctor 624: 613: 569:universities 565: 518: 506: 461: 448: 436: 422: 419:21st century 410: 358: 347: 339: 325: 322:20th century 309: 292: 276: 241: 225: 205: 202:19th century 161: 127: 77:universities 70:postgraduate 56: 54: 29: 5606:certificate 5592:Microdegree 5553:No dominant 5458:certificate 5136:23 November 5110:23 November 5036:28 November 5009:28 November 4977:28 November 4903:28 November 3942:Accu-Assist 3698:|work= 3680:4 September 3555:4 September 3267:4 September 3132:4 September 2910:|work= 2892:4 September 2801:4 September 2654:4 September 2552:|work= 2534:4 September 2503:|work= 2485:4 September 2457:4 September 2425:|work= 2407:4 September 2376:|work= 2358:4 September 2218:4 September 2140:style guide 1891:(M.Sc.I.T.) 1334:degrees of 1273:post-degree 1198:Switzerland 1183:communities 1163:doctorandus 1152:the titles 1150:Netherlands 1137:). The old 1005:university 730:Oxbridge MA 722:Scottish MA 656:MSc/M.S./SM 328:Scottish MA 252:Oxbridge MA 183:Scottish MA 164:Middle Ages 97:theoretical 87:or area of 75:awarded by 5673:Categories 5582:Licentiate 5347:Levels of 5235:9 December 5203:9 December 5062:12 October 5058:(in Dutch) 4929:13 October 4671:"ΦΕΚ 54". 4342:9 February 4310:9 February 4278:9 February 4131:(Report). 4095:(Report). 3802:9 February 2159:References 2004:Licentiate 1989:Euromaster 1915:(M.Sc.Ag.) 1750:Indonesian 1730:Indonesian 1726:Indonesian 1685:(M.Sc. IT) 1585:As in the 1482:lato sensu 1474:lato sensu 1466:MBA degree 1455:lato sensu 1447:Licenciate 1356:Arquitecto 1352:Licenciado 1340:Arquitecto 1336:Licenciado 1200:, the old 1160:(mr.) and 1052:candidatus 1034:Under the 1025:Portuguese 973:See also: 944:humanities 876:UK credits 818:coursework 660:MBA/M.B.A. 501:See also: 157:quadrivium 130:Papal bull 113:rigorously 111:and think 93:bachelor's 46:Ivy League 5647:Ad eundem 5618:/ 5604:/ 5487:Doctorate 5456:/ 5391:/ 5387:/ 3700:ignored ( 3690:cite book 3637:19 August 3607:14 August 3581:14 August 3524:14 August 3494:14 August 3463:14 August 3430:13 August 3363:14 August 3329:14 August 3295:13 August 3224:13 August 3192:13 August 3160:13 August 2912:ignored ( 2902:cite book 2769:10 August 2739:10 August 2586:21 August 2554:ignored ( 2544:cite book 2505:ignored ( 2495:cite book 2427:ignored ( 2417:cite book 2378:ignored ( 2368:cite book 1974:Doctorate 1742:Doctorate 1720:Indonesia 1709:(M.Arch.) 1673:(M.Phil.) 1640:Doctorate 1600:Pakistani 1570:Hong Kong 1559:Hong Kong 1536:July 2016 1423:July 2016 1394:does not 1360:Ingeniero 1344:Ingeniero 1277:programme 1154:ingenieur 1090:A French 926:Admission 839:Structure 738:Cambridge 664:LLM/LL.M. 348:In 1900, 217:Cambridge 5634:Unearned 5305:20 April 5245:cite web 5226:Archived 5197:Archived 5162:3 August 5156:Archived 5130:Archived 5104:Archived 4923:Archived 4897:Archived 4871:Archived 4845:Archived 4819:Archived 4799:15 March 4793:Archived 4760:Archived 4719:Archived 4692:Archived 4647:Archived 4617:Archived 4587:Archived 4554:Archived 4522:Archived 4490:Archived 4454:Archived 4418:Archived 4333:Archived 4301:Archived 4272:Archived 4246:Archived 4220:Archived 4171:11 March 4065:Archived 3946:Archived 3887:Archived 3856:Archived 3826:Archived 3793:Archived 3758:Archived 3674:Archived 3631:Archived 3549:Archived 3518:Archived 3488:Archived 3421:Archived 3357:Archived 3323:Archived 3261:Archived 3126:Archived 3100:8 August 3068:9 August 3036:9 August 3004:9 August 2972:9 August 2940:9 August 2886:Archived 2859:9 August 2831:9 August 2825:Archived 2795:Archived 2763:Archived 2730:Archived 2678:Archived 2648:Archived 2616:8 August 2580:Archived 2528:Archived 2479:Archived 2451:Archived 2401:Archived 2352:Archived 2329:8 August 2323:Archived 2305:Archived 2279:8 August 2273:Archived 2248:8 August 2242:Archived 2212:Archived 2192:(1895). 2174:Archived 2108:master's 1948:See also 1897:(M.B.S.) 1879:(M.Eng.) 1873:(M.C.A.) 1867:(M.B.A.) 1838:Technion 1734:magister 1703:(M.Com.) 1661:(M.B.A.) 1594:Pakistan 1330:The old 1312:master ( 1238:doctoral 1226:Licensed 1209:Slovenia 1187:Flanders 1012:Magister 999:Austrian 982:magister 861:Duration 833:Research 822:extended 814:research 799:research 779:degrees. 770:Research 757:Research 607:and the 482:(arts), 478:Magister 425:Oxbridge 386:Scotland 298:and the 272:Calcutta 196:Oxbridge 179:Scotland 151:and the 101:analysis 81:colleges 65:magister 5620:diploma 5480:level 8 5442:level 7 5405:level 6 5368:level 5 5279:1 April 4877:10 July 4851:10 July 4825:10 July 4769:10 July 4725:10 July 4698:10 July 4653:14 July 4623:14 July 4593:13 July 4563:14 July 4531:14 July 4499:10 July 4463:10 July 4427:10 July 4374:10 July 4252:14 July 4226:13 July 4146:10 July 4110:10 July 4071:11 July 4017:10 July 3922:10 July 3896:10 July 3862:10 July 3832:10 July 3764:10 July 2120:Collins 1921:(LL.M.) 1903:(M.Ed.) 1885:(M.Sc.) 1724:In the 1697:(LL.M.) 1679:(M.Sc.) 1630:In the 1415:removed 1400:sources 1332:Spanish 1323:In the 1314:магистр 1295:diploma 1285:ptychio 1213:Croatia 1202:Licence 1179:Belgium 1158:meester 1156:(ir.), 1148:In the 1069:Finland 1048:Denmark 1021:Spanish 897:In the 766:Master 748:The UK 535:(MASt)/ 149:trivium 68:) is a 5649:degree 5577:Laurea 5544:Fellow 5539:Tenure 5534:Docent 4752: 4410: 3952:29 May 3666: 3253: 2684:29 May 2204: 1938:Taiwan 1932:Taiwan 1927:(M.M.) 1909:(M.A.) 1828:Israel 1746:thesis 1715:(MVSc) 1649:(M.A.) 1632:Indian 1375:Brazil 1364:Máster 1310:Russia 1289:degree 1267:, the 1265:Greece 1139:Laurea 1128:Laurea 1073:Sweden 1008:Diplom 1003:Polish 995:German 993:, the 829:Taught 734:Oxford 728:. 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