1322:. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)." The same occurs in Switzerland.
1206:, a German art museum, sued Wikimedia Commons in 2016 over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the German Copyright Act, stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material. The Wikimedia volunteer was ordered to remove the images from the site, as the museum's policy had been violated when the photos were taken.
1306:. These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law. For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to the author in any of these cases. In 2009 the
55:
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1461:
36:
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performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.
5084:
607:
threatened such expression". Patterson and
Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term
637:
561:
839:
1442:
1199:. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.
816:
file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.
1482:. As of 1 January 2010, there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day, this can help people around the world celebrate works written a while ago.
948:, which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as
1392:
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as
1190:
was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the US and
Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away
811:
introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but
1384:
A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without
1362:
In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest
934:
of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be
815:
US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound
421:
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain
1214:
Works of various governments around the world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar
Melville Nimmer has written that "it is
1062:
that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living
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rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that
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823:
project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by
Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.
577:
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to
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equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as
847:
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1183:, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.
841:
749:
A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.
548:, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar
1174:
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because
397:
existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of
1371:
within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the
1426:
in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United
Kingdom.
1743:
Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains
1664:
3425:
2113:
2082:
2048:
1822:
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of copyright expires on the first day of
January, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.
897:
Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data
2871:
Note on the
Meanings of the Term "Public Domain" in the Intellectual Property System with special reference to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of
492:
meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of
1422:, does not object to informal use of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email. However, it has fought attempts by other companies to register names including the word 'spam' as a
840:
1512:
2495:
1478:
The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by
Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by
2226:
858:
is public domain in the United States because its theatrical distributor failed to place a copyright indication on the prints, as would have been required to obtain a copyright at that time.
2397:
3564:
1233:
512:
in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by
British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as
1333:
message. The
Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution. Another option is the
2893:
454:, "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as
418:
is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
1453:
expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual
1141:). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
4587:
3261:"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law"
3153:
1649:
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Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference.
907:
Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.
1274:
An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes
3237:
1043:(Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as
738:
A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited.
4885:
4507:
119:
2995:
Michel, Stefan (1 June 2019). "Digitisation of art in the public domain–museum urges Wikimedia to take down reproductions of out-of-protection artworks".
1195:, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based
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reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.
3260:
4656:
3914:
4237:
2252:
1407:, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the
314:
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4562:
2277:
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3416:
Vollmer, Timothy; Vézina, Brigitte; Miyara, Jocelyn; Benedict, Connor; Wetzler, Jennryn; Hollich, Shanna; Murray, Corrine (27 December 2013).
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569:
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4644:
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1029:
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350:, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission.
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4624:
4597:
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3080:
1240:, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a
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Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with
104:
2905:
4602:
2167:
1256:. This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly
4552:
4522:
2875:, Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: Seventeenth Session
1497:
3644:
1137:
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see
5128:
4699:
3879:
3538:
3462:
1348:
license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.
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1591:
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2140:
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2015:
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1961:
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axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".
954:
180:
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Before 1 March 1989, in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit
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Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the
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Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
237:
139:
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4609:
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3956:
1756:
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1167:, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See
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1411:. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.
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are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.
862:
A public-domain film is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose
720:
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4542:
3889:
3511:
1724:
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1160:
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country.
1059:
623:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
438:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
269:
94:
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3131:
1144:
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example,
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3394:
2097:
2066:
2032:
2005:
1978:
1951:
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Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.
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20:
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Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.
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4714:
4704:
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was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term
411:
406:); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software
2411:
March Perry; Thomas Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works?".
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4709:
3989:
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1517:
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1192:
1187:
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5023:
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1138:
987:
982:
527:
The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of
552:
has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".
5055:
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4955:
4203:
4103:
3999:
3821:
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1341:
124:
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4800:
4785:
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1606:
1303:
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854:
402:
and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see
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Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
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3899:
3794:
3737:
3337:
939:
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129:
99:
89:
27:
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restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is a combination of the
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did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient
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4985:
4832:
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4694:
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3994:
3869:
3836:
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1601:
1581:
1282:"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the
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shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with
579:
200:
2678:
2614:
2416:
1881:
1248:. Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g.
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4755:
4747:
4686:
4619:
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4004:
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3717:
2746:
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1534:
1386:
1315:
1245:
1237:
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46:
1913:"Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age"
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5045:
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4975:
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1408:
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2201:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States | Copyright Information Center"
980:, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. The 2018 film
8:
4925:
4527:
3864:
3732:
3654:
3418:"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition"
3058:
2500:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International. 1997. p. 313.
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999:
959:
891:
Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.
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362:
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190:
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1054:
regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or
26:
For the content guidelines regarding the use of public domain content on Knowledge, see
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4128:
4032:
3458:
3190:
2563:
2527:
2253:"The National Emergency Library is offering free ebooks — but is it lending or piracy?"
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1932:
1862:
1523:
1279:
1253:
1093:
1082:
1072:
833:
274:
84:
64:
2616:
Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers
1004:
In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into the public domain. In the
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5005:
4852:
4532:
4441:
4063:
3826:
3373:
3311:
3180:
3012:
2818:
2752:
2718:
2684:
2620:
2570:
2534:
2501:
2472:
2467:. Legal text series; Contemporary Casebook Series (2nd ed.). M. Bender. p.
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2387:
2173:
2136:
2103:
2072:
2038:
2011:
1984:
1957:
1924:
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1812:
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1465:
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964:
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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
386:
54:
1334:
598:
can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by
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4143:
4088:
4048:
3929:
3767:
3595:
3301:
3293:
3127:
3004:
2169:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
1893:
1854:
1710:
1666:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
1307:
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1109:
1105:
800:
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762:
591:
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185:
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Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example,
901:
Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
508:
When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the
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in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark.
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Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
808:
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Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more
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are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before
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3102:
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1786:
1539:
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613:
602:. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to
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428:
382:
336:
159:
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3284:
Labastida, Ignasi; Margoni, Thomas (2020). "Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse".
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4780:
4158:
4083:
3919:
3904:
3841:
3799:
3782:
3680:
3485:
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2383:
The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law
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1882:"Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)"
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1024:
949:
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290:
259:
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149:
109:
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Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s
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4822:
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1757:"SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard"
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923:
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249:
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2781:"Everything you need to know about the 1937 version of 'A Star Is Born'"
2490:
2488:
1936:
1725:"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"
1513:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
773:
are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.
35:
3934:
3757:
3649:
3306:
1912:
1149:
970:
784:
661: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
545:
346:
rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly
3402:
1039:) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the
4857:
3809:
2953:
2714:"Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen
2485:
2331:"Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings"
1502:
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286:
232:
69:
1403:, with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company
1278:
unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("
787:
make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as
488:
referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term
4196:
4093:
3671:
1395:
1363:
date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the
1275:
870:
before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the Public Domain.
820:
619:
541:
434:
2227:"Cover to Cover: Access thousands of books on Project Gutenberg"
1441:
3440:"Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)"
2929:"Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark"
1415:
1241:
1097:
990:, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright.
407:
403:
370:
347:
114:
4862:
2901:
2438:. The George Washington University Law School. Archived from
2166:
Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008).
1404:
1302:) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called
1283:
1017:
788:
3415:
3073:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
2356:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
1023:
While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by
2497:
Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice
524:
to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.
3351:
3154:"do What The Fuck you want to Public License Version 1.0"
2410:
1399:
in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however,
1345:
799:
People have been creating music for millennia. The first
3374:"BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English"
1892:(1). Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes: 59–112.
1218:
1047:(to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.
39:
Public domain icon, which is in the public domain itself
2976:(2008). "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation".
2529:
The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know
1845:
Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright law".
1560:
List of films in the public domain in the United States
573:, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
1132:
1127:
911:
480:
was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term
4508:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
3177:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
2131:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
1635:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
582:
this definition underlines common usage of the term
3683:, internet association on the digital public domain
2997:
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice
2894:"Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark"
1223:
4876:
3716:
3456:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure available at
2562:
2526:
2379:
2128:
2007:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1980:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1953:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1445:An English logo of the 2023/2024 Public Domain Day
4487:
2839:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)"
2060:
2058:
5110:
3283:
2867:
2744:
2375:
2373:
1800:
1798:
1796:
3077:Cornell University Copyright Information Center
2748:The Cambridge companion to literature on screen
2099:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2068:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2034:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1808:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1464:Visual created for Public Domain Day. Features
3565:"Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more"
3062:, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.
2661:
2432:"L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works"
2055:
1923:(1/2). Duke University School of Law: 89–110.
1663:Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008).
1263:
1163:In most countries that are signatories to the
4473:
4231:
3702:
3619:"Public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)"
3484:Officer, Office of the Chief Communications.
2370:
1956:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135.
1793:
1474:, as it is famously part of the public domain
1385:regard for its intended use, it could become
308:
4513:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3444:Open Data Commons: legal tools for open data
2745:Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (2007).
2165:
1662:
1236:Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier
422:status for a work in that country. The term
3234:"11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition"
3179:. Yale University Press. pp. 179–204.
3105:", U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008.
1879:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1449:Public Domain Day is an observance of when
1389:, and therefore part of the public domain.
1329:, published around 2010, has a focus on an
513:
105:Integrated circuit layout design protection
4480:
4466:
4245:
4238:
4224:
3709:
3695:
3558:
3556:
2751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
2380:Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006).
1337:, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
1318:with law domains which have no concept of
1155:
1120:databases use it, and for instance on the
1030:Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up
626:
315:
301:
3672:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
3330:"The Unlicense: A License for No License"
3305:
2598:. Public Domain Works That Are Modified.
2250:
2003:
1976:
1949:
1498:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
1100:to indicate that a work is free of known
721:Learn how and when to remove this message
3880:Business models for open-source software
3562:
3528:
3352:"Unlicense Yourself: Set Your Code Free"
3258:
3175:Boyle, J. (2008). "A Creative Commons".
2680:Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage
2102:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105.
2071:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104.
2037:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102.
2010:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137.
1983:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154.
1811:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103.
1669:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173.
1620:
1459:
1440:
1076:
837:
559:
34:
16:Works outside the scope of copyright law
3553:
2972:
2813:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
2806:
2560:
2524:
2460:
2224:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1550:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1290:. Creative Commons (created in 2002 by
1041:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
974:is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's
223:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
5111:
3616:
3589:
3492:from the original on 25 September 2009
3083:from the original on 26 September 2010
2994:
2926:
2778:
2710:
2683:. Ohio University Press. p. 101.
2612:
2596:Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center
2436:Supplemental material Computer Law 484
2400:from the original on 18 December 2014.
2116:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2085:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2051:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1825:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1652:from the original on 14 February 2015.
1418:, producer of the canned meat product
993:
4461:
4219:
4069:Organization for Transformative Works
3690:
3594:. American University. Archived from
3590:McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004).
3240:from the original on 31 December 2016
3174:
2868:WIPO Secretariat (24 November 2010),
2676:
2429:
2126:
2095:
2064:
2030:
1844:
1804:
1631:
1286:was released as a public domain like
1219:Dedicating works to the public domain
1066:
955:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
807:system, was created 4,000 years ago.
181:Artificial intelligence and copyright
5036:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3529:McCarthy, Kieren (31 January 2005).
2935:from the original on 14 October 2010
2779:Lenker, Maureen Lee (10 July 2022).
2589:
1910:
1829:
1703:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"
1555:List of countries' copyright lengths
1430:
1169:List of countries' copyright lengths
1008:, for example, there is a perpetual
659:adding citations to reliable sources
630:
140:Supplementary protection certificate
4503:Alternative terms for free software
3617:Lessig, Lawrence (1 January 2004).
3531:"Hormel Spam trademark case canned"
3483:
2843:Office of Public Sector Information
2525:Fishman, Stephen (September 2008).
1209:
13:
4843:Python Software Foundation License
3563:Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010).
3465:from the original on 18 April 2015
3428:from the original on 4 March 2016.
3336:. 24 February 2016. Archived from
3134:from the original on 28 April 2013
3124:"About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved""
2225:Preston, Sherry (9 October 2023).
1597:Public domain in the United States
1133:Works not covered by copyright law
1128:Application to copyrightable works
912:Relationship with derivative works
14:
5150:
4906:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4523:Free software project directories
3665:
3567:. Telegraph Blogs. Archived from
3486:"Terms of Use for USPTO Websites"
3362:from the original on 8 July 2018.
2927:Peters, Diane (11 October 2010).
2904:. 12 October 2010. Archived from
2810:The Oxford companion to the Bible
2666:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 92.
2649:The Guinness Book of Records 1999
2646:
2613:Lundin, Anne H. (2 August 2004).
2602:from the original on 18 May 2016.
2302:
1880:Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011).
1785:. 28 January 2016. Archived from
594:. However, the usage of the term
586:and equates the public domain to
5093:
5092:
5082:
4543:Open-source software development
3890:Commercial use of copyleft works
3541:from the original on 7 July 2008
2849:from the original on 1 June 2008
2662:Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004).
2336:. United States Copyright Office
2251:Robertson, Adi (31 March 2020).
1344:recommends the Creative Commons
1270:Public-domain-equivalent license
1224:Release without copyright notice
1060:traditional cultural expressions
635:
270:Outline of intellectual property
95:Indigenous intellectual property
53:
5129:Copyright law legal terminology
4901:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4733:Free Software Movement of India
3870:Alternative compensation system
3637:
3610:
3583:
3522:
3504:
3477:
3450:
3432:
3409:
3387:
3366:
3344:
3322:
3277:
3252:
3226:
3201:
3168:
3146:
3116:
3095:
3065:
3047:
3023:
2988:
2966:
2947:
2920:
2886:
2861:
2831:
2800:
2772:
2738:
2704:
2670:
2655:
2640:
2606:
2583:
2554:
2518:
2454:
2423:
2404:
2348:
2323:
2296:
2270:
2244:
2218:
2193:
2159:
2127:Boyle, James (1 January 2008).
2120:
2089:
2024:
1997:
1970:
1943:
1904:
646:needs additional citations for
4054:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3514:. Hormel Foods. Archived from
3512:"SPAM® Brand and the Internet"
2152:– via Internet Archive.
1873:
1770:
1749:
1717:
1695:
1656:
1455:copyright laws of each country
1246:anti-copyright can call notice
866:has expired. All films in the
21:Public domain (disambiguation)
1:
4891:Contributor License Agreement
4705:Open-source-software movement
4489:Free and open-source software
3895:Commons-based peer production
3763:Legal aspects of file sharing
2592:"Public Domain Trouble Spots"
2461:Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995).
1917:Law and Contemporary Problems
1613:
1592:Public domain image resources
1587:Public Domain Enhancement Act
1379:
1320:dedicating into public domain
1191:from that tradition with the
1014:Authorized King James Version
555:
412:National Institutes of Health
5062:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4916:The Free Software Definition
3990:Access to Knowledge movement
3621:. Lessig.org. Archived from
3160:. March 2000. Archived from
2978:Northern Kentucky Law Review
2651:. Bantam Books. p. 358.
2386:. Kluwer Law International.
1518:Copyright Term Extension Act
1193:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
1188:Copyright Duration Directive
1045:Great Ormond Street Hospital
7:
4966:Mozilla software rebranding
4931:Permissive software license
3056:, and David Nimmer (1997).
2590:Stim, Rich (4 April 2013).
2464:Understanding copyright law
2305:"The Catholic Encyclopedia"
2282:The University of Edinburgh
2172:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1485:
1264:Public-domain-like licenses
218:Idea–expression distinction
10:
5155:
4971:Proprietary device drivers
4921:The Open Source Definition
3592:"Happy Public Domain Day!"
2807:Metzger, Bruce M. (2006).
2717:. Braumüller. p. 17.
2619:. Routledge. p. 138.
2569:. Nolo. pp. 124–125.
2430:Stern, Richard H. (2001).
1886:Revue Juridique de l'Ouest
1434:
1355:
1351:
1267:
1070:
997:
988:1937 film of the same name
915:
831:
753:For example: the works of
590:and works in copyright to
441:
353:As examples, the works of
25:
18:
5134:Intellectual property law
5078:
5056:Source-available software
5014:
4956:Digital rights management
4948:
4746:
4723:
4685:
4561:
4495:
4437:
4376:
4315:
4254:
4167:
4116:
4104:Students for Free Culture
4041:
4025:
4018:
4000:Cultural environmentalism
3982:
3957:Prizes instead of patents
3857:
3753:Digital rights management
3725:
3109:26 September 2012 at the
3031:"Copyright Office Basics"
2561:Fishman, Stephen (2008).
2311:. Robert Appleton Company
2189:– via Google Books.
2135:. Yale University Press.
1859:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6
1847:Frontiers of Law in China
1342:Open Knowledge Foundation
1304:Creative Commons licenses
1112:, with the international
922:Derivative works include
881:Possible values include:
5051:Shared Source Initiative
4848:Shared Source Initiative
4801:Free Software Foundation
4738:Free Software Foundation
4588:Configuration management
4059:Free Software Foundation
3645:"Public Domain Day 2010"
2004:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1977:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1950:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1607:Rule of the shorter term
1314:, which was created for
1197:formalities requirements
873:
855:Night of the Living Dead
827:
794:
733:
4986:SCO/Linux controversies
4190:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
3900:Electronic sell-through
3795:Monopolies of knowledge
3738:Censorship by copyright
3259:Kreutzer, Till (2011).
2711:Kossak, Saskia (2005).
2096:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2065:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2031:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1911:Rose, Carol M. (2003).
1805:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1376:rights just mentioned.
1335:Zero Clause BSD license
1181:a possible renewal term
1156:Expiration of copyright
940:Frances Hodgson Burnett
627:Public domain by medium
130:Plant genetic resources
100:Industrial design right
90:Geographical indication
28:Knowledge:Public domain
4886:Comparison of licenses
4695:Free software movement
4204:The Internet's Own Boy
4010:Free software movement
3837:software patent debate
3743:Copyright infringement
2677:Homan, Sidney (2004).
1898:10.3406/juro.2011.4336
1759:. 1999. Archived from
1602:Public domain software
1582:Protection of Classics
1475:
1446:
1204:Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen
1148:and the inventions of
1139:idea–expression divide
1085:
859:
741:In most countries the
574:
514:
335:) consists of all the
201:Criticism of copyright
125:Plant breeders' rights
40:
4961:License proliferation
4005:Free-culture movement
3915:Libertarian positions
3910:Free-software license
3875:Anti-copyright notice
3718:Intellectual property
3395:"Conformant Licenses"
2959:12 March 2016 at the
2533:. Nolo. p. 178.
2278:"What is Wikisource?"
2205:copyright.cornell.edu
1632:Boyle, James (2008).
1535:Free-culture movement
1463:
1444:
1340:In October 2014, the
1238:Copyright Act of 1976
1080:
1056:traditional knowledge
852:The 1968 horror film
851:
563:
344:intellectual property
47:Intellectual property
38:
5046:Open-source hardware
4981:Proprietary software
4976:Proprietary firmware
4677:Formerly open-source
4672:Formerly proprietary
4538:Open-source software
3925:Open-design movement
3298:10.1162/dint_a_00042
3043:on 25 February 2009.
3009:10.1093/jiplp/jpz042
2954:Category:CC-PD-Mark
2931:. Creative Commons.
2845:. 1988. p. 28.
2786:Entertainment Weekly
2358:. Cornell University
1763:on 13 January 2013.
1638:. CSPD. p. 38.
1577:Paying public domain
1409:Treaty of Versailles
1052:paying public domain
928:musical arrangements
805:Music of Mesopotamia
655:improve this article
600:copyright exceptions
505:in early Roman law.
359:Ludwig van Beethoven
19:For other uses, see
4926:Open-source license
4528:Gratis versus libre
3865:All rights reversed
3733:Artificial scarcity
3657:on 14 October 2012.
3518:on 13 October 2009.
3209:"About CC Licenses"
3059:Nimmer on Copyright
3054:Nimmer, Melville B.
2647:Young, Mark (ed.).
1779:"ImageJ Disclaimer"
1683:on 20 December 2014
1545:Freedom of panorama
1000:Perpetual copyright
994:Perpetual copyright
986:is a remake of the
968:. Marcel Duchamp's
960:Troma Entertainment
363:Miguel de Cervantes
355:William Shakespeare
191:Copyright abolition
4183:Good Copy Bad Copy
4129:Alexandra Elbakyan
4033:Copyright Alliance
3625:on 7 November 2011
3399:opendefinition.com
3358:. 4 January 2010.
2908:on 16 October 2010
1524:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1476:
1447:
1280:Permission culture
1254:continental Europe
1094:Public Domain Mark
1086:
1083:Public Domain Mark
1081:Creative Commons'
1073:Public Domain Mark
1067:Public domain mark
860:
834:Public domain film
743:term of protection
575:
531:. The French poet
522:propriété publique
446:Although the term
283:Higher categories:
275:Outline of patents
41:
5106:
5105:
5006:Trusted Computing
4996:Software security
4944:
4943:
4625:Operating systems
4533:Long-term support
4455:
4454:
4442:Public Domain Day
4213:
4212:
4112:
4111:
4064:Open Rights Group
3340:on 24 March 2016.
3286:Data Intelligence
3186:978-0-300-14275-4
2758:978-0-521-61486-3
2724:978-3-7003-1492-9
2690:978-0-8214-1550-4
2626:978-0-8153-3841-3
2576:978-1-4133-0858-7
2540:978-1-4133-0893-8
2507:978-90-411-0938-5
2442:on 19 August 2018
2179:978-1-84844-391-4
2142:978-0-300-13740-8
2109:978-1-84542-282-0
2078:978-1-84542-282-0
2044:978-1-84542-282-0
2017:978-1-84542-487-9
1990:978-1-84542-487-9
1963:978-1-84542-487-9
1818:978-1-84542-282-0
1741:on 5 April 2016.
1676:978-1-84720-921-4
1645:978-0-300-13740-8
1466:Leonardo da Vinci
1451:copyrighted works
1437:Public Domain Day
1431:Public Domain Day
1122:Wikimedia Commons
965:Tromeo and Juliet
945:The Secret Garden
849:
777:Project Gutenberg
731:
730:
723:
705:
503:res universitatis
490:res universitatis
474:res universitatis
400:Newtonian physics
387:Leonardo da Vinci
325:
324:
5146:
5096:
5095:
5086:
4991:Software patents
4874:
4873:
4786:Creative Commons
4645:Web applications
4482:
4475:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4447:Creative Commons
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4144:Richard Stallman
4089:Public Knowledge
4049:Creative Commons
4023:
4022:
3930:Open music model
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3659:
3658:
3653:. Archived from
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3422:Creative Commons
3413:
3407:
3406:
3405:on 1 March 2016.
3401:. Archived from
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3292:(1–2): 199–207.
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3266:. Archived from
3265:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3236:. 17 June 2009.
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3213:Creative Commons
3205:
3199:
3198:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3158:anonscm - Debian
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3128:Creative Commons
3120:
3114:
3103:Copyright Notice
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3036:. Archived from
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2963:in February 2016
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2824:978-0-1950-46458
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2514:on 6 April 2015.
2510:. Archived from
2492:
2483:
2482:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2393:978-9-0411-24357
2377:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:. 26 August 2021
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2001:
1995:
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1908:
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1877:
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1802:
1791:
1790:
1789:on 5 March 2016.
1783:rsb.info.nih.gov
1774:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:uncopyrightable.
1740:
1734:. Archived from
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1713:on 2 March 2016.
1709:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1629:
1308:Creative Commons
1288:software license
1234:Berne Convention
1230:copyright notice
1210:Government works
1165:Berne Convention
1110:copyright notice
1108:, which acts as
1106:copyright symbol
1090:Creative Commons
850:
801:musical notation
781:Internet Archive
763:Machado de Assis
726:
719:
715:
712:
706:
704:
663:
639:
631:
592:private property
567:own copy of his
550:Pamela Samuelson
519:
410:(created by the
317:
310:
303:
186:Brand protection
120:Peasants' rights
57:
43:
42:
5154:
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5149:
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5145:
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5143:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5074:
5041:Open-core model
5016:
5010:
4940:
4878:
4872:
4742:
4719:
4681:
4564:
4557:
4491:
4486:
4456:
4451:
4433:
4372:
4311:
4250:
4244:
4214:
4209:
4176:Steal This Film
4163:
4139:Lawrence Lessig
4108:
4037:
4014:
3978:
3974:Video on demand
3853:
3748:Copyright troll
3721:
3715:
3676:Duke University
3668:
3663:
3662:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
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3615:
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3376:
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3328:
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3273:on 25 May 2017.
3270:
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3257:
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3227:
3217:
3215:
3207:
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3173:
3169:
3164:on 2 June 2013.
3152:
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3111:Wayback Machine
3100:
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2993:
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2974:Karjala, Dennis
2971:
2967:
2961:Wayback Machine
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1566:Millar v Taylor
1488:
1480:Lawrence Lessig
1439:
1433:
1382:
1360:
1354:
1292:Lawrence Lessig
1272:
1266:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1177:copyright terms
1158:
1135:
1130:
1075:
1069:
1036:Peter and Wendy
1010:crown copyright
1002:
996:
920:
918:Derivative work
914:
876:
838:
836:
830:
809:Guido of Arezzo
797:
771:Edgar Allan Poe
736:
727:
716:
710:
707:
670:"Public domain"
664:
662:
652:
640:
629:
588:public property
558:
533:Alfred de Vigny
510:Statute of Anne
444:
321:
285:
281:
196:Copyright troll
85:Farmers' rights
65:Authors' rights
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
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4600:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Bioinformatics
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4171:
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4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4134:Rick Falkvinge
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4099:Shadow library
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:The Pirate Bay
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Anti-copyright
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
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3954:
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3852:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:Bioprospecting
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
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3760:
3755:
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3723:
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3713:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3667:
3666:External links
3664:
3661:
3660:
3636:
3609:
3598:on 3 June 2017
3582:
3571:on 15 May 2012
3552:
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3503:
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3449:
3431:
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3195:j.ctt1npvzg.12
3185:
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3115:
3094:
3064:
3046:
3022:
3003:(6): 427–429.
2987:
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2477:
2453:
2422:
2403:
2392:
2369:
2347:
2322:
2295:
2269:
2243:
2217:
2192:
2178:
2158:
2154:public domain.
2141:
2119:
2108:
2088:
2077:
2054:
2043:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1903:
1872:
1853:(2): 178–195.
1828:
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1515:
1510:
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1500:
1495:
1493:Public records
1489:
1487:
1484:
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1381:
1378:
1358:Term of patent
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1331:anti-copyright
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1157:
1154:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1033:and the novel
1006:United Kingdom
998:Main article:
995:
992:
983:A Star is Born
932:dramatizations
916:Main article:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
875:
872:
832:Main article:
829:
826:
796:
793:
735:
732:
729:
728:
643:
641:
634:
628:
625:
557:
554:
529:copyright term
443:
440:
391:Georges Méliès
323:
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305:
297:
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293:
280:
279:
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243:Right to quote
240:
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206:Bioprospecting
203:
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183:
178:
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169:
168:Related topics
165:
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137:
135:Related rights
132:
127:
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82:
80:Database right
77:
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59:
58:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Copyright law
5122:
5120:
5119:Public domain
5117:
5116:
5114:
5099:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5069:Revolution OS
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:GNU Manifesto
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5007:
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5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
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4969:
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4959:
4957:
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4947:
4937:
4936:Public domain
4934:
4932:
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4927:
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4922:
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4909:
4907:
4904:
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4753:
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4749:
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4739:
4736:
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4728:
4726:
4725:Organisations
4722:
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4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
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4620:Office suites
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4544:
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4524:
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4518:Free software
4516:
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4506:
4504:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
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4265:
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4260:
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4257:
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4249:
4248:public domain
4241:
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4229:
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4168:Documentaries
4166:
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4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
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4124:Cory Doctorow
4122:
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4119:
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4055:
4052:
4050:
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4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:Pro-copyright
4024:
4021:
4019:Organizations
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
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660:
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614:public sphere
610:
609:public domain
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383:L. Frank Baum
380:
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337:creative work
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4084:Pirate Party
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3800:Music piracy
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645:
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499:res publicae
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495:res communes
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352:
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255:Patent troll
238:Paraphrasing
228:Fair dealing
150:Trade secret
110:Moral rights
32:
5139:Stock media
5001:Tivoization
4640:Video games
4615:Mathematics
4154:Peter Sunde
4149:Peter Suber
3969:Share-alike
3940:Open source
3935:Open patent
3629:25 December
3575:24 December
3545:2 September
3496:30 December
3379:12 February
3334:ostatic.com
3307:2445/150542
3244:30 December
3218:23 November
3087:30 December
2879:28 November
2853:2 September
2231:Star-Herald
2185:30 December
2148:30 December
1300:Eric Eldred
1296:Hal Abelson
1232:. With the
1114:'no' symbol
767:Olavo Bilac
755:Jane Austen
580:James Boyle
478:res nullius
476:. The term
457:res nullius
250:Orphan work
176:Abandonware
145:Trade dress
5113:Categories
4949:Challenges
4667:Commercial
4650:E-commerce
4635:Television
4079:Piratbyrån
3827:biological
3758:Gripe site
3650:MetaFilter
2939:12 October
2912:12 October
2898:The H Open
2362:15 October
2340:15 October
2309:New Advent
2303:Otten, J.
1707:bitlaw.com
1687:27 October
1614:References
1380:Trademarks
1244:statement/
1150:Archimedes
1027:(the play
971:L.H.O.O.Q.
785:Wikisource
711:April 2018
681:newspapers
556:Definition
546:trademarks
4879:standards
4877:Types and
4858:Unlicense
4853:Sleepycat
4687:Community
4246:Years in
3983:Movements
3810:Biopiracy
3316:2641-435X
3017:1747-1532
2792:12 August
2315:6 January
2257:The Verge
1929:0023-9186
1867:153766621
1503:Copyfraud
1471:Mona Lisa
1424:trademark
1327:Unlicense
1250:civil law
1146:the Bible
1118:Europeana
1102:copyright
1096:(PDM) as
1063:artists.
977:Mona Lisa
942:'s novel
864:copyright
570:Principia
538:copyright
452:Roman law
395:copyright
379:Aristotle
375:Confucius
367:Zoroaster
341:exclusive
211:Biopiracy
155:Trademark
75:Copyright
5098:Category
5015:Related
4896:Copyleft
4816:GNU LGPL
4811:GNU AGPL
4776:Beerware
4771:Artistic
4748:Licenses
4715:Advocacy
4662:iOS apps
4603:Wireless
4598:Graphics
4565:packages
4563:Software
4553:Timeline
3962:contests
3950:software
3945:hardware
3885:Copyleft
3858:Concepts
3842:trolling
3832:software
3720:activism
3681:Communia
3539:Archived
3490:Archived
3469:26 April
3463:Archived
3426:Archived
3360:Archived
3238:Archived
3138:23 April
3132:Archived
3107:Archived
3081:Archived
2957:Archived
2933:Archived
2872:Folklore
2847:Archived
2600:Archived
2398:Archived
2114:Archived
2083:Archived
2049:Archived
1937:20059173
1823:Archived
1650:Archived
1508:Copyleft
1486:See also
1367:and any
1276:licenses
1012:for the
604:fair use
565:Newton's
287:Property
233:Fair use
70:Copyleft
5024:Forking
4806:GNU GPL
4700:History
4630:Routing
4593:Drivers
4548:Outline
4496:General
4197:TPB AFK
4094:Sci-Hub
3822:Patents
3773:digital
3602:9 March
2417:1647584
1401:Aspirin
1396:aspirin
1387:generic
1352:Patents
1016:of the
821:Musopen
695:scholar
620:commons
542:patents
442:History
435:commons
5088:Portal
5017:topics
4838:Python
4761:Apache
4710:Events
4610:Health
4583:Codecs
4117:People
3788:videos
3768:Mashup
3726:Issues
3459:"MPEP"
3314:
3193:
3183:
3015:
2984:: 253.
2821:
2764:1 June
2755:
2730:1 June
2721:
2696:1 June
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2546:1 June
2537:
2504:
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2446:23 May
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2288:5 July
2262:5 July
2236:5 July
2210:30 May
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2075:
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2014:
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1960:
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1374:patent
1298:, and
1242:waiver
1116:. The
1098:symbol
930:, and
789:ebooks
779:, the
697:
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683:
676:
668:
544:, and
501:, and
448:domain
408:ImageJ
404:waiver
371:Lao Zi
348:waived
115:Patent
4863:WTFPL
4573:Audio
4377:2020s
4316:2010s
4255:2000s
3783:novel
3778:music
3271:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
3191:JSTOR
3041:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
2902:The H
2334:(PDF)
1933:JSTOR
1863:S2CID
1739:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1405:Bayer
1284:WTFPL
1050:In a
1018:Bible
874:Value
828:Films
795:Music
734:Books
702:JSTOR
688:books
4868:zlib
4791:CDDL
4766:APSL
4429:2029
4424:2028
4419:2027
4414:2026
4409:2025
4404:2024
4399:2023
4394:2022
4389:2021
4384:2020
4368:2019
4363:2018
4358:2017
4353:2016
4348:2015
4343:2014
4338:2013
4333:2012
4328:2011
4323:2010
4307:2009
4302:2008
4297:2007
4292:2006
4287:2005
4282:2004
4277:2003
4272:2002
4267:2001
4262:2000
3631:2011
3604:2016
3577:2011
3547:2008
3498:2016
3471:2015
3381:2020
3312:ISSN
3246:2016
3220:2020
3181:ISBN
3140:2013
3089:2016
3013:ISSN
2941:2010
2914:2010
2881:2018
2855:2008
2819:ISBN
2794:2020
2766:2010
2753:ISBN
2732:2010
2719:ISBN
2698:2010
2685:ISBN
2634:2010
2621:ISBN
2571:ISBN
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