1224:. Similarly, the state has a direct social and economic interest in promoting trade, so it will define the forms of business enterprise that may operate within its territory, and lay down rules that will allow both the businesses and those that wish to contract with them a fair opportunity to gain value. This system worked well until social and commercial mobility increased. Now persons routinely trade and travel across state boundaries (both physically and electronically), so the need is to provide stability across state lines given that laws differ from one state to the next. Thus, once defined by the personal law, persons take their capacity with them like a passport whether or however they may travel. In this way, a person will not gain or lose capacity depending on the accident of the local laws, e.g. if A does not have capacity to marry her cousin under her personal law (a rule of
1418:– most states hold that a minor only must return the goods (consideration) if the goods are still in the minor's possession. Many states are requiring that the minor restore the adult (other party) to the state they were in before the contract was made. Minors are beginning to be held responsible for damages, wear, tear, etc. of the good in question upon return. A suit for tort is considered by some states to be an enforcement of the contract and is not allowed.
449:
1519:
the cause, if the resulting condition is such that individuals cannot care for themselves, or may act in ways that are against their interests, those persons are vulnerable through dependency and require the protection of the state against the risks of abuse or exploitation. Hence, any agreements that were made are voidable, and a court may declare that person a ward of the state and grant
1777:, receiver, or other similar legal functionary may be appointed to determine whether the entity shall continue to trade or be sold so that the creditors may receive all or a proportion of the money owing to them. During this time, the capacity of the entity is limited so that its liabilities are not increased unreasonably and to the detriment of the existing creditors.
1632:, that the afflicted person lacks legal capacity and allow a legal guardian to take over their financial and personal affairs. Procedures and court review have been established, dependent on the area of jurisdiction, to prevent exploitation of the incapacitated person by the guardian. The guardian periodically provides a financial accounting for court review.
1435:– accepting and giving legal force to an obligation. Express ratification (for a minor) is expressly stating, orally or in writing that he/she intends to be bound by the contract. Implied ratification is when the conduct of the minor is inconsistent with that of disaffirmance or when minor fails to disaffirm an executed contract within a reasonable period.
1412:– it must be timely. For example, a contract that goes beyond two years of reaching the age of majority would be considered ratified. Minors are still allowed to disaffirm, even if their age is misrepresented. They will not face tort violations. Some states do not allow disaffirmance if the consideration cannot be returned.
1386:
he/she cannot avoid obligations unless what was obtained was of no value. Upon repudiation of a contract, either party can apply to the court. The court may order restitution, damages, or discharge the contract. All contracts involving the transfer of real estate are considered valid until ruled otherwise.
1451:, while individuals under the age of 21 are regarded as minors, sections 35 and 36 of the Civil Law Act 1909 provide that certain contracts entered into by minors aged 18 and above are to be treated as though they were adults. Additionally, the Minors' Contracts Act 1987 as applicable in Singapore and in
1518:
Loss of mental capacity occurs in individuals may have an inherent physical condition that prevents them from achieving the normal levels of performance expected from persons of comparable age, or their inability to match current levels of performance may be caused by contracting an illness. Whatever
1470:
If individuals find themselves in a situation where they can no longer pay their debts, they lose their status as credit-worthy and become bankrupt. States differ on the means whereby their outstanding liabilities can be treated as discharged and on the precise extent of the limits that are placed on
1369:
As an example of liability in contract, the law in most of Canada provides that an infant is not bound by the contracts he or she enters into except for the purchase of necessaries and for beneficial contracts of service. Infants must pay fair price only for necessary goods and services. However, the
1646:
all persons from liability if they did not understand what they were doing or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong. The consequences of this excuse were that those accused were detained indefinitely or until the medical authorities certified that it was safe to release them back into the
1581:
Under
Singapore's Mental Capacity Act 2008, "a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time the person is unable to make a decision for himself or herself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain". Where
1577:
under which decisions about the health, welfare, and financial assets of a person who has lost capacity may be dealt with in that person's interests. In
Ireland, the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act was passed in 2015. This Act addresses the capacity of people with intellectual disabilities.
1385:
In contracts between an adult and an infant, adults are bound but infants may escape contracts at their option (i.e. the contract is voidable). Infants may ratify a contract on reaching age of majority. In the case of executed contracts, when the infant has obtained some benefit under the contract,
1475:
have spendthrift laws under which an irresponsible spender may be deemed to lack capacity to enter into contracts (in Europe, these are termed prodigality laws) and both sets of laws may be denied extraterritorial effect under public policy as imposing a potentially penal status on the individuals
1673:
Although individuals may have consumed a sufficient quantity of intoxicant or drug to reduce or eliminate their ability to understand exactly what they are doing, such conditions are self-induced and so the law does not generally allow any defense or excuse to be raised to any actions taken while
1586:
to make decisions concerning the "personal welfare" of the person lacking capacity, the "property and affairs" of the person, or both. Questions as to whether an individual has the capacity to make decisions either generally or with regard to a particular matter or class of matters are generally
1627:
or related documents, then the named legal guardian may be able to take over their financial and other affairs. If the afflicted person owns their property jointly with a spouse or other able person, the able person may be able to take over many of the routine financial affairs. Otherwise, it is
1439:
Generally, the courts base their determination on whether the minor, after reaching the age of majority, has had ample opportunity to consider the nature of the contractual obligations he or she entered into as a minor and the extent to which the adult party to the contract has performed. As one
1695:
partnerships as aggregate. In terms of capacity, this means that they are no more than the sum of the natural persons who conduct the business. The other group of states allows partnerships to have a separate legal personality which changes the capacity of the "firm" and those who conduct its
1484:
During times of war or civil strife, a state will limit the ability of its citizens to offer help or assistance in any form to those who are acting against the interests of the state. Hence, all commercial and other contracts with the "enemy", including terrorists, would be considered void or
1428:
or financial/social status (not excessive in value), (3) the minor must not be under the care of a parent/guardian who is required to supply the item. A minor could be held liable for a contract for the purchase of luxury items (those that are not in the financial/social/standard of living
1455:
provides that a contract entered into by a minor is not automatically unenforceable and that a "court may, if it is just and equitable to do so, require the defendant to transfer to the plaintiff any property acquired by the defendant under the contract, or any property representing it".
1622:
disease, or similar dementia. Such persons are often unable to consent to medical treatment but otherwise handle their financial and other personal matters. If the afflicted person has prepared documents beforehand about what to do in such cases, often in a revocable living
1647:
community. This consequence was felt to be too draconian, and so statutes have introduced new defenses that will limit or reduce the liability of those accused of committing offenses if they were suffering from a mental illness at the relevant time (see the
1381:
1996 c.223) declares all contracts, including necessities and beneficial contracts of service, are unenforceable against an infant. Only student loans and other contracts made specifically enforceable by statute will be binding on infants in that province.
1393:(typically under 18) can disaffirm a contract made, no matter the case. However, the entire contract must be disaffirmed. Depending on the jurisdiction, the minor may be required to return any of the goods still in his possession. Also,
1344:. Some laws, such as marriage laws, may differentiate between the sexes and allow women to marry at a younger age. There are instances in which a person may be able to gain capacity earlier than the prescribed time through a process of
1440:
court put it, "the purpose of the infancy doctrine is to protect 'minors from foolishly squandering their wealth through improvident contracts with crafty adults who would take advantage of them in the marketplace.
1236:). In Saskatchewan Canada, an exception to this law allows married persons to become the common law spouse of other(s) prior to divorcing the first spouse. This law is not honored amongst other Canadian provinces.
1729:, i.e. "beyond the power" of the corporation, and so may be unenforceable by the corporation, but the rights and interests of innocent third parties dealing with the corporations are usually protected.
710:
1203:
Capacity covers day-to-day decisions, including: what to wear and what to buy, as well as, life-changing decisions, such as: whether to move into a care home or whether to have major surgery.
1266:
may be withdrawn, etc. As societies have developed more equal treatment based on gender, race and ethnicity, many of the older incapacities have been removed. For example,
715:
1674:
incapacitated. The most generous states do permit individuals to repudiate agreements as soon as sober, but the conditions to exercising this right are strict.
983:
1088:
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
1270:
used to treat married women as lacking the capacity to own property or act independently of their husbands (the last of these rules was repealed by the
929:
978:
1806:
1103:
670:
1274:, which removed the wife's domicile of dependency for those marrying after 1974, so that a husband and wife could have different domiciles).
1271:
92:
1723:
of incorporation. The general rule is that anything not included in the corporation's capacity, whether expressly or by implication, is
1424:– for necessities, (1) the item contracted for must be necessary for minor's existence, (2) the value must be up to that of the current
424:
917:
1582:
an individual lacks capacity on grounds of mental illness or senility, a relative or other responsible person may obtain a lasting
398:
2066:
1824:
1544:
Is the inability to make a decision caused by an impairment of, or disturbance in the functioning of, a person's mind or brain?
1148:
1591:
and the court making the declaration may appoint one or more individuals to act as deputies for the person lacking capacity.
1121:
78:
1348:. Conversely, many states allow the inexperience of childhood to be an excusing condition to criminal liability and set the
1250:
Standardized classes of person have had their freedom restricted. These limitations are exceptions to the general policy of
1548:
The MCA states an individual is unable to make their own decision, if they are unable to do at least one of four things:
1687:
There is a clear division between the approach of states to the definition of partnerships. One group of states treats
1471:
their capacities during this time but, after discharge, they are returned to full capacity. In the United States, some
1846:
2018:
17:
1569:, and all matters concerning persons who have lost, or expect soon to lose, mental capacity are regulated under the
1324:, in which (at least) one of the contracting parties is a minor, are voidable by the minor. For a minor to undergo
734:
698:
384:
1934:
1594:
This sort of problem sometimes arises when people suffer some form of medical problem such as unconsciousness,
1349:
727:
417:
1336:(s). The right to vote in the United States is currently set at 18 years, while the right to buy and consume
115:
1405:
not to be contracts due to the absence of promises of future action. A minor may not disavow such a trade.
1198:
993:
583:
1738:
1719:'s capacity depends on the law of the place of incorporation and the enabling provisions included in the
478:
1141:
1013:
739:
1262:
that a person of ordinary capacity might enjoy. For example, freedom of movement may be modified, the
1092:
2051:
1574:
1498:
988:
947:
859:
410:
340:
328:
235:
1720:
1570:
1534:
795:
508:
347:
2046:
1786:
1746:
1652:
1611:
1117:
968:
777:
627:
1214:, the state adopts a role of protector to the weaker and more vulnerable members of society. In
1615:
1345:
693:
653:
578:
554:
536:
368:
302:
278:
85:
52:
2056:
1245:
1134:
1110:
973:
541:
335:
262:
1970:
1742:
1705:
1668:
1001:
838:
688:
567:
473:
468:
391:
286:
123:
1983:
1919:
926:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)
8:
1774:
1741:(LLCs) are legal persons. Some legal scholars have argued that they can be used to give
1692:
1688:
1664:
1566:
1317:
1251:
1215:
757:
648:
513:
493:
253:
226:
59:
1958:
1640:
1588:
1425:
1233:
1120:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to
1043:
1006:
848:
820:
786:
679:
664:
658:
632:
354:
217:
186:
1828:
2014:
1583:
1520:
1452:
1325:
900:
889:
610:
559:
550:
531:
488:
155:
2006:
1716:
1648:
1509:
1371:
1309:
923:
810:
805:
767:
762:
605:
588:
208:
35:
2061:
2000:
1850:
1513:
1305:
1207:
815:
545:
522:
361:
1606:, or often when older people become afflicted with some form of medical/mental
1531:
1524:
1359:
1337:
1333:
1220:
1182:
1061:
952:
883:
868:
616:
244:
172:
147:
2040:
1629:
1402:
1263:
1229:
1225:
852:
600:
573:
503:
294:
178:
71:
1761:
have limited capacity unless any contract made relates to union activities.
595:
1996:
1892:
1843:
1636:
1354:
1259:
1255:
1170:
1056:
1051:
1038:
829:
483:
318:
108:
2010:
1758:
1725:
1390:
1283:
1267:
894:
800:
705:
622:
199:
193:
1503:
1232:
that law by travelling to a state that does permit such a marriage (see
1770:
1607:
1472:
1465:
1401:
item in exchange for a cash payment are generally recognized through a
1313:
1178:
1096:
1079:
498:
270:
132:
1904:
1624:
1619:
1599:
1448:
1341:
1301:
1047:
722:
448:
1555:
Retain that information long enough to be able to make the decision.
1494:
1352:
to match the local experience of emerging behavioral problems (see
1321:
1166:
877:
772:
440:
141:
1329:
1297:
1211:
843:
1643:
1603:
1398:
1394:
66:
1696:
business and makes such partnerships more like corporations.
1363:
1578:
The general principles are set out in section 8 of the Act.
1378:
1602:, or delirious states, from accidents or illnesses such as
1595:
1033:
1173:
to have rights and liabilities (in this sense also called
1565:
In
England and Wales, this is a specific function of the
1023:
1971:
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P14-#pr11-%7C
1558:
Weigh up the information available to make the decision.
1113:
both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
1984:
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P15-#P15-%7C
1485:
suspended until a cessation of hostilities is agreed.
1504:
Insanity, mental illness, or mental/medical condition
1116:
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the
American
1682:
1541:
Is the person unable to make a particular decision?
1986:Part 5 of the Mental Capacity Act 2008 (Singapore)
1867:South-Western College/West, Ohio, 2003 pp. 213–216
930:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law
1854:Columbia Law Review (March, 1986) pp. 299, fn 123
1479:
2038:
1628:often necessary to petition a court, such as a
1085:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
1764:
1732:
1537:or MCA sets out a two-stage test of capacity:
2005:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1825:"Infants Act [RSBC 1996] Chapter 223"
1272:Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973
1142:
418:
27:Legal aptitude to have rights and liabilities
1181:itself in regard to an entity other than a
1122:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
1914:
1912:
1332:is determined by the minor's parent(s) or
1149:
1135:
425:
411:
1863:Jentz, Gaylord A. and Roger LeRoy Miller
1973:Mental Capacity Act 2008 s11 (Singapore)
1959:Mental Capacity Act 2008 s4 (Singapore)
1933:(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book.
1909:
1879:, 192 Wis. 2d 576, 593 (1995), quoting
1165:is a quality denoting either the legal
14:
2039:
1995:
1935:"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"
1362:determines the potential liability of
918:Duty of honest contractual performance
1893:Civil Law Act 1909 s35-36 (Singapore)
1552:Understand information given to them.
1106:of International Commercial Contracts
79:Conflict of laws in the United States
1877:Hauer v. Union State Bank of Wautoma
1699:
1677:
1296:varies, each state reflecting local
1743:legal capacity to software programs
1095:and other civil codes based on the
24:
1932:
1865:Business Law Today: The Essentials
1488:
1397:transactions such as purchasing a
1192:
25:
2078:
1340:is often set at 21 years by U.S.
1239:
1683:General and limited partnerships
920:(or doctrine of abuse of rights)
735:Enforcement of foreign judgments
699:Hague Choice of Court Convention
447:
385:Enforcement of foreign judgments
2027:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1952:
1769:When a business entity becomes
1752:
1710:
1658:
2067:Legal doctrines and principles
1926:
1898:
1886:
1870:
1857:
1835:
1817:
1799:
1480:Enemy aliens and/or terrorists
1350:age of criminal responsibility
728:Singapore Mediation Convention
13:
1:
1844:A Consent Theory of Contracts
1792:
1639:, the traditional common law
1459:
1218:terms, this is the policy of
1102:5 Explicitly rejected by the
869:Quasi-contractual obligations
1883:, 99 Wis. 2d 241, 245 (1980)
1199:Natural person in French law
7:
1849:September 25, 2008, at the
1780:
1765:Insolvent business entities
1739:limited liability companies
1733:Limited Liability Companies
1573:. This makes provision for
1561:Communicate their decision.
1185:(in this sense also called
10:
2083:
1905:Minors' Contracts Act 1987
1703:
1662:
1575:lasting powers of attorney
1507:
1492:
1463:
1358:). For sexual crimes, the
1281:
1243:
1196:
740:Hague Judgments Convention
1499:Diminished responsibility
1277:
1091:4 Specific to the German
236:Lex loci delicti commissi
40:private international law
2002:Autonomous Organizations
1571:Mental Capacity Act 2005
1535:Mental Capacity Act 2005
1210:between a state and its
796:Anticipatory repudiation
546:unequal bargaining power
1939:www.irishstatutebook.ie
1787:Capacity in English law
1747:artificial intelligence
1118:Uniform Commercial Code
1093:BĂĽrgerliches Gesetzbuch
778:Third-party beneficiary
750:Rights of third parties
628:Accord and satisfaction
311:Substantive legal areas
1721:constitutive documents
849:Liquidated, stipulated
694:Forum selection clause
579:Frustration of purpose
369:Hague Trust Convention
303:Forum selection clause
279:Lex loci celebrationis
86:Public policy doctrine
2011:10.1017/9781108878203
1807:"Mental Capacity Act"
1288:The definition of an
1246:Testamentary capacity
1177:), or altogether the
1111:Canadian contract law
479:Abstraction principle
392:Anti-suit injunctions
263:Lex loci protectionis
101:Definitional elements
1920:"Assessing capacity"
1706:Corporate personhood
1669:Intoxication defense
1612:Huntington's disease
1589:judicial declaration
1206:As an aspect of the
1175:transaction capacity
940:Related areas of law
839:Specific performance
689:Choice of law clause
654:Contract of adhesion
568:Culpa in contrahendo
474:Meeting of the minds
469:Offer and acceptance
287:Choice of law clause
124:Forum non conveniens
1665:Provocation (legal)
1616:Alzheimer's disease
1567:Court of Protection
1252:freedom of contract
1104:UNIDROIT Principles
878:Promissory estoppel
758:Privity of contract
711:New York Convention
671:UNIDROIT Principles
514:Collateral contract
509:Implication-in-fact
494:Invitation to treat
254:Lex loci solutionis
227:Lex loci contractus
60:Incidental question
1841:Barnett, Randy E.
1813:. 17 January 2024.
1426:standard of living
924:Duty of good faith
821:Fundamental breach
787:Breach of contract
716:UNCITRAL Model Law
680:Dispute resolution
665:Contra proferentem
659:Integration clause
633:Exculpatory clause
218:Lex loci rei sitae
187:Habitual residence
165:Connecting factors
1737:In American law,
1700:Juridical persons
1678:Business entities
1584:power of attorney
1521:power of attorney
1453:England and Wales
1326:medical procedure
1254:and the detailed
1187:legal personality
1159:
1158:
1002:England and Wales
910:Duties of parties
901:Negotiorum gestio
890:Unjust enrichment
611:Statute of frauds
560:Unconscionability
532:Misrepresentation
489:Mirror image rule
435:
434:
156:Lis alibi pendens
18:Legal personality
16:(Redirected from
2074:
2052:Conflict of laws
2031:
2025:
2024:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:Halbman v. Lemke
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1831:on 17 June 2004.
1827:. Archived from
1821:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1757:In some states,
1717:juridical person
1715:The extent of a
1523:to an appointed
1510:Insanity defense
1443:
1380:
1372:British Columbia
1310:marriageable age
1304:in defining the
1151:
1144:
1137:
979:China (mainland)
948:Conflict of laws
811:Efficient breach
806:Exclusion clause
606:Illusory promise
589:Impracticability
451:
437:
436:
427:
420:
413:
209:Lex loci arbitri
93:Hague Conference
53:Characterisation
36:Conflict of laws
32:
31:
21:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
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2071:
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1994:
1990:
1981:
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1968:
1964:
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1941:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1851:Wayback Machine
1840:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1783:
1767:
1755:
1735:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1653:mental disorder
1641:M'Naghten Rules
1516:
1514:Mental disorder
1506:
1501:
1491:
1489:Mental capacity
1482:
1468:
1462:
1441:
1316:, etc. In many
1306:age of majority
1286:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1208:social contract
1201:
1195:
1193:Natural persons
1155:
1126:
998:United Kingdom
961:By jurisdiction
431:
362:Forced heirship
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2064:
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2047:Capacity (law)
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2019:
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1712:
1709:
1704:Main article:
1701:
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1676:
1660:
1657:
1587:resolved by a
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1525:legal guardian
1505:
1502:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1461:
1458:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1360:age of consent
1334:legal guardian
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1241:
1240:Legal capacity
1238:
1228:), she cannot
1221:parens patriae
1194:
1191:
1183:natural person
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1109:6 Specific to
1107:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:1 Specific to
1075:
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1071:
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1028:
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996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
963:
962:
958:
957:
956:
955:
953:Commercial law
950:
942:
941:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
921:
912:
911:
907:
906:
905:
904:
897:
892:
887:
884:Quantum meruit
880:
872:
871:
865:
864:
863:
862:
857:
856:
855:
841:
833:
832:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
790:
789:
783:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
752:
751:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
732:
731:
730:
720:
719:
718:
713:
703:
702:
701:
691:
683:
682:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:
661:
656:
651:
649:Parol evidence
643:
642:
641:Interpretation
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
617:Non est factum
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
571:
564:
563:
562:
548:
539:
534:
526:
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518:
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486:
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476:
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458:
457:
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444:
443:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
379:
378:
374:
373:
372:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
332:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
289:
283:
282:
274:
273:
267:
266:
258:
257:
249:
248:
245:Lex loci actus
240:
239:
231:
230:
222:
221:
213:
212:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
151:
150:
148:Forum shopping
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
103:
102:
98:
97:
96:
95:
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75:
74:
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26:
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2020:9781108839938
2016:
2012:
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2004:
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1998:
1997:Bayern, Shawn
1992:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1940:
1936:
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1826:
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1778:
1776:
1775:administrator
1772:
1762:
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1740:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
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1670:
1666:
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1654:
1650:
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1642:
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1633:
1631:
1630:probate court
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
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1592:
1590:
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1500:
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1474:
1467:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:Disaffirmance
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:legal fiction
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:jurisdictions
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:right to vote
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:consanguinity
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:public policy
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
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1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
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1084:
1082:jurisdictions
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
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1049:
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1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
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1020:
1015:
1014:United States
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
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960:
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946:
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886:
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876:
875:
874:
873:
870:
867:
866:
861:
858:
854:
853:penal damages
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:Money damages
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
831:
828:
827:
822:
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814:
812:
809:
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764:
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712:
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669:
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660:
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655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Unclean hands
621:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
584:Impossibility
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:Force majeure
572:
570:
569:
565:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:public policy
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Consideration
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
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461:
460:
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450:
446:
445:
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439:
438:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:
376:
375:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
310:
309:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:Lex domicilii
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
72:Choice of law
70:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:Preliminaries
44:
43:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2057:Contract law
2029:
2001:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1900:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1842:
1837:
1829:the original
1819:
1810:
1801:
1768:
1759:trade unions
1756:
1753:Trade unions
1745:, including
1736:
1724:
1714:
1711:Corporations
1686:
1672:
1659:Intoxication
1637:Criminal Law
1634:
1598:, extensive
1593:
1580:
1564:
1547:
1529:
1517:
1483:
1469:
1446:
1438:
1433:Ratification
1432:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1355:doli incapax
1353:
1346:emancipation
1293:
1289:
1287:
1260:civil rights
1249:
1219:
1205:
1202:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1160:
1057:Criminal law
1039:Property law
994:Saudi Arabia
899:
882:
663:
615:
566:
484:Posting rule
463:
441:Contract law
399:Revenue rule
323:
293:
277:
261:
252:
243:
234:
225:
216:
207:
198:
177:
154:
140:
131:
122:
109:Jurisdiction
29:
1944:28 November
1726:ultra vires
1655:defenses).
1416:Obligations
1375:Infants Act
1284:Minor (law)
1268:English law
895:Restitution
706:Arbitration
377:Enforcement
200:Lex patriae
194:Nationality
2041:Categories
1793:References
1663:See also:
1608:disability
1508:See also:
1493:See also:
1476:affected.
1466:Bankruptcy
1464:See also:
1460:Bankruptcy
1314:voting age
1302:prejudices
1244:See also:
1197:See also:
1179:personhood
1097:pandectist
1080:common law
860:Rescission
768:Delegation
763:Assignment
551:Illegality
499:Firm offer
271:Proper law
133:Lex causae
1771:insolvent
1620:Lewy body
1600:paralysis
1449:Singapore
1422:Liability
1366:accused.
1342:state law
1322:contracts
1099:tradition
969:Australia
816:Deviation
723:Mediation
456:Formation
116:Procedure
1999:(2021).
1847:Archived
1781:See also
1649:insanity
1610:such as
1495:Insanity
1320:, legal
1212:citizens
1167:aptitude
1163:capacity
1062:Evidence
1034:Tort law
1007:Scotland
830:Remedies
773:Novation
596:Hardship
523:Defences
464:Capacity
355:Property
341:Marriage
329:Contract
324:Capacity
295:Dépeçage
173:Domicile
142:Lex fori
1693:limited
1689:general
1644:excused
1635:In the
1604:strokes
1429:range).
1338:alcohol
1330:consent
1298:culture
1234:nullity
1052:estates
984:Ireland
601:Set-off
542:Threats
537:Mistake
348:Divorce
2062:Rights
2017:
1811:NHS.uk
1473:states
1399:retail
1395:barter
1290:infant
1278:Minors
1171:person
1161:Legal
1050:, and
1048:trusts
1022:Other
974:Canada
319:Status
67:Renvoi
1773:, an
1625:trust
1391:minor
1364:adult
1294:minor
1256:human
1230:evade
1169:of a
1070:Notes
1044:Wills
1026:areas
989:India
851:, or
801:Cover
2015:ISBN
1946:2016
1691:and
1667:and
1651:and
1596:coma
1532:UK's
1530:The
1512:and
1497:and
1379:RSBC
1300:and
1258:and
553:and
544:and
336:Tort
38:and
2007:doi
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1292:or
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1024:law
2043::
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1911:^
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