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The starting point for focus stacking is a series of images captured at different focus distances; in each image different areas of the sample will be in focus. While none of these images has the sample entirely in focus they collectively contain all the data required to generate an image which has
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Focus stacking offers flexibility: since it is a computational technique, images with several different depths of field can be generated in post-processing and compared for best artistic merit or scientific clarity. Focus stacking also allows generation of images physically impossible with normal
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There are a number of programs that allow you to get the equivalent of infinite depth of field in your photos, with sharp focus from the foreground all the way back to the rear. How is this possible? By taking multiple photos of the same scene and stacking them afterwards into a composite that
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293:. When observing a sample directly, the limitations of the shallow depth of field are easy to circumvent by focusing up and down through the sample; to effectively present microscopy data of a complex 3D structure in 2D, focus stacking is a very useful technique.
238:. It also reduces the luminosity of the image. Focus stacking allows the depth of field of images taken at the sharpest aperture to be effectively increased. The images at right illustrate the increase in DOF that can be achieved by combining multiple exposures.
114:. Three source images at different focus distances (top left) are combined with masks (top right) to obtain the contributions of their respective images to the final focus stacked image (bottom). Black is no contribution; white is full.
219:, because depth of field is smaller (shallower) for objects nearer the camera, so if a small object fills the frame, it is often so close that its entire depth cannot be in focus at once. Depth of field is normally increased by
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are desirable to capture as much light as possible from a small sample. A high numerical aperture (equivalent to a low f-number) gives a very shallow depth of field. Higher magnification
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imaging equipment; images with nonplanar focus regions can be generated. Alternative techniques for generating images with increased or flexible depth of field include
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145:(DOF) than any of the individual source images. Focus stacking can be used in any situation where individual images have a very shallow depth of field;
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Hovden, Robert; Xin, Huolin L.; Muller, David A. (2010). "Extended Depth of Field for High-Resolution
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy".
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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1157:"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"
1059:"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"
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all parts of the sample in focus. In-focus regions of each image may be detected automatically, for example via
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encounters similar difficulties, where specimen features are much larger than the depth of field. By taking a
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1132:"Afficher le sujet - Proposition d'un terme français pour "focus stacking" • Le Naturaliste"
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features only the sharpest bits of each image. One of the best is
Helicon Focus.
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with a numerical aperture of around 1.4 has a depth of field of approximately 1
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of a single image at f/10 while the third image is the composite of six images.
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1313:"Focus stacking online - free online focus stacking application"
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Software creates from the sharpest areas in a stack of sections.
265:(MAHLI), which can take photos that can later be focus stacked.
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are two typical examples. Focus stacking can also be useful in
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technique which combines multiple images taken at different
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Video example of how focus stacking is applied to images
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Stacked image of the inner ridge of an orchid blossom
230:), but beyond a certain point, stopping down causes
1296:"Avizo User Guide, Module "Image Stack Projection""
1181:"MSL Science Corner: Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)"
1090:(5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. p.
141:distances to give a resulting image with a greater
1413:
1337:"GUI to Combine Photos to Get Deeper DOF or HDR"
285:generally have shallower depth of field; a 100×
96:Focus stacking (for extended depth of field) in
1208:
769:Stacked image of 3 × 2.5 mm electric wires
630:Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X
582:Shutter Stream Product Photography Software
234:, which counteracts the benefit of being in
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1402:Which cameras have built-in focus stacking?
76:Series of images demonstrating a six-image
781:Shaver head, stack of 36 frames, retouched
624:Alex Prudencio, Jesse Berent, Daniel Sage
1271:"Focus Stacking Made Easy with Photoshop"
1222:
298:scanning transmission electron microscopy
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
240:
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71:
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84:. First two images illustrate typical
828:viewed through a hole in a tree trunk
701:QuickPHOTO with Deep Focus extension
1086:How to Do Everything: Digital Camera
621:with Extended Depth of Field Plugin
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215:can be particularly challenging in
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16:Digital image processing technique
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1383:. 3rd ed. Oxford: Focal Press.
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1032:Microscopy § Deconvolution
757:Pepper mill, stack of 28 frames
551:Alexander Boltnev, Olga Kacher
193:This processing is also called
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261:mission has a device called
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232:blurring due to diffraction
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1185:MSL-SciCorner.JPL.NASA.gov
1016:High dynamic range imaging
917:grape, stack of 12 frames.
840:Pellet, stack of 32 frames
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732:Proprietary, 30-day trial
713:Proprietary, 30-day trial
677:Proprietary, 15-day trial
613:Proprietary, 30-day trial
392:Proprietary, 30-day trial
380:with Multifocus extension
249:'s first sampling hole in
197:, focal plane merging (or
1241:10.1017/S1431927610094171
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729:Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
674:Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
415:Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
404:'Image Stack Projection'
1039:for stacking astrophotos
902:male, stack of 36 frames
887:Skull, stack of 6 frames
313:Focus stacking software
135:digital image processing
1427:Photographic techniques
1317:FocusStackingOnline.com
259:Mars Science Laboratory
133: – is a
103:. This example is of a
32:Some of this article's
1082:Johnson, Dave (2008).
568:Focus Stacking Online
565:Focus Stacking Online
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822:Stacked image of two
263:Mars Hand Lens Imager
245:Stacked image of the
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155:landscape photography
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875:, stack of 20 frames
857:, stack of 10 frames
798:, stack of 15 frames
795:Macrolepiota procera
308:Software/application
302:through-focal series
1379:Ray, Sidney. 2002.
1362:"ImageFocusCombine"
1233:2011MiMic..17...75H
1001:Epsilon photography
900:Sympetrum flaveolum
488:Desktop / Embedded
314:
279:numerical apertures
211:Getting sufficient
167:light-field cameras
123:focal plane merging
1343:. 27 November 2016
687:Heribert Cypionka
610:Windows, Mac OS X
591:Windows, Mac OS X
369:Windows, Mac OS X
349:Windows, Mac OS X
312:
296:Atomic resolution
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151:optical microscopy
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112:diatomaceous earth
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1136:Lenaturaliste.net
1101:978-0-07-149580-6
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662:ImageFocusCombine
513:development team
509:Andrew Mihal and
504:align_image_stack
445:John Paul Chacha
429:Desktop / Mobile
324:Application type
217:macro photography
147:macro photography
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119:Focus stacking
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1277:. 2013-03-14
1275:Envato Tuts+
1274:
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1217:(1): 75–80.
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1189:the original
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1066:. Retrieved
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1027:Image fusion
1011:Frazier lens
870:
852:
823:
793:
638:MacroFusion
594:Proprietary
577:Proprietary
560:Proprietary
543:Proprietary
534:DelphiTools
506:or similar)
494:Proprietary
464:Alan Hadley
454:Proprietary
435:Proprietary
418:Proprietary
372:Proprietary
352:Proprietary
295:
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210:
203:in French).
200:zedification
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98:bright field
82:Tachinid fly
56:
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36:
1138:(in French)
658:Mathematica
530:FocusFusion
251:Mount Sharp
108:microfossil
37:may not be
1416:Categories
1408:Nov. 2019.
1367:2021-09-11
1347:2017-10-19
1322:2020-08-02
1281:2023-04-17
1195:2012-10-05
1166:2012-10-05
1142:2012-10-05
1118:Ray 2002,
1068:2012-12-10
1045:References
996:Deep focus
915:Pinot Gris
426:CamRanger
423:CamRanger
275:microscopy
195:z-stacking
127:z-stacking
1224:1010.4500
825:Arecaceae
704:Promicra
696:Freeware
585:Iconasys
557:Mac OS X
485:TunaCode
327:Platform
177:Technique
50:June 2019
1257:17082879
1249:21122192
1161:Msss.com
1063:Msss.com
984:See also
965:Diagrams
869:Mold on
744:Pictures
726:Desktop
710:Windows
707:Desktop
693:Windows
690:Desktop
644:Desktop
627:Desktop
607:Desktop
588:Desktop
554:Desktop
540:Windows
537:Desktop
516:Desktop
470:Windows
467:Desktop
460:CombineZ
451:Windows
448:Desktop
412:Desktop
389:Windows
386:Desktop
378:Aphelion
366:Desktop
346:Desktop
330:License
228:f-number
224:aperture
39:reliable
1229:Bibcode
1120:231–232
739:Gallery
683:Picolay
277:, high
1387:
1255:
1247:
1098:
923:Videos
647:Linux
619:ImageJ
500:Enfuse
383:ADCIS
363:Serif
105:diatom
1299:(PDF)
1253:S2CID
1219:arXiv
1018:(HDR)
511:hugin
402:Avizo
398:Amira
342:Adobe
318:Name
236:focus
139:focus
129:, or
80:of a
1385:ISBN
1245:PMID
1096:ISBN
660:via
574:All
257:The
171:tilt
169:and
149:and
1237:doi
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