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917:, which allows viewing and metering at the lens's maximum aperture, stops the lens down to the working aperture during exposure, and returns the lens to maximum aperture after exposure. For perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses, the mechanical linkage is impractical, and automatic aperture control was not offered on the first such lenses. Many PC and TS lenses incorporated a feature known as a "preset" aperture, which lets the photographer set the lens to working aperture, and then quickly switch between working aperture and full aperture without looking at the aperture control. Though slightly easier than stopped-down metering, operation is less convenient than automatic operation.
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1186:-number gives a small angular DoF. This can be useful if the objective is to provide selective focus to different objects at essentially the same distance from the camera. But in many cases, effective use of tilt for selective focus requires a careful choice of what is sharp as well as what is unsharp, as Vincent Laforet has noted. Because the tilt also affects the position of the PoF, it may not be possible to use a large amount of tilt and have the PoF pass through all desired points. This may not be a problem if only one point is to be sharp; for example, if it is desired to emphasize one building in a row of buildings, the tilt and
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1000:), the lens plane, and the plane of focus are parallel, and are perpendicular to the lens axis; objects in sharp focus are all at the same distance from the camera. When the lens plane is tilted relative to the image plane, the plane of focus (PoF) is at an angle to the image plane, and objects at different distances from the camera can all be sharply focused if they lie in the same plane. With the lens tilted, the image plane, lens plane, and PoF intersect at a common line; this behavior has become known as the
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1171:-number without tilt. With a regular camera, the PoF and the DoF are perpendicular to the line of sight; with tilt, the PoF can be almost parallel to the line of sight, and the DoF can be very narrow but extend to infinity. Thus parts of a scene at greatly different distances from the camera can be rendered sharp, and selective focus can be given to different parts of a scene at the same distance from the camera.
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586:: a 30 mm (24 mm full format equivalent), and a 110 mm (85 mm full format equivalent). Both lenses allow automatic aperture control, but must be focussed manually. The tilt mechanism (nearer to the front lens) allows up to ±8.5° for the 30 mm lens and up to ±10° for the 110 mm lens; the shift mechanism allows a sideway movement for both of up to ±15 mm.
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1190:-number can be used to control the width of the sharp area, and the focus used to determine which building is sharp. But if it is desired to have two or more points sharp (for example, two people at different distances from the camera), the PoF must include both points, and it usually is not possible to achieve this while also using the tilt to control DoF.
835:) the shake reduction hardware unit can be manually adjusted in the X/Y direction to achieve a shift effect with any lens using the Composition Adjust function in the menu system. Although available for any lens that fits the camera body, this adjustment can not fully replace regular shift lenses as those may provide a larger shift movement.
418:, made their own versions of PC lenses. Olympus produced 35 mm and 24 mm shift lenses. Canon currently offers 17 mm, 24 mm, 50 mm, 90 mm and 135 mm tilt/shift lenses. Nikon currently offers 19 mm, 24 mm, 45 mm, and 85 mm PC lenses with tilt and shift capability.
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Shift is a displacement of the lens parallel to the image plane that allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without changing the camera angle; in effect the camera can be aimed with the shift movement. Shift can be used to keep the image plane (and thus focus) parallel to the
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If a subject plane is parallel to the image plane, parallel lines in the subject remain parallel in the image. If the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as when pointing a camera up to photograph a tall building, parallel lines converge, and the result sometimes appears unnatural, such as a
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The mechanisms providing the tilt and shift functions can be rotated 90° to the left or right so that they operate horizontally, vertically, or at intermediate orientations. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified by Nikon so that
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cameras in the 1970s and 1980s. The lens was unique among perspective-control lenses in that, rather than offering a combination of tilt-and-shift, Minolta designed the lens with variable field curvature, which could make the field of focus either convex or concave (essentially a three-dimensional,
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When the camera back is parallel to a planar subject (such as the front of a building), all points in the subject are at the same distance from the camera, and are recorded at the same magnification. The shape of the subject is recorded without distortion. When the image plane is not parallel to the
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With a PC lens, the camera back can be kept parallel to the subject while the lens is moved to achieve the desired positioning of the subject in the image area. All points in the subject remain at the same distance from the camera, and the subject shape is preserved. If desired, the camera back can
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The effect of using tilt or swing movements is less easily accomplished in post-production. If every part of the image is within the depth of field, it is fairly easy to simulate the effect of shallow depth of field that could be achieved by using tilt or swing; however, if the image has a finite
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Another use of shifting is in taking pictures of a mirror. By moving the camera off to one side of the mirror, and shifting the lens in the opposite direction, an image of the mirror can be captured without the reflection of the camera or photographer. Shifting can similarly be used to photograph
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in the
Scheimpflug principle article. The DoF is zero at the apex, remains shallow at the edge of the lens's field of view, and increases with distance from the camera. For a given position of the PoF, the angle between the planes that define the near and far limits of DoF (i.e., the angular DoF)
537:. The lenses are supplied with the tilt and shift movements at right angles to each other; they can be modified so that the movements operate in the same direction. Canon filed a patent in 2016 for an autofocus system for use in a tilt-shift lens, but has not yet released such a lens as of 2022.
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The earliest perspective control and tilt–shift lenses for 35 mm format were 35 mm focal length, which is now considered too long for many architectural photography applications. With advances in optical design, lenses of 28 mm and then 24 mm became available and were quickly
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and a plane through the center of the lens parallel to the image plane; the tilt determines the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of the lens, and the focus determines the angle of the PoF with the image plane. In combination, the tilt and focus determine the position of the PoF.
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Whereas the image circle of a standard lens usually just covers the image frame, a lens that provides tilt or shift must allow for displacement of the lens axis from the center of the image frame, and consequently requires a larger image circle than a standard lens of the same focal length.
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techniques can give results similar to those achieved with tilt, and afford greater flexibility and control, such as choosing the region that is sharp and the amount of blur for the unsharp regions. Moreover, these choices can be made after the photograph is taken. One advanced technique,
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subject, as when pointing the camera up at a tall building, parts of the subject are at varying distances from the camera; the more distant parts are recorded at lesser magnification, causing the convergence of parallel lines. Because the subject is at an angle to the camera, it is also
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Both lenses allow not only independent rotation of the tilt component by up to 90° in relation to the shift component, but also enable rotating the whole lens by up to ±90° versus the default landscape position. The 110 mm lens sports a macro capability of max. 0.5× magnification.
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Using tilt changes the shape of the depth of field (DoF). When the lens and image planes are parallel, the DoF extends between parallel planes on either side of the PoF. With tilt or swing, the DoF is wedge shaped, with the apex of the wedge near the camera, as shown in
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than is required to cover the image area (film or sensor size). Typically, the image circle is large enough, and the mechanics of the lens sufficiently limited, that the image area cannot be shifted outside of the image circle. However, many PC lenses require a small
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ARAX introduced a 35 mm f/2.8 and an 80 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens, which are available for several camera mounts. Both lenses retail for less than the
Samyang T-S 24mm. ARAX also produces a 50 mm f/2.8 tilt–shift lens for Micro 4/3 and Sony NEX mounts.
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movements. This movement of the lens allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. A lens that provides only
1037:-number and angle of the PoF, the angular DoF decreases with increasing tilt. When it is desired to have an entire scene sharp, as in landscape photography, the best results are often achieved with a relatively small amount of tilt. When the objective is
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On a view camera, the tilt and shift movements are inherent in the camera, and many view cameras allow a considerable range of adjustment of both the lens and the camera back. Applying movements on a small- or medium-format camera usually requires a
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With a perspective control lens, however, the lens may be shifted upwards in relation to the image area, placing more of the subject within the frame. The ground level, the camera's point of perspective, is shifted towards the bottom of the frame.
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When making photographs of a building or other large structure from the ground, perspective can be eliminated by keeping the film plane parallel to the building. With ordinary lenses, this results in capturing only the bottom part of the subject.
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cameras. With some earlier camera models, a PC-E lens operates like a regular Nikon PC (non-E) lens, with preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton; with other earlier models, no aperture control is provided, and the lens is not usable.
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cameras. With some earlier cameras, the lenses offer preset aperture control by means of a pushbutton that controls the electromagnetic diaphragm; with other earlier cameras, no aperture control is provided, and the lenses are not usable.
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Tilting the camera upwards results in a perspective effect that causes the top of the building to appear smaller than its base, which is often considered undesirable. The perspective effect is proportional to the lens's angle of view.
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subject; it can be used to photograph a tall building while keeping the sides of the building parallel. The lens can also be shifted in the opposite direction and the camera tilted up to accentuate the convergence for artistic effect.
303:(i.e., 17 mm through 35 mm) are used mostly in architectural photography; longer focal lengths may also be used in other applications such as landscape, product, and closeup photography. PC lenses are generally designed for
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Sometimes the term is used when a shallow depth of field is simulated with digital post-processing; the name may derive from a perspective control lens (or tilt–shift lens) normally required when the effect is produced optically.
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SLR lens is a low-cost alternative for providing tilt and swing for many SLR cameras, although the effect is somewhat different from that of the lenses just described. Because of the simple optical design, there is significant
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in applications such as portrait photography. The selective focus that can be achieved by tilting the plane of focus is often compelling because the effect is different from that to which many viewers have become accustomed.
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lenses incorporated electromagnetic diaphragms, eliminating the need for a mechanical linkage between the camera and the diaphragm. Because of this, the Canon TS-E tilt–shift lenses include automatic aperture control.
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Laowa released the 15mm f/4.5 Shift-only lens in 2020. With the +/-11mm shift movement, it is currently the widest shift lens ever made for full frame cameras and mounts for all major camera brands are available.
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The PoF can also be oriented so that only a small part of it passes through the subject, producing a very shallow region of sharpness, and the effect is quite different from that obtained simply by using a large
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be rotated away from parallel to the subject, to allow some convergence of parallel lines or even to increase the convergence. Again, the position of the subject in the image area is adjusted by moving the lens.
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and Nikon currently offer four lenses that provide both movements. Such lenses are frequently used in architectural photography to control perspective, and in landscape photography to get an entire scene sharp.
119:. Shift is used to adjust the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; this is often helpful in avoiding the convergence of parallel lines, as when photographing tall buildings.
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When the camera back is not parallel to a planar subject, it is not possible to have the entire subject in focus without the use of tilt or swing; consequently, the image must rely on the
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2.8 lens that provides shift movements, with preset aperture control. The lens is available with mounts to fit cameras by various manufacturers, and also with 42 mm screw mount.
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makes tilt-and-shift lenses to fit various manufacturers’ camera bodies. It currently offers four Super-Rotator Tilt/Shift lenses for 35 mm bodies: the TS-PC Hartblei 35 mm
1129:. The former allows tilt, shift, or both; the latter allows only shift. With a tilt–shift lens, adjustments are available only for the lens, and the range is usually more limited.
38:: all vertical lines of the skyscrapers run parallel to the edges of the image. Tilting around the vertical axis resulted in a very small region in which objects appear sharp. (The
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The 17 mm and the 24 mm version II lenses allow independent rotation of the tilt and shift movements. The 50 mm, the 90 mm and the 135 mm providing
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Selective focus via tilt is often used to simulate a miniature scene, so much that "tilt-and-shift effect" has been used as a general term for some miniature faking techniques.
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cameras. To allow infinity focus, the adapter includes optics that multiply the lens focal lengths by 1.5. Autofocus and focus confirmation are disabled when using the adapter.
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when significant shifts are employed. PC lenses for 35 mm cameras typically offer a maximum shift of 11 mm; some newer models offer a maximum shift of 12 mm.
1141:, and sharp focus is limited to a region near the lens axis. Consequently, the Lensbaby's primary application is selective focus and toy camera–style photography.
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since the early days of photography; they have been available on smaller-format cameras since the early 1960s, usually by means of special lenses or adapters.
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due to the angle of the film/sensor plane to the subject. Areas of the image enlarged by these digital techniques may suffer from the visual effects of pixel
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introduced one of the cheapest today tilt–shift lenses, the
Samyang T-S 24mm f/3.5 ED AS UMC, which can tilt up to 8.5 degrees and shift up to 12mm of axis.
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Tilt–shift and perspective-control lenses are available for many SLR cameras, but most are far more expensive than comparable lenses without movements. The
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Tilt-lens photo of a model train. Note how the focus plane is along the train, and how the blurring of the background proceeds from left to right.
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depth of field, post-production cannot simulate the sharpness that could be achieved by using tilt or swing to maximize the region of sharpness.
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In 2008, Nikon introduced its PC-E perspective-control lenses with electromagnetic diaphragms. Automatic aperture control is provided with the
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motion-picture camera company offers a shift and tilt bellows system that provides movements for PL-mount lenses on motion-picture cameras.
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Tilt is used to control the orientation of the plane of focus (PoF), and hence the part of an image that appears sharp; it makes use of the
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View camera users usually distinguish between rotating the lens about a horizontal axis (tilt), and rotation about a vertical axis (
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says he prefers using tilt–shift lenses to digital post-production as too much digital can detract and "It doesn’t look organic."
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3.5 to fit several medium-format camera bodies. The tilt and shift movements can be independently rotated in any direction.
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In the center photo, the same camera is tilted up to take in the whole house. The building appears to lean backwards.
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A camera lens can provide sharp focus on only a single plane. Without tilt, the image plane (containing the film or
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introduced a lens that provided both tilt and shift movements in 1973; many other manufacturers soon followed suit.
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1004:. When focus is adjusted with a tilted lens, the PoF rotates about an axis at the intersection of the lens's front
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2128:, 9th ed. Ed. Ralph E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray, Geoffrey G. Atteridge, and Norman R. Axford. Oxford: Focal Press.
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5.6 T-S; click on image to view page with overlain annotations that explain integrated tilt and shift features
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capability of 0.5×, some with extension tube up to 1.0×. All five lenses provide automatic aperture control.
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can be used to direct the viewer's attention to a small part of the image while de-emphasizing other parts.
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is currently providing the TS-APO-ELMAR-S 1:5,6/120 mm ASPH lens for its new S-System of digital SLRs.
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In the left photo, the camera has been leveled but no shift lens used. The top of the house is not in shot.
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1253:'s series Cityshrinker extended this concept to miniature faking major cities around the world, his book
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1578:"Optical control apparatus, optical apparatus, and storage medium for storing optical control program"
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Shifting the lens upwards results in a picture of the entire subject without perspective distortion.
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1923:"More than 60 Examples of Miniature Faking Photography Created Using Tilt–Shift Generator Software"
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adopted by photographers working in close proximity to their subjects, such as in urban settings.
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do not allow the photographer to directly view the effect of the lens, and view cameras allow for
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Keeping the camera level, with an ordinary lens, captures only the bottom portion of the building.
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2.8D ED. The 45 mm and 85 mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for
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Example of a photograph taken with a tilt–shift lens. The lens was shifted downwards to avoid
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offers the world's widest 15mm shift lens with an extremely good optical distortion control.
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lenses, all of which feature tilt and shift functions: a new (Oct. 2016) PC-E Nikkor 19mm
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arTec camera offers tilt and shift with the full range of
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Page of Links to
Galleries and Information on Tilt–Shift Photography and Lenses
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1535:"Fujifilm delivers GF 30mm and 110mm F5.6 tilt-shift lenses for medium format"
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offers a tilt-and-shift adapter, the HTS 1.5, for use with the HCD 28 mm
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4 Nikkor PC-E ED tilt–shift lens, introduced
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Major Cities of the World in tilt–shift by Ben Thomas, project
Cityshrinker
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Held, R. T.; Cooper, E. A.; O'Brien, J. F.; Banks, M. S. (March 2010).
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With tilt, the effect is different from that obtained by using a large
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1603:"Leica TS-APO-Elmar-S 120mm f/5.6 ASPH. - Overview | Leica Camera US"
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is well known for his miniature-faking skills in the 1990s. Artist
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The first PC lens manufactured for an SLR camera in any format was
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are also used by some manufacturers to refer to this type of lens.
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1446:"Camera Lenses - All NIKKOR Lenses for Digital SLR Cameras- Nikon"
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In the right photo, a shift (or PC) lens gives the results wanted.
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2166:– Simple Photoscape tutorial to stimulate fake tilt–shift effects
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Nikon 24 mm lens, which tilts (as seen here) and also shifts
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introduced a lens providing shift movements for their 35 mm
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Perspective
Control (Tilt/Shift range) Architectural View Camera
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currently offers five lenses with tilt and shift functions: the
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Perspective
Control (Shift Lenses) in Architectural Photography
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Selective focus using tilt appears in motion pictures such as
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The mathematics involved in tilt lenses are described as the
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Tilting the camera upwards results in perspective distortion.
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Bond, Howard (May–June 1998). "Setting Up the View Camera".
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The Manual of
Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging
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Ray, Sidney F. 2000. The geometry of image formation. In
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functions) can be used to control perspective effects in
151:
Some photographers have popularized the use of tilt for
1423:
1421:
174:
and many other photographers have used this technique.
42:
is actually not reduced but tilted in reference to the
2034:"Tilt shift's shrinking technique is a growing effect"
453:
to have the entire subject rendered acceptably sharp.
1516:"Laowa 15mm f/4.5 Zero-D Shift - LAOWA Camera Lenses"
1257:(Chronicle Books, 2014), depicts Tokyo in miniature.
255:
allows the photographer to control the appearance of
1418:
736:
4 Nikkor PC-E ED tilt–shift lens, shown shifted 12mm
259:
in the image; the lens can be moved parallel to the
1947:"Using blur to affect perceived distance and size"
1378:, a camera type that allows tilt and shift control
1301:
1221:Miniature simulation using digital post processing
858:All perspective-control and tilt–shift lenses are
627:2.8. It also offers the TS-PC Hartblei 45 mm
1896:"50 Beautiful Examples of Tilt–Shift Photography"
1731:(3rd ed.). London: Focal Press. p. 28.
1084:Shifting a lens allows different portions of the
795:lenses offer automatic aperture control with the
3893:
1464:"Tale Seventeen : PC-Nikkor 28 mm f/4"
1397:"Tale Seventeen : PC-Nikkor 28 mm f/4"
1529:
1527:
1525:
1077:building that appears to be leaning backwards.
388:2.8 SSC, with tilt as well as shift functions.
73:that change the orientation or position of the
1703:"Samyang T-S 24mm f/3.5 ED AS UMC Lens Review"
2272:
2222:Using a perspective control lens (shift lens)
2209:Using the 35 mm Perspective Control Lens
812:the movements operate in the same direction.
177:
1700:
1522:
1115:
267:, providing the equivalent of corresponding
3824:Conservation and restoration of photographs
2190:Instruction manual for 35 mm PC-Nikkor lens
2059:"NEW RELEASE: Thom Yorke "Harrowdown Hill""
1920:
1691:, p. 220, Pentax Ricoh Imaging Corporation.
1182:, using a large amount of tilt and a small
3561:Comparison of digital and film photography
2279:
2265:
1754:"Shift/tilt lenses bring new perspectives"
1673:"PC-E NIKKOR 24mm f/3.5D ED User's Manual"
780:2.8D ED, and PC-E Micro Nikkor 85 mm
377:3.5 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1981). In 1973,
3781:Photographs considered the most important
2081:
1981:
1894:Rodrigues, Vailancio (16 November 2008).
1893:
429:announced the 30 mm and 110 mm
2232:Tilt–shift lens selection and difference
2056:
1921:Baryshnikov, Evgeniy (10 January 2012).
1844:
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1216:
1148:
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987:
875:
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705:
620:2.8, and the TS-PC Hartblei 120 mm
563:
539:
464:
227:
57:
29:
2157:Tilt–Shift Software Photoscape Tutorial
1940:
1938:
1803:Is the Lensbaby like a tilt–shift lens?
841:offers the PC-Super Angulon 28 mm
698:2.8 Shift CA lens for its manual focus
14:
3894:
2247:Sinar arTec camera with tilt and shift
2100:
2031:
1784:is available on the Large Format Page.
1751:
370:4 28 mm PC-Nikkor (1975), and an
2260:
2237:Perspective Correction Using Software
1871:
1701:Wolstenholme, Gary (April 29, 2013).
1496:from the original on January 17, 2024
381:introduced a lens, the TS 35 mm
299:Short-focus perspective-control (PC)
2227:Tutorial: Perspective Control Lenses
2214:Dictionary of Film and Photography:
2103:"Tiny Tokyo; The Big City Made Mini"
2057:Gottleib, Steven (August 24, 2006).
1935:
1773:
1106:
1038:
433:tilt/shift lenses on Sept. 12 2023.
363:2.8 35 mm PC-Nikkor (1968), an
3776:Museums devoted to one photographer
1874:"Can Photographers Be Plagiarists?"
1627:"The Rokkor Files - 35mm Shoot-out"
1206:
1072:San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona
972:
902:
773:lens, PC-E Micro-Nikkor 45 mm
613:3.5, the TS-PC Hartblei 80 mm
606:2.8, the TS-PC Hartblei 65 mm
460:
24:
3323:Timeline of photography technology
2170:Examples of Tilt–Shift Photography
2118:
1255:Tiny Tokyo: The Big City Made Mini
1199:, (2002). Director of photography
1144:
1099:) and lateral movements (shift or
122:
25:
3918:
2180:How Shift Lenses Change your Life
2139:
2082:Fergusson, WM (9 December 2007).
1849:The Diving Bell and the Butterfly
1845:Kaminski, Janusz (2 April 2010).
1174:With tilt, the depth of field is
127:Movements have been available on
3874:
3864:
3863:
1872:Segal, David (7 February 2007).
1678:. Nikon Corporation. p. 21.
1394:
1366:Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED
436:
214:
200:
186:
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2175:What is perspective correction?
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2004:
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1302:Perspective-control in software
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584:medium format tilt/shift lenses
391:Other manufacturers, including
2032:Vankin, Deborah (2012-07-04).
2014:. FaceGarage. 30 November 2014
1561:
1552:
1508:
1490:Canon Central and North Africa
1478:
1456:
1438:
1388:
1362:, another type of movable lens
13:
1:
3373:Painted photography backdrops
3305:Golden triangle (composition)
2580:35 mm equivalent focal length
2216:Perspective control (PC) lens
2185:History of the PC-Nikkor lens
2151:About Canon's Tilt–Shift Lens
2101:Thomas, Ben (10 April 2014).
2084:"Fake Tilt–Shift Photography"
1752:Wilson, Andrew (1 May 2006).
1382:
924:line of cameras in 1987, the
744:24mm Nikkor PC-E lens shifted
2012:"TiltShift Effect Generator"
1954:ACM Transactions on Graphics
1825:"Interview: Vincent Laforet"
1429:"TS 35 mm f/2.8 S.S.C."
280:, while those that can also
7:
3083:Intentional camera movement
1343:
1312:Computer software (such as
535:TS-E 135 mm f/4L MACRO
10:
3923:
3771:Most expensive photographs
3128:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1689:"Pentax K-5 User's Manual"
1305:
1210:
976:
920:When Canon introduced its
915:automatic aperture control
906:
178:Perspective-control lenses
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3401:
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3265:
3005:
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2572:
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1727:Stroebel, Leslie (1976).
1486:"Canon Tilt-Shift Lenses"
1179:
1116:Applying camera movements
913:Most SLR cameras provide
703:spherical form of tilt).
3705:Digital image processing
2252:Rokinon 24 mm shift lens
1651:"Minolta MF FAQ: Lenses"
1127:perspective control lens
1063:
356:; it was followed by an
354:3.5 35 mm PC-Nikkor
253:perspective-control lens
3907:Photographic techniques
3378:Photography and the law
1966:10.1145/1731047.1731057
1756:. Vision Systems Design
1230:digital post-processing
1017:with a regular camera.
983:
869:camera makers, such as
764:PC-E Nikkor 24 mm
668:2.8 and HC 100 mm
322:A PC lens has a larger
3725:Gelatin silver process
2749:Science of photography
2734:Photographic processes
2712:Perspective distortion
1282:
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993:
888:
882:Samyang T-S 24 mm f3.5
745:
737:
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576:
554:
520:TS-E 50mm f/2.8L MACRO
479:
410:(produced as well for
244:
100:plane relative to the
67:Tilt–shift photography
63:
55:
36:perspective distortion
18:Tilt-shift photography
3183:Schlieren photography
2722:Photographic printing
2645:Exposure compensation
1729:View Camera Technique
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1071:
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1002:Scheimpflug principle
991:
879:
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340:Scheimpflug principle
231:
139:cameras in 1962, and
117:Scheimpflug principle
61:
46:.) The picture shows
33:
2967:Straight photography
2605:Chromatic aberration
1847:"Janusz Kaminski on
1492:. January 17, 2024.
1355:Canon TS-E 24mm lens
1026:increases with lens
232:The 1961 35 mm
77:with respect to the
3902:Photographic lenses
3834:photographic plates
3519:Digital photography
2697:Hyperfocal distance
2610:Circle of confusion
1631:www.rokkorfiles.com
1432:Canon Camera Museum
1308:Perspective control
1153:Bird's eye view of
839:Schneider-Kreuznach
661:3.5, HC 80 mm
654:3.5, HC 50 mm
408:Schneider Kreuznach
331:setting to prevent
313:perspective control
309:rangefinder cameras
3338:Autochrome Lumière
3333:Analog photography
3158:Pigeon photography
2947:Social documentary
2426:discontinued films
1518:. 30 October 2020.
1371:Tilted plane focus
1283:
1223:
1159:
1139:curvature of field
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307:(SLR) cameras, as
305:single-lens reflex
245:
167:Sports Illustrated
64:
56:
3889:
3888:
3690:Collodion process
3626:Chromogenic print
3613:Color photography
3123:Multiple exposure
3098:Lo-fi photography
2625:Color temperature
2038:Los Angeles Times
1901:Smashing Magazine
1738:978-0-240-50901-3
1468:Nikon Corporation
1401:Nikon Corporation
1107:Lens image circle
1057:Nikkor 35 mm lens
691:offered the 35mm
647:4, HC 35 mm
568:Fujinon GF 30 mm
545:Canon TS-E 17 mm
286:tilt–shift lenses
16:(Redirected from
3914:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3745:Print permanence
3695:Cross processing
3653:CMYK color model
3638:Color management
3591:Foveon X3 sensor
3586:Three-CCD camera
3230:Miniature faking
3188:Sabattier effect
2800:Astrophotography
2655:Zebra patterning
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1607:leica-camera.com
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1403:. Archived from
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1213:Miniature faking
1207:Miniature faking
1155:Campos do Jordão
979:Camera movements
973:Camera movements
909:Aperture control
903:Aperture control
847:
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819:high-end DSLRs (
789:macrophotography
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498:TS-E 17 mm
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470:Canon TS-E 24mm
461:Available lenses
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3275:Diagonal method
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2905:Photojournalism
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2600:Black-and-white
2568:
2547:Slide projector
2542:Movie projector
2421:available films
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1241:", directed by
1239:Harrowdown Hill
1215:
1209:
1201:Janusz Kamiński
1196:Minority Report
1162:Selective focus
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1145:Selective focus
1123:tilt–shift lens
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1814:Stroebel, 1976
1807:
1786:
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1744:
1737:
1719:
1693:
1681:
1664:
1661:on 2001-03-06.
1642:
1618:
1594:
1582:Google Patents
1569:
1567:Ray 2000, 172.
1560:
1558:Ray 2000, 171.
1551:
1521:
1507:
1477:
1474:on 2008-08-28.
1455:
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1352:
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1342:
1330:depth of field
1306:Main article:
1303:
1300:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1247:Olivo Barbieri
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1146:
1143:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1065:
1062:
1033:; for a given
985:
982:
977:Main article:
974:
971:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
893:Samyang Optics
831:, K-5 IIs and
675:2.2 lenses on
462:
459:
451:depth of field
438:
435:
241:PC-Nikkor lens
220:
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185:
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69:is the use of
40:depth of field
26:
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2:
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3787:
3786:Photographers
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3681:
3680:Bleach bypass
3678:
3677:
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3667:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:primary color
3646:
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3633:Reversal film
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3598:Image sharing
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3358:Daguerreotype
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3203:Stopping down
3201:
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3168:Rephotography
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3103:Long-exposure
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2795:Architectural
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2754:Shutter speed
2752:
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2708:
2707:Metering mode
2705:
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2621:
2620:Color balance
2618:
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2611:
2608:
2606:
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2601:
2598:
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2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Angle of view
2583:
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2533:
2532:Manufacturers
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2178:
2176:
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2168:
2165:
2164:archive.today
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:0-240-51574-9
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2007:
1993:
1989:
1984:
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1796:
1790:
1783:
1782:transcription
1777:
1770:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1685:
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1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1407:on 2008-08-28
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:Sato, Haruo.
1391:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:interpolation
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:music video "
1236:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
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1165:
1163:
1156:
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1142:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:
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1113:
1104:
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1098:
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1078:
1070:
1058:
1053:
1049:
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1036:
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1024:
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1016:
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1007:
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990:
980:
970:
967:
963:
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955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
916:
910:
900:
896:
894:
887:
884:mounted on a
883:
878:
874:
872:
868:
867:medium format
864:
861:
856:
854:
849:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
772:
754:
750:
742:
727:
720:
708:
704:
701:
690:
686:
684:
680:
678:
639:
635:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:provides two
581:
566:
562:
560:
553:
542:
538:
536:
532:
521:
517:
506:
495:
491:
489:
484:
478:
467:
458:
454:
452:
447:
445:
444:foreshortened
437:Shape control
434:
432:
431:medium format
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
389:
380:
355:
347:Nikon's 1961
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
325:
320:
318:
315:using camera
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
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168:
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159:
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107:
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99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
53:
52:Victoria Peak
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3846:Polaroid art
3740:K-14 process
3735:Instant film
3730:Gum printing
3685:C-41 process
3670:Photographic
3571:Image sensor
3566:Film scanner
3224:
3220:Sun printing
3153:Print toning
2940:space selfie
2910:Pictorialism
2840:Ethnographic
2820:Conservation
2692:Guide number
2687:Focal length
2215:
2202:
2195:
2125:
2106:. Retrieved
2096:
2087:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2006:
1995:. Retrieved
1960:(2): 19:11.
1957:
1953:
1926:. Retrieved
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1899:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1853:. MovieMaker
1848:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1747:
1728:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1684:
1667:
1659:the original
1654:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1541:. 2023-09-12
1538:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1472:the original
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1390:
1338:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1261:Applications
1254:
1227:
1224:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1176:wedge shaped
1173:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1131:
1119:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:image circle
1083:
1079:
1075:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1011:
998:image sensor
995:
931:
919:
914:
912:
897:
890:
863:prime lenses
860:manual-focus
857:
850:
837:
814:
810:
747:
687:
681:
636:
595:
591:
578:
556:
516:3.5L II
492:
485:
481:
455:
448:
440:
420:Venus Optics
393:Venus Optics
390:
344:
337:
324:image circle
321:
298:
293:
289:
288:. The terms
285:
277:
276:is called a
252:
246:
165:
162:Walter Iooss
150:
129:view cameras
126:
114:
109:
105:
95:
91:
83:image sensor
66:
65:
50:viewed from
3851:Stereoscopy
3715:E-6 process
3710:Dye coupler
3643:color space
3556:Digiscoping
3549:camera back
3464:Philippines
3393:Visual arts
3383:Glass plate
3368:Heliography
3267:Composition
3242:Ultraviolet
3198:Stereoscopy
3193:Slow motion
3178:Scanography
3093:Kite aerial
3033:Contre-jour
2925:Post-mortem
2915:Pornography
2895:Neues Sehen
2830:Documentary
2764:Zone System
2739:Reciprocity
2665:Film format
2595:Backscatter
2573:Terminology
2443:beauty dish
2342:rangefinder
2307:light-field
2288:Photography
2063:VideoStatic
1712:23 November
1655:www.sds.com
1500:January 17,
1450:en.nikon.ca
1376:View camera
1318:perspective
1178:. As noted
1059:that shifts
1006:focal plane
729:Nikon 19mm
710:Nikon 19mm
284:are called
269:view camera
257:perspective
249:photography
102:image plane
44:image plane
3896:Categories
3841:Lomography
3672:processing
3621:Print film
3537:comparison
3504:Uzbekistan
3454:Luxembourg
3414:Bangladesh
3363:Dufaycolor
3343:Box camera
3300:Simplicity
3257:Zoom burst
3252:Xerography
3247:Vignetting
3237:Time-lapse
3225:Tilt–shift
3118:Mordançage
3108:Luminogram
3073:Holography
3068:High-speed
3048:Fill flash
3028:Burst mode
3006:Techniques
2987:Vernacular
2982:Underwater
2977:Toy camera
2957:Still life
2885:Monochrome
2875:High-speed
2825:Cloudscape
2815:Conceptual
2717:Photograph
2702:Lens flare
2682:Film speed
2564:Zone plate
2510:wide-angle
2495:long-focus
2108:2014-05-09
2068:2023-05-23
2043:2023-05-23
2018:2014-11-30
1997:2012-02-23
1928:2012-05-06
1907:2008-11-19
1880:2007-02-07
1857:2010-04-02
1831:2010-04-06
1760:2020-01-23
1707:ePHOTOzine
1636:2023-05-23
1612:2023-05-23
1545:2024-05-29
1411:2008-07-10
1383:References
1251:Ben Thomas
1243:Chel White
1235:Thom Yorke
719:Nikon D810
638:Hasselblad
533:, and the
531:2.8L MACRO
333:vignetting
278:shift lens
158:Ben Thomas
3791:Norwegian
3755:Stop bath
3700:Developer
3328:Ambrotype
3290:Lead room
3213:Slit-scan
3148:Photogram
3143:Panoramic
3053:Fireworks
3038:Cyanotype
2880:Landscape
2525:telephoto
2473:reflector
2468:monolight
2463:lens hood
2448:cucoloris
2384:safelight
2295:Equipment
1974:0730-0301
1314:Photoshop
1245:. Artist
891:In 2013,
317:movements
104:, called
48:Hong Kong
3870:Category
3576:CMOS APS
3474:Slovenia
3402:Regional
3348:Calotype
3285:Headroom
3163:Redscale
3078:Infrared
3023:Brenizer
2997:Wildlife
2920:Portrait
2865:Forensic
2855:Fine-art
2790:Aircraft
2780:Abstract
2660:F-number
2640:Exposure
2615:Clipping
2590:Aperture
2458:hot shoe
2379:enlarger
2374:Darkroom
2160:Archived
2088:NY Times
1992:21552429
1799:Lensbaby
1778:: 41–45.
1539:DPReview
1494:Archived
1360:Lensbaby
1344:See also
1157:, Brazil
1134:Lensbaby
1023:Figure 5
1015:aperture
954:D800/810
942:D600/610
886:Sony A77
797:Nikon D3
700:SR-mount
677:H-System
597:Hartblei
580:Fujifilm
427:Fujifilm
329:aperture
3881:Outline
3817:Related
3509:Vietnam
3494:Ukraine
3429:Denmark
3409:Albania
3388:Tintype
3315:History
3280:Framing
3173:Rollout
3138:Panning
3088:Kirlian
2992:Wedding
2870:Glamour
2850:Fashion
2835:Eclipse
2805:Banquet
2727:Albumen
2537:Monopod
2515:fisheye
2483:softbox
2332:pinhole
2322:instant
2312:digital
1983:3088122
1876:. Slate
1587:15 June
1322:distort
1031:-number
771:3.5D ED
689:Minolta
477:3.5L II
416:Minolta
414:), and
400:Olympus
164:Jr. of
87:cameras
3879:
3868:
3801:street
3796:Polish
3489:Turkey
3484:Taiwan
3469:Serbia
3459:Norway
3434:Greece
3419:Canada
3013:Afocal
2972:Street
2952:Sports
2935:Selfie
2890:Nature
2845:Erotic
2810:Candid
2785:Aerial
2773:Genres
2675:medium
2552:Tripod
2520:swivel
2433:Filter
2411:holder
2406:format
2302:Camera
2132:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1735:
1228:Basic
871:Mamiya
829:K-5 II
817:Pentax
803:, and
721:camera
522:, the
518:, the
507:, the
404:Pentax
301:lenses
265:sensor
3806:women
3764:Lists
3720:Fixer
3603:Pixel
3532:D-SLR
3479:Sudan
3449:Korea
3444:Japan
3439:India
3424:China
3208:Strip
3133:Night
3113:Macro
3018:Bokeh
2962:Stock
2930:Ruins
2670:large
2500:prime
2478:snoot
2438:Flash
2416:stock
2391:Drone
2352:still
2337:press
2327:phone
2317:field
1950:(PDF)
1795:"FAQ"
1676:(PDF)
1180:above
1101:cross
1064:Shift
1055:1980
1046:swing
853:Sinar
749:Nikon
683:Leica
559:macro
494:Canon
423:Laowa
412:Leica
396:Laowa
379:Canon
274:shift
145:Canon
141:Canon
133:Nikon
110:shift
3829:film
3544:MILC
3043:ETTR
2900:Nude
2860:Fire
2759:Sync
2557:head
2505:zoom
2490:Lens
2453:gobo
2401:base
2396:Film
2367:view
2130:ISBN
1988:PMID
1970:ISSN
1733:ISBN
1714:2013
1589:2022
1502:2024
1320:and
1097:fall
1095:and
1093:rise
984:Tilt
964:and
950:D750
946:D700
938:D500
934:D300
880:The
851:The
833:K-30
805:D700
801:D300
488:Arri
486:The
292:and
282:tilt
261:film
251:, a
239:3.5
106:tilt
98:lens
79:film
75:lens
3581:CCD
2362:toy
2357:TLR
2347:SLR
1978:PMC
1962:doi
1316:'s
1125:or
922:EOS
825:K-5
821:K-7
815:In
263:or
247:In
137:SLR
85:on
81:or
3898::
2086:.
2061:.
2036:.
1986:.
1976:.
1968:.
1958:29
1956:.
1952:.
1937:^
1898:.
1801:.
1797:.
1780:A
1705:.
1653:.
1629:.
1605:.
1580:.
1537:.
1524:^
1488:.
1466:.
1448:.
1420:^
1399:.
966:D5
962:D4
960:,
958:D3
956:,
952:,
948:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
926:EF
827:,
823:,
799:,
753:PC
552:4L
446:.
406:,
402:,
398:,
319:.
294:TS
290:PC
170:,
160:,
112:.
89:.
2280:e
2273:t
2266:v
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1964::
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