515:. Photographs can be taken of a person stretching out a hand with a wideangle, a normal lens, and a telephoto, which contain exactly the same image size by changing the distance from the subject. But the perspective will be different. With the wideangle, the hands will be exaggeratedly large relative to the head. As the focal length increases, the emphasis on the outstretched hand decreases. However, if pictures are taken from the same distance, and enlarged and cropped to contain the same view, the pictures will have identical perspective. A moderate long-focus (telephoto) lens is often recommended for portraiture because the perspective corresponding to the longer shooting distance is considered to look more flattering.
206:
816:. Commonly, the lens may zoom from moderate wide-angle, through normal, to moderate telephoto; or from normal to extreme telephoto. The zoom range is limited by manufacturing constraints; the ideal of a lens of large maximum aperture which will zoom from extreme wideangle to extreme telephoto is not attainable. Zoom lenses are widely used for small-format cameras of all types: still and cine cameras with fixed or interchangeable lenses. Bulk and price limit their use for larger film sizes. Motorized zoom lenses may also have the focus, iris, and other functions motorized.
218:
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take pictures of distant objects). This allows the pinhole to be opened up significantly (fourth image) because a thin convex lens bends light rays in proportion to their distance to the axis of the lens, with rays striking the center of the lens passing straight through. The geometry is almost the same as with a simple pinhole lens, but rather than being illuminated by single rays of light, each image point is illuminated by a focused
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247:. In this simple case, the aperture, entrance pupil, and exit pupil are all in the same place because the only optical element is in the plane of the aperture, but in general these three will be in different places. Practical photographic lenses include more lens elements. The additional elements allow lens designers to reduce various aberrations, but the principle of operation remains the same:
270:
794:
be any lens modified (with adapters or spacers, which are also known as "extension tubes".) to bring the focal plane "forward" for very close photography. Depending on the camera to subject distance and aperture, the depth-of-field can be very narrow, limiting the linear depth of the area that will be in focus. Lenses are usually stopped down to give a greater depth-of-field.
359:
for many years, and have acquired a bad reputation: manufacturers of quality optics tend to use euphemisms such as "optical resin". However many modern, high performance (and high priced) lenses from popular manufacturers include molded or hybrid aspherical elements, so it is not true that all lenses with plastic elements are of low photographic quality.
618:
aberrations, which are worse at the edge of the field and when the edge of a large lens is used for image-forming. A long-focus lens of small aperture can be of very simple construction to attain comparable image quality: a doublet (two elements) will often suffice. Some older cameras were fitted with convertible lenses (German:
652:
of early lenses, particularly zoom lenses, especially where the lens was directly illuminated by a light source. The introduction many years ago of optical coatings, and advances in coating technology over the years, have resulted in major improvements, and modern high-quality zoom lenses give images
358:
which are difficult or impossible to manufacture in glass, and which simplify or improve lens manufacturing and performance. Plastics are not used for the outermost elements of all but the cheapest lenses as they scratch easily. Molded plastic lenses have been used for the cheapest disposable cameras
793:
very small subjects. A macro lens may be of any focal length, the actual focus length being determined by its practical use, considering magnification, the required ratio, access to the subject, and illumination considerations. It can be a special lens corrected optically for close up work or it can
163:
Practical lenses can be thought of as an answer to the question: "how can a pinhole lens be modified to admit more light and give a smaller spot size?". A first step is to put a simple convex lens at the pinhole with a focal length equal to the distance to the film plane (assuming the camera will
698:
The lens mount design is an important issue for compatibility between cameras and lenses. There is no universal standard for lens mounts, and each major camera maker typically uses its own proprietary design, incompatible with other makers. A few older manual focus lens mount designs, such as the
617:
The complexity of a lens — the number of elements and their degree of asphericity — depends upon the angle of view, the maximum aperture, and intended price point, among other variables. An extreme wideangle lens of large aperture must be of very complex construction to correct for optical
424:
626:) of normal focal length. The front element could be unscrewed, leaving a lens of twice the focal length, and half the angle of view and half the aperture. The simpler half-lens was of adequate quality for the narrow angle of view and small relative aperture. This would require the
404:, to regulate the time during which light may pass, may be incorporated within the lens assembly (for better quality imagery), within the camera, or even, rarely, in front of the lens. Some cameras with leaf shutters in the lens omit the aperture, and the shutter does double duty.
314:
by adjusting the distance from the lens assembly to the image plane, or by moving elements of the lens assembly. To improve performance, some lenses have a cam system that adjusts the distance between the groups as the lens is focused. Manufacturers call this different things:
239:; ideally, all rays of light leaving a point on the object that enter the entrance pupil will be focused to the same point on the image sensor/film (provided the object point is in the field of view). If one were inside the camera, one would see the lens acting as a
475:
than smaller apertures, other conditions being equal. Practical lens assemblies may also contain mechanisms to deal with measuring light, secondary apertures for flare reduction, and mechanisms to hold the aperture open until the instant of exposure to allow
785:) is any lens that produces an image on the focal plane (i.e., film or a digital sensor) that is one quarter of life size (1:4) to the same size (1:1) as the subject being imaged. There is no official standard to define a macro lens, usually a
483:
Focal lengths are usually specified in millimetres (mm), but older lenses might be marked in centimetres (cm) or inches. For a given film or sensor size, specified by the length of the diagonal, a lens may be classified as a:
148:
is blurry because each pixel is essentially the shadow of the aperture stop, so its size is no smaller than the size of the aperture (third image). Here a pixel is the area of the detector exposed to light from a point on the
427:
How focal length affects photograph composition: adjusting the camera's distance from the main subject while changing focal length, the main subject can remain the same size, while the other at a different distance changes
440:. The lens' focal length determines the magnification of the image projected onto the image plane, and the aperture the light intensity of that image. For a given photographic system the focal length determines the
653:
of quite acceptable contrast, although zoom lenses with many elements will transmit less light than lenses made with fewer elements (all other factors such as aperture, focal length, and coatings being equal).
140:. As shown, a pinhole "lens" is simply a small aperture that blocks most rays of light, ideally selecting one ray to the object for each point on the image sensor. Pinhole lenses have a few severe limitations:
123:
that arise. Some aberrations will be present in any lens system. It is the job of the lens designer to balance these and produce a design that is suitable for photographic use and possibly mass production.
644:, meaning "four"). The widest-range zooms often have fifteen or more. The reflection of light at each of the many interfaces between different optical media (air, glass, plastic) seriously degraded the
444:, short focal lengths giving a wider field of view than longer focal length lenses. A wider aperture, identified by a smaller f-number, allows using a faster shutter speed for the same exposure. The
205:
789:, but a 1:1 ratio is, typically, considered "true" macro. Magnification from life size to larger is called "Micro" photography (2:1, 3:1 etc.). This configuration is generally used to image
715:
mount for DSLRs, have also been licensed to other makers. Most large-format cameras take interchangeable lenses as well, which are usually mounted in a lensboard or on the front standard.
687:, 645-1000s)other companies that produce medium format equipment such as Bronica, Hasselblad and Fuji have similar camera styles that allow interchangeability in the lenses as well, and
1189:
385:
light that could taint color. Most modern optical cements for bonding glass elements also block UV light, negating the need for a UV filter. However, this leaves an avenue for
177:
101:
1418:"Dr. J. Kämmerer «When is it advisable to improve the quality of camera lenses?» Excerpt from a lecture given during the Optics & Photography Symposium, Les Baux, 1979"
334:
Glass is the most common material used to construct lens elements, due to its good optical properties and resistance to scratching. Other materials are also used, such as
1304:
366:
is one way to measure the resolving power of a lens. The quality of the material, coatings, and build affect the resolution. Lens resolution is ultimately limited by
1236:
1396:
503:: any lens with a focal length longer than the diagonal measure of the film or sensor. Angle of view is narrower. The most common type of long-focus lens is the
633:
Good-quality lenses with maximum aperture no greater than f/2.8 and fixed, normal, focal length need at least three (triplet) or four elements (the trade name "
471:), a dimensionless number. The lower the f-number, the higher light intensity at the focal plane. Larger apertures (smaller f-numbers) provide a much shallower
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1358:
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If the object is at a distance, one can assume the light rays will arrive perpendicular to the plane of the lens, and thus converge at the focal point.
1417:
3084:
217:
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A side effect of using lenses of different focal lengths is the different distances from which a subject can be framed, resulting in a different
892:
lenses which give a soft, but not out-of-focus, image and have an imperfection-removing effect popular among portrait and fashion photographers.
370:, and very few photographic lenses approach this resolution. Ones that do are called "diffraction limited" and are usually extremely expensive.
843:
100:, or other apparatus, but the details of design and construction are different. A lens might be permanently fixed to a camera, or it might be
119:
will suffice, in practice a compound lens made up of a number of optical lens elements is required to correct (as much as possible) the many
396:, to regulate the amount of light that passes. In early camera models a rotating plate or slider with different sized holes was used. These
812:, have a focal length that varies as internal elements are moved, typically by rotating the barrel or pressing a button which activates an
389:
to attack if lenses are not cared for appropriately. UV photographers must go to great lengths to find lenses with no cement or coatings.
3127:
3079:
1102:
2864:
1152:
291:
The front element is critical to the performance of the whole assembly. In all modern lenses the surface is coated to reduce abrasion,
1181:
288:'s meniscus lens, to over 20 in the more complex zooms. These elements may themselves comprise a group of lenses cemented together.
1300:
1729:
880:: extreme wide-angle lenses with an angle of view of up to 180 degrees or more, with very noticeable (and intended) distortion.
688:
1835:
1582:
1534:
1515:
1272:
1215:
1278:
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allow the lens to be raised or lowered relative to the film of sensor plane to correct or exaggerate perspective distortion.
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943:
264:
1550:
3074:
2626:
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1459:
1336:
17:
1328:
Applied
Photographic Optics: Lenses and Optical Systems for Photography, Film, Video, Electronic and Digital Imaging
1131:
480:
cameras to focus with a brighter image with shallower depth of field, theoretically allowing better focus accuracy.
2802:
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2588:
1053:
363:
2767:
2250:
2037:
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are found across multiple brands, but this is not common today. A few mount designs, such as the
Olympus/Kodak
211:
With a small pinhole light is reduced, but diffraction prevents the image spot from getting arbitrarily small.
2676:
2608:
2361:
1883:
526:
lunar program to capture the far side of the Moon in 1966. Three of these lenses were purchased by filmmaker
933:(or orthographic lenses) make any object appear as the same size regardless of their distance from the lens.
3205:
3104:
3099:
1424:
886:, to produce pairs of photographs which give a 3-dimensional effect when viewed with an appropriate viewer.
519:
695:, which contains mechanical linkages and often also electrical contacts between the lens and camera body.
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300:
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Making the pinhole smaller improves resolution (up to a limit), but reduces the amount of light captured.
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491:: angle of view of the diagonal about 50° and a focal length approximately equal to the image diagonal.
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507:, a design that uses special optical configurations to make the lens shorter than its focal length.
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2015:
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are collected at the entrance pupil and focused down from the exit pupil onto the image plane.
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159:. Beyond this limit, making the hole smaller makes the image blurrier as well as darker.
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At a certain point, shrinking the hole does not improve the resolution because of the
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rotate while attached to a camera body to give unique perspectives and camera angles.
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are equal. In a prime lens this is easy, but in a zoom there is always a compromise.
156:
70:
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854:) and are generally intended for use at a specific distance and at small aperture.
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The most common interchangeable lens mounts on the market today include the Canon
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A tilt/shift lens, set to its maximum degree of tilt relative to the camera body.
751:
527:
500:
494:
397:
374:
240:
165:
37:
541:
An example of how lens choice affects angle of view. The photos were taken by a
231:
From the front of the camera, the small hole (the aperture), would be seen. The
41:
Different kinds of camera lenses, including wide angle, telephoto and speciality
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311:
236:
137:
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2057:
2030:
2010:
1978:
1923:
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1038:
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731:
441:
355:
343:
232:
58:
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3149:
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3033:
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1995:
1990:
1973:
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1005:
958:
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335:
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With a large pinhole, the image spot is large, resulting in a blurry image.
105:
89:
85:
78:
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or "close-up" photography (not to be confused with the compositional term
381:
and other unwanted effects. Some lenses have a UV coating to keep out the
3154:
3018:
3013:
2946:
2859:
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2671:
2501:
2496:
2481:
2336:
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have detachable lenses. A few other types do as well, notably the Mamiya
518:
The widest aperture lens in history of photography is believed to be the
488:
459:
The maximum usable aperture of a lens is specified as the focal ratio or
392:
A lens will most often have an aperture adjustment mechanism, usually an
386:
382:
367:
284:
A camera lens may be made from a number of elements: from one, as in the
248:
243:. The virtual image of the aperture from inside the camera is the lens's
116:
31:
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2646:
2560:
2550:
2411:
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2351:
2280:
2020:
2005:
1985:
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1803:
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1665:
1048:
889:
833:
786:
755:
662:
453:
378:
324:
320:
292:
244:
97:
1393:"Hollywood, NASA, and the chip industry put their trust in Carl Zeiss"
27:
Optical lens or assembly of lenses used with a camera to create images
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2631:
2593:
2555:
2451:
2341:
1808:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1704:
1687:
1043:
803:
416:
351:
347:
274:
93:
497:: angle of view wider than 60° and focal length shorter than normal.
223:
With a simple lens, much more light can be brought into sharp focus.
84:
There is no major difference in principle between a lens used for a
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2466:
1963:
1893:
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1682:
1677:
1027:
781:
759:
542:
460:
449:
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339:
145:
109:
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66:
30:
This section is about the optical system. For the organism, see
2238:
1655:
1605:
953:
634:
423:
328:
187:
rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an image.
62:
1560:
1451:
Mastering Black-and-White
Photography: From Camera to Darkroom
235:
of the aperture as seen from the world is known as the lens's
2906:
2321:
1781:
1359:"Mutable Conclusions: World's fastest lens: Zeiss 50mm f/0.7"
739:
316:
184:
269:
1264:
Encyclopedia of
Optical Engineering: Pho-Z, pages 2049-3050
723:
432:
The two fundamental parameters of an optical lens are the
1527:
The Lens: A Practical Guide for the
Creative Photographer
1153:"Technical Room – Fluorite / UD / Super UD glass Lenses"
522:, which was designed and made specifically for the NASA
846:
have extreme correction for aberrations of geometry (
971:
Some notable photographic optical lens designs are:
937:
400:
may still be found on modern, specialized lenses. A
1229:
911:Shift lenses and tilt/shift lenses (collectively
61:or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a
3197:
770:
730:autofocus lens mounts. Others include the Nikon
630:had to be extended to twice the normal length.
545:camera at a constant distance from the subject.
354:. Plastics allow the manufacturing of strongly
1103:"PhotoNotes.org Dictionary – Floating element"
861:(specialised projectors), rather than cameras.
536:, using candlelight as the sole light source.
73:or on other media capable of storing an image
1576:
1301:"Canon EF 20-35mm f/3.5~4.5 USM – Index Page"
1351:
1182:"Lenses: Fluorite, aspherical and UD lenses"
620:
407:
3128:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1447:
2865:Comparison of digital and film photography
1583:
1569:
691:. The lenses attach to the camera using a
3085:Photographs considered the most important
1502:
1324:
1095:
857:Enlarger lenses are made to be used with
530:in order to film scenes in his 1975 film
1260:
1239:. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from
952:
823:
422:
411:
268:
36:
1318:
1254:
1209:
836:(apo) lenses have added correction for
689:mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras
456:on the focal plane of the camera lens.
319:calls it CRC (close range correction);
14:
3198:
1441:
467:divided by the effective aperture (or
419:in 1-stop increments on the same lens.
127:
1564:
1385:
604:
331:call it FLE (floating lens element).
1281:from the original on 27 October 2023
3080:Museums devoted to one photographer
1524:
1212:"The Macrolens Collection Database"
944:History of photographic lens design
265:History of photographic lens design
24:
2627:Timeline of photography technology
1508:A History of the Photographic Lens
1293:
819:
765:
742:Four Thirds and Olympus/Panasonic
452:reaching the camera sensor to the
25:
3217:
1544:
938:History and technical development
750:and autofocus variants, the Sony
734:manual and autofocus mounts, the
3178:
3168:
3167:
1237:"Understanding Lens Diffraction"
1105:. photonotes.org. Archived from
679:and SLR, medium format cameras (
589:
577:
565:
553:
323:calls it a floating system; and
216:
204:
192:
176:
136:can be thought of as "improved"
3179:
1590:
1483:
1474:
1410:
1399:from the original on 2010-10-01
1376:
1307:from the original on 2014-10-25
1218:from the original on 2008-01-17
1192:from the original on 2011-08-14
1134:from the original on 2007-11-25
1054:Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras
948:
364:1951 USAF resolution test chart
254:
183:Principle of a pinhole camera.
1203:
1174:
1145:
1120:
1086:
656:
144:A pinhole camera with a large
13:
1:
2677:Painted photography backdrops
2609:Golden triangle (composition)
1884:35 mm equivalent focal length
1079:
1030:treatment of optical surfaces
448:, or G#, is the ratio of the
1261:Driggers, Ronald G. (2003).
520:Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7
7:
2387:Intentional camera movement
1128:"Ultraviolet Quartz Lenses"
1021:
915:) allow special control of
10:
3222:
3075:Most expensive photographs
2432:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1510:. Boston: Academic Press.
1496:
1186:Canon Professional Network
964:
941:
913:perspective control lenses
801:
669:single-lens reflex cameras
660:
610:
258:
29:
3163:
3120:
3067:
2972:
2915:
2821:
2705:
2617:
2569:
2309:
2076:
1876:
1598:
1074:William Taylor (inventor)
746:digital-only mounts, the
408:Aperture and focal length
104:with lenses of different
3009:Digital image processing
967:Photographic lens design
754:mount (derived from the
707:for early SLRs, and the
613:Photographic lens design
463:, defined as the lens's
356:aspherical lens elements
261:Photographic lens design
112:, and other properties.
2682:Photography and the law
1551:Photo.net Lens Tutorial
797:
373:Today, most lenses are
346:(Plexiglass), and even
3029:Gelatin silver process
2053:Science of photography
2038:Photographic processes
2016:Perspective distortion
1331:. Focal. p. 294.
962:
859:photographic enlargers
829:
621:
429:
420:
281:
166:"pencil" of light rays
65:body and mechanism to
55:photographic objective
42:
2487:Schlieren photography
2026:Photographic printing
1949:Exposure compensation
956:
942:Further information:
925:view camera movements
923:cameras by mimicking
848:pincushion distortion
827:
775:A macro lens used in
426:
415:
377:in order to minimize
272:
115:While in principle a
69:of objects either on
40:
2271:Straight photography
1909:Chromatic aberration
1448:Suess, B.J. (2003).
1210:Gottermeier, Klaus.
976:Angenieux retrofocus
838:chromatic aberration
808:Some lenses, called
762:digital-only mount.
758:mount) and the Sony
310:The lens usually is
3206:Photographic lenses
3138:photographic plates
2823:Digital photography
2001:Hyperfocal distance
1914:Circle of confusion
1525:Guy, N. K. (2012).
1130:. Universe Kogaku.
884:Stereoscopic lenses
771:"Close-up" or macro
673:rangefinder cameras
637:" derives from the
305:angle of refraction
297:surface reflectance
128:Theory of operation
121:optical aberrations
2642:Autochrome Lumière
2637:Analog photography
2462:Pigeon photography
2251:Social documentary
1730:discontinued films
1489:Guy 2012, page 266
1454:. Allworth Press.
1325:Ray, S.F. (2002).
1069:Teleside converter
963:
931:telecentric lenses
901:Ultraviolet lenses
866:aerial photography
830:
713:Four Thirds System
703:for rangefinders,
605:Number of elements
430:
421:
301:angle of incidence
282:
134:rectilinear lenses
117:simple convex lens
43:
3193:
3192:
2994:Collodion process
2930:Chromogenic print
2917:Color photography
2427:Multiple exposure
2402:Lo-fi photography
1929:Color temperature
1536:978-1-933952-97-0
1517:978-0-12-408640-1
1504:Kingslake, Rudolf
1480:Guy 2012, page 53
1274:978-0-8247-4252-2
1034:Large format lens
1001:Rapid Rectilinear
852:barrel distortion
744:Micro Four Thirds
157:diffraction limit
71:photographic film
51:photographic lens
18:Photographic lens
16:(Redirected from
3213:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3049:Print permanence
2999:Cross processing
2957:CMYK color model
2942:Color management
2895:Foveon X3 sensor
2890:Three-CCD camera
2534:Miniature faking
2492:Sabattier effect
2104:Astrophotography
1959:Zebra patterning
1585:
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1571:
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1429:
1423:. Archived from
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1407:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:Guy, 2012, p 43.
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:on March 9, 2009
1361:. Archived from
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1159:. Archived from
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1142:
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1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1090:
961:rangefinder lens
650:color saturation
624:
593:
581:
569:
557:
436:and the maximum
398:Waterhouse stops
352:meteoritic glass
342:, plastics like
277:assembly of the
220:
208:
196:
180:
138:pinhole "lenses"
57:) is an optical
21:
3221:
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3196:
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3054:Push processing
2975:
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2962:RGB color model
2911:
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2613:
2579:Diagonal method
2565:
2305:
2209:Photojournalism
2072:
1904:Black-and-white
1872:
1851:Slide projector
1846:Movie projector
1725:available films
1594:
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951:
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896:Infrared lenses
822:
820:Special-purpose
806:
800:
773:
768:
766:Types of lenses
665:
659:
615:
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600:
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582:
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558:
547:
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528:Stanley Kubrick
501:Long-focus lens
495:Wide-angle lens
446:camera equation
410:
267:
259:Main articles:
257:
249:pencils of rays
229:
228:
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102:interchangeable
49:(also known as
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2048:Red-eye effect
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1954:Exposure value
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1939:Depth of focus
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1545:External links
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1542:
1541:
1535:
1529:. Rocky Nook.
1522:
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1303:. mir.com.my.
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887:
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878:Fisheye lenses
875:
869:
862:
855:
844:Process lenses
841:
821:
818:
814:electric motor
802:Main article:
799:
796:
772:
769:
767:
764:
748:Pentax K mount
709:Pentax K mount
705:M42 lens mount
701:M39 lens mount
661:Main article:
658:
655:
611:Main article:
606:
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505:telephoto lens
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473:depth of field
469:entrance pupil
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394:iris diaphragm
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237:entrance pupil
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79:electronically
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3090:Photographers
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2952:primary color
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2937:Reversal film
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1556:optical glass
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1461:9781581153064
1457:
1453:
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1444:
1430:on 2003-06-24
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1398:
1395:. zeiss.com.
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1267:. CRC Press.
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1243:on 2014-10-25
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1109:on 2014-08-10
1108:
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1067:
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1064:Teleconverter
1062:
1060:
1059:Optical train
1057:
1055:
1052:
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1047:
1045:
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1040:
1039:Lens (optics)
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984:
982:
981:Cooke triplet
979:
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906:Swivel lenses
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442:angle of view
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233:virtual image
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106:focal lengths
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3150:Polaroid art
3044:K-14 process
3039:Instant film
3034:Gum printing
2989:C-41 process
2974:Photographic
2875:Image sensor
2870:Film scanner
2524:Sun printing
2457:Print toning
2244:space selfie
2214:Pictorialism
2144:Ethnographic
2124:Conservation
1996:Guide number
1991:Focal length
1793:
1526:
1507:
1485:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1450:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1327:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1263:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:the original
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1097:
1088:
1028:Anti-fogging
1016:Zeiss Tessar
1011:Zeiss Planar
1006:Zeiss Sonnar
986:Double-Gauss
970:
957:Collapsible
949:Lens designs
809:
807:
790:
780:
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717:
697:
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666:
641:
632:
622:Satzobjektiv
619:
616:
608:
533:Barry Lyndon
531:
517:
510:
482:
465:focal length
458:
434:focal length
431:
391:
375:multi-coated
372:
361:
336:quartz glass
333:
309:
290:
283:
255:Construction
230:
162:
131:
114:
90:video camera
86:still camera
83:
54:
50:
46:
44:
3155:Stereoscopy
3019:E-6 process
3014:Dye coupler
2947:color space
2860:Digiscoping
2853:camera back
2768:Philippines
2697:Visual arts
2687:Glass plate
2672:Heliography
2571:Composition
2546:Ultraviolet
2502:Stereoscopy
2497:Slow motion
2482:Scanography
2397:Kite aerial
2337:Contre-jour
2229:Post-mortem
2219:Pornography
2199:Neues Sehen
2134:Documentary
2068:Zone System
2043:Reciprocity
1969:Film format
1899:Backscatter
1877:Terminology
1747:beauty dish
1646:rangefinder
1611:light-field
1592:Photography
996:Leitz Elmar
991:Goerz Dagor
917:perspective
864:Lenses for
810:zoom lenses
677:TLR cameras
657:Lens mounts
596:210 mm lens
513:perspective
489:Normal lens
387:lens fungus
383:ultraviolet
368:diffraction
286:Box Brownie
67:make images
47:camera lens
32:Kamera lens
3145:Lomography
2976:processing
2925:Print film
2841:comparison
2808:Uzbekistan
2758:Luxembourg
2718:Bangladesh
2667:Dufaycolor
2647:Box camera
2604:Simplicity
2561:Zoom burst
2556:Xerography
2551:Vignetting
2541:Time-lapse
2529:Tilt–shift
2422:Mordançage
2412:Luminogram
2377:Holography
2372:High-speed
2352:Fill flash
2332:Burst mode
2310:Techniques
2291:Vernacular
2286:Underwater
2281:Toy camera
2261:Still life
2189:Monochrome
2179:High-speed
2129:Cloudscape
2119:Conceptual
2021:Photograph
2006:Lens flare
1986:Film speed
1868:Zone plate
1814:wide-angle
1799:long-focus
1467:2014-10-25
1434:2012-10-27
1403:2014-12-12
1369:2014-12-12
1344:2014-12-12
1311:2014-10-25
1247:2014-10-25
1222:2007-11-05
1196:2008-10-04
1167:2007-11-05
1138:2007-11-05
1113:2014-10-25
1080:References
1049:Lens cover
890:Soft-focus
872:Shift lens
834:Apochromat
787:prime lens
693:lens mount
663:Lens mount
584:70 mm lens
572:50 mm lens
560:28 mm lens
454:irradiance
379:lens flare
325:Hasselblad
279:Canon Elph
245:exit pupil
98:microscope
75:chemically
3095:Norwegian
3059:Stop bath
3004:Developer
2632:Ambrotype
2594:Lead room
2517:Slit-scan
2452:Photogram
2447:Panoramic
2357:Fireworks
2342:Cyanotype
2184:Landscape
1829:telephoto
1777:reflector
1772:monolight
1767:lens hood
1752:cucoloris
1688:safelight
1599:Equipment
1044:Lens hood
804:Zoom lens
671:and some
417:Apertures
348:germanium
275:zoom lens
241:projector
110:apertures
94:telescope
3200:Category
3174:Category
2880:CMOS APS
2778:Slovenia
2706:Regional
2652:Calotype
2589:Headroom
2467:Redscale
2382:Infrared
2327:Brenizer
2301:Wildlife
2224:Portrait
2169:Forensic
2159:Fine-art
2094:Aircraft
2084:Abstract
1964:F-number
1944:Exposure
1919:Clipping
1894:Aperture
1762:hot shoe
1683:enlarger
1678:Darkroom
1506:(1989).
1397:Archived
1305:Archived
1279:Archived
1216:Archived
1190:Archived
1132:Archived
1022:See also
791:close-up
782:close up
646:contrast
461:f-number
450:radiance
438:aperture
340:fluorite
303:and the
146:aperture
132:Typical
3185:Outline
3121:Related
2813:Vietnam
2798:Ukraine
2733:Denmark
2713:Albania
2692:Tintype
2619:History
2584:Framing
2477:Rollout
2442:Panning
2392:Kirlian
2296:Wedding
2174:Glamour
2154:Fashion
2139:Eclipse
2109:Banquet
2031:Albumen
1841:Monopod
1819:fisheye
1787:softbox
1636:pinhole
1626:instant
1616:digital
1497:Sources
1285:18 June
756:Minolta
736:Olympus
642:tessera
628:bellows
402:shutter
344:acrylic
312:focused
149:object.
3183:
3172:
3105:street
3100:Polish
2793:Turkey
2788:Taiwan
2773:Serbia
2763:Norway
2738:Greece
2723:Canada
2317:Afocal
2276:Street
2256:Sports
2239:Selfie
2194:Nature
2149:Erotic
2114:Candid
2089:Aerial
2077:Genres
1979:medium
1856:Tripod
1824:swivel
1737:Filter
1715:holder
1710:format
1606:Camera
1533:
1514:
1458:
1335:
1271:
699:Leica
635:Tessar
524:Apollo
329:Mamiya
295:, and
63:camera
3110:women
3068:Lists
3024:Fixer
2907:Pixel
2836:D-SLR
2783:Sudan
2753:Korea
2748:Japan
2743:India
2728:China
2512:Strip
2437:Night
2417:Macro
2322:Bokeh
2266:Stock
2234:Ruins
1974:large
1804:prime
1782:snoot
1742:Flash
1720:stock
1695:Drone
1656:still
1641:press
1631:phone
1621:field
1428:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1157:Canon
959:Leica
777:macro
752:Alpha
740:Kodak
667:Many
639:Greek
543:35 mm
428:size.
321:Canon
317:Nikon
293:flare
185:Light
3133:film
2848:MILC
2347:ETTR
2204:Nude
2164:Fire
2063:Sync
1861:head
1809:zoom
1794:Lens
1757:gobo
1705:base
1700:Film
1671:view
1531:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1287:2020
1269:ISBN
798:Zoom
728:EF-M
726:and
724:EF-S
685:RB67
681:RZ67
648:and
362:The
350:and
327:and
273:The
263:and
96:, a
92:, a
88:, a
59:lens
2885:CCD
1666:toy
1661:TLR
1651:SLR
921:SLR
919:on
478:SLR
77:or
53:or
3202::
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850:,
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720:EF
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927:.
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760:E
738:/
732:F
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
