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begin, the obelisk was lying on a gravel and stone ramp. A pit in the middle was filled with dry sand. Previous experiments showed that wet sand would not flow as well. The ramp was secured by stone walls. Men raised the obelisk by slowly removing the sand while three crews of men pulled on ropes to control its descent into the pit. The back wall was designed to guide the obelisk into its proper place. The obelisk had to catch a turning groove which would prevent it from sliding. They used brake ropes to prevent it from going too far. Such turning grooves had been found on the ancient pedestals. Gravity did most of the work until the final 15° had to be completed by pulling the obelisk forward. They used brake ropes again to make sure it did not fall forward. On 12 September they completed the project.
1579:
they were able to erect one successfully. First
Hopkins and Rais Abdel Aleem organized an experiment to tow a block of stone weighing about 25 tons. They prepared a path by embedding wooden rails into the ground and placing a sledge on them bearing a megalith weighing about 25 tons. Initially they used more than 100 people to try to tow it but were unable to budge it. Finally, with well over 130 people pulling at once and an additional dozen using levers to prod the sledge forward, they moved it. Over the course of a day, the workers towed it 10–20 feet. Despite problems with broken ropes, they proved the monument could be moved this way. Additional experiments were done in Egypt and other locations to tow megalithic stone with ancient technologies, some of which are
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metres (10 ft) long and no more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). A barge big enough to transport the largest
Egyptian obelisks with this ratio would have had to be close to 61-metre-long (200 ft) and 30-metre-wide (100 ft). The workers used ropes that were wrapped around a guide that enabled them to pull away from the river while they were towing it onto the barge. The barge was successfully launched into the Nile.
1618:
654:(1590), which itself set a new standard in communicating technical information and influenced subsequent architectural publications by its meticulous precision. Before being re-erected the obelisk was exorcised. It is said that Fontana had teams of relay horses to make his getaway if the enterprise failed. When
1601:
in which one scribe taunts another to erect a monument for "thy lord". The scroll reads "Empty the space that has been filled with sand beneath the monument of thy Lord." To erect the obelisks at Luxor with this method would have involved using over a million cubic meters of stone, mud brick and sand
1586:
One experiment was to transport a small obelisk on a barge in the Nile River. The barge was built based on ancient
Egyptian designs. It had to be very wide to handle the obelisk, with a 2 to 1 ratio length to width, and it was at least twice as long as the obelisk. The obelisk was about 3.0
645:
in the
Basilica's construction, presented the Pope with a little model crane of wood and a heavy little obelisk of lead, which Sixtus himself was able to raise by turning a little winch with his finger. Fontana was given the project. Half-buried in the debris of the ages, it was first excavated as it
1578:
crew to erect a 25-ton obelisk. This was the third attempt to erect a 25-ton obelisk; the first two, in 1994 and 1999, ended in failure. There were also two successful attempts to raise a 2-ton obelisk and a 9-ton obelisk. Finally in August–September 1999, after learning from their experiences,
963:
the
Israelite, and Sua the Gilzanean, making gestures of submission to the king. The reliefs on the obelisk have accompanying epigraphs, but besides these the obelisk also possesses a longer inscription that records one of the latest versions of Shalmaneser III's annals, covering the period from his
1590:
The final and successful erection event was organized by Rick Brown, Hopkins, Lehner and Gregg Mullen in a
Massachusetts quarry. The preparation work was done with modern technology, but experiments have proven that with enough time and people, it could have been done with ancient technology. To
624:
refers to the obelisk's transportation from Egypt to Rome by order of the
Emperor Gaius (Caligula) as an outstanding event. The barge that carried it had a huge mast of fir wood which four men's arms could not encircle. One hundred and twenty bushels of lentils were needed for ballast. Having
933:(883–859 BCE). The obelisk bears an inscription that refers to the king's seizure of goods, people and herds, which he carried back to the city of Ashur. The reliefs of the Obelisk depict military campaigns, hunting, victory banquets and scenes of tribute bearing.
1218:
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820:(now Sultan Ahmet Square). It once stood 95 feet (29 m) tall and weighed 380 metric tons (420 short tons); however, its lower section (which reputedly also once stood in the hippodrome) is now lost, reducing the obelisk's size to 65 feet (20 m).
578:
to haul them out. There are now more than twice as many obelisks that were seized and shipped out by Rome as remain in Egypt. The majority were dismantled during the Roman period over 1,700 years ago and the obelisks were sent to different locations.
1316:
847:
The
Ancient Romans populated their city with 8 large and 42 small Egyptian obelisks. More have been re-erected elsewhere, and the best-known examples outside Rome are the pair of 21-metre (69 ft) 187-metric-ton (206-short-ton)
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stood; then it took from 30 April to 17 May 1586 to move it on rollers to the Piazza: it required nearly 1000 men, 140 carthorses, and 47 cranes. The re-erection, scheduled for 14 September, the Feast of the
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of 1549, by the late sixteenth century (after reduced contact with Italy following the excommunication of Queen
Elizabeth), Shakespeare failed to distinguish between pyramids and obelisks in his plays and sonnets. Ancient obelisks are
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for both the ramp and the platform used to lower the obelisk. The largest obelisk successfully erected in ancient times weighed 455 metric tons (502 short tons). A 520-metric-ton (570-short-ton) stele was found in
1402:
387:
1497:
1087:, is a monolith stele with obelisk-like proportions. It is 2.52 metres tall and was carved in a design of low relief with Chavín symbols, such as bands of teeth and animal heads. Long housed in the
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944:(ancient Kalhu). It was erected by Ashurnasirpal II, though only survives in fragments. The surviving parts of the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing to the king from Syria and the west.
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Strong-bull, Appearing-in-Dominion (Thebes), King-of-Upper-and-Lower-Egypt, Two-ladies, Ruler-of-Egypt, Son-of-Rê, Pi(ankh)y: what he made as his monument for his father Amen-Rê, lord of
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fulfilled its purpose, the gigantic vessel was no longer wanted. Therefore, filled with stones and cement, it was sunk to form the foundations of the foremost quay of the new harbour at
1966:
2161:"Della trasportatione dell'obelisco vaticano et delle fabriche di nostro signore papa Sisto V fatte dal cavallier Domenico Fontana, architetto di Sva Santita, libro primo"
771:. This one is about 40 feet (12 m) tall and weighs about 100 metric tons (110 short tons). It was discovered by archaeologists and has been re-erected at its former site.
414:
637:
was determined to erect the obelisk in front of St Peter's, of which the nave was yet to be built. He had a full-sized wooden mock-up erected within months of his election.
650:, was watched by a large crowd. It was a famous feat of engineering, which made the reputation of Fontana, who detailed it in a book illustrated with copperplate etchings,
1651:
1594:
This experiment has been used to explain how the obelisks may have been erected in Luxor and other locations. It seems to have been supported by a 3,000 year-old
249:, the Greek traveler, was one of the first classical writers to describe the objects. A number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the "
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Egyptian obelisks remain a source of fascination, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power. A majority of modern obelisks are built of
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and was found at the site of
Kadakol. It had been cut down to make it into a column, presumably for one of the early Christian churches in the area of
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2040:
Fontes historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile region between the eighth century BC and the sixth century AD
2659:
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sought to legitimize their rule over Egypt by constructing Egyptianizing monuments in the Middle Nile region. Historical sources mention that king
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has been reconstructed in the British Museum. The obelisk is the oldest recorded obelisk from Assyria, dating to the 11th century BCE.
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and grave markers, were very often given a form of obelisks, but they are of more modest size. The practice is also still widespread in the
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1979:
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1950:
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1130:, so not monolithic like their Egyptian counterparts, and are often oversized. Examples from the 19th and 20th centuries include the
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79:. With its height of 32.18 metres (105.6 feet) (with the base and the cross it reaches 45.70 m) it is the largest standing ancient
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1373:, China, built between 1952 and 1958 to commemorate the martyrs of revolutionary struggle in the 19th and 20th centuries
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came to build the Basilica's nave, he had to put the slightest kink in its axis, to line it precisely with the obelisk.
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which had decorated the temple of Isis, where it was uncovered in the 16th century. The Medici claimed it for the
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civilization, where they were erected as public monuments that commemorated the achievements of the Assyrian king.
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in Rome at 105.6 feet (32.2 m) tall and a weight of 455 metric tons (502 short tons). More well known is the
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Chaney, Edward, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in
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2064:
2005:
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and obelisk's significance have been previously overlooked, especially the astronomical phenomena connected with
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1394:
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Obelisk of Psametik II from Heliopolis, removed and reerected by Augustus in the northern Campus Martius, Rome
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raised in the year 1800 as a memorial to the service and dedication of the Stockholm burghers during the
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1935:
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2144:"Della trasportatione dellªobelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto ..."
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1646:
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1105:, who discovered it and was considered the 'father of Peruvian archeology'. He was America's first
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277:
20:
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2617:,' "Thy pyramyds buylt up with newer might":Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt'
1869:,' "Thy pyramyds buylt up with newer might":Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt'
257:. These obelisks are now dispersed around the world, and fewer than half of them remain in Egypt.
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and the reliefs depict scenes of tribute bearing as well as the depiction of two subdued rulers,
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Della Trasportatione dell'Obelisco Vaticano et delle Fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V
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1349:, Argentina, erected in 1936 to commemorate the quadricentennial of the foundation of the city
245:. The word "obelisk" as used in English today is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because
32:
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1555:
801:
559:
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2611:, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.
1974:
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860:(21 metres or 70 feet), and the 23-metre (75 ft) over-250-metric-ton (280-short-ton)
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8:
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1910:
1667:
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1300:
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721:
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241:, and played a vital role in their religion placing them in pairs at the entrance of the
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The Broken Obelisk, that was also discovered by Rassam at Nineveh. Only the top of this
64:
16:
Tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top
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2714:
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1940:
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790:, the 20th year of his reign. Afterward, one was sent to Rome and erected on the
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and obelisk were derived from natural phenomena associated with the sun (the sun-god
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a tapering, four-sided shaft of stone, usu. monolithic and having a pyramidal apex.
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2042:. Vol. 1. University of Bergen, Dept. of Classics, Bergen, 1994. p. 54.
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The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:
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2017:
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and consist of a single stone; most modern obelisks are made of several stones.
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Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome
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937:
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797:
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331:) is the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid. It is also related to the obelisk.
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37:
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Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile
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1945:
1866:
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1101:, which opened in July 2008. The obelisk was named for the archeologist
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1190:. A few, however, continue the ancient tradition of the monolithic obelisk.
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column, 23 metres (75 feet) high, including the base, which weighs over 250
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1746:
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1167:
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Porphyrogenitus (905–959) and originally covered with gilded bronze plaques
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338:
2685:: "Researchers Lift Obelisk With Kite to Test Theory on Ancient Pyramids"
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1409:
800:, and is today known as the Lateran Obelisk. The other one, known as the
669:
502:
1954:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 945.
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Around 30 BCE, Rome seized control of Egypt and looted the various
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obelisk still in its original position is the 68-foot (20.7 m) 120-
2654:
2592:
Curran, Brian A., Anthony Grafton, Pamela O. Long, and Benjamin Weiss.
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1452:
In France and other European countries, monuments to the dead, such as
1327:
1232:, Ireland, built between 1817 and 1861 to commemorate the victories of
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760:
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Not all the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman Empire were set up at Rome:
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in 37 CE, it has stood at its current site and on the wall of the
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375:
328:
273:
178:
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1606:, but researchers believe it was broken while attempting to erect it.
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1464:
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1416:, North Korea, completed in 1982 to commemorate the 70th birthday of
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997:
537:
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300:
269:
246:
196:
159:
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57:
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23:. For other monumental, upright, inscribed and sculpted stones, see
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as late as the nineteenth century when three of them were sent to
2542:"Mysteries of the Nile | August 27, 1999: The Third Attempt"
1687:"NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | A World of Obelisks: Rome"
1595:
1390:
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1187:
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1123:
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Three more obelisks were erected in Rome under Sixtus V: at
363:
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174:
2619:
Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt
1871:
Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt
778:
had two Karnak Temple obelisks removed and transported down the
532:. There are remains of another small obelisk inscribed with the
1598:
1508:
1445:
to the centre of the capital is lined with obelisks serving as
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1229:
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Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú
1007:
941:
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367:
312:
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261:
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Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom
1939:
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1711:
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768:
529:
509:. The obelisk is inscribed with the kings official titulary:
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453:
265:
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53:
45:
24:
1393:, Indonesia, built between 1961 and 1975 to commemorate the
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in 1846 on the citadel of Kalhu. The obelisk was erected by
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1603:
1488:
1434:
1094:
1084:
960:
779:
681:
494:
316:
304:
106:
76:
2095:
2093:
1652:
List of pre-Columbian engineering projects in the Americas
1563:
891:. Their transportation was covered by various newspapers.
497:
built at least one obelisk. The obelisk was made of local
100:
2318:
2293:
2104:
1914:
840:
placed an obelisk in the background of his 1655 painting
804:, remained in Alexandria until 390 CE, when Emperor
582:
The largest standing and tallest Egyptian obelisk is the
112:
2268:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 145–151.
1965:
Blackwell Gary, Patricia; Talcott, Richard (June 2006).
692:, in 1587; at the Lateran Basilica, in 1588; and at the
2090:
1886:"Befreiungskriege (Gertraudenfriedhof) | Halle im Bild"
704:. Other notable Egyptian obelisks in Rome are found in
696:, in 1589. An obelisk stands in front of the church of
594:
25 metres (82 ft), 331-metric-ton (365-short-ton)
358:
being the Egyptians' greatest deity at that time). The
355:
296:
209:. Though William Thomas used the term correctly in his
990:, in Place de la République, a 4th-century obelisk of
2678:
depicting how he erected the Vatican obelisk in 1586.
2519:, Revista Todo es Historia, Nro 90, noviembre de 1974
1964:
347:
senior editor Richard Talcott that the shapes of the
169:, nail, pointed pillar') is a tall, slender, tapered
118:
115:
2637:. Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2007 (3rd ed. 2013),
1613:
311:
was the mound that arose from the primordial waters
109:
103:
2436:"Domitian Obelisk (In Piazza Papiniano, Benevento)"
1307:, U.S., built between 1848 and 1884 to commemorate
1018:, 1st century CE, 5.8 metres (19 ft)
574:complexes; in one case they destroyed walls at the
237:Obelisks were prominent in the architecture of the
97:
1825:
755:imitated his Roman patrons and set up an obelisk,
1794:. Random House Reference, New York. p. 847.
708:, sculpted while being carried on the back of an
2696:
1077:The prehistoric Tello Obelisk, found in 1919 at
303:it was said to have been a petrified ray of the
936:The Rassam Obelisk, named after its discoverer
2266:The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the past
2493:
2332:
1117:
917:(named due to its colour), was discovered by
2317:. NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile.
1789:
327:religion. The Benben stone (also known as a
201:to describe them, and this word passed into
2220:. Zürich (NEBIS): ETH-Bibliothek – e-rara.
2664:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
2466:. University of Iowa Press. Archived from
2124:
1824:Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles (2001).
1823:
964:accessional year to his 33rd regnal year.
899:Obelisk monuments are also known from the
824:Ancient Egyptian obelisks in modern cities
808:had it transported to Constantinople (now
759:, made out of Egyptian red granite in the
299:, and during the religious reformation of
2676:Octavo Edition of Domenico Fontana's book
2193:. Rome, IT: Domenico Basa. Archived from
1828:Ancient Egyptians: People of the pyramids
1792:Random House Webster's college dictionary
1330:, U.S., built in 1930 as a commemorative
1275:, erected in 1835 to commemorate Empress
550:List of Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Rome
544:Ancient Egyptian obelisks in Ancient Rome
2509:
2062:
2003:
1934:
1234:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1035:
1016:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
827:
660:
553:
505:. Today the obelisk is exhibited in the
63:
31:
2463:The Life and Writings of Julio C. Tello
2260:
2242:. Highskyblue.web.fc2.com. 18 June 2001
2215:
2184:
1568:In late summer 1999, Roger Hopkins and
1564:Transportation and erection experiments
1507:(1770–1827) in the central cemetery of
1463:Modern obelisks have also been used in
253:" found partly hewn from its quarry at
2697:
2630:. Copenhagen, Vol. 1 1968, Vol. 2 1972
2580:, New York: TIME/Life, 1993, pp. 56–57
2489:The Stone of the Empress - My Helsinki
2341:"The secret life of the Paris obelisk"
2292:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
2103:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
2037:
1913:. NOVA Online: Mysteries of the Nile.
586:in the square at the west side of the
2338:
728:. Rome lost one of its obelisks, the
404:in front (the second is today on the
319:settled in the creation story of the
295:, the obelisk symbolized the sun god
2453:
2065:"Pyramids and obelisks beyond Egypt"
2006:"Pyramids and Obelisks beyond Egypt"
1395:struggle for Indonesian independence
1247:The Brothers Broglie Obelisk at the
1064:(now Sultan Ahmet Square), built by
925:. The obelisk was erected by either
1832:. Oxford University Press. p.
875:Obelisks were being shipped out of
748:, and left a replica in its place.
736:, but in 1790 they moved it to the
221:
13:
2596:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.
2459:
1744:
1112:
910:possesses four Assyrian obelisks:
528:Museum of Fine Arts expedition to
14:
2761:
2662:(series of articles in Platner's
2648:
602:. Brought to Rome by the Emperor
2720:Types of monuments and memorials
1978:. pp. 62–67. Archived from
1616:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1483:A view from ground level of the
1476:
1428:
1401:
1378:
1354:
1338:
1315:
1292:
1260:
1240:
1217:
1198:
1072:
974:
915:White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I
610:, flanking St Peter's Basilica.
461:
437:
413:
386:
93:
2670:History of the obelisk of Arles
2571:
2556:
2534:
2522:
2482:
2428:
2402:
2384:
2366:
2307:
2290:"A World of Obelisks: Istanbul"
2254:
2232:
2209:
2178:
2153:
2136:
2118:
2056:
2031:
1997:
1958:
1928:
1527:(1781–1845) in the cemetery of
1441:, cleared in 1936–1950 to link
1363:Monument to the People's Heroes
1172:Monument to the People's Heroes
181:top. Originally constructed by
73:Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano
2566:Secrets of Lost Empire II
2218:Della trasportatione dell'obel
1903:
1878:
1860:
1817:
1783:
1759:
1738:
1704:
1679:
1277:Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia
940:, was found on the citadel of
1:
2735:Stone monuments and memorials
2710:Ancient Egyptian architecture
2586:
1967:"Stargazing in Ancient Egypt"
540:at the site of Gebel Barkal.
2506:published February 22, 1885.
2398:. Collection object details.
2380:. Collection object details.
2315:"A World of Obelisks: World"
1911:"A World of Obelisks: Cairo"
1062:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1031:
856:(21 metres or 69 feet), and
818:Hippodrome of Constantinople
676:stands in the centre of the
341:Patricia Blackwell Gary and
197:
7:
2745:Ancient Egyptian technology
2353:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.47945
2101:"A World of Obelisks: Rome"
2077:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.48018
2018:10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.48018
1936:Griffith, Francis Llewellyn
1752:Online Etymology Dictionary
1609:
1210:Russo-Swedish war 1788-1790
894:
507:National Museum in Khartoum
315:upon which the creator god
226:
10:
2766:
2216:Fontana, Domenico (1590).
2185:Fontana, Domenico (1590).
2038:Tormod, Eide, ed. (1996).
1767:
1712:
1118:As commemorative monuments
1097:, it was relocated to the
547:
382:Types of Egyptian obelisks
321:Heliopolitan creation myth
230:
152:
133:
18:
2544:. Pbs.org. 27 August 1999
2515:Julio A. Luqui Lagleyze,
2063:Lacovara, Petere (2018).
2004:Lacovara, Petere (2018).
1637:List of Egyptian obelisks
1255:, Russia, erected in 1827
480:
272:) red granite Obelisk of
233:List of Egyptian obelisks
2165:NYPL Digital Collections
1673:
1647:List of obelisks in Rome
1632:List of megalithic sites
1099:Museo Nacional de Chavín
1025:List of obelisks in Rome
929:(1050–1031 BCE) or
774:In 357 CE, Emperor
560:Obelisk of Tuthmosis III
21:Obelisk (disambiguation)
2500:Marking a people's love
2191:Martayan Lan Rare Books
1951:Encyclopædia Britannica
1728:A Greek–English Lexicon
1664:, also known as obelisk
1642:List of modern obelisks
1529:Yves, Charente-Maritime
1485:Via della Conciliazione
1439:Via della Conciliazione
1347:Obelisk of Buenos Aires
1164:Obelisk of Buenos Aires
1021:Rome – there are five,
1012:Titus Sextius Africanus
1010:, Germany – Obelisk of
953:Sir Austen Henry Layard
838:Bartholomeus Breenbergh
648:Exaltation of the Cross
2568:: "Pharaoh's Obelisks"
2517:Plazas de Buenos Aires
1443:Saint Peter's Basilica
1049:
844:
685:
631:
567:
334:It is hypothesized by
173:with four sides and a
84:
61:
2655:Obelisks of the World
1790:Random House (2005).
1719:Liddell, Henry George
1556:Springfield, Illinois
1039:
831:
802:Obelisk of Theodosius
700:, at the head of the
664:
612:
557:
450:Karnak Temple Complex
83:obelisk in the world.
67:
35:
2470:on 19 September 2016
2410:"museodelsannio.com"
2187:"Moving the Obelisk"
1890:www.halle-im-bild.de
1657:Phallic architecture
1525:Jean-Baptiste Hubert
1505:Ludwig van Beethoven
1420:and the ideology of
1269:Stone of the Empress
1206:Obelisk in Stockholm
1140:Stone of the Empress
866:Place de la Concorde
812:) and put up on the
718:Piazza della Rotonda
706:Piazza della Minerva
690:Santa Maria Maggiore
600:Saint Peter's Square
491:twenty-fifth Dynasty
424:, Al-Maalla area of
406:Place de la Concorde
195:used the Greek term
42:Place de la Concorde
19:For other uses, see
2750:Egyptian inventions
2683:National Geographic
2460:Burger, Richard L.
2339:Brier, Bob (2018).
1668:Washington Monument
1624:Architecture portal
1324:High Point Monument
1301:Washington Monument
1226:Wellington Monument
1156:Washington Monument
1148:Wellington Monument
850:Cleopatra's Needles
786:to commemorate his
722:Baths of Diocletian
714:Piazza Montecitorio
643:Giacomo Della Porta
641:, the assistant of
516:An obelisk of King
448:'s fallen obelisk,
420:Obelisk of Pharaoh
400:with the remaining
336:New York University
2725:Outdoor sculptures
2633:Wirsching, Armin,
2594:Obelisk: A History
2504:The New York Times
2502:, an article from
2240:"Caesarea Obelisk"
2226:10.3931/e-rara-117
1552:Oak Ridge Cemetery
1050:
951:was discovered by
845:
842:Joseph Sells Grain
686:
568:
526:Harvard University
469:Unfinished obelisk
293:Egyptian mythology
251:unfinished obelisk
211:Historie of Italie
85:
62:
2643:978-3-8334-8513-8
2628:Obelisks in exile
2602:978-0-262-51270-1
2416:on 6 October 2014
2126:Lees-Milne, James
1745:Harper, Douglas.
1572:teamed up with a
1387:National Monument
1309:George Washington
1273:Carl Ludvig Engel
1184:National Monument
1080:Chavín de Huantar
858:New York City, US
726:Villa Celimontana
698:Trinità dei Monti
694:Piazza del Popolo
678:Piazza del Popolo
430:modern Heliopolis
286:modern Heliopolis
239:ancient Egyptians
183:Ancient Egyptians
2757:
2660:Obelisks of Rome
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:NOVA (TV series)
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2412:. Archived from
2406:
2400:
2399:
2392:"Broken Obelisk"
2388:
2382:
2381:
2374:"Rassam Obelisk"
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:on 15 March 2012
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:on 3 August 2021
1984:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:Tekhenu egyptian
1852:
1850:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1787:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1683:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1540:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1469:boundary markers
1405:
1382:
1367:Tiananmen Square
1358:
1342:
1319:
1305:Washington, D.C.
1296:
1264:
1244:
1221:
1202:
1176:Tiananmen Square
1160:Washington, D.C.
931:Ashurnasirpal II
834:Dutch Golden Age
763:of his new city
757:Caesarea obelisk
740:attached to the
666:Flaminio Obelisk
639:Domenico Fontana
588:Lateran Basilica
576:Temple of Karnak
465:
441:
417:
390:
349:ancient Egyptian
325:Ancient Egyptian
222:Ancient obelisks
200:
163:
156:
144:
137:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
48:; a red granite
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2740:Garden features
2695:
2694:
2651:
2626:Iversen, Erik,
2589:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1941:"Obelisk"
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1865:
1861:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1739:
1733:Perseus Project
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1566:
1559:
1548:Abraham Lincoln
1541:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1431:
1424:
1406:
1397:
1383:
1374:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1320:
1311:
1297:
1288:
1265:
1256:
1245:
1236:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1194:Modern obelisks
1120:
1115:
1113:Modern obelisks
1075:
1066:Constantine VII
1034:
977:
957:Shalmaneser III
927:Ashurnasirpal I
897:
854:London, England
826:
753:Herod the Great
621:Natural History
596:Vatican obelisk
584:Lateran Obelisk
552:
546:
524:in 1916 by the
483:
476:
466:
457:
442:
433:
418:
409:
398:Temple of Luxor
391:
307:, the sundisk.
278:Twelfth Dynasty
235:
229:
224:
205:and ultimately
96:
92:
69:Lateran Obelisk
36:One of the two
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2650:
2649:External links
2647:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2624:
2612:
2605:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2555:
2533:
2521:
2508:
2492:
2481:
2452:
2427:
2401:
2396:British Museum
2383:
2378:British Museum
2365:
2331:
2306:
2281:
2275:978-9774240225
2274:
2262:Habachi, Labib
2253:
2231:
2208:
2177:
2152:
2135:
2117:
2089:
2071:(2): 131–135.
2055:
2048:
2030:
1996:
1957:
1946:Chisholm, Hugh
1927:
1902:
1877:
1859:
1843:978-0195122213
1842:
1816:
1800:
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1703:
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1216:
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1204:
1197:
1195:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:archeologist.
1103:Julio C. Tello
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1058:Walled Obelisk
1042:Walled Obelisk
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1005:
995:
976:
973:
938:Hormuzd Rassam
919:Hormuzd Rassam
908:British Museum
896:
893:
825:
822:
798:Circus Maximus
776:Constantius II
738:Boboli Gardens
730:Boboli obelisk
608:Circus of Nero
545:
542:
482:
479:
478:
477:
467:
460:
458:
443:
436:
434:
419:
412:
410:
392:
385:
383:
378:respectively.
372:Zodiacal light
228:
225:
223:
220:
38:Luxor Obelisks
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
2751:
2748:
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2738:
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2713:
2711:
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2702:
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2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2621:(5), 263–344
2620:
2616:
2615:Edward Chaney
2613:
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2603:
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2595:
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2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2130:Saint Peter's
2127:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2049:9788291626017
2045:
2041:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1873:(5), 263–344
1872:
1868:
1867:Edward Chaney
1863:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1801:9780375426001
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:Scott, Robert
1720:
1716:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:Dagger (mark)
1660:
1658:
1655:
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1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
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1597:
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1588:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1557:
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1539:
1534:
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1526:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:Islamic world
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:Others usages
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Market Square
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Monrepos Park
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:Pre-Columbian
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:Arles Obelisk
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:Ancient Roman
972:
970:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:Black Obelisk
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
870:Paris, France
867:
863:
862:Luxor Obelisk
859:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:
830:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:Palazzo Pitti
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Spanish Steps
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
657:
656:Carlo Maderno
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
630:
628:
623:
622:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
565:
561:
556:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:was found at
519:
518:Senkamanisken
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:black granite
496:
492:
488:
474:
470:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
435:
431:
427:
426:Al-Matariyyah
423:
416:
411:
407:
403:
402:Luxor Obelisk
399:
395:
389:
384:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
345:
340:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
282:Al-Matariyyah
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:The earliest
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
234:
219:
217:
212:
208:
204:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
155:
150:
146:
143:
136:
132:
129:
128:Ancient Greek
123:
90:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2682:
2663:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2608:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2536:
2529:"Dispatches"
2524:
2516:
2511:
2495:
2484:
2474:27 September
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2462:
2455:
2445:15 September
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1980:the original
1973:
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1691:www.pbs.org
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1418:Kim Il Sung
1410:Juche Tower
1056:, Turkey –
986:, France –
921:in 1853 at
788:ventennalia
670:Ramesses II
503:Old Dongola
376:sun pillars
185:and called
126:; from
54:metric tons
2699:Categories
2587:References
2345:Aegyptiaca
2069:Aegyptiaca
2012:(2): 130.
2010:Aegyptiaca
1989:30 January
1895:23 January
1454:headstones
1328:New Jersey
1186:(1975) in
1174:(1958) in
1166:(1936) in
1158:(1884) in
1150:(1861) in
1142:(1835) in
1134:(1800) in
1107:indigenous
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784:Alexandria
761:hippodrome
674:Heliopolis
614:The elder
548:See also:
446:Hatshepsut
422:Senusret I
329:pyramidion
274:Senusret I
266:metric-ton
231:See also:
216:monolithic
179:pyramidion
149:diminutive
81:monolithic
58:short tons
50:monolithic
2730:Sculpture
2715:Monoliths
2420:21 August
2201:21 August
2170:21 August
1975:Astronomy
1772: in
1747:"obelisk"
1713:ὀβελίσκος
1523:Grave of
1511:, Austria
1503:Grave of
1465:surveying
1447:lampposts
1414:Pyongyang
1287:, Finland
1279:, at the
1136:Stockholm
1032:Byzantine
998:Benevento
538:Aktisanes
534:cartouche
408:in Paris)
344:Astronomy
301:Akhenaten
270:short-ton
247:Herodotus
198:obeliskos
175:pyramidal
142:obelískos
135:ὀβελίσκος
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2705:Obelisks
2264:(1985).
2128:(1967).
1938:(1911).
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1054:Istanbul
1048:, Turkey
1046:Istanbul
1002:Domitian
969:monolith
901:Assyrian
895:Assyrian
885:New York
836:painter
810:Istanbul
765:Caesarea
746:Florence
710:elephant
635:Sixtus V
604:Caligula
566:, Turkey
564:Istanbul
536:of King
485:Ancient
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227:Egyptian
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2548:14 June
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2324:14 June
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2246:14 June
2147:purl.pt
2110:14 June
2082:17 June
2023:17 June
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1920:14 June
1774:Liddell
1731:at the
1596:papyrus
1491:, Italy
1391:Jakarta
1371:Beijing
1188:Jakarta
1180:Beijing
1132:Obelisk
1124:masonry
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864:at the
816:of the
796:of the
618:in his
489:of the
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444:Tip of
432:, Egypt
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364:sunrise
360:pyramid
352:pyramid
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243:temples
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1146:, the
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881:London
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720:, the
592:iconic
572:temple
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368:sunset
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1970:(PDF)
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2550:2013
2476:2010
2447:2019
2422:2015
2360:2019
2326:2013
2301:2013
2270:ISBN
2248:2013
2203:2015
2172:2015
2112:2013
2084:2019
2044:ISBN
2025:2019
1991:2021
1922:2013
1897:2023
1851:2014
1838:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1776:and
1698:2018
1604:Axum
1575:NOVA
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1489:Rome
1435:Rome
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1385:The
1361:The
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