James VI and I - Knowledge

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diverse peoples. Yet he also created new ones, particularly by supporting colonisation that polarised the crown's interest groups in Ireland, obtaining insufficient political benefit with his open-handed patronage, an unfortunate lack of attention to the image of monarchy (particularly after the image-obsessed regime of Elizabeth), pursuing a pro-Spanish foreign policy that fired religious prejudice and opened the door for Arminians within the English church, and enforcing unpalatable religious changes on the Scottish Kirk. Many of these criticisms are framed within a longer view of James' reigns, including the legacy—now understood to be more troubled—which he left Charles I.

1905: 1896: 2401: 2419: 2410: 10019: 8221: 404: 2014: 1035: 1441: 1717: 6647:, p. 136: "Rumours of foul play involving Rochester and his wife with Overbury had, however, been circulating since his death. Indeed, almost two years later, in September 1615, and as James was in the process of replacing Rochester with a new favourite, George Villiers, the Governor of the Tower of London sent a letter to the king informing him that one of the warders in the days before Overbury had been found dead had been bringing the prisoner poisoned food and medicine"; 2108: 5913:, pp. 63–64: "The aging monarch was no match for the two men closest to him. By the end of the year, the prince and the royal favourite spoke openly against the Spanish marriage and pressured James to call a parliament to consider their now repugnant treaties ... with hindsight ... the prince's return from Madrid marked the end of the king's reign. The prince and the favourite encouraged popular anti-Spanish sentiments to commandeer control of foreign and domestic policy". 2124:, "so did he die in peace, and I pray God our king may follow him". The Earl prayed in vain: once in power, King Charles I and the Duke of Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that ended in humiliating failure. James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes, such as the hunt; his later dependence on favourites at a scandal-ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by Elizabeth I. 1130: 919: 11231: 1683:, whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual grant of £200,000. The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31 December 1610. "Your greatest error", he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall". The same pattern was repeated with the so-called " 31: 11638: 784: 2217:, Willson's book was an "astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author's increasing hatred for his subject". Since Willson, however, the stability of James's government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism. 1186:. James personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches. After 1599, his views became more sceptical. In a later letter written in England to his son Henry, James congratulates the prince on "the discovery of yon little counterfeit wench. I pray God ye may be my heir in such discoveries ... most miracles now-a-days prove but illusions, and ye may see by this how wary judges should be in trusting accusations". 8254: 2005:

in the meantime by Villiers. James pardoned the Countess and commuted the Earl's sentence of death, eventually pardoning him in 1624. The implication of the king in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished James's court with an image of corruption and depravity. The subsequent downfall of the Howards left Villiers unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1619.

6859:"Great Britains Salomon A sermon preached at the magnificent funerall, of the most high and mighty king, Iames, the late King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. At the Collegiat Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, the seuenth of May 1625. By the Right Honorable, and Right Reuerend Father in God, Iohn, Lord Bishop of Lincolne, Lord Keeper of the Great Seale of England, &c" 1655:

also, but of the whole body of the State in general". The sensational discovery of the "Gunpowder Plot", as it quickly became known, aroused a mood of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons. The Earl of Salisbury exploited this to extract higher subsidies from the ensuing Parliament than any but one granted to Elizabeth. Fawkes and others implicated in the unsuccessful conspiracy were executed.

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anti-Catholic legislation by Parliament. Though a treaty was signed, Charles and Buckingham returned to England in October without the infanta and immediately renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people. Disillusioned by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the

1361:, James maintains that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief, because kings arose "before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings." 2247:" in London on 24 March 1603. On 20 October 1604, James issued a proclamation at Westminster changing his style to "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c." The style was not used on English statutes, but was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, treaties, and in Scotland. James styled himself "King of France", 1632:. James celebrated the treaty by hosting a great banquet. Freedom of worship for Catholics in England, however, continued to be a major objective of Spanish policy, causing constant dilemmas for James, distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by the Privy Council to show even less tolerance towards them. 1978:

entered a period of decline and disrepute. Salisbury's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State, with his young Scottish favourite Robert Carr carrying out many of Salisbury's former duties, but James's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government to factionalism.

1305: 1248: 1795:, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost. The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare or fund a war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain, a stance that was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign. 1713:, as it was called, was also attractive to James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war. Peace could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive as by consummating the match—which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade. 2040:. He also lost his teeth and drank heavily. The king was often seriously ill during the last year of his life, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London, while Buckingham consolidated his control of Charles to ensure his own future. One theory is that James suffered from 3953:

It is very likely that Overbury was the victim of a 'set-up' contrived by the earls of Northampton and Suffolk, with Carr's complicity, to keep him out of the way during the annulment proceedings. Overbury knew too much of Carr's dealings with Frances and he opposed the match with a fervour that made

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On 5 April, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return every three years (a promise that he did not keep), and progressed slowly southwards. Local lords received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of his new land and subjects, claiming that he was

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Elizabeth I wrote to Mary: "My ears have been so astounded, my mind so disturbed and my heart so appalled at hearing the horrible report of the abominable murder of your late husband and my slaughtered cousin, that I can scarcely as yet summon the spirit to write about it ... I will not conceal from

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Croft's overall assessment of James is appropriately mixed. She recognises his good intentions in matters like Anglo-Scottish union, his openness to different points of view, and his agenda of a peaceful foreign policy within his kingdoms' financial means. His actions moderated frictions between his

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In summer 1615, however, it emerged that Overbury had been poisoned. He had died on 15 September 1613 in the Tower of London, where he had been placed at the king's request. Among those convicted of the murder were the Earl and Countess of Somerset; the Earl had been replaced as the king's favourite

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of the second session of James's first English Parliament. Fawkes was guarding a pile of wood not far from 36 barrels of gunpowder with which he intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, "not only ... of my person, nor of my wife and posterity

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When the Earl of Salisbury died in 1612, he was little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum. Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency; from this time forward, however, James's government

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In early 1623, Prince Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito, to win Infanta Maria Anna directly, but the mission proved an ineffectual mistake. Maria Anna detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of

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Some historians (for example Willson) consider James, who was 58 in 1624, to have lapsed into premature senility; but he suffered from an agonising species of arthritis which constantly left him indisposed, as well as other ailments; and Pauline Croft suggests that James regained some control over

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observed that "it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham". Buckingham himself provides evidence that he slept in the same bed as the king, writing to James many years later that he had pondered "whether you loved me now ... better than at the time which I shall never

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empire. To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1624. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham, who pressured

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The co-operation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder Plot was atypical. Instead, it was the previous session of 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides for the rest of the reign, though the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than conscious enmity. On 7

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The introduction of Henry Howard (soon Earl of Northampton) and of Thomas Howard (soon Earl of Suffolk) marked the beginning of the rise of the Howard family to power in England, which culminated in their dominance of James's government after the death of Cecil in 1612. Henry Howard, son of poet

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Spanish. Raleigh's expedition was a disastrous failure, and his son Walter was killed fighting the Spanish. On Raleigh's return to England, James had him executed to the indignation of the public, who opposed the appeasement of Spain. James's policy was further jeopardised by the outbreak of the

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after failing to win its support either for full union or financial subsidies. "I will not thank where I feel no thanks due", he had remarked in his closing speech. "... I am not of such a stock as to praise fools ... You see how many things you did not well ... I wish you would make use of your

1612:, "compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible?" In April 1604, however, the Commons refused his request to be titled "King of Great Britain" on legal grounds. In October 1604, he assumed the title "King of Great Britain" instead of "King of England" and "King of Scotland", though 3798:

nonetheless concludes: "Not a single piece of uncontaminated evidence has ever been found to show that Mary had foreknowledge of Darnley's murder". In historian David Harris Willson's view, however: "That Bothwell was the murderer no one can doubt; and that Mary was his accomplice seems equally

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home territory. Matters came to a head when James finally called a Parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son-in-law. The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick, and on the other—remembering the

1479:"swapping a stony couch for a deep feather bed". James arrived in the capital on 7 May, nine days after Elizabeth's funeral. His new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. On arrival at London, he was mobbed by a crowd of spectators. 1352:

was written as a book of instruction for the four-year-old Prince Henry and provides a more practical guide to kingship. The work is considered to be well written and perhaps the best example of James's prose. James's advice concerning parliaments, which he understood as merely the king's "head

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to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but the clans were soon at loggerheads with one another again. During James VI's reign, the citizens of the Hebrides were portrayed as lawless barbarians rather than being the cradle of Scottish Christianity and nationhood. Official documents

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and other Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the Spanish Party—but deeply distrusted in Protestant England. When Walter Raleigh was released from imprisonment in 1616, he embarked on a hunt for gold in South America with strict instructions from James not to engage the

6623:, p. 105: "Packets were sent, sometimes opened by my lord, sometimes unbroken unto Overbury, who perused them, registered them, made table-talk of them, as they thought good. So I will undertake the time was, when Overbury knew more of the secrets of state, than the council-table did." 6591:, p. 333: "Finances fell into chaos, foreign affairs became more difficult. James exalted a worthless favourite and increased the power of the Howards. As government relaxed and honour cheapened, we enter a period of decline and weakness, of intrigue, scandal, confusion and treachery." 859:

or tutors. As the young king's senior tutor, Buchanan subjected James to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning. Buchanan sought to turn James into a God-fearing, Protestant king who accepted the limitations of monarchy, as outlined in his

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their written language, and followed the king to London after 1603. James's role as active literary participant and patron made him a defining figure in many respects for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which reached a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage of the

605:", an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch. He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in 2355:

The arms used in Scotland were: Quarterly, I and IV Scotland, II England and France, III Ireland, with Scotland taking precedence over England. The supporters were: dexter a unicorn of Scotland imperially crowned, supporting a tilting lance flying a banner Azure a saltire Argent

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forget at Farnham, where the bed's head could not be found between the master and his dog". Buckingham's words may be interpreted as non-sexual, in the context of 17th-century court life, and remain ambiguous despite their fondness. It is also possible that James was bisexual.

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to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. With the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne in March 1603. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day.

1094:, James and Anne returned to Scotland on 1 May 1590. By all accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne and, in the early years of their marriage, seems always to have shown her patience and affection. The royal couple produced three children who survived to adulthood: 1049:

Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women. After the loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company. A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his rule, and the choice fell on fourteen-year-old

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brought some control over the ruinous state of James's finances in 1596, but it drew opposition from vested interests. It was disbanded within a year after a riot in Edinburgh, which was stoked by anti-Catholicism and led the court to withdraw to Linlithgow temporarily.

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told him that he could not use the style in "any legal proceeding, instrument or assurance" and the title was not used on English statutes. James forced the Scottish Parliament to use it, and it was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, and treaties in both realms.

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on 19 October 1579. Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Darnley's murder. On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland. The king, then fifteen years old, remained under the influence of Lennox for about one more year.

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James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports".

764: 6166:, p. 208: "... his sexuality has long been a matter of debate. He clearly preferred the company of handsome young men. The evidence of his correspondence and contemporary accounts have led some historians to conclude that the king was homosexual or 4045:; and, of course, speeches to parliament ... He was the patron of Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, and the translators of the "Authorized version" of the Bible, surely the greatest concentration of literary talent ever to enjoy royal sponsorship in England." 3858:

by David Lindley. Henry Howard is a traditionally reviled figure (Willson called him "A man of dark counsels and creeping schemes, learned but bombastic, and a most fulsome flatterer") whose reputation was upgraded by Linda Levy Peck's 1982 biography

998:, and the Earl of Gowrie was killed in the ensuing fracas; there were few surviving witnesses. Given James's history with the Ruthvens and the fact that he owed them a great deal of money, his account of the circumstances was not universally believed. 4268:, p. 27: "Suffer nor admit no noblemen of our realm or any others, of what condition soever they be of, to enter or come within our said Castle or to the presence of our said dearest son, with any more persons but two or three at the most." 1821:

even at court. Henry Howard, for example, was a crypto-Catholic, received back into the Catholic Church in his final months. On ascending the English throne, James suspected that he might need the support of Catholics in England, so he assured

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As James's reign progressed, his government faced growing financial pressures, partly due to creeping inflation but also to the profligacy and financial incompetence of James's court. In February 1610, Salisbury proposed a scheme, known as the

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with England. That and his mother's execution in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border. Queen Elizabeth was unmarried and childless, and James was her

5841:, p. 423: "We cannot with patience endure our subjects to use such anti-monarchical words to us concerning their liberties, except they had subjoined that they were granted unto them by the grace and favour of our predecessors." 1342:, explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons, though "the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon". The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by 1601:. As a consequence, James was free to concentrate on bigger issues, such as a scheme for a closer union between England and Scotland and matters of foreign policy, as well as to enjoy his leisure pursuits, particularly hunting. 2119:

James was widely mourned. For all his flaws, he had largely retained the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era. "As he lived in peace", remarked the

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was known as the king's mistress. After his accession in England, his peaceful and scholarly attitude contrasted strikingly with the bellicose and flirtatious behaviour of Elizabeth, as indicated by the contemporary epigram

882:, who was carried fatally wounded into Stirling Castle a year later after a raid by Mary's supporters. His successor, the Earl of Mar, "took a vehement sickness" and died on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. Mar's illness, wrote 3958:

reported that the king "hath long had a desire to remove him from about the lord of Rochester, as thinking it a dishonour to him that the world should have an opinion that Rochester ruled him and Overbury ruled Rochester".

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observed that he "never yet saw any fond husband make so much or so great dalliance over his beautiful spouse as I have seen King James over his favourites, especially the Duke of Buckingham" whom the king would, recalled

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become optional. James was strict in enforcing conformity at first, inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans; but ejections and suspensions from livings became rarer as the reign continued. As a result of the

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were enacted in 1609, which required clan chiefs to provide support for Protestant ministers to Highland parishes; to outlaw bards; to report regularly to Edinburgh to answer for their actions; and to send their heirs to

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among crimes "ye are bound in conscience never to forgive", and James's wife Anne gave birth to seven live children, as well as suffering two stillbirths and at least three other miscarriages. Contemporary Huguenot poet

3850:, had been a diligent correspondent with James in advance of the succession (James referred to him as "long approved and trusted Howard"). His connection with James may have owed something to the attempt by his brother 1277:, to be educated in English-speaking Protestant schools. So began a process "specifically aimed at the extirpation of the Gaelic language, the destruction of its traditional culture and the suppression of its bearers." 3794:

you that people for the most part are saying that you will look through your fingers at this deed instead of avenging it and that you don't care to take action against those who have done you this pleasure." Historian

2348:. The English crest and motto was retained. The compartment often contained a branch of the Tudor rose, with shamrock and thistle engrafted on the same stem. The arms were frequently shown with James's personal motto, 1993:) soon took control of much of the government and its patronage. Even the powerful Carr fell into the Howard camp, hardly experienced for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend 3698: 969:

to assert royal authority over the Kirk, and denounced the writings of his former tutor Buchanan. Between 1584 and 1603, he established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by

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began well, but the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result, although a third attempt in 1607 was more successful. The

1770:, they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws. James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of 6699:, p. 20: "Probably no single event, prior to the attempt to arrest the five members in 1642, did more to lessen the general reverence with which royalty was regarded in England than this unsavoury episode." 1687:" of 1614, which James dissolved after a mere nine weeks when the Commons hesitated to grant him the money he required. James then ruled without parliament until 1621, employing officials such as the merchant 1288:, resisted the Statutes of Iona and was consequently imprisoned. His natural son Robert led an unsuccessful rebellion against James, and the Earl and his son were hanged. Their estates were forfeited, and the 2340:, this was the first time that Ireland was included in the royal arms). The supporters became: dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned and sinister the Scottish unicorn. The unicorn replaced the 1857:, though many remained displeased. The conference also commissioned a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible to resolve discrepancies among different translations then being used. The 3969:

his affairs in summer 1624, afforded relief by the warm weather. She sees his continuing refusal to sanction war against Spain as a deliberate stand against the aggressive policies of Charles and Buckingham.

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as being the "dark red colour of Alicante wine". The theory is dismissed by some experts, particularly in James's case, because he had kidney stones which can lead to blood in the urine, colouring it red.

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of Scotland and England to establish a single country under one monarch, one parliament, and one law, a plan that met opposition in both realms. "Hath He not made us all in one island," James told the

6972:, pp. 3–4: "Often witty and perceptive but also prejudiced and abusive, their status as eye-witness accounts and their compulsive readability led too many historians to take them at face value"; 613:

that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain. He was succeeded by his second son, Charles I.

2143:, in 1610. During the next 150 years, England would fight with Spain, the Netherlands, and France for control of the continent, while religious division in Ireland between Protestants and Catholics 4472:, p. 63: "So ended this nobleman, one of the chief instruments of the reformation; a defender of the same, and of the King in his minority, for the which he is now unthankfully dealt with." 8235: 3664: 3954:

him dangerous, motivated by a deep political hostility to the Howards. It cannot have been difficult to secure James's compliance, because he disliked Overbury and his influence over Carr.

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James briefly broke off diplomatic relations with England over Mary's execution, but he wrote privately that Scotland "could never have been without factions if she had beene left alive".

470:, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. He acceded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was forced to 1501:

was deferred to 15 March 1604. Dekker wrote that "the streets seemed to be paved with men; stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children; open casements filled up with women".

962:, whom the king had personally appointed royal chaplain in 1579, rebuked him so sharply from the pulpit for having issued a proclamation so offensive to the clergy "that the king wept". 942:

who noticed the physical displays of affection between him and the king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust". In August 1582, in what became known as the

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English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred in one belly, to love one another as no more two but one estate".

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The commissioners judging the case reached a 5–5 verdict, so James quickly appointed two extra judges guaranteed to vote in favour, an intervention which aroused public censure. When

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Assessments of the Kirk at James's death are divided. Some historians argue that the Scots might have accepted James's policies eventually, others that James left the Kirk in crisis.

1379:, applying Renaissance principles. He also made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music, seeing the two in connection. One act of his reign urges the Scottish 6551: 1876:

through a General Assembly the following year, but the rulings were widely resisted. James left the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son.

9037: 6771:, p. 174: "During the last eighteen months of his life James fought a very effective rearguard action to preserve his control of foreign policy ... he never became a cypher." 697:

saw the queen, who had not fully recovered and could only speak faintly. The baby was "sucking at his nurse" and was "well proportioned and like to prove a goodly prince". He was

510:, until his death in 1625. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and 3927:

Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which so many rejoice and few do as much as seem to be sorry."

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Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (2002), "'Enregistrate Speech': Stratagems of Monarchic Writing in the Work of James VI and I", in Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (eds.),

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in Copenhagen in August 1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway. On hearing that the crossing had been abandoned, James sailed from

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Morton was elected to Mar's office and proved in many ways the most effective of James's regents, but he made enemies by his rapacity. He fell from favour when Frenchman

1691:, who were astute at raising and saving money for the crown, and sold baronetcies and other dignities, many created for the purpose, as an alternative source of income. 666:

noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage, Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the queen's private secretary,

13894: 4102:, p. 27: "A very wise man was wont to say that he believed him the wisest fool in Christendom, meaning him wise in small things, but a fool in weighty affairs." 1409:

By the late 1590s, James's championing of native Scottish tradition was reduced to some extent by the increasing likelihood of his succession to the English throne.

759:, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in 13849: 8197: 966: 8461: 1240:

language, spoken fluently by James IV and probably by James V, became known in the time of James VI as "Erse" or Irish, implying that it was foreign in nature.

1872:. James returned to Scotland in 1617 for the only time after his accession in England, in the hope of implementing Anglican ritual. James's bishops forced his 10197: 1206:, but he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance. As a result, the 16th century became known as 9030: 7887: 5583: 1504:

The kingdom to which James succeeded, however, had its problems. Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of

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was signed between the two countries in August 1604, thanks to the skilled diplomacy of the delegation, in particular Robert Cecil and Henry Howard, now

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Throughout his life James had close relationships with male courtiers, which has caused debate among historians about their exact nature. In Scotland

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describe the peoples of the Highlands as "void of the knawledge and feir of God" who were prone to "all kynd of barbarous and bestile cruelteis". The

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in 1597, a tract inspired by his personal involvement that opposed the practice of witchcraft and that provided background material for Shakespeare's

13519: 10752: 2093:. The position of the tomb was lost for many years until his lead coffin was found in the Henry VII vault, during an excavation in the 19th century. 1263:" in 1598. James wrote that the colonists were to act "not by agreement" with the local inhabitants, but "by extirpation of thame". Their landing at 2001:, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk. James assisted Frances by securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr, now Earl of Somerset. 13819: 11584: 2324:

The arms used in England were: Quarterly, I and IV, quarterly 1st and 4th Azure three fleurs de lys Or (for France), 2nd and 3rd Gules three lions

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See for example Rhodes, Neil (2004), "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James", in Maley, Willy; Murphy, Andrew (eds),

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In Scotland, James was "James the sixth, King of Scotland", until 1604. He was proclaimed "James the first, King of England, France, and Ireland,

1826:, a prominent sympathiser of the old religion, that he would not persecute "any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law". 9023: 5941:, p. 126: "On that divergence of interpretation, relations between the future king and the Parliaments of the years 1625–9 were to founder". 4122:, p. 238: "In contrast to earlier historians, recent research on his reign has tended to emphasize the wisdom and downplay the foolishness". 1406:

among others, Montgomerie being a favourite of the king. James was himself a poet, and was happy to be seen as a practising member of the group.

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Anne suffered from recurrent bouts of sickness and was seriously ill from 1617. James visited Anne only three times during her last illness. She

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profits gained under Elizabeth by naval attacks on Spanish gold shipments—called for a war directly against Spain. In November 1621, roused by

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or they would risk punishment, which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their rights, including freedom of speech. Urged on by

10153: 1664: 874:, forcing her to flee to England, where she was subsequently kept in confinement by Elizabeth. On 23 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by 1546:

James survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign, despite the smoothness of the succession and the warmth of his welcome: the

905:, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of James's powerful favourites. James was proclaimed an adult ruler in a 870:

In 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle, leading to several years of sporadic violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the

11180: 4625:, p. 61: "The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James's version remained"; 10373: 11512: 10708: 9807: 8454: 1522: 741:, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, to which the English guests took offence, thinking the satyrs "done against them". 13869: 12463: 12104: 747:

on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for the killing of Rizzio. James inherited his father's titles of

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wrote that it was 'verily thought that the disease was no other than the ordinary ague that had reigned and raged all over England'."

5183: 1705:

Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta

1346:

but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings".

60: 5239:, Aberdeen University Press, vol. 1, pp. 141–152. Spiller points out that the trend, although unambiguous, was generally more mixed. 1817:

denying the pope's authority over the king. James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance, and tolerated

823:. In accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant 506:

monarch of England and Ireland, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the

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In recent decades, much scholarship has emphasised James's success in Scotland (though there have been partial dissenters, such as

2345: 1885: 1814: 1026: 730: 1861:, as it came to be known, was completed in 1611 and is considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose. It is still in widespread use. 13884: 13754: 13749: 13707: 13256: 12558: 10404: 6057: 5175: 3978:

A medicine recommended by Buckingham had only served to make the king worse, which led to rumours that the duke had poisoned him.

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Milling, Jane (2004), "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in Milling, Jane; Thomson, Peter; Donohue, Joseph W. (eds.),

2313:

The Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland under James was symbolised heraldically by combining their arms, supporters and

1620:

James achieved more success in foreign policy. Never having been at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to bringing the long

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In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits, and fell seriously ill in March with

1986: 1957:, Northamptonshire, undertaken in 2004–08 revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and Villiers. 1014:

crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country". Elizabeth sent James

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In the early years of James's reign, the day-to-day running of the government was tightly managed by the shrewd Cecil, later

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After the Gunpowder Plot, James sanctioned harsh measures to control English Catholics. In May 1606, Parliament passed the

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James's queen, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth, of whom three reached adulthood:

2336:); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( 2248: 2090: 1804: 1467: 1285: 995: 947: 879: 440: 184: 13391: 2076:

died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years ... and so you know did King James". The sermon was later printed as

1981:

The Howard party (consisting of Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton; Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk; Suffolk's son-in-law

1375:

in 1584 at the age of 18. It was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue of

898: 626: 482:, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1589, he married 13779: 11666: 11247: 11122: 10659: 3851: 2477: 2069: 1998: 1571: 1562:, among others. Those hoping for a change in government from James were disappointed at first when he kept Elizabeth's 1164: 965:

After James escaped from Falkland on 27 June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the

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In Scotland, James attempted to bring the Scottish Kirk "so neir as can be" to the English church and to reestablish

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in 1493 had led to troubled times for the western seaboard. James IV had subdued the organised military might of the

891: 722: 659: 515: 329: 196: 10409: 3944:, one of the added commissioners) was knighted after the annulment, he was given the nickname "Sir Nullity Bilson". 982:

One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by

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but possibly coined by Anthony Weldon, catches James's paradoxical qualities very neatly"; Anthony Weldon (1651),

1357:: "Hold no Parliaments," he tells Henry, "but for the necesitie of new Lawes, which would be but seldome". In the 1079: 13899: 12292: 12143: 11031: 10762: 10664: 10598: 10541: 10516: 10425: 10078: 9827: 9800: 3731: 2627: 2487: 2162:, his financial irresponsibility, and his cultivation of unpopular favourites established the foundations of the 2144: 1320: 1310: 875: 787:

James (right) depicted aged 17 beside his mother, 1583. In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby.

756: 569: 319: 13839: 13829: 13789: 13493: 13346: 12232: 11319: 10772: 10399: 10358: 10147: 10072: 2503: 2445: 2260: 2186: 1950: 1818: 1071: 991: 79: 1650:, was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings on the night of 4–5 November 1605, the eve of the 13609: 13533: 13406: 12628: 11659: 11448: 10045: 2481: 2159: 2140: 1941: 1913: 1750: 1256: 584: 114: 3854:, to free and marry Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to his execution in 1572. For details on the Howards, see 2360:) and sinister the crowned lion of England supporting a similar lance flying a banner Argent a cross Gules ( 2178:. Over the last three hundred years, the king's reputation has suffered from the acid description of him by 1244:

decided that Gaelic had become a principal cause of the Highlanders' shortcomings and sought to abolish it.

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because they sit upon God His throne in earth and have the count of their administration to give unto Him."

3847: 2068:, with Buckingham at his bedside. James's funeral on 7 May was a magnificent but disorderly affair. Bishop 1851: 1621: 1505: 971: 768: 588: 178: 3881:

A crypto-Catholic was someone who outwardly conformed to Protestantism but remained a Catholic in private.

958:, imprisoned him, and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. On 19 September 1582, during James's imprisonment, 13640: 13635: 13599: 13446: 13441: 13226: 11434: 11166: 10782: 10723: 10679: 10562: 9941: 9422: 8794: 6052: 4614: 4525: 3991:), and there is an emerging appreciation of James's successes in the early part of his reign in England. 2509: 1729: 1466:

From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth's life, certain English politicians—notably her chief minister

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in 1625. Although he long tried to get both countries to adopt a closer political union, the kingdoms of

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the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield, by now made

1369:

In the 1580s and 1590s, James promoted the literature of his native country. He published his treatise

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with the thistle ensigned with the royal crown, a harp (for Ireland) and a fleur de lys (for France).

13874: 13645: 13604: 12475: 12418: 12003: 11624: 9702: 9497: 9442: 9050: 8874: 8814: 8713: 8470: 7801: 4058: 3988: 2497: 2321:, and to which kingdom should take precedence, was solved by having different arms for each country. 1904: 1810: 1555: 1007: 883: 828: 690: 561:

contributing to a flourishing literary culture. James was a prolific writer, authoring works such as

499: 13824: 13809: 13316: 11599: 11463: 11458: 11016: 10824: 10777: 10220: 10038: 10005: 9503: 9492: 9198: 9054: 9046: 8879: 8869: 8678: 7452: 4114:, p. 6: "Historians have returned to reconsidering James as a serious and intelligent ruler"; 1847: 1354: 1002: 733:, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom. The 710: 580: 8663: 8643: 8206: 927: 533:. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the 13834: 13799: 13734: 13552: 13296: 13216: 12633: 12222: 12133: 11534: 11279: 11239: 11072: 10960: 10166: 9472: 9467: 9452: 9427: 8849: 8844: 8824: 8799: 8259: 7722: 7559:

Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628

6986: 6844:, p. 447: "All was performed with great magnificence, but ... very confused and disorderly." 6066: 4679:

Goodare, Julian (2000). "James VI's English Subsidy". In Goodare, Julian; Lynch, Michael (eds.).

4074: 2382: 2337: 1625: 1445: 1055: 804: 511: 13030: 9134: 8623: 6029:, pp. 201, 209: "In things indifferent, they are seditious which obey not the magistrates". 5235:

Spiller, Michael (1988), "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660", in Craig, Cairns (general editor),

4814: 3894:

wrote to James warning him that sermons against bishops were being preached daily in Edinburgh.

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Calendar of letters and papers relating to the affairs of the borders of England and Scotland

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a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. The

2244: 2175: 2167: 1482: 1403: 1339: 1195: 959: 593: 12593: 11424: 11264: 9346: 9098: 8728: 1841:, wedding rings, and the term "priest", among other things, and that the wearing of cap and 13744: 13739: 13286: 13166: 12935: 12742: 12583: 12510: 12202: 12163: 12148: 11682: 11442: 11371: 11334: 11269: 11220: 11210: 11197: 11112: 11087: 10736: 10669: 10622: 10557: 10490: 10111: 9919: 9867: 9851: 9619: 9566: 9556: 9546: 9519: 9437: 9360: 9294: 9249: 9239: 9233: 9222: 9216: 9166: 8958: 8948: 8938: 8928: 8908: 8897: 8885: 8809: 8738: 8613: 8323: 8306: 7861: 7613:

Elizabethan Espionage: Plotters and Spies in the Struggle Between Catholicism and the Crown

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In furtherance of these aims, James was both patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish

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historians on the tradition of tracing Charles I's errors back to his father's reign, see

6021:, p. 205: "In seeking conformity, James gave a name and a purpose to nonconformity"; 1970: 8: 13476: 13356: 13326: 13246: 12772: 12712: 12033: 11953: 11642: 11453: 11309: 11252: 11132: 11097: 11052: 10889: 10879: 10787: 10713: 10593: 10475: 10430: 10302: 10117: 9835: 9646: 9599: 9541: 9477: 9274: 9264: 9244: 9210: 9015: 8968: 8923: 8854: 8354: 3455: 2983: 2307: 2303: 2290:

armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and

2136: 1706: 1629: 1435: 1423: 1371: 1232: 1212:, the time of raids. Furthermore, the effects of the Reformation were slow to affect the 1160: 955: 836: 799:, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought" in the security of Stirling Castle. James was 734: 698: 546: 518:". He was an advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the 444: 436: 220: 55: 12520: 8072: 5113:, pp. 134–135: "James wrote well, scattering engaging asides throughout the text"; 13488: 13483: 13466: 13461: 12930: 12438: 12375: 11365: 11205: 11006: 10894: 10757: 10312: 9683: 9321: 9269: 9193: 9002: 8998: 8973: 8603: 8558: 8220: 8169: 8135: 7524: 7270: 7160: 6212: 4854: 4815:"Witchcraft against Royal Danish Ships in 1589 and the Transnational Transfer of Ideas" 4341: 4091: 2418: 1858: 1830: 1609: 1070:

called "the one romantic episode of his life". The couple were married formally at the

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Reviews and History: Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history

6780: 6552:"Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I" 5172: 2409: 2013: 1220:, driving a religious wedge between this area and centres of political control in the 701:"Charles James" or "James Charles" on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at 13451: 13396: 13236: 13025: 12687: 12613: 12588: 12390: 12192: 11594: 11482: 11478: 11411: 11396: 11329: 11324: 11001: 10899: 10684: 9316: 9129: 8503: 8230: 8173: 8109: 8082: 8070:

The History of England from the Accession of James 1st to the Restoration (1603–1660)

8046: 8032: 7982: 7968: 7947: 7925: 7869: 7848: 7842: 7827: 7788: 7770: 7748: 7730: 7709: 7688: 7670: 7652: 7634: 7616: 7598: 7580: 7562: 7541: 7510: 7492: 7460: 7439: 7418: 7400: 7394: 7377: 7371: 7353: 7330: 7312: 7294: 7276: 7168: 7127: 6788: 6530: 6512: 6484: 6476: 6459: 6412: 6356: 6324: 6234: 6185: 6070: 4858: 4846: 4438: 3781: 3010: 2365: 2163: 2112: 1792: 1771: 1684: 1578: 1486: 1343: 1034: 983: 852: 726: 631: 293: 249: 12505: 9177: 7763: 6475:(1994). "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England". In 2018: 1566:

in office, as secretly planned with Cecil, but James soon added long-time supporter

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Fincham, Kenneth; Lake, Peter (1985). "The ecclesiastical policy of King James I"

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Schwarz, Marc L. (1974). "James I and the Historians: Toward a Reconsideration"

4090:, p. 238: "The label 'the wisest fool in Christendom', often attributed to 3780:

As the Earl of Bedford was a Protestant, his place in the ceremony was taken by

1960:

Some biographers of James argue that the relationships were not sexual. James's

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Spinks, Bryan D. (2006). "Anglicans and Dissenters". In Wainwright, Geoffrey;

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James heard on 7 October of the decision to postpone the crossing for winter.

2213:'s 1956 biography continued much of this hostility. In the words of historian 1304: 13728: 13691: 13655: 13544: 13436: 13266: 13176: 13125: 13095: 13085: 13015: 13010: 13000: 12860: 12850: 12840: 12815: 12682: 12660: 12578: 12485: 12458: 12443: 12385: 12068: 11401: 10945: 10940: 10273: 10263: 8508: 8119: 8055:

Lee, Maurice (1984). "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All?"

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of his realms, James helped lay the foundations for a unitary British state.

1945: 1869: 1741: 1710: 1700: 1651: 1613: 1563: 1527: 1459: 1260: 1247: 1168: 1099: 1043: 923: 808: 738: 678: 606: 558: 339: 36: 8426: 6921: 6199: 4452: 1782:, James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament. 1716: 13630: 13625: 13416: 13100: 13090: 13080: 12945: 12940: 12880: 12855: 12825: 12820: 12727: 12722: 12568: 12448: 12182: 12118: 11988: 11978: 11973: 11892: 11882: 11826: 11716: 11568: 11529: 11376: 11137: 11062: 9752: 9509: 8891: 8568: 7960: 7701: 7119: 4437:. Vol. II: 1567–1589. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 242–244. 3690: 2341: 2107: 2057: 2037: 1838: 1517: 1391: 1376: 1221: 1176: 1135: 943: 840: 767:

in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother

752: 667: 563: 507: 9104: 8668: 2220:

Representative of the new historical perspective is the 2003 biography by

1997:

for assistance with government papers. Carr had an adulterous affair with

1508:

had become a heavy burden on the government, which had debts of £400,000.

1456: 974:, who led the government until 1592. An eight-man commission known as the 13115: 13110: 13045: 13040: 12890: 12762: 12717: 12707: 12500: 12495: 12433: 12370: 12153: 12128: 12053: 12013: 11983: 11958: 11938: 11917: 11897: 11877: 11867: 11836: 11701: 11560: 11429: 11344: 11189: 10920: 9997: 9989: 9757: 9742: 9327: 8648: 8588: 8553: 8333: 7538:

The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James

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Other influential anti-James histories written during the 1650s include:

1990: 1767: 1733: 1490: 1091: 658:. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being 602: 479: 92: 8628: 1940:

Some of James's biographers conclude that Esmé Stewart, Duke of Lennox;

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to London with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as

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Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody

1148: 1144: 1087: 939: 935: 918: 663: 655: 554: 550: 455:, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, ruled by James in 8152:—— (2012). "James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?". 8099: 7327:

The Blessed Revolution: English Politics and the Coming of War 1621–24

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James used: the Tudor rose, the thistle (for Scotland; first used by

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with a 300-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally in what historian

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King of Scotland (1566–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625)

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A History of the Modern British Isles – 1603–1707 – The Double Crown

7725:(2003), "Politics in Early Stuart Britain", in Coward, Barry (ed.), 7507:

English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century

7457:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

994:, the seat of the Ruthvens. Ruthven was run through by James's page 783: 13471: 13050: 12787: 12380: 12345: 12319: 12299: 12252: 12063: 12018: 11902: 11806: 11796: 11761: 11731: 11538: 11230: 10175: 9981: 9737: 9678: 9284: 9109: 8673: 8638: 8633: 8593: 8548: 8528: 8518: 8493: 8248: 8244: 8165: 6167: 2279: 1842: 1787: 1547: 1293: 1203: 1083: 861: 471: 10030: 4734:. Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI. Woodbridge. p. 35. 2207:

Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James

2199:

History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I

2170:, combined with a disdain for Parliament, which culminated in the 1174:

James became concerned with the threat posed by witches and wrote

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from 1586 which gave her some leverage over affairs in Scotland.

755:. Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to 367: 7126:, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, 2048:

exhibited some symptoms. James described his urine to physician

30: 12257: 12058: 11846: 11821: 11811: 11781: 11766: 10834: 9447: 9395: 9119: 9114: 8819: 8769: 6062: 4732:

James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596

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Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts

1965: 1761:

in 1620, and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick's

1539: 1334:), in which he argues a theological basis for monarchy. In the 1289: 772: 475: 11158: 7531:, Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable, Edinburgh University Press 7476:(1988), "Poetry under King James VI", in Craig, Cairns (ed.), 7203:, but at the time poison was the most popular explanation ... 7041:"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I" 6785:

Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe

6243:

Royal Family, Royal Lovers: King James of England and Scotland

12287: 11776: 11711: 10865: 9367: 8743: 8683: 6408:

The Cabaret poetry of Théophile de Viau: Texts and Traditions

6321:

Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms

2271: 1380: 1255:

It was against this background that James VI authorised the "

1063: 7178: 6718: 5699: 4063:

The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662

3915:

Et ce savant roy d'Angleterre / foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan

2364:). The Scottish crest and motto was retained, following the 2249:

in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1801

1944:; and George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, were his lovers. 1163:. Several people were convicted of using witchcraft to send 1151:, which he considered a branch of theology. He attended the 529:

At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the

12282: 11706: 11294: 9151: 7665:

Rhodes, Neil; Richards, Jennifer; Marshall, Joseph (2003),

7101: 6594: 6098: 5779: 5767: 5739: 5573:

Nicholls, Mark (2004). "Rookwood, Ambrose (c. 1578–1606)".

5490: 2033: 1444:

The Union of the Crowns was symbolised in James's personal

9045: 4928: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4711: 4367: 4206: 2344:

introduced by the Tudors. The unicorn has remained in the

11851: 11746: 8079:

Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I

7020: 6924:, leaving the Duke as the object of widespread ridicule." 5892: 5073:, p. 131: "Kings are called gods by the prophetical 5053: 5051: 4952: 2166:. James bequeathed his son Charles a fatal belief in the 2082: 901:, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley and future 415:(James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was 7682: 7415:

Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I

7275:, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, 6088: 6086: 5080: 5002: 4753: 2470:(19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612). Died, probably of 2064:

in Hertfordshire on 27 March during a violent attack of

1030:

1589 marriage contract between James and Anne of Denmark

7291:

Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography

6742: 6730: 6666: 6654: 6626: 6570: 5996: 5956: 5944: 5844: 5819: 5807: 5687: 5639: 5542: 5518: 5478: 5466: 5439: 5255: 5149: 5020: 4865: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4323: 4194: 2530:

James's relationship to the houses of Stuart and Tudor

2302:

affrontée Gules, imperially crowned Or, holding in the

1574:

to the Privy Council, as well as five Scottish nobles.

1422:

in the Scottish tradition, which included his ancestor

601:

claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in

7664: 6432: 5456: 5454: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5390: 5378: 5350: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5092: 5048: 4794: 4687: 4400: 4398: 4311: 4218: 4034: 2158:

historians of the mid-17th-century, James's taste for

7807:

Sir James Melvill of Halhill; Memoirs of his own life

7269:

Akrigg, G. P. V. (George Philip Vernon), ed. (1984),

6996: 6939: 6927: 6891: 6142: 6110: 6083: 6032: 5968: 5711: 5530: 5008: 4964: 4940: 4699: 4503: 4475: 4299: 4230: 4182: 4004: 3665:

The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie

2431:

Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 outside Scotland

2028:

In his later years, James suffered increasingly from

1850:

of 1604, some Puritan demands were acceded to in the

1213: 1207: 8145:

King James VI and I and the History of Homosexuality

7309:

Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History

7008: 6951: 6678: 5614: 5554: 5124: 4765: 2506:(18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Died aged 4 months. 2233: 1489:. An outbreak of plague restricted festivities. The 1078:

and a gift of 10,000 dalers from his mother-in-law,

878:. The next regent was James's paternal grandfather, 7651:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 7436:

My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots

6511:. Vol. III: Civil War. Macmillan. p. 45. 6279:

The Parliament of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy

6266:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 348. 5736:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. pp. 88–89. 5451: 5402: 5338: 5295: 5267: 5217: 5205: 4782: 4729: 4660: 4632: 4560: 4395: 4355: 4287: 2496:(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Married 1625 7762: 6411:, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pp. 103–104, 5574: 3676:His Majesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres 2480:(19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Married 1613 1953:, "tumble and kiss as a mistress". Restoration of 1143:James's visit to Denmark, a country familiar with 8469: 7649:Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England 7529:Collected Essays and Reviews of Thomas Graves Law 7156: 7154: 6458:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 167–170. 4432: 3836:James described Cecil as "king there in effect". 3699:Extra-titular Works from the Collected Demonology 2115:depicted James being carried to heaven by angels. 2072:of Lincoln preached the sermon, observing, "King 1308:James argued a theological basis for monarchy in 1074:on 23 November. James received a dowry of 75,000 1054:, younger daughter of the Protestant Danish king 763:; she never saw her son again. She was forced to 486:. Three of their children survived to adulthood: 13895:Founders of colleges of the University of Oxford 13726: 7352:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 6353:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 4264:Letter of Mary to Mar, 29 March 1567, quoted by 2494:Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 2434:Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 in Scotland 2224:. Reviewer John Cramsie summarises her findings: 2131:by English and Scots Protestants began, and the 1868:, a policy that met with strong opposition from 7412: 4433:Wiggins, Martin; Richardson, Catherine (2012). 4057: 4022: 2512:(8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607). Died aged 2. 2154:According to a tradition originating with anti- 1383:to reform and support the teaching of music in 646:. Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of 13574: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7140: 6767:, p. 101: "James never became a cypher"; 5202:, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, pp. 1–2. 4730:Kerr-Peterson, Miles; Pearce, Michael (2020). 1749:, especially after his Protestant son-in-law, 1353:court", foreshadows his difficulties with the 1133:Suspected witches kneeling before King James; 13560: 11667: 11174: 10850: 10191: 10046: 9801: 9031: 8455: 8431: 8122:(1983). "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?". 7509:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 6251:, Routledge Dearborn Publishers, p. 312. 2490:(24 December 1598 – March 1600). Died aged 1. 1813:, which could require any subject to take an 1665:James I of England and the English Parliament 12173: 10700:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 8017:(2009). "The debts of James VI of Scotland" 7891:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 7293:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 5587:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3913: 2259:As King of Scotland, James bore the ancient 2251:, although he did not actually rule France. 1920:, are both said to have been James's lovers. 1675:liberty with more modesty in time to come". 13850:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 12109: 10709:Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange 9598:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 8031:pp. 96–136, Harvard University Press. 7922:Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I 7885:(May 2011) , "James VI and I (1566–1625)", 7745:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I 7137: 7113: 7082: 7057: 6912:, p. 348: "A 1627 mission to save the 6808:., Liverpool University Press, pp. 128–129. 6264:King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire 6249:Reader's Guide To Gay & Lesbian Studies 6231:King James and the History of Homosexuality 6159: 6157: 4541:, Volume 50 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1897) 4537:"Ruthven, William", by T. F. Henderson, in 3761:A Premonition to All Most Mightie Monarches 2518:(June 1606). Died within 48 hours of birth. 1934:Rex fuit Elizabeth, nunc est regina Iacobus 1932: 1780:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar 938:convert, but he was distrusted by Scottish 13567: 13553: 11674: 11660: 11181: 11167: 10857: 10843: 10198: 10184: 10053: 10039: 9808: 9794: 9775:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 9038: 9024: 8462: 8448: 8219: 8029:Authority and Conflict – England 1603–1658 7306: 7167:Revised edition, London: Frederick Warne, 6163: 4749:. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 99–100. 2317:. Contention as to how the arms should be 2135:started its course with the foundation of 1937:(Elizabeth was King, now James is Queen). 670:, just three months before James's birth. 545:and drama continued, with writers such as 29: 13845:People associated with the Gunpowder Plot 7633:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7592: 7389: 7086:Proclamation by the King, 20 October 1604 6885:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey 6483:. Duke University Press. pp. 42–44. 5252:, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39. 5184:Association for Scottish Literary Studies 5026: 4840: 4830: 4813:Willumsen, Liv Helene (1 December 2020). 4812: 4744: 4200: 4053: 4051: 2282:flory counter-flory Gules. The arms were 1879: 1511: 583:into English (later named after him, the 11681: 10501:Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly 7840: 7814: 7782: 7631:The Cambridge History of British Theatre 7615:, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 7484: 7480:, vol. 1, Aberdeen University Press 7324: 7252: 6887:, London: John Murray, pp. 499–526. 6404: 6323:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 6261: 6154: 5878: 5572: 4982: 4958: 4874: 4819:International Review of Scottish Studies 4622: 3751:, 1604, a strong denunciation of tobacco 2444: 2147:. By actively pursuing more than just a 2111:On the ceiling of the Banqueting House, 2106: 2012: 1886:Personal relationships of James VI and I 1715: 1521: 1439: 1303: 1246: 1189: 1128: 1033: 1025: 917: 782: 693:. Five days later, the English diplomat 625: 437:union of the Scottish and English crowns 13820:English pretenders to the French throne 13708:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland 13257:Reflections on the Revolution in France 10336:, first monarch of the House of Stewart 8273:James VI of Scotland & I of England 8118: 7944:King James VI of Scotland, I of England 7888:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7881: 7860: 7800: 7742: 7628: 7574: 7553: 7535: 7504: 7288: 7240: 7236: 7220: 7216: 7196: 7184: 7107: 7061:Proclamation by the King, 24 March 1603 7038: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6973: 6909: 6882: 6841: 6821: 6768: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6644: 6632: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6503: 6438: 6343: 6281:. Harvard University Press. p. 77. 6136: 6132: 6104: 6058:The Oxford History of Christian Worship 6026: 6018: 6002: 5990: 5962: 5950: 5926: 5910: 5866: 5850: 5838: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5745: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5584:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5577:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5548: 5512: 5496: 5484: 5445: 5433: 5384: 5372: 5368: 5356: 5332: 5316: 5289: 5285: 5143: 5114: 5098: 5070: 5057: 5042: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4886: 4800: 4759: 4717: 4705: 4678: 4654: 4650: 4626: 4618: 4598: 4594: 4582: 4554: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4420: 4416: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4305: 4281: 4277: 4265: 4252: 4236: 4212: 4188: 4163: 4147: 4115: 4096:The Court and Character of King James I 4010: 2060:and then suffered a stroke. He died at 1429: 1394:court poets and musicians known as the 791:The care of James was entrusted to the 13727: 10804:Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie" 10332:The generations indicate descent from 8264:The National Archives (United Kingdom) 7938: 7919: 7760: 7700: 7667:King James VI and I: Selected Writings 7610: 7451: 7438:, London and New York: Fourth Estate, 7399:, London: English Universities Press, 7366: 7268: 6783:; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998), 6696: 6619:, speaking at Carr's trial, quoted by 6524: 6375: 6291: 6246: 6217:The Love That Dared Not Speak its Name 6050: 5986: 5886: 5717: 5328: 5173:Scottish Literature: 1603 and all that 5014: 4998: 4986: 4970: 4946: 4934: 4918: 4131: 4099: 4048: 3755:An Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance 3530: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3287: 3177: 3173: 1658: 1585:, whom James made Baron Ellesmere and 1147:, sparked an interest in the study of 278: 13548: 11655: 11162: 10838: 10783:James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales 10639:James VI of Scotland and I of England 10179: 10034: 9815: 9789: 9019: 8443: 8430: 8151: 8142: 7787:, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 7721: 7685:The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide 7646: 7342: 7307:Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2004), 7232: 7026: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6920:ended in an ignominious siege on the 6897: 6853: 6837: 6817: 6764: 6760: 6708: 6684: 6620: 6276: 6148: 6128: 6116: 6092: 6038: 6014: 5974: 5938: 5922: 5898: 5882: 5862: 5757: 5677: 5657: 5645: 5633: 5620: 5560: 5536: 5524: 5508: 5472: 5460: 5417: 5396: 5344: 5304: 5273: 5130: 5110: 5086: 5038: 4898: 4788: 4776: 4693: 4683:. East Linton: Tuckwell. p. 115. 4666: 4638: 4610: 4578: 4566: 4550: 4404: 4361: 4329: 4317: 4293: 4119: 4111: 4087: 3706:A Letter To The Whole Church Militant 3606: 3596: 3592: 3580: 3574: 3564: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3518: 3512: 3502: 3485: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3443: 3427: 3417: 3413: 3389: 3379: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3305: 3295: 3291: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3243: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3211: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3092: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2943: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2883: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2840: 2821: 2795: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2751: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2593: 2573: 2560: 2549: 2538: 2310:paw a sceptre both erect and Proper. 2133:English colonisation of North America 2103:Cultural depictions of James VI and I 1364: 1299: 1231:had toured the Hebrides, forcing the 815:, on 29 July 1567. The sermon at the 803:at the age of thirteen months at the 10205: 7708:, vol. II, New York: Hyperion, 7472: 6471: 6450: 6347: 6219:. London: Heinemann. pp. 43–44. 6211: 6179: 5261: 5223: 5211: 5155: 5121:is the best prose James ever wrote". 4435:British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue 4035:Rhodes, Richards & Marshall 2003 3308:Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus 2428:Coat of arms used from 1567 to 1603 2238: 2044:, a disease of which his descendant 1604:James was ambitious to build on the 1413:and other courtier poets started to 681:of the monarch automatically became 524:English colonisation of the Americas 282: 13702:William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle 13367:The End of History and the Last Man 13277:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 11123:Makar or National Poet for Scotland 10060: 8004:(1907). "Britain under James I" in 7965:The Stuart Age – England, 1603–1714 7946:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 7595:Gaelic – A Past and Future Prospect 7522: 7430: 6318: 5429: 4521: 4248: 4224: 4179:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 290. 4159: 4143: 3657: 3214:Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox 2346:royal arms of the two united realms 2008: 1918:George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham 1824:Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland 1805:James VI and I and religious issues 1776:George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham 1581:, ably assisted by the experienced 1296:islands were annexed to the Crown. 913: 541:. Under James, the "Golden Age" of 13: 11248:History of Christianity in Britain 10017: 8136:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb01404.x 7912: 7597:, Edinburgh: The Saltire Society, 7478:The History of Scottish Literature 6549: 6355:. Random House. pp. 249–251. 5881:, pp. 224–225, 243, 281–299; 5237:The History of Scottish Literature 4146:, pp. 236–237, 241–242, 270; 3712:The Argument Of This Whole Epistle 2417: 2408: 2399: 1987:Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham 1798: 1259:" to civilise the "most barbarous 1157:persecution of witches in Scotland 673:James was born on 19 June 1566 at 630:Portrait of James as a boy, after 14: 13911: 13870:Scottish people of French descent 13677:Gunpowder Plot in popular culture 10675:Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne 8217:National Portrait Gallery, London 8182: 8108:chs. 2, 3.1, and 3.2. Blackwell. 7841:Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970), 7683:Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995), 7488:Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland 7148:Pinches and Pinches, pp. 168–169. 4861:– via www.irss.uoguelph.ca. 4346:History of the Church in Scotland 4041:; a manual on kingship; works of 2456:by Samuel Woodburn (1814), after 2234:Titles, styles, honours, and arms 1999:Frances Howard, Countess of Essex 1837:clergy demanded the abolition of 1635: 1251:Scottish gold coin from 1609–1625 723:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 516:King of Great Britain and Ireland 330:Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne 13337:The Open Society and Its Enemies 11636: 11229: 10864: 10655:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 8252: 8236:Works by or about James VI and I 8213:Portraits of King James I and VI 7785:Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides 7485:Keay, John; Keay, Julia (1994), 7417:, Wayne State University Press, 7272:Letters of King James VI & I 7246: 7226: 7210: 7190: 7076: 7051: 7032: 6979: 6963: 6903: 6876: 6847: 6827: 6811: 6798: 6774: 6754: 6702: 6690: 6638: 6606: 6582: 6543: 6497: 6444: 6398: 6369: 6337: 6311: 6285: 6270: 6255: 6245:, University of Missouri Press; 6223: 6205: 6173: 6122: 6044: 6008: 5980: 5932: 5916: 5904: 5872: 5856: 5831: 5791: 5751: 5723: 5671: 5651: 5626: 5566: 5502: 5423: 4539:Dictionary of National Biography 4348:, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 3981: 3972: 3962: 3947: 3930: 3921: 3906: 3897: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3839: 3718:A Paraphrase Upon The Revelation 3188:John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox 2468:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 1903: 1894: 1740:The policy was supported by the 1694: 1472:secret correspondence with James 1194:The forcible dissolution of the 1096:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 952:Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus 719:Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford 500:succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I 466:, and a great-great-grandson of 402: 310:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 193:(1571‍–‍1572) 187:(1570‍–‍1571) 181:(1567‍–‍1570) 13880:Scottish scholars and academics 12144:Family as a model for the state 11188: 10476:Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria 10405:Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford 10096:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541) 9075:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 8200:at the official website of the 8191:at the official website of the 6806:The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story 6381:"Queen James and His Courtiers" 6229:e.g. Young, Michael B. (2000), 6170:. In fact, the issue is murky." 5362: 5322: 5279: 5242: 5229: 5189: 5161: 5136: 5104: 5063: 5032: 4992: 4976: 4912: 4892: 4806: 4738: 4723: 4672: 4644: 4604: 4588: 4572: 4544: 4531: 4487: 4459: 4426: 4410: 4379: 4335: 4271: 4258: 4242: 4169: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3802: 3787: 3774: 3732:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1728:1620. In the background is the 1321:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1311:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1286:Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney 948:William Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie 922:James in 1586, age 20 (attrib. 880:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 876:James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh 757:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell 570:The True Law of Free Monarchies 537:in 1605 and conflicts with the 531:longest of any Scottish monarch 274: 199:(1572‍–‍1579) 185:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 13885:Lord high stewards of Scotland 13755:17th-century Scottish monarchs 13750:16th-century Scottish monarchs 13494:Separation of church and state 13392:Collectivism and individualism 13347:The Origins of Totalitarianism 9072:Monarchs of England until 1603 7329:, Cambridge University Press, 6405:Gaudiani, Claire Lynn (1981), 4177:Calendar State Papers Scotland 4153: 4137: 4125: 4105: 4081: 4028: 4016: 3852:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk 2522: 2378:) was placed above the crest. 1124: 907:ceremony of Entry to Edinburgh 1: 13785:17th-century Scottish writers 13775:16th-century Scottish writers 13760:17th-century English monarchs 13534:Category:Political philosophy 13407:Critique of political economy 10737:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans 10471:Isabella, Duchess of Brittany 10439:Margaret, Countess of Douglas 10374:Isabella, Countess of Douglas 8471:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 7967:5th edition ch.4. Routledge. 7747:, London: Chatto and Windus, 7727:A Companion to Stuart Britain 7124:The Royal Heraldry of England 6985:For more on the influence of 6292:Graham, Fiona (5 June 2008). 6241:; Bergeron, David M. (1991), 6233:, New York University Press, 5003:Rotary Club of Stornoway 1995 4747:Scotland's Last Royal Wedding 3998: 2500:. Succeeded James I & VI. 2482:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 2450:James I and his royal progeny 1983:William Knollys, Lord Knollys 1942:Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset 1914:Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset 1778:, and the Spanish ambassador 1751:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1725: 1670:July 1604, James had angrily 1554:, which led to the arrest of 1531: 1257:Gentleman Adventurers of Fife 1080:Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1042:1605, portrait attributed to 1039: 899:Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny 892:James Douglas, Earl of Morton 585:Authorized King James Version 197:James Douglas, Earl of Morton 73:24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625 40: 13865:Scottish non-fiction writers 13795:Burials at Westminster Abbey 13432:Institutional discrimination 13427:History of political thought 12159:Negative and positive rights 11216:Continuing Anglican movement 10768:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 10466:Margaret, Dauphine of France 8006:The Cambridge Modern History 7904:UK public library membership 7122:; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), 6804:e.g. Dean, Geoffrey (2002), 6053:Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. 5608:UK public library membership 5186:, retrieved 18 October 2011. 3856:The Trials of Frances Howard 3848:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 3141:King of Scotland and England 1426:, became largely sidelined. 988:John Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie 972:John Maitland of Thirlestane 778: 769:James Stewart, Earl of Moray 677:, and as the eldest son and 616: 439:on 24 March 1603 until 179:James Stewart, Earl of Moray 127:24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625 7: 13890:16th-century Scottish peers 13855:People of the Stuart period 13770:16th-century Scottish poets 13765:17th-century Irish monarchs 13442:Justification for the state 13227:Two Treatises of Government 11615:Anglicanism of the Americas 11046:18th century – 20th century 10660:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 10486:Alexander, Duke of Rothesay 10390:Marjorie, Countess of Moray 10385:Margaret, Lady of the Isles 9682:British monarchs after the 8251:(public domain audiobooks) 8019:The Economic History Review 7611:Martin, Patrick H. (2016), 7593:MacKinnon, Kenneth (1991), 7527:, in Brown, P. Hume (ed.), 7523:Law, Thomas Graves (1904), 7376:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 7039:Cramsie, John (June 2003), 6262:Bergeron, David M. (1999). 4023:Fischlin & Fortier 2002 3942:Bishop Bilson of Winchester 3163:Ancestors of James VI and I 3154: 2478:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 2395: 2091:buried in Westminster Abbey 1730:Banqueting House, Whitehall 1165:storms against James's ship 1021: 729:). Mary refused to let the 725:(represented by ambassador 315:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 10: 13916: 13576:The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 12112:Bellum omnium contra omnes 11320:Dissolution of Monasteries 11037:John Stewart of Baldynneis 11022:Robert Sempill the younger 10956:John Stewart of Baldynneis 10753:Charles, Duke of Cambridge 10100:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 8154:Journal of British Studies 8143:Young, Michael B. (1999). 8093:Journal of British Studies 7993:Journal of British Studies 7783:Thompson, Francis (1968), 7687:, Machynlleth: Kittiwake, 7325:Cogswell, Thomas (2005) , 7289:Barroll, J. Leeds (2001), 7261: 6385:Gay History and Literature 3748:A Counterblaste to Tobacco 3524: 3407: 3281: 3272:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3175: 2452:by Charles Turner, from a 2375:In My Defens God Me Defend 2141:Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland 2100: 1883: 1802: 1698: 1662: 1639: 1515: 1483:James's English coronation 1433: 1153:North Berwick witch trials 1001:In 1586, James signed the 644:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 642:, and her second husband, 638:James was the only son of 383:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 325:Charles I, King of England 299: 13780:16th-century male writers 13669: 13618: 13582: 13529: 13379: 13148: 12796: 12529: 12409: 12328: 12240: 12231: 12097: 11931: 11860: 11689: 11633: 11625:Reformed Episcopal Church 11577: 11477: 11410: 11238: 11227: 11196: 11121: 11045: 10969: 10913: 10872: 10821: 10796: 10745: 10732:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 10693: 10647: 10631: 10607: 10576: 10550: 10527:Alexander, Duke of Albany 10509: 10458: 10418: 10395:David, Earl of Strathearn 10364:Alexander, Earl of Buchan 10341: 10330: 10321: 10303:Stewart of Castle Stewart 10287: 10213: 10163: 10068: 10015: 9823: 9770: 9693: 9677: 9673: 9610: 9593: 9589: 9066: 9062: 8992: 8712: 8477: 8437: 8432:Links to related articles 8405: 8397: 8382: 8373: 8360: 8353: 8338: 8330: 8320: 8311: 8303: 8298: 8271: 8077:Peck, Linda Levy (1982). 7920:Akrigg, G. P. V. (1978). 7868:, London: Jonathan Cape, 7505:Krugler, John D. (2004), 7491:, London: HarperCollins, 7459:, Edinburgh: Mainstream, 6529:. Hambledon. p. 38. 6277:Ruigh, Robert E. (1971). 4745:Stevenson, David (1997). 3594: 3586: 3558: 3536: 3532: 3496: 3473: 3465: 3437: 3415: 3411: 3373: 3351: 3343: 3315: 3293: 3289: 3253: 3231: 3223: 3195: 3179: 3123: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3067: 3065: 3051: 3049: 2999: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2871: 2865: 2845: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2767: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2719: 2717: 2694: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2663: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2558: 2498:Henrietta Maria of France 2416: 2407: 2398: 2176:abolition of the monarchy 2096: 2023:National Portrait Gallery 1556:Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham 1485:took place on 25 July at 986:, the younger brother of 865:De Jure Regni apud Scotos 801:anointed King of Scotland 745:Lord Darnley was murdered 691:Great Steward of Scotland 579:(1599). He sponsored the 398: 388: 378: 366: 357: 352: 348: 292: 256: 242: 226: 210: 206: 191:John Erskine, Earl of Mar 162: 152: 142: 132: 122: 108: 98: 88: 78: 68: 50: 28: 23: 13317:The Revolt of the Masses 11258:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 10778:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge 10763:James, Duke of Cambridge 10589:Arthur, Duke of Rothesay 10496:Mary, Countess of Buchan 10481:Joan, Countess of Morton 10447:Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith 10221:High Steward of Scotland 10167:Dukes of York and Albany 8068:Montague, F. C. (1907). 7729:, Blackwell Publishing, 6883:Stanley, Arthur (1886), 6787:, London: Bantam Press, 6481:Queering the Renaissance 6247:Murphy, Timothy (2011), 5250:Shakespeare and Scotland 5178:11 February 2012 at the 4909:, pp. 105, 308–309. 4832:10.21083/irss.v45i0.5801 3782:Jean, Countess of Argyll 3767: 3670:Some Reulis and Cautelis 2440: 2145:has lasted for 400 years 1848:Hampton Court Conference 1736:, commissioned by James. 1542:; the jewel is now lost. 1538:, three rectangular red 1355:English House of Commons 1318:In 1597–98, James wrote 886:, followed a banquet at 765:abdicate on 24 July 1567 735:subsequent entertainment 731:Archbishop of St Andrews 621: 581:translation of the Bible 13297:The Communist Manifesto 12223:Tyranny of the majority 12134:Consent of the governed 11643:Christianity portal 11585:Converts to Anglicanism 11280:Augustine of Canterbury 11073:Alicia Ann Spottiswoode 10773:Charles, Duke of Kendal 10615:James, Duke of Rothesay 10599:Alexander, Duke of Ross 10584:James, Duke of Rothesay 10517:Mary, Countess of Arran 10443:Mary, Countess of Angus 10426:David, Duke of Rothesay 8245:Works by James VI and I 8227:Works by James VI and I 8041:Houston, S. J. (1974). 7575:—— (1998), 7536:Lindley, David (1993), 7474:Jack, R. D. S. (Ronald) 6067:Oxford University Press 4075:Oxford University Press 4067:Oxford World's Classics 2504:Robert, Duke of Kintyre 2306:paw a sword and in the 2254: 2078:Great Britain's Salomon 1119:died before her husband 1072:Bishop's Palace in Oslo 946:, the Protestant earls 805:Church of the Holy Rude 737:, devised by Frenchman 662:, faced a rebellion by 230:27 March 1625 (aged 58) 35:Portrait attributed to 13900:Sons of queens regnant 12174: 12124:Clash of civilizations 12110: 11620:Free Church of England 11068:Robert Louis Stevenson 10970:c. 1560 – 17th century 10619:Robert, Duke of Albany 10400:Walter, Earl of Atholl 10369:Elizabeth, Lady Erroll 10359:Robert, Duke of Albany 10349:Robert III of Scotland 10308:Stewart of Balquhidder 10022: 8479:Monarchs of the Picts 8420:Merged with the Crown 8202:Royal Collection Trust 7924:. New York: Atheneum. 7897:10.1093/ref:odnb/14592 7761:Stroud, Angus (1999), 7743:Stewart, Alan (2003), 7669:, Ashgate Publishing, 7647:Perry, Curtis (2006), 6509:The History of England 6164:Bucholz & Key 2004 5593:10.1093/ref:odnb/24066 4581:, pp. 29, 41–42; 3914: 3892:Archbishop Spottiswood 2460: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2261:royal arms of Scotland 2231: 2172:execution of Charles I 2116: 2025: 1933: 1880:Personal relationships 1874:Five Articles of Perth 1737: 1646:A dissident Catholic, 1543: 1534:1605. James wears the 1512:Early reign in England 1463: 1315: 1252: 1214: 1208: 1140: 1114:, James's successor. 1046: 1031: 931: 845:abbot of Cambuskenneth 788: 715:Elizabeth I of England 711:John, Count of Brienne 705:. His godparents were 654:, the older sister of 635: 543:Elizabethan literature 423:from 24 July 1567 and 13840:Patrons of literature 13830:Knights of the Garter 13790:Anglican philosophers 12139:Divine right of kings 11610:Anglican prayer beads 11492:Book of Common Prayer 11449:Lambeth Quadrilateral 11300:Medieval architecture 11221:Personal ordinariates 10982:Alexander Montgomerie 10522:James III of Scotland 10334:Robert II of Scotland 10154:Prince Charles Edward 10021: 8714:Monarchs of the Scots 8104:Smith, D. L. (1998). 8027:Hirst, Derek (1986). 7866:King James VI & I 7862:Willson, David Harris 7311:, Oxford: Blackwell, 6525:Miller, John (2004). 6319:Lee, Maurice (1990), 6294:"To the manor bought" 6180:Bain, Joseph (1894), 5200:Alexander Montgomerie 4681:The Reign of James VI 3609:Antoinette of Bourbon 3551:Claude, Duke of Guise 2448: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2387:James III of Scotland 2362:Cross of Saint George 2358:Cross of Saint Andrew 2245:defender of the faith 2226: 2168:divine right of kings 2110: 2016: 1854:Book of Common Prayer 1719: 1525: 1443: 1404:Alexander Montgomerie 1340:divine right of kings 1307: 1250: 1196:Lordship of the Isles 1190:Highlands and Islands 1132: 1037: 1029: 1008:most likely successor 928:Alonso Sánchez Coello 921: 786: 629: 594:Book of Common Prayer 462:James was the son of 13287:Democracy in America 12666:political philosophy 12649:political philosophy 12464:political philosophy 12293:political philosophy 12203:Separation of powers 12164:Night-watchman state 12149:Monopoly on violence 11683:Political philosophy 11443:Thirty-nine Articles 11335:Apostolic succession 11211:Anglican realignment 11088:Sydney Goodsir Smith 10809:Henry, Cardinal York 10788:Louisa Maria Theresa 10670:Charles I of England 10623:Mary, Queen of Scots 10558:James IV of Scotland 10532:David, Earl of Moray 10491:James II of Scotland 10410:Egidia, Lady Douglas 10354:Walter, Earl of Fife 10299:Stewart of Ballechin 9652:William III & II 9217:Henry the Young King 9167:Edward the Confessor 9135:Æthelred the Unready 8795:Constantine III (IV) 8760:Constantine II (III) 8260:Documents on James I 7977:Durston, C. (1993). 7706:A History of Britain 7396:Mary, Queen of Scots 7187:, pp. 140, 142. 7161:Brooke-Little, J. P. 7120:Pinches, John Harvey 6856:, pp. 129–130; 6820:, pp. 127–128; 6763:, pp. 126–127; 6727:, pp. 378, 404. 6135:, pp. 185–186; 5989:, pp. 207–208; 5865:, pp. 118–119; 5708:, pp. 348, 357. 5432:, pp. 461–468; 5288:, pp. 161–162; 4937:, pp. 143, 166. 4875:Keay & Keay 1994 4251:, pp. 364–365; 4162:, pp. 248–250; 3515:Mary, Queen of Scots 3430:James IV of Scotland 2372:(which is short for 2211:David Harris Willson 2160:political absolutism 2129:Plantation of Ulster 1811:Popish Recusants Act 1759:Emperor Ferdinand II 1709:. The policy of the 1672:prorogued Parliament 1536:Three Brothers jewel 1446:royal heraldic badge 1430:Accession in England 1200:James IV of Scotland 1068:David Harris Willson 717:(represented by the 707:Charles IX of France 648:Henry VII of England 640:Mary, Queen of Scots 520:Plantation of Ulster 478:governed during his 474:in his favour. Four 464:Mary, Queen of Scots 393:Mary, Queen of Scots 358:James Charles Stuart 281:; died 13860:Protestant monarchs 13477:Right-wing politics 13357:A Theory of Justice 13327:The Road to Serfdom 13247:The Social Contract 11954:Christian democracy 11310:English Reformation 11253:Celtic Christianity 11098:George Campbell Hay 10594:James V of Scotland 10563:James, Duke of Ross 10431:James I of Scotland 9600:Union of the Crowns 8825:Malcolm III Canmore 8355:Peerage of Scotland 7847:, London: Longman, 7820:Mary Queen of Scots 7110:, pp. 252–253. 7029:, pp. 1–9, 46. 6824:, pp. 445–447. 6603:, pp. 334–335. 6346:, pp. 19, 21; 6213:Hyde, H. Montgomery 6107:, pp. 213–215. 6069:. p. 503-504. 5993:, pp. 148–149. 5901:, pp. 120–121. 5869:, pp. 431–435. 5764:, pp. 372–373. 5748:, pp. 369–370. 5515:, pp. 249–253. 5499:, pp. 249–253. 5335:, pp. 160–164. 5292:, pp. 154–155. 5264:, pp. 137–138. 5158:, pp. 126–127. 5089:, pp. 131–133. 4889:, pp. 103–105. 4720:, pp. 107–110. 4629:, pp. 126–130. 4601:, pp. 150–157. 4585:, pp. 121–124. 4376:, pp. 248–249. 4227:, pp. 312–313. 4215:, pp. 171–172. 3724:The Two Meditations 3456:James V of Scotland 2137:Jamestown, Virginia 2050:Théodore de Mayerne 1707:Maria Anna of Spain 1659:King and Parliament 1630:Earl of Northampton 1597:, who continued as 1462:by the royal crown. 1436:Union of the Crowns 1424:James I of Scotland 1161:Witchcraft Act 1563 1090:and a meeting with 547:William Shakespeare 13697:James I of England 13636:Christopher Wright 13489:Political violence 13484:Political theology 13467:Left-wing politics 13462:Political spectrum 11366:King James Version 11206:Anglican Communion 11007:Elizabeth Melville 10313:Stewart of Darnley 10023: 9684:Acts of Union 1707 9647:James II & VII 9340:Kenneth I MacAlpin 9125:Edgar the Peaceful 8898:Second Interregnum 8865:William I the Lion 8734:Constantine I (II) 8724:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8387:Title next held by 8365:Title last held by 8081:. Harper Collins. 7816:Warnicke, Retha M. 7255:, p. xvi–xvii 7165:Boutell's Heraldry 6863:quod.lib.umich.edu 6840:, p. 129 and 6711:, pp. 98–99; 6477:Goldberg, Jonathan 6379:(8 January 2000), 5788:, p. 408–416. 5776:, p. 374–377. 4985:, pp. 40–41; 4653:, pp. 29–31; 4597:, pp. 24–25; 4557:, pp. 39, 50. 4553:, pp. 17–18; 4496:, pp. 13–15; 4419:, pp. 11–12; 4342:Spottiswoode, John 4332:, pp. 13, 18. 4092:Henry IV of France 2672:Elizabeth Hamilton 2461: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2389:), the Tudor rose 2274:armed and langued 2117: 2026: 1859:King James Version 1831:Millenary Petition 1819:crypto-Catholicism 1815:Oath of Allegiance 1753:, was ousted from 1738: 1610:English Parliament 1544: 1464: 1365:Literary patronage 1338:, he sets out the 1316: 1300:Theory of monarchy 1253: 1155:, the first major 1141: 1102:in 1612, aged 18; 1058:. Shortly after a 1047: 1032: 932: 872:Battle of Langside 825:Church of Scotland 789: 636: 539:English Parliament 13815:Dukes of Rothesay 13722: 13721: 13716: 13715: 13583:Original plotters 13542: 13541: 13452:Philosophy of law 13397:Conflict theories 13237:The Spirit of Law 13144: 13143: 12193:Original position 11649: 11648: 11555:Books of Homilies 11397:Anglo-Catholicism 11330:Church of Ireland 11325:Church of England 11156: 11155: 11002:Christian Lindsay 10914:c. 1460 – c. 1560 10900:Andrew of Wyntoun 10873:c. 1370 – c. 1460 10832: 10831: 10817: 10816: 10568:John, Earl of Mar 10537:John, Earl of Mar 10173: 10172: 10085:Alexander Stewart 10028: 10027: 9817:Dukes of Rothesay 9783: 9782: 9766: 9765: 9669: 9668: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9579: 9130:Edward the Martyr 9013: 9012: 8886:First Interregnum 8425: 8424: 8321:Succeeded by 8231:Project Gutenberg 8114:978-0-6311-9402-6 7973:978-1-4058-5916-5 7902:(Subscription or 7875:978-0-2246-0572-4 7854:978-0-5821-2783-8 7833:978-0-4152-9182-8 7794:978-0-7153-4260-2 7776:978-0-4152-0652-5 7754:978-0-7011-6984-8 7736:978-0-6312-1874-6 7715:978-0-7868-6752-3 7694:978-0-9511-0035-6 7676:978-0-7546-0482-2 7658:978-0-5218-5405-4 7640:978-0-5216-5040-3 7622:978-1-4766-6255-8 7604:978-0-8541-1047-6 7586:978-0-5822-7961-2 7568:978-0-5825-0296-3 7547:978-0-4150-5206-1 7516:978-0-8018-7963-0 7498:978-0-0025-5082-6 7466:978-1-8401-8376-4 7445:978-1-8411-5752-8 7424:978-0-8143-2877-4 7406:978-0-3401-2383-6 7391:Donaldson, Gordon 7383:978-0-1982-1704-6 7373:The Early Stuarts 7359:978-0-3336-1395-5 7336:978-0-5210-2313-9 7318:978-0-6312-1393-2 7300:978-0-8122-3574-6 7282:978-0-5200-4707-5 7083:Velde, Francois, 7058:Velde, Francois, 6518:978-0-2307-0641-5 6418:978-3-8780-8892-9 6330:978-0-2520-1686-8 6239:978-0-8147-9693-1 6191:978-1-0157-9859-5 6076:978-0-1951-3886-3 5648:, pp. 75–81. 5606:(Subscription or 5527:, pp. 52–53. 5475:, pp. 52–54. 5399:, pp. 50–51. 4961:, pp. 40–41. 4762:, pp. 85–95. 4696:, pp. 23–24. 4444:978-0-1992-6572-5 4423:, pp. 51–63. 4392:, pp. 28–29. 4320:, pp. 12–13. 3912:In the original: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3246:Elizabeth Stewart 3152: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3139:James VI & I, 2849:Archibald Douglas 2438: 2437: 2366:Scottish practice 2239:Titles and styles 2164:English Civil War 2127:Under James, the 1971:Théophile de Viau 1951:Sir Edward Peyton 1793:Earl of Middlesex 1772:royal prerogative 1747:Thirty Years' War 1685:Addled Parliament 1622:Anglo–Spanish War 1579:Earl of Salisbury 1564:Privy Councillors 1487:Westminster Abbey 1411:William Alexander 1398:, which included 1344:royal prerogative 1284:, James's cousin 1121:, in March 1619. 1082:. After stays at 1016:an annual subsidy 1003:Treaty of Berwick 984:Alexander Ruthven 954:lured James into 926:or the school of 853:abbot of Dryburgh 727:Philibert du Croc 632:Arnold Bronckorst 611:Thirty Years' War 609:, especially the 498:. In 1603, James 410: 409: 362: 361: 250:Westminster Abbey 235:, Hertfordshire, 13907: 13875:Scottish princes 13682:Guy Fawkes Night 13651:Ambrose Rokewood 13569: 13562: 13555: 13546: 13545: 13457:Political ethics 13447:Machiavellianism 13387:Authoritarianism 13372: 13362: 13352: 13342: 13332: 13322: 13312: 13302: 13292: 13282: 13272: 13262: 13252: 13242: 13232: 13222: 13212: 13202: 13192: 13182: 13172: 13162: 12238: 12237: 12179: 12115: 12105:Balance of power 12079:Social democracy 12074:Social Darwinism 12049:Multiculturalism 11994:Environmentalism 11969:Communitarianism 11676: 11669: 11662: 11653: 11652: 11641: 11640: 11387:Nonjuring schism 11382:Caroline Divines 11233: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11160: 11159: 11108:Hamish Henderson 11058:Robert Fergusson 11032:William Drummond 10951:Richard Maitland 10859: 10852: 10845: 10836: 10835: 10378:Jean, Lady Keith 10328: 10327: 10295:Stewart of Appin 10279:Earl of Galloway 10269:Marquess of Bute 10236:Duke of Richmond 10207:House of Stewart 10200: 10193: 10186: 10177: 10176: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10032: 10031: 10020: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9787: 9786: 9675: 9674: 9635:Richard Cromwell 9625:The Protectorate 9615:James I & VI 9591: 9590: 9172:Harold Godwinson 9092:Edward the Elder 9085:Alfred the Great 9069: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9006: 8997:also monarch of 8464: 8457: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8428: 8427: 8398:Preceded by 8376:Duke of Rothesay 8331:Preceded by 8314:King of Scotland 8304:Preceded by 8294: 8287: 8269: 8268: 8256: 8255: 8240:Internet Archive 8223: 8193:British monarchy 8177: 8148: 8139: 8130:(223): 187–209. 7957: 7935: 7907: 7899: 7878: 7857: 7837: 7811: 7810:, Bannatyne Club 7797: 7779: 7768: 7757: 7739: 7718: 7697: 7679: 7661: 7643: 7625: 7607: 7589: 7571: 7550: 7532: 7519: 7501: 7481: 7469: 7448: 7427: 7409: 7386: 7362: 7339: 7321: 7303: 7285: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7230: 7224: 7214: 7208: 7205:John Chamberlain 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7158: 7149: 7146: 7135: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7047:(review no. 334) 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6983: 6977: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6851: 6845: 6834:John Chamberlain 6831: 6825: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6781:Röhl, John C. G. 6778: 6772: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6522: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6469: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6177: 6171: 6161: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5876: 5870: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5837:James quoted by 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5675: 5669: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5580: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5293: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5117:, p. 132: " 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5069:James quoted by 5067: 5061: 5055: 5046: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5005:, pp. 12–13 4996: 4990: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4916: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4844: 4834: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4608: 4602: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4466:David Calderwood 4463: 4457: 4456: 4430: 4424: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4157: 4151: 4141: 4135: 4134:, pp. 47–57 4129: 4123: 4118:, pp. 4–6; 4109: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4055: 4046: 4043:political theory 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3956:John Chamberlain 3951: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3658:List of writings 3334:Margaret Douglas 3169: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3024:Queen of England 3013:Queen of England 3003:Margaret Douglas 2986:King of Scotland 2826:King of Scotland 2562:Mary of Guelders 2536: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2396: 2326:passant guardant 2286:by two unicorns 2278:within a double 2009:Health and death 1955:Apethorpe Palace 1936: 1907: 1898: 1757:by the Catholic 1727: 1689:Lionel Cranfield 1591:Thomas Sackville 1533: 1457:Scottish thistle 1448:after 1603, the 1275:Lowland Scotland 1270:Statutes of Iona 1219: 1211: 1108:queen of Bohemia 1041: 914:Rule in Scotland 827:, the Kirk. The 819:was preached by 813:Bishop of Orkney 807:in Stirling, by 761:Lochleven Castle 709:(represented by 683:Duke of Rothesay 675:Edinburgh Castle 453:sovereign states 417:King of Scotland 406: 350: 349: 303: 286: 284: 280: 276: 217:Edinburgh Castle 173: 128: 110:King of Scotland 74: 45: 42: 33: 21: 20: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13825:House of Stuart 13810:Dukes of Albany 13725: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13687:Guy Fawkes mask 13665: 13661:Francis Tresham 13614: 13578: 13573: 13543: 13538: 13525: 13514:Totalitarianism 13375: 13370: 13360: 13350: 13340: 13330: 13320: 13310: 13300: 13290: 13280: 13270: 13260: 13250: 13240: 13230: 13220: 13210: 13200: 13190: 13187:Treatise on Law 13180: 13170: 13160: 13140: 12798: 12792: 12531: 12525: 12411: 12405: 12324: 12227: 12213:State of nature 12208:Social contract 12188:Ordered liberty 12176:Noblesse oblige 12093: 11927: 11856: 11685: 11680: 11650: 11645: 11635: 11629: 11573: 11544:Liturgical year 11473: 11406: 11392:Oxford Movement 11234: 11225: 11192: 11187: 11157: 11152: 11125: 11117: 11103:Alexander Scott 11041: 11027:Francis Sempill 10977:Alexander Scott 10965: 10961:William Stewart 10926:Robert Henryson 10909: 10905:Richard Holland 10895:Sir Gilbert Hay 10868: 10863: 10833: 10828: 10813: 10797:12th generation 10792: 10746:11th generation 10741: 10694:10th generation 10689: 10643: 10627: 10603: 10572: 10546: 10505: 10454: 10414: 10381:Katherine Logan 10337: 10323: 10317: 10283: 10259:Duke of Aubigny 10251:King of Ireland 10246:King of England 10209: 10204: 10174: 10169: 10165:italics denote 10159: 10125:Ernest Augustus 10079:Murdoch Stewart 10064: 10062:Dukes of Albany 10059: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10013: 9912:Henry Frederick 9819: 9814: 9784: 9779: 9762: 9689: 9665: 9630:Oliver Cromwell 9606: 9581: 9576: 9423:Constantine III 9332: 9157:Harold Harefoot 9147:Edmund Ironside 9058: 9053: and 9044: 9014: 9009: 8996: 8988: 8715: 8708: 8664:Constantine (I) 8544:Galam Cennalath 8480: 8473: 8468: 8433: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8391:Henry Frederick 8388: 8379: 8366: 8348: 8341:King of England 8336: 8326: 8317: 8309: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8278:House of Stuart 8274: 8253: 8185: 8180: 8015:Goodare, Julian 8002:Gardiner, S. R. 7954: 7940:Fraser, Antonia 7932: 7915: 7913:Further reading 7910: 7901: 7876: 7855: 7844:Anne of Denmark 7834: 7802:Thomson, Thomas 7795: 7777: 7755: 7737: 7723:Smith, David L. 7716: 7695: 7677: 7659: 7641: 7623: 7605: 7587: 7569: 7548: 7517: 7499: 7467: 7446: 7425: 7407: 7384: 7368:Davies, Godfrey 7360: 7337: 7319: 7301: 7283: 7264: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239:, p. 142; 7231: 7227: 7215: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7175:, pp. 213, 215. 7159: 7152: 7147: 7138: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7089:, heraldica.org 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7064:, heraldica.org 7056: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6984: 6980: 6976:, pp. 1–4. 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6832: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6779: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6615:, p. 349; 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6519: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6466: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6290: 6286: 6275: 6271: 6260: 6256: 6228: 6224: 6210: 6206: 6192: 6178: 6174: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6131:, p. 166; 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6023:Basilikon Doron 6017:, p. 156; 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925:, p. 125; 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885:, p. 120; 5877: 5873: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800:, p. 148; 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760:, p. 104; 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5676: 5672: 5664:, p. 167; 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5597: 5595: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371:, p. 172; 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331:, p. 315; 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5296: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5194: 5190: 5180:Wayback Machine 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5119:Basilikon Doron 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5049: 5041:, p. 139; 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001:, p. 175; 4997: 4993: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921:, p. 220; 4917: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4615:George Nicolson 4609: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4464: 4460: 4445: 4431: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4158: 4154: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4086: 4082: 4059:Cummings, Brian 4056: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3890:In March 1605, 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3740:Basilikon Doron 3660: 3655: 3157: 3140: 3079: 3035:King of England 3034: 3033:Edward VI, 3023: 3012: 2996:Matthew Stewart 2985: 2859:King of England 2858: 2825: 2743:King of England 2742: 2617: 2553: 2541:House of Stuart 2525: 2484:. Died aged 65. 2458:Willem de Passe 2443: 2257: 2241: 2236: 2203:Francis Osborne 2105: 2099: 2062:Theobalds House 2021:, 1621, in the 2011: 1995:Thomas Overbury 1962:Basilikon Doron 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1882: 1807: 1801: 1799:King and Church 1732:, by architect 1703: 1697: 1667: 1661: 1644: 1638: 1624:to an end, and 1587:Lord Chancellor 1570:and his nephew 1526:Portrait after 1520: 1514: 1438: 1432: 1367: 1350:Basilikon Doron 1327:Basilikon Doron 1302: 1209:linn nan creach 1192: 1167:, most notably 1127: 1052:Anne of Denmark 1024: 916: 888:Dalkeith Palace 833:George Buchanan 797:Countess of Mar 781: 703:Stirling Castle 695:Henry Killigrew 660:Roman Catholics 624: 619: 576:Basilikon Doron 488:Henry Frederick 484:Anne of Denmark 425:King of England 344: 297: 296: 288: 272: 268: 265: 263:Anne of Denmark 252: 247: 233:Theobalds House 231: 215: 202: 175: 174: 169: 126: 118: 72: 64: 52:King of England 46: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13913: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13835:Child monarchs 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13800:Castalian Band 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13735:James VI and I 13720: 13719: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13646:Robert Wintour 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13605:Thomas Wintour 13602: 13597: 13595:Robert Catesby 13592: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13572: 13571: 13564: 13557: 13549: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13523: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13504:Social justice 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13412:Egalitarianism 13409: 13404: 13402:Contractualism 13399: 13394: 13389: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13363: 13353: 13343: 13333: 13323: 13313: 13303: 13293: 13283: 13273: 13263: 13253: 13243: 13233: 13223: 13213: 13203: 13193: 13183: 13173: 13163: 13152: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12802: 12800: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12658: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12467: 12466: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12198:Overton window 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12107: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12029:Libertarianism 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11935: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11679: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11581: 11579: 11578:Related topics 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11558: 11551: 11549:Biblical canon 11546: 11541: 11539:Evening Prayer 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11487: 11485: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11416: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11163: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11150: 11148:Kathleen Jamie 11145: 11140: 11135: 11129: 11127: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11083:Robert Garioch 11080: 11078:William Soutar 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11017:Robert Sempill 11014: 11012:Alexander Hume 11009: 11004: 10999: 10997:William Fowler 10994: 10992:Castalian Band 10989: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10936:William Dunbar 10933: 10931:Walter Kennedy 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10862: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10839: 10830: 10829: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10648:9th generation 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10635: 10633: 10632:8th generation 10629: 10628: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10617: 10611: 10609: 10608:7th generation 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10577:6th generation 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10552: 10551:5th generation 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10510:4th generation 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10460: 10459:3rd generation 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10444: 10441: 10436: 10433: 10428: 10422: 10420: 10419:2nd generation 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10379: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10342:1st generation 10339: 10338: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10255:Lord of Sticks 10253: 10248: 10243: 10241:Duke of Albany 10238: 10233: 10231:Duke of Lennox 10228: 10226:Earl of Lennox 10223: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10151: 10148:Prince Leopold 10145: 10137: 10129: 10121: 10115: 10112:Charles Stuart 10109: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10088: 10087:(c. 1458–1485) 10082: 10076: 10073:Robert Stewart 10069: 10066: 10065: 10058: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10035: 10026: 10025: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10009:(2022–present) 10003: 9995: 9987: 9979: 9971: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9939: 9931: 9927:Charles James 9925: 9917: 9909: 9901: 9893: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9865: 9857: 9849: 9841: 9833: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9813: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9790: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9526:Edward Balliol 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9386:Constantine II 9383: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9178:Edgar Ætheling 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9067: 9060: 9059: 9043: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8720: 8718: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8483: 8475: 8474: 8467: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8408:Duke of Albany 8404: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8386: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8299:Regnal titles 8296: 8295: 8275: 8272: 8267: 8266: 8257: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8210: 8209:at BBC History 8207:James I and VI 8204: 8195: 8189:James VI and I 8184: 8183:External links 8181: 8179: 8178: 8166:10.1086/664955 8160:(3): 540–567. 8149: 8140: 8120:Wormald, Jenny 8116: 8102: 8089: 8075: 8066: 8062:(2): 151–163. 8053: 8039: 8025: 8012: 8008:vol. 3 ch. 17 7999: 7989: 7975: 7958: 7952: 7936: 7930: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7883:Wormald, Jenny 7879: 7874: 7858: 7853: 7838: 7832: 7812: 7804:, ed. (1827), 7798: 7793: 7780: 7775: 7765:Stuart England 7758: 7753: 7740: 7735: 7719: 7714: 7698: 7693: 7680: 7675: 7662: 7657: 7644: 7639: 7626: 7621: 7608: 7603: 7590: 7585: 7577:James VI and I 7572: 7567: 7555:Lockyer, Roger 7551: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7515: 7502: 7497: 7482: 7470: 7465: 7449: 7444: 7428: 7423: 7410: 7405: 7387: 7382: 7364: 7358: 7344:Croft, Pauline 7340: 7335: 7322: 7317: 7304: 7299: 7286: 7281: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7245: 7243:, p. 456. 7235:, p. 55; 7225: 7223:, p. 452. 7219:, p. 27; 7209: 7189: 7177: 7150: 7136: 7134:, pp. 159–160. 7112: 7100: 7075: 7050: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6978: 6962: 6950: 6948:, p. 146. 6938: 6936:, p. 129. 6926: 6902: 6900:, p. 130. 6890: 6875: 6846: 6826: 6810: 6797: 6773: 6753: 6751:, p. 425. 6741: 6739:, p. 379. 6729: 6717: 6715:, p. 397. 6701: 6689: 6677: 6675:, p. 342. 6665: 6663:, p. 145. 6653: 6651:, p. 146. 6637: 6635:, p. 120. 6625: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6579:, p. 269. 6569: 6550:Dabiri, Emma. 6542: 6535: 6517: 6505:Ackroyd, Peter 6496: 6489: 6464: 6443: 6431: 6417: 6397: 6377:Norton, Rictor 6368: 6361: 6336: 6329: 6310: 6284: 6269: 6254: 6222: 6204: 6190: 6172: 6153: 6151:, p. 167. 6141: 6139:, p. 320. 6121: 6119:, p. 164. 6109: 6097: 6095:, p. 157. 6082: 6075: 6043: 6041:, p. 158. 6031: 6007: 6005:, p. 201. 5995: 5979: 5977:, p. 162. 5967: 5965:, p. 228. 5955: 5953:, p. 225. 5943: 5931: 5929:, p. 195. 5915: 5903: 5891: 5871: 5855: 5853:, p. 243. 5843: 5830: 5828:, p. 422. 5818: 5816:, p. 421. 5806: 5804:, p. 417. 5790: 5778: 5766: 5750: 5738: 5734:Stuart England 5722: 5710: 5698: 5696:, p. 409. 5686: 5684:, p. 348. 5680:, p. 93; 5670: 5668:, p. 267. 5660:, p. 80; 5650: 5638: 5625: 5613: 5565: 5553: 5551:, p. 219. 5541: 5539:, p. 118. 5529: 5517: 5511:, p. 67; 5501: 5489: 5487:, p. 250. 5477: 5465: 5450: 5448:, p. 156. 5438: 5436:, p. 156. 5422: 5401: 5389: 5387:, p. 173. 5377: 5375:, p. 165. 5361: 5359:, p. 169. 5349: 5337: 5321: 5319:, p. 158. 5309: 5294: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5241: 5228: 5226:, p. 137. 5216: 5214:, p. 125. 5204: 5196:Jack, R. D. S. 5188: 5169:Jack, R. D. S. 5160: 5148: 5146:, p. 132. 5135: 5133:, p. 133. 5123: 5103: 5101:, p. 133. 5091: 5079: 5062: 5060:, p. 321. 5047: 5031: 5027:MacKinnon 1991 5019: 5017:, p. 176. 5007: 4991: 4975: 4973:, p. 175. 4963: 4951: 4949:, p. 174. 4939: 4927: 4925:, p. 309. 4911: 4905:, p. 21; 4901:, p. 27; 4891: 4879: 4877:, p. 556. 4864: 4805: 4803:, p. 103. 4793: 4781: 4779:, p. 101. 4764: 4752: 4737: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4671: 4659: 4643: 4631: 4613:, p. 45; 4603: 4587: 4571: 4559: 4543: 4530: 4514: 4502: 4486: 4474: 4458: 4443: 4425: 4409: 4394: 4388:, p. 45; 4378: 4366: 4354: 4350:vol. 2, p. 120 4334: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4280:, p. 33; 4270: 4257: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4201:Donaldson 1974 4193: 4181: 4168: 4152: 4136: 4124: 4104: 4080: 4077:. p. 737. 4061:, ed. (2011). 4047: 4027: 4015: 4013:, p. 155. 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3980: 3971: 3961: 3946: 3929: 3920: 3905: 3896: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3801: 3786: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3736: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3673: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488:Margaret Tudor 3484: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392:James VI and I 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3366:Margaret Tudor 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3080:Queen of Scots 3073: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2842:Margaret Tudor 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2707:House of Tudor 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2350:Beati pacifici 2256: 2253: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2180:Anthony Weldon 2149:personal union 2139:, in 1607 and 2122:Earl of Kellie 2098: 2095: 2019:Daniël Mijtens 2010: 2007: 1912: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1722:Paul van Somer 1699:Main article: 1696: 1693: 1681:Great Contract 1663:Main article: 1660: 1657: 1642:Gunpowder Plot 1640:Main article: 1637: 1636:Gunpowder Plot 1634: 1626:a peace treaty 1606:personal union 1599:Lord Treasurer 1595:Earl of Dorset 1583:Thomas Egerton 1560:Walter Raleigh 1516:Main article: 1513: 1510: 1506:war in Ireland 1470:—maintained a 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1400:William Fowler 1396:Castalian Band 1366: 1363: 1301: 1298: 1282:Northern Isles 1191: 1188: 1126: 1123: 1098:, who died of 1060:proxy marriage 1023: 1020: 1012:Spanish Armada 956:Ruthven Castle 915: 912: 903:Earl of Lennox 884:James Melville 780: 777: 749:Duke of Albany 652:Margaret Tudor 623: 620: 618: 615: 607:religious wars 599:Anthony Weldon 535:Gunpowder Plot 457:personal union 413:James VI and I 408: 407: 400: 396: 395: 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 364: 363: 360: 359: 355: 354: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 304: 290: 289: 270: 266: 261: 260: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 239: 228: 224: 223: 212: 208: 207: 204: 203: 201: 200: 194: 188: 182: 168: 167: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 58: 48: 47: 34: 26: 25: 24:James VI and I 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13912: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13805:Demonologists 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13692:Bonfire Night 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13656:Everard Digby 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13570: 13565: 13563: 13558: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13437:Jurisprudence 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13344: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13328: 13324: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13309: 13308: 13304: 13299: 13298: 13294: 13289: 13288: 13284: 13279: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13268: 13267:Rights of Man 13264: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13248: 13244: 13239: 13238: 13234: 13229: 13228: 13224: 13219: 13218: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13179: 13178: 13177:De re publica 13174: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12797:20th and 21st 12795: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12530:18th and 19th 12528: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12386:Nizam al-Mulk 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12069:Republicanism 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11930: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11672: 11670: 11665: 11663: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11644: 11639: 11632: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11403: 11402:Modern Church 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11179: 11177: 11172: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11113:William Neill 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10946:David Lyndsay 10944: 10942: 10941:Gavin Douglas 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10860: 10855: 10853: 10848: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10827: 10826: 10820: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10274:Earl of March 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10264:Earl of Moray 10262: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10196: 10194: 10189: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10168: 10162: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10051: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10010: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974:Albert Edward 9972: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9603: 9601: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9499: 9498:Alexander III 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9354:Constantine I 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8875:Alexander III 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8716:(traditional) 8711: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8509:Galan Erilich 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8481:(traditional) 8476: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8297: 8293:27 March 1625 8292: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8270: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8101: 8098:(2): 114–134 8097: 8094: 8090: 8088: 8087:0-0494-2177-8 8084: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8052: 8051:0-5823-5208-8 8048: 8044: 8040: 8038: 8037:0-6740-5290-0 8034: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7988: 7987:0-4150-7779-6 7984: 7981:. Routledge. 7980: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7953:0-2977-6775-5 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7931:0-6897-0003-2 7927: 7923: 7918: 7917: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7778: 7772: 7769:, Routledge, 7767: 7766: 7759: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7702:Schama, Simon 7699: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7645: 7642: 7636: 7632: 7627: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7543: 7540:, Routledge, 7539: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7453:Hunter, James 7450: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7254: 7253:Warnicke 2006 7249: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7173:0-7232-2096-4 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7132:0-9004-5525-X 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6993:, p. 44. 6992: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6960:, p. 67. 6959: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6894: 6886: 6879: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6794: 6793:0-5930-4148-8 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6687:, p. 91. 6686: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6617:Francis Bacon 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6536:1-8528-5432-4 6532: 6528: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6490:0-8223-1385-5 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6465:0-2260-7180-4 6461: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6441:, p. 22. 6440: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6362:0-7126-7448-9 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5889:, p. 64. 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879:Cogswell 2005 5875: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5730:Kenyon, J. P. 5726: 5720:, p. 59. 5719: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5636:, p. 62. 5635: 5629: 5623:, p. 63. 5622: 5617: 5609: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5569: 5563:, p. 64. 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5420:, p. 51. 5419: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5347:, p. 50. 5346: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5307:, p. 49. 5306: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5276:, p. 48. 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5045:, p. 179 5044: 5040: 5035: 5029:, p. 46. 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4989:, p. 175 4988: 4984: 4983:Thompson 1968 4979: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4959:Thompson 1968 4955: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4791:, p. 26. 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 85. 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4675: 4669:, p. 23. 4668: 4663: 4657:, p. 52. 4656: 4652: 4647: 4641:, p. 22. 4640: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4623:Williams 1970 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 20. 4568: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4512:, p. 66. 4511: 4506: 4500:, p. 35. 4499: 4495: 4490: 4484:, p. 63. 4483: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4407:, p. 15. 4406: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4364:, p. 13. 4363: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4308:, p. 19. 4307: 4302: 4296:, p. 11. 4295: 4290: 4284:, p. 18. 4283: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4255:, p. 19. 4254: 4250: 4245: 4239:, p. 18. 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4203:, p. 99. 4202: 4197: 4191:, p. 17. 4190: 4185: 4178: 4175:Joseph Bain, 4172: 4166:, p. 16. 4165: 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 13. 4149: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3990: 3989:Michael Lynch 3984: 3975: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3939: 3938:Thomas Bilson 3933: 3924: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668:(also called 3667: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3577:Mary of Guise 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3145: 3142: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2771: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2730: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2677: 2675: 2658: 2656: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2618:King of Scots 2612: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2554:King of Scots 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472:typhoid fever 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:fleurs de lys 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2222:Pauline Croft 2218: 2216: 2215:Jenny Wormald 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Arthur Wilson 2192: 2188: 2187:Edward Peyton 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:John Williams 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:kidney stones 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1946:John Oglander 1943: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1870:presbyterians 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833:of 1603, the 1832: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1711:Spanish match 1708: 1702: 1701:Spanish match 1695:Spanish match 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1652:state opening 1649: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1614:Francis Bacon 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1572:Thomas Howard 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1528:John de Critz 1524: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495:Thomas Dekker 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261:Isle of Lewis 1258: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1216:Gàidhealtachd 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1169:Agnes Sampson 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:typhoid fever 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Danish dalers 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1044:John de Critz 1036: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 977: 973: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934:Lennox was a 929: 925: 924:Adrian Vanson 920: 911: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 863: 858: 855:) as James's 854: 850: 849:David Erskine 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Privy Council 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:Adam Bothwell 806: 802: 798: 794: 785: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 740: 739:Bastian Pagez 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:heir apparent 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 633: 628: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595: 590: 589:1604 revision 586: 582: 578: 577: 572: 571: 566: 565: 560: 559:Francis Bacon 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 405: 401: 397: 394: 391: 387: 384: 381: 377: 374: 371: 369: 365: 356: 351: 347: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 305: 302: 301: 295: 291: 264: 259: 255: 251: 245: 241: 238: 234: 229: 225: 222: 219:, Edinburgh, 218: 213: 209: 205: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 172: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 137: 135: 131: 125: 121: 116: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 71: 67: 62: 57: 53: 49: 38: 37:John de Critz 32: 27: 22: 19: 13696: 13631:Thomas Bates 13626:Robert Keyes 13610:Thomas Percy 13518: 13417:Elite theory 13365: 13355: 13345: 13335: 13325: 13315: 13305: 13295: 13285: 13275: 13265: 13255: 13245: 13235: 13225: 13215: 13205: 13195: 13185: 13175: 13165: 13155: 12470: 12454:Guicciardini 12410:Early modern 12233:Philosophers 12183:Open society 12119:Body politic 11989:Distributism 11979:Conservatism 11974:Confucianism 11893:Gerontocracy 11883:Dictatorship 11837:Sovereignty‎ 11827:Ruling class 11717:Emancipation 11702:Citizenship‎ 11569:Broad church 11567: / 11563: / 11553: 11537: / 11530:Anglican Use 11490: 11441: 11364: 11359: 11138:Liz Lochhead 11133:Edwin Morgan 11063:Robert Burns 11053:Allan Ramsay 10986: 10880:John Barbour 10866:Scots makars 10823: 10638: 10139: 10131: 10123: 10118:James Stuart 10106:James Stuart 10105: 10091:John Stewart 10008: 10000: 9992: 9984: 9976: 9968: 9960: 9952: 9944: 9936: 9928: 9922: 9914: 9906: 9903: 9898: 9890: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9862: 9854: 9846: 9838: 9830: 9774: 9753:Elizabeth II 9681: 9614: 9597: 9571: 9524: 9502: 9493:Alexander II 9410: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9320: 9309: 9232: 9215: 9203: 9176: 9139: 9097: 9090: 9083: 8953: 8896: 8884: 8870:Alexander II 8569:Gartnait III 8419: 8413:4th creation 8412: 8406: 8401:Henry Stuart 8389: 8383: 8374: 8367: 8361: 8339: 8312: 8290: 8286:19 June 1566 8283: 8276: 8157: 8153: 8144: 8127: 8123: 8105: 8095: 8092: 8078: 8069: 8059: 8056: 8042: 8028: 8024:(4): 926–952 8021: 8018: 8005: 7998:(2): 169–207 7995: 7992: 7978: 7964: 7943: 7921: 7886: 7865: 7843: 7822:. New York: 7819: 7806: 7784: 7764: 7744: 7726: 7705: 7684: 7666: 7648: 7630: 7612: 7594: 7576: 7558: 7537: 7528: 7525:"John Craig" 7506: 7487: 7477: 7456: 7435: 7414: 7395: 7372: 7348: 7326: 7308: 7290: 7271: 7248: 7241:Willson 1963 7237:Stewart 2003 7228: 7221:Willson 1963 7217:Barroll 2001 7212: 7197:Stewart 2003 7192: 7185:Stewart 2003 7180: 7164: 7123: 7115: 7108:Willson 1963 7103: 7091:, retrieved 7085: 7078: 7066:, retrieved 7060: 7053: 7044: 7034: 7022: 7015:Wormald 2011 7010: 7005:, p. 4. 7003:Lockyer 1998 6998: 6991:Lindley 1993 6987:Commonwealth 6981: 6974:Lockyer 1998 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6910:Stewart 2003 6905: 6893: 6884: 6878: 6866:. Retrieved 6862: 6849: 6842:Willson 1963 6829: 6822:Willson 1963 6813: 6805: 6800: 6784: 6776: 6769:Lockyer 1998 6756: 6749:Willson 1963 6744: 6737:Willson 1963 6732: 6725:Willson 1963 6720: 6713:Willson 1963 6704: 6692: 6680: 6673:Willson 1963 6668: 6661:Lindley 1993 6656: 6649:Lindley 1993 6645:Barroll 2001 6640: 6633:Lindley 1993 6628: 6613:Willson 1963 6608: 6601:Willson 1963 6596: 6589:Willson 1963 6584: 6577:Willson 1963 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6556:BBC Scotland 6555: 6545: 6526: 6508: 6499: 6480: 6455: 6446: 6439:Lockyer 1981 6434: 6422:, retrieved 6407: 6400: 6388:, retrieved 6384: 6371: 6352: 6349:Weir, Alison 6344:Lockyer 1981 6339: 6320: 6313: 6301:. Retrieved 6297: 6287: 6278: 6272: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6242: 6230: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6181: 6175: 6144: 6137:Willson 1963 6133:Lockyer 1998 6124: 6112: 6105:Willson 1963 6100: 6056: 6046: 6034: 6027:Willson 1963 6022: 6019:Stewart 2003 6010: 6003:Willson 1963 5998: 5991:Willson 1963 5982: 5970: 5963:Willson 1963 5958: 5951:Stewart 2003 5946: 5934: 5927:Lockyer 1998 5918: 5911:Krugler 2004 5906: 5894: 5874: 5867:Willson 1963 5858: 5851:Willson 1963 5846: 5839:Willson 1963 5833: 5826:Willson 1963 5821: 5814:Willson 1963 5809: 5802:Willson 1963 5798:Lockyer 1998 5793: 5786:Willson 1963 5781: 5774:Willson 1963 5769: 5762:Willson 1963 5753: 5746:Willson 1963 5741: 5733: 5725: 5713: 5706:Willson 1963 5701: 5694:Willson 1963 5689: 5682:Willson 1963 5673: 5666:Willson 1963 5662:Lockyer 1998 5653: 5641: 5628: 5616: 5596:. 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Springer. 8045:. Longman. 7579:, Longman, 7561:, Longman, 6918:La Rochelle 6697:Davies 1959 6527:The Stuarts 5987:Akrigg 1984 5887:Schama 2001 5718:Schama 2001 5329:Martin 2016 5015:Hunter 2000 4999:Hunter 2000 4987:Hunter 2000 4971:Hunter 2000 4947:Hunter 2000 4935:Hunter 2000 4919:Akrigg 1984 4842:10037/20205 4524:, pp. 4132:Davies 1959 4100:Stroud 1999 3861:Northampton 2857:Henry VIII, 2523:Family tree 2338:for Ireland 2334:for England 2298:was a lion 1991:Thomas Lake 1928:Anne Murray 1768:Edward Coke 1734:Inigo Jones 1491:Royal Entry 1385:Sang Sculis 1233:clan chiefs 1145:witch-hunts 1125:Witch hunts 1092:Tycho Brahe 1038:Queen Anne 996:John Ramsay 837:Peter Young 603:Christendom 587:), and the 502:, the last 143:Predecessor 93:Elizabeth I 89:Predecessor 44: 1605 13729:Categories 13704:(informer) 13641:John Grant 13590:Guy Fawkes 13499:Separatism 13307:On Liberty 13207:The Prince 12936:Huntington 12439:Campanella 12366:al-Ghazali 12315:Thucydides 12273:Lactantius 12218:Statolatry 12044:Monarchism 12024:Liberalism 11949:Capitalism 11932:Ideologies 11913:Plutocracy 11861:Government 11817:Revolution 11802:Propaganda 11752:Legitimacy 11727:Government 11454:Sacraments 11305:Henry VIII 11265:Æthelberht 11198:Communions 11143:Jackie Kay 10704:Charles II 9733:Edward VII 9723:William IV 9713:George III 9642:Charles II 9537:Robert III 9483:Malcolm IV 9458:Donald III 9433:Malcolm II 9418:Kenneth II 9300:Henry VIII 9260:Richard II 9255:Edward III 9189:William II 9162:Harthacnut 8979:William II 8964:Charles II 8919:Robert III 8860:Malcolm IV 8840:Donald III 8830:Donald III 8805:Malcolm II 8790:Kenneth II 8699:Bridei VII 8654:Drest VIII 8599:Bridei III 8584:Talorgan I 8579:Talorc III 8559:Nechtan II 8524:Gartnait I 8380:1566–1567 8349:1603–1625 8318:1567–1625 7961:Coward, B. 7906:required.) 7349:King James 7233:Croft 2003 7093:9 February 7068:9 February 7027:Croft 2003 6970:Croft 2003 6958:Croft 2003 6946:Croft 2003 6934:Croft 2003 6922:Isle of Ré 6898:Croft 2003 6854:Croft 2003 6838:Croft 2003 6836:quoted in 6818:Croft 2003 6765:Croft 2003 6761:Croft 2003 6709:Croft 2003 6685:Croft 2003 6621:Perry 2006 6473:Bray, Alan 6456:The Friend 6452:Bray, Alan 6424:9 December 6390:9 December 6303:18 October 6149:Croft 2003 6129:Croft 2003 6117:Croft 2003 6093:Croft 2003 6039:Croft 2003 6025:quoted by 6015:Croft 2003 5975:Croft 2003 5939:Croft 2003 5923:Croft 2003 5899:Croft 2003 5883:Croft 2003 5863:Croft 2003 5758:Croft 2003 5678:Croft 2003 5658:Croft 2003 5646:Croft 2003 5634:Croft 2003 5632:Quoted by 5621:Croft 2003 5610:required.) 5561:Croft 2003 5537:Croft 2003 5525:Croft 2003 5509:Croft 2003 5473:Croft 2003 5461:Croft 2003 5418:Croft 2003 5397:Croft 2003 5345:Croft 2003 5305:Croft 2003 5274:Croft 2003 5142:Quoted by 5131:Croft 2003 5111:Croft 2003 5087:Croft 2003 5075:King David 5039:Croft 2003 4899:Croft 2003 4789:Croft 2003 4777:Croft 2003 4694:Croft 2003 4667:Croft 2003 4639:Croft 2003 4617:quoted by 4611:Croft 2003 4579:Croft 2003 4567:Croft 2003 4551:Croft 2003 4468:quoted by 4405:Croft 2003 4362:Croft 2003 4330:Croft 2003 4318:Croft 2003 4294:Croft 2003 4120:Smith 2003 4112:Croft 2003 4088:Smith 2003 4039:Scriptures 3999:References 3799:certain." 2741:Henry VII, 2616:James III, 2474:, aged 18. 2391:dimidiated 2368:the motto 2342:red dragon 2319:marshalled 2101:See also: 2089:James was 2080: [ 2046:George III 1866:episcopacy 1648:Guy Fawkes 1499:Ben Jonson 1453:dimidiated 1450:Tudor rose 1420:high style 1332:Royal Gift 1242:Parliament 1159:under the 1149:witchcraft 1088:Copenhagen 967:Black Acts 960:John Craig 940:Calvinists 936:Protestant 857:preceptors 817:coronation 664:Protestant 656:Henry VIII 555:Ben Jonson 551:John Donne 246:7 May 1625 134:Coronation 80:Coronation 13217:Leviathan 13197:Monarchia 13191:(c. 1274) 13026:Oakeshott 12971:Mansfield 12966:Luxemburg 12951:Kropotkin 12846:Bernstein 12799:centuries 12713:Nietzsche 12656:Jefferson 12584:Condorcet 12532:centuries 12511:Pufendorf 12376:Marsilius 12263:Confucius 12248:Aristotle 12241:Antiquity 12169:Noble lie 12089:Third Way 12084:Socialism 12009:Feudalism 11964:Communism 11944:Anarchism 11923:Theocracy 11908:Oligarchy 11888:Democracy 11873:Autocracy 11787:Pluralism 11772:Obedience 11737:Hierarchy 11697:Authority 11459:Eucharist 11372:Charles I 11340:Edward VI 11290:Hygeberht 11093:Tom Scott 10728:Katherine 10719:Elizabeth 10141:Frederick 9958:Frederick 9844:Alexander 9748:George VI 9718:George IV 9708:George II 9620:Charles I 9602:from 1603 9552:James III 9532:Robert II 9488:William I 9463:Duncan II 9391:Malcolm I 9381:Donald II 9305:Edward VI 9295:Henry VII 9280:Edward IV 9250:Edward II 9240:Henry III 9223:Richard I 9184:William I 9105:Æthelstan 8969:James VII 8959:Charles I 8934:James III 8914:Robert II 8835:Duncan II 8765:Malcolm I 8755:Donald II 8694:Ciniod II 8689:Bridei VI 8669:Óengus II 8619:Drest VII 8609:Bridei IV 8574:Bridei II 8534:Talorc II 8514:Drest III 8499:Nechtan I 8324:Charles I 8174:142991232 7864:(1963) , 7824:Routledge 7432:Guy, John 7370:(1959) , 7201:porphyria 7163:(1978) , 6914:Huguenots 6562:28 August 6200:46169615M 5598:13 August 5262:Jack 1988 5224:Jack 1988 5212:Jack 1988 5171:(2000), " 5156:Jack 1988 4859:229451135 4851:1923-5755 4825:: 54–99. 4453:25969471M 2824:James IV, 2552:James II, 2454:mezzotint 2370:In defens 2284:supported 2267:, a lion 2066:dysentery 2042:porphyria 2030:arthritis 1763:Rhineland 1589:, and by 1552:Main Plot 1455:with the 1415:anglicise 1265:Stornoway 1227:In 1540, 1104:Elizabeth 976:Octavians 890:given by 831:selected 821:John Knox 779:Regencies 617:Childhood 514:himself " 492:Elizabeth 468:Henry VII 451:remained 441:his death 435:from the 399:Signature 157:Charles I 153:Successor 103:Charles I 99:Successor 13670:See also 13619:Recruits 13472:Centrism 13167:Politics 13157:Republic 13126:Voegelin 13106:Spengler 13091:Shariati 13066:Rothbard 13021:Nussbaum 12921:Habermas 12896:Fukuyama 12886:Foucault 12811:Ambedkar 12788:Voltaire 12758:de Staël 12733:Rousseau 12614:Franklin 12589:Constant 12549:Beccaria 12381:Muhammad 12361:Gelasius 12346:Averroes 12320:Xenophon 12300:Polybius 12253:Chanakya 12098:Concepts 12064:Populism 12034:Localism 12019:Islamism 12004:Feminism 11903:Monarchy 11807:Property 11797:Progress 11762:Monopoly 11732:Hegemony 11595:Ministry 11590:Heraldry 11412:Theology 11285:Paulinus 10987:James VI 10825:Category 10714:James II 10665:Margaret 10542:Margaret 10324:Stewarts 10288:Branches 9738:George V 9728:Victoria 9703:George I 9572:James VI 9557:James IV 9547:James II 9520:David II 9515:Robert I 9504:Margaret 9438:Duncan I 9347:Donald I 9285:Edward V 9275:Henry VI 9265:Henry IV 9245:Edward I 9211:Henry II 9110:Edmund I 9099:Ælfweard 9057:monarchs 9051:Scottish 8954:James VI 8939:James IV 8929:James II 8909:David II 8904:Robert I 8880:Margaret 8810:Duncan I 8729:Donald I 8674:Drest IX 8644:Alpín II 8639:Ciniod I 8634:Bridei V 8629:Óengus I 8594:Drest VI 8549:Bridei I 8529:Cailtram 8519:Drest IV 8504:Drest II 8494:Talorc I 8249:LibriVox 8100:in JSTOR 8064:in JSTOR 7963:(2017). 7942:(1974). 7818:(2006). 7704:(2001), 7557:(1981), 7455:(2000), 7434:(2004), 7393:(1974), 7346:(2003), 6507:(2014). 6454:(2003). 6351:(1996). 6298:BBC News 6215:(1970). 6168:bisexual 6055:(eds.). 5732:(1978). 5430:Guy 2004 5198:(1985), 5176:Archived 4526:295, 297 4522:Law 1904 4344:(1851), 4249:Guy 2004 4225:Guy 2004 4160:Guy 2004 4144:Guy 2004 3940:(son of 3796:John Guy 3155:Ancestry 2984:James V, 2488:Margaret 2308:sinister 2280:tressure 2209:(1658). 2193:(1652); 2174:and the 1843:surplice 1788:Habsburg 1548:Bye Plot 1460:ensigned 1392:Jacobean 1359:True Law 1336:True Law 1294:Shetland 1204:Hebrides 1106:, later 1084:Elsinore 1022:Marriage 862:treatise 699:baptised 650:through 567:(1597), 480:minority 472:abdicate 445:Scotland 421:James VI 320:Margaret 221:Scotland 171:See list 13509:Statism 13422:Elitism 13380:Related 13181:(51 BC) 13111:Strauss 13086:Scruton 13081:Schmitt 13071:Russell 12991:Michels 12986:Maurras 12981:Marcuse 12941:Kautsky 12911:Gramsci 12906:Gentile 12876:Dworkin 12866:Du Bois 12861:Dmowski 12856:Chomsky 12851:Burnham 12836:Benoist 12806:Agamben 12773:Thoreau 12763:Stirner 12753:Spencer 12698:Mazzini 12688:Maistre 12683:Madison 12678:Le Play 12609:Fourier 12574:Carlyle 12554:Bentham 12544:Bastiat 12539:Bakunin 12516:Spinoza 12506:Müntzer 12476:Leibniz 12449:Grotius 12429:Bossuet 12396:Plethon 12341:Aquinas 12310:Sun Tzu 12278:Mencius 12268:Han Fei 12039:Marxism 11999:Fascism 11832:Society 11757:Liberty 11742:Justice 11722:Freedom 11535:Morning 11483:worship 11479:Liturgy 11420:Trinity 11360:James I 11315:Cranmer 11240:History 10890:James I 10885:Huchoun 10758:Mary II 10006:William 9998:Charles 9934:Charles 9920:Charles 9881:Arthur 9656:Mary II 9562:James V 9542:James I 9478:David I 9443:Macbeth 9375:Eochaid 9270:Henry V 9205:Matilda 9199:Stephen 9194:Henry I 9055:British 9049:, 9047:English 9003:Ireland 8999:England 8974:Mary II 8944:James V 8924:James I 8855:David I 8815:Macbeth 8749:Eochaid 8704:Drest X 8624:Alpín I 8564:Cinioch 8539:Drest V 8489:Drest I 8345:Ireland 8238:at the 8215:at the 8198:James I 8124:History 8043:James I 7979:James I 7262:Sources 6868:1 April 6479:(ed.). 3702:, 1616 3682:Lepanto 3678:, 1591 3672:), 1584 3011:Mary I, 2269:rampant 2086:]. 2074:Solomon 1835:Puritan 1829:In the 1755:Bohemia 1742:Howards 1593:, soon 1540:spinels 1280:In the 1229:James V 1183:Macbeth 1112:Charles 847:), and 721:), and 591:of the 526:began. 496:Charles 476:regents 449:England 433:James I 429:Ireland 300:more... 287: 271: 267: 237:England 163:Regents 115:more... 61:more... 56:Ireland 13371:(1992) 13361:(1971) 13351:(1951) 13341:(1945) 13331:(1944) 13321:(1929) 13311:(1859) 13301:(1848) 13281:(1820) 13271:(1791) 13261:(1790) 13251:(1762) 13241:(1748) 13231:(1689) 13221:(1651) 13211:(1532) 13201:(1313) 13131:Walzer 13121:Taylor 13076:Sartre 13041:Popper 13036:Pareto 13031:Ortega 13016:Nozick 13006:Mouffe 12956:Laclau 12916:Guénon 12901:Gandhi 12841:Berlin 12831:Bauman 12826:Badiou 12816:Arendt 12783:Tucker 12673:Le Bon 12634:Herder 12624:Haller 12619:Godwin 12604:Fichte 12599:Engels 12594:Cortés 12564:Bonald 12521:Suárez 12496:Milton 12486:Luther 12459:Hobbes 12444:Filmer 12434:Calvin 12419:Boétie 12412:period 12391:Ockham 12258:Cicero 12059:Nazism 11847:Utopia 11822:Rights 11812:Regime 11782:People 11767:Nation 11469:Saints 11425:Father 11355:Hooker 11350:Parker 10685:Sophia 10451:Egidia 10435:Robert 10214:Titles 10133:Edward 10108:(1567) 9990:Edward 9982:George 9966:George 9950:George 9929:(1629) 9875:James 9847:(1430) 9567:Mary I 9448:Lulach 9412:Amlaíb 9406:Cuilén 9396:Indulf 9322:Philip 9317:Mary I 9120:Eadwig 9115:Eadred 8820:Lulach 8785:Amlaíb 8780:Cuilén 8770:Indulf 8659:Conall 8384:Vacant 8362:Vacant 8289: 8172: 8112: 8085: 8073:online 8057:Albion 8049: 8035: 8010:online 7985: 7971: 7950: 7928: 7900: 7872: 7851: 7830: 7791: 7773: 7751: 7733: 7712: 7691: 7673: 7655: 7637: 7619: 7601: 7583: 7565: 7544: 7513: 7495: 7463: 7442: 7421: 7403: 7380: 7356: 7333: 7315: 7297: 7279: 7171: 7130: 6791: 6533: 6515: 6487: 6462: 6415: 6359: 6327: 6237: 6198: 6188: 6073: 6063:Oxford 5604: 4857: 4849: 4451: 4441: 4071:Oxford 3763:, 1609 3757:, 1608 3743:, 1599 3735:, 1598 3694:, 1597 3684:, poem 2516:Sophia 2315:badges 2304:dexter 2300:sejant 2288:Argent 2156:Stuart 2113:Rubens 2097:Legacy 1989:; and 1966:sodomy 1964:lists 1381:burghs 1290:Orkney 1238:Gaelic 1139:(1597) 1110:; and 773:regent 687:Prince 634:, 1574 557:, and 512:styled 494:, and 389:Mother 379:Father 373:Stuart 340:Sophia 277: 257:Spouse 243:Burial 13520:Index 13149:Works 13136:Weber 13101:Spann 13096:Sorel 13061:Röpke 13056:Rawls 13011:Negri 13001:Mosca 12996:Mises 12961:Lenin 12931:Hoppe 12926:Hayek 12891:Fromm 12881:Evola 12871:Dugin 12768:Taine 12748:Smith 12728:Renan 12723:Paine 12644:Iqbal 12629:Hegel 12579:Comte 12569:Burke 12481:Locke 12471:James 12424:Bodin 12356:Dante 12351:Bruni 12305:Shang 12288:Plato 11842:State 11792:Power 11777:Peace 11712:Elite 11690:Terms 11605:Music 11270:Edwin 10322:Royal 9942:James 9904:James 9896:James 9888:James 9868:James 9860:James 9852:James 9836:James 9828:David 9468:Edgar 9368:Giric 9234:Louis 9141:Sweyn 8845:Edgar 8744:Giric 8684:Uurad 8604:Taran 8416:1567 8369:James 8291:Died: 8284:Born: 8170:S2CID 6558:. 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