618:), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. -
719:
302:
678:"If the wind, called Hippalus, happens to be blowing, it is possible to arrive in forty days at the nearest market of India, called Muziris. This, however, is not a particularly desirable place to disembark, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, where they occupy a place called Nitrias; nor, in fact, is it very rich in products. Besides, the road-stead for shipping is a considerable distance from the shore, and the cargoes have to be conveyed in boats, either for loading or discharging." -
631:
790:
219:
424:
664:"Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance (...) Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia." -
769:
settlers from the Rome continued to live in India long after the decline in bilateral trade. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found throughout India, and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of the south. The South Indian kings reissued Roman coinage in their own name after defacing
329:
basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land based trading routes. Strabo's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known
1029:"minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. quota enim portio ex illis ad deos, quaeso, iam vel ad inferos pertinet?" Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
446:
Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hermos. The navigation to the northern ports, such as
Arsinoe-Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hermos due to the northern winds in the
742:
trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in
Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in
292:
The
Ptolemaic dynasty had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports. With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans took over and further developed the already existing trade using these ports.
385:
from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead?" -
439:. The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos. The Romans cleared out the canal from the Nile to harbor center of
443:
on the Red Sea, which had silted up. This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible.
710:
excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD".
369:
By the time of
Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the
126:
114:
508:. The Quesir el-Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el-Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed
130:
110:
122:
730:
The Rome-India trade also saw several cultural exchanges which had lasting effect for both the civilizations and others involved in the trade. The
435:
to secure trade with India. The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of
Arsinoe, the present day
1083:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century"
272:
mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to
1900:
415:. Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice.
88:
37:
843:
and the fall of ports such as
Alexandria, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
259:
and India, had begun to exploit trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement but according to the historian
1705:
747:. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence.
284:
nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as
77:
26:
850:
for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome.
482:
in
Southern Egypt. However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in
222:
The
Seleucid and the Ptolemaic dynasties controlled trade networks to India before the establishment of Roman Egypt.
142:
1583:
1562:
1530:
1484:
1463:
1442:
1421:
1373:
1349:
1325:
1304:
1283:
1262:
1241:
1217:
1730:
1939:
1610:
1511:
1400:
879:
248:
controlled a developed network of trade with India which had previously existed under the influence of the
182:
winds, which enabled a voyage safer than a long and dangerous coastal voyage, helped enhance trade between
1775:
1740:
649:
which was a major center of trade with the Roman Empire. Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of
84:
33:
280:
Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to
263:
the volume of commerce between India and Greece was not comparable to that of later Indian-Roman trade.
1631:
118:
865:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1929:
1698:
1013:
840:
1664:
694:
mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being
1934:
478:
The site of
Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated with the ruins near
471:
Myos Hormos and
Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by the
365:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."
268:
674:
also matter-of-factly commented on the qualities of Muziris, although in not very favorable term:
874:
255:. The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, controlling the western and northern end of other trade routes to
1639:
Chami, F. A. 1999. “The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland.”
1411:
500:
indicating a probable identification with Quesir el-Quadim at the end of a fortified road from
657:
have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.
1905:
1815:
1735:
836:
770:
the coins in order to signify their sovereignty. Mentions of the traders are recorded in the
748:
408:
1840:
1691:
839:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE. This advance marked the beginning of the
635:
512:
leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos.
493:
488:
1674:
8:
1875:
1765:
1652:. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. ISBN 0-19-814264-1.
1014:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917"
63:
660:
According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:
1795:
1790:
1770:
1593:
1494:
1383:
1082:
820:
334:
252:
1665:
English translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyage around the Erythraean Sea)
718:
544:
describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens,
475:
traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control.
1895:
1579:
1558:
1526:
1480:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1369:
1345:
1321:
1300:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1213:
774:
207:
203:
21:
1669:
1102:
1885:
1805:
1760:
1755:
1745:
824:
706:. Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and
497:
354:
342:
301:
245:
1628:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
756:
671:
374:
362:
357:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
228:
175:
1675:
Arikamedu is the ancient International Trade Centre in Ariyankuppam, Pondicherry
781:
came with gold and returned with pepper, and Muziris resounded with the noise."
1870:
1845:
1810:
1800:
1785:
858:
847:
771:
723:
604:
560:, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "
314:
191:
152:
1210:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
451:. Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as
1923:
1865:
1361:
1337:
854:
630:
601:
460:
370:
326:
194:, establishing trading settlements which remained long after the fall of the
1855:
862:
739:
699:
581:
557:
448:
195:
187:
592:". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
423:
1860:
1714:
703:
412:
358:
1750:
202:
ports, which had previously been used to secure trade with India by the
1880:
1825:
1725:
707:
589:
521:
432:
310:
285:
163:
777:
of India. One such mention reads: "The beautifully built ships of the
540:
on the southern tip of India were the main centers of this trade. The
171:
1890:
1850:
1830:
1780:
828:
762:
695:
577:
573:
537:
479:
472:
68:
1835:
1229:
794:
731:
654:
615:
607:
569:
565:
427:
Sites of Egyptian Red Sea ports, including Alexandria and Berenice.
382:
306:
237:
167:
832:
789:
778:
650:
642:
533:
529:
525:
509:
483:
440:
404:
381:"India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million
249:
199:
179:
337:
in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
1683:
752:
744:
646:
561:
553:
501:
452:
322:
260:
256:
1555:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
735:
549:
545:
350:
281:
218:
183:
403:
The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were
585:
505:
456:
436:
377:(NH VI.101) complained about the drain of specie to India:
346:
273:
431:
The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of
66:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
766:
722:
A 1st century CE Indian imitation of a coin of Augustus,
345:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
1650:
The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641
288:
receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.
1435:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
1318:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
645:is a lost port city in the South Indian state of
141:
1921:
1297:A Short History of the World's Shipping Industry
846:The decline in trade saw Southern India turn to
325:by the Roman empire as the administrator of the
1123:
1121:
1366:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
600:Trade with Barigaza, under the control of the
492:favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in
1699:
620:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, paragraph 49.
1342:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1255:The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet?
1118:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
759:find mentions in other texts of the period.
1541:
1273:
1060:
1058:
466:
1706:
1692:
1456:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
966:
964:
962:
960:
614:There are imported into this market-town (
610:("Nambanus"), was especially flourishing:
1670:BBC News: Search for India's ancient city
1151:
1149:
1147:
1067:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1008:
1006:
978:
976:
938:
936:
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666:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53-54
76:Revision as of 09:17, 27 October 2007 by
1172:
1170:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1055:
922:
920:
918:
916:
788:
717:
629:
422:
300:
217:
148:Roman trade with India according to the
47:
1432:
1336:
1315:
1252:
1097:
1095:
957:
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904:
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894:
330:and manipulated for trade in his time.
75:
14:
1922:
1520:
1474:
1144:
1115:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
1041:
1003:
973:
929:
680:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
361:to India, whereas formerly, under the
1687:
1573:
1477:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
1294:
1207:
1167:
1130:
913:
835:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
797:, drawn on the modern state borders.
713:
44:
25:
1552:
1453:
1360:
1228:
1194:The Encyclopedia Americana 1989: 176
1092:
985:
945:
891:
808: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
162:started around the beginning of the
17:
1731:Austronesian maritime trade network
1523:The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180-395
1234:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1080:
139:
108:
1619:
1544:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
190:. Roman trade diaspora stopped in
140:
1951:
1657:
1103:"Search for India's ancient city"
702:), about 2 miles from the modern
388:Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
62:. The present address (URL) is a
1713:
1475:Curtin, Philip DeArmond (1984).
814: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
634:Muziris, as shown in the in the
296:
143:
97:
52:
1557:. University of Chicago Press.
1553:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1188:
1179:
1158:
1109:
1032:
1023:
802: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
515:
1479:. Cambridge University Press.
1295:Fayle, Charles Ernest (2006).
994:
398:
13:
1:
1454:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
1437:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1320:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1200:
584:, Seric skins, cotton cloth,
213:
1542:Huntingford, G.W.B. (1980).
1521:Potter, David Stone (2004).
880:Buddhism and the Roman world
793:Egypt under the rule of the
685:
373:for their own coinage, that
166:(CE) following the reign of
7:
1634:, 1989. ISBN 0-691-04060-5.
1253:Freeman, Donald B. (2003).
1236:. Oxford University Press.
868:
595:
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
1956:
1632:Princeton University Press
1412:The Encyclopedia Americana
1208:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
823:the areas under the Roman
784:
755:in his writings and other
625:
418:
305:Coin of the Roman emperor
95:
50:
1721:
1274:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
841:Islamic conquest of Egypt
150:Periplus Maris Erythraei,
1901:Varangians to the Greeks
1648:Miller, J. Innes. 1969.
1257:. McGill-Queen's Press.
885:
692:Periplus Maris Erythraei
542:Periplus Maris Erythraei
467:Myos Hormos and Berenice
393:
269:Periplus Maris Erythraei
1741:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1574:Kulke, Hermann (2004).
875:Indian maritime history
520:In India, the ports of
198:and Rome's loss of the
1276:Arabia Before Muhammad
1127:Huntingford 1980: 119.
816:
727:
683:
669:
639:
623:
428:
391:
367:
318:
290:
241:
206:since the time of the
160:Roman trade with India
156:
45:09:17, 27 October 2007
1906:Way of the Patriarchs
1816:Polynesian navigation
1736:Canadian canoe routes
1433:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1344:. Osprey Publishing.
1316:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1088:. Fordham University.
792:
749:Clement of Alexandria
721:
676:
662:
653:found in the town of
633:
612:
426:
379:
353:and the frontiers of
339:
333:The trade started by
304:
278:
221:
147:
102:Berenice Troglodytica
57:Berenice Troglodytica
1841:Sepik Coast exchange
738:was involved in the
636:Tabula Peutingeriana
494:classical literature
144:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
1940:International trade
1876:Trans-Saharan trade
1766:Incense trade route
1458:. Lexington Books.
341:"At any rate, when
321:The replacement of
115:← Previous revision
1796:Maritime Silk Road
1791:Maritime republics
1771:Indian Ocean trade
1601:Unknown parameter
1576:A History of India
1546:. Hakluyt Society.
1502:Unknown parameter
1391:Unknown parameter
821:Roman-Persian Wars
817:
728:
714:Cultural exchanges
640:
429:
335:Eudoxus of Cyzicus
319:
253:Achaemenid dynasty
242:
157:
1914:
1913:
1896:Volga trade route
1821:Rome-India routes
1164:Farrokh 2007: 252
970:Lindsay 2006: 101
827:were captured by
775:Sangam literature
681:
667:
621:
389:
236: Kingdom of
227: Kingdom of
208:Ptolemaic dynasty
204:Greco-Roman world
79:Havelock the Dane
28:Havelock the Dane
1947:
1930:History of India
1886:Triangular trade
1761:Hiri trade cycle
1756:Hanseatic League
1746:Grand Trunk Road
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1701:
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942:Curtin 1984: 100
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825:Byzantine Empire
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757:Indian religions
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459:and treacherous
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246:Seleucid dynasty
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127:Newer revision →
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69:current revision
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1626:Lionel Casson,
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1620:Further reading
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1853:
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1846:Siberian Route
1843:
1838:
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1828:
1823:
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1811:Manila galleon
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1801:Old Salt Route
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1786:Lapita culture
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1776:King's Highway
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1052:Fayle 2006: 52
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848:Southeast Asia
819:Following the
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64:permanent link
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1578:. Routledge.
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120:
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99:
98:→Roman Ports
90:
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73:
70:
65:
54:
53:→Roman Ports
39:
35:
30:
23:
1916:
1856:Spanish Road
1820:
1715:Trade routes
1680:
1649:
1640:
1627:
1609:suggested) (
1575:
1554:
1543:
1522:
1510:suggested) (
1476:
1455:
1434:
1410:
1399:suggested) (
1365:
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1254:
1233:
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987:
954:Holl 2003: 9
863:15th century
852:
845:
818:
761:
740:Indian Ocean
729:
700:Ariyankuppam
691:
689:
677:
670:
663:
659:
641:
613:
599:
582:lapis lazuli
558:frankincense
541:
519:
516:Indian ports
487:
477:
470:
449:Gulf of Suez
445:
430:
402:
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368:
340:
332:
320:
291:
279:
267:
265:
243:
196:Roman empire
172:his conquest
159:
158:
149:
22:old revision
19:
18:
1861:Spice Route
1643:Vol. XXXIV.
1416:. Grolier.
734:kingdom of
704:Pondicherry
413:Myos Hormos
399:Roman Ports
359:Myos Hormos
20:This is an
1924:Categories
1881:Trepanging
1826:Royal Road
1726:Amber Road
1585:0415329191
1564:0226467317
1532:0415100585
1486:0521269318
1465:0739104071
1444:0543942538
1423:0717201201
1375:0415966906
1351:1846031087
1327:0543942538
1306:0415286190
1285:0415231884
1264:0773525157
1243:0192804588
1219:0415242193
1201:References
857:conquered
588:yarn, and
522:Barbaricum
433:Alexandria
349:as far as
311:Pudukottai
286:Alexandria
214:Background
164:Common Era
1891:Via Maris
1851:Silk Road
1831:Salt road
1781:Kula ring
1605:ignored (
1594:cite book
1506:ignored (
1495:cite book
1395:ignored (
1384:cite book
1230:Shaw, Ian
829:Khosrow I
763:Christian
732:Ethiopian
696:Arikamedu
686:Arikamedu
578:turquoise
538:Arikamedu
489:Geography
480:Ras Banas
473:Pharaonic
383:sesterces
363:Ptolemies
1836:Sea lane
1751:Hærvejen
1364:(2006).
1340:(2007).
1232:(2003).
869:See also
795:Rashidun
655:Pattanam
651:amphorae
616:Barigaza
608:Nahapana
596:Barigaza
566:bdellium
530:Barygaza
524:(modern
461:currents
409:Berenice
355:Ethiopia
307:Augustus
238:Seleucus
168:Augustus
89:contribs
38:contribs
861:in the
833:Persian
831:of the
785:Decline
779:Yavanas
643:Muziris
626:Muziris
534:Muziris
526:Karachi
510:ostraca
504:on the
484:Ptolemy
441:Arsinoe
419:Arsinoe
405:Arsinoe
371:Kushans
313:hoard.
250:Persian
229:Ptolemy
200:Red Sea
180:monsoon
1641:Azania
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1561:
1529:
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1441:
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1414:(1989)
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1348:
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1105:. BBC.
1086:(HTML)
1017:(HTML)
812:
806:
800:
753:Buddha
745:Europe
647:Kerala
590:indigo
570:lycium
562:costus
554:storax
532:, and
502:Koptos
453:shoals
343:Gallus
323:Greece
261:Strabo
234:
225:
886:Notes
772:Tamil
736:Aksum
550:coral
546:topaz
457:reefs
394:Ports
375:Pliny
351:Syene
282:Egypt
184:India
176:Egypt
1611:help
1580:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1512:help
1481:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1401:help
1370:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1214:ISBN
853:The
765:and
690:The
586:silk
574:nard
536:and
506:Nile
496:and
437:Suez
411:and
347:Nile
274:Aden
266:The
244:The
188:Rome
186:and
170:and
131:diff
125:) |
123:diff
111:diff
85:talk
34:talk
767:Jew
528:),
486:'s
174:of
43:at
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