622:), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. -
727:
298:
686:"If the wind, called Hippalus, happens to be blowing, it is possible to arrive in forty days at the nearest market of India, called Muziris. This, however, is not a particularly desirable place to disembark, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, where they occupy a place called Nitrias; nor, in fact, is it very rich in products. Besides, the road-stead for shipping is a considerable distance from the shore, and the cargoes have to be conveyed in boats, either for loading or discharging." -
635:
798:
215:
420:
672:"Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance (...) Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia." -
777:
settlers from the Rome continued to live in India long after the decline in bilateral trade. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found throughout India, and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of the south. The South Indian kings reissued Roman coinage in their own name after defacing
325:
basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land based trading routes. Strabo's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known
1037:"minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. quota enim portio ex illis ad deos, quaeso, iam vel ad inferos pertinet?" Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
450:
Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hermos. The navigation to the northern ports, such as
Arsinoe-Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hermos due to the northern winds in the
750:
trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in
Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in
288:
The
Ptolemaic dynasty had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports. With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans took over and further developed the already existing trade using these ports.
381:
from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead?" -
447:
on the Red Sea, which had silted up. This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible.
718:
excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD".
365:
By the time of
Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the
122:
110:
512:. The Quesir el-Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el-Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed
126:
106:
118:
738:
The Rome-India trade also saw several cultural exchanges which had lasting effect for both the civilizations and others involved in the trade. The
431:
to secure trade with India. The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of
Arsinoe, the present day
1091:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century"
268:
mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to
1908:
411:. Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice.
851:
and the fall of ports such as
Alexandria, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
255:
and India, had begun to exploit trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement but according to the historian
1713:
755:. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence.
280:
nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as
858:
for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome.
486:
in
Southern Egypt. However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in
218:
The
Seleucid and the Ptolemaic dynasties controlled trade networks to India before the establishment of Roman Egypt.
86:
37:
138:
1591:
1570:
1538:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1429:
1381:
1357:
1333:
1312:
1291:
1270:
1249:
1225:
1738:
75:
26:
1947:
1618:
1519:
1408:
887:
244:
controlled a developed network of trade with India which had previously existed under the influence of the
178:
winds, which enabled a voyage safer than a long and dangerous coastal voyage, helped enhance trade between
1783:
1748:
657:
which was a major center of trade with the Roman Empire. Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of
276:
Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to
259:
the volume of commerce between India and Greece was not comparable to that of later Indian-Roman trade.
1639:
114:
873:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1937:
1706:
1021:
848:
1672:
702:
mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being
1942:
482:
The site of
Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated with the ruins near
475:
Myos Hormos and
Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by the
361:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."
264:
682:
also matter-of-factly commented on the qualities of Muziris, although in not very favorable term:
882:
251:. The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, controlling the western and northern end of other trade routes to
1647:
Chami, F. A. 1999. “The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland.”
1419:
504:
indicating a probable identification with Quesir el-Quadim at the end of a fortified road from
665:
have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.
443:, Berenice or Myos Hormos. The Romans cleared out the canal from the Nile to harbor center of
1913:
1823:
1743:
844:
778:
the coins in order to signify their sovereignty. Mentions of the traders are recorded in the
756:
404:
82:
33:
1848:
1699:
847:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE. This advance marked the beginning of the
639:
516:
leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos.
497:
492:
1682:
8:
1883:
1773:
1660:. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. ISBN 0-19-814264-1.
1022:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917"
61:
668:
According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:
1803:
1798:
1778:
1601:
1502:
1391:
1090:
828:
330:
248:
1673:
English translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyage around the Erythraean Sea)
726:
548:
describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens,
479:
traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control.
1903:
1587:
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1377:
1353:
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782:
203:
199:
21:
1677:
1110:
1893:
1813:
1768:
1763:
1753:
832:
714:. Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and
501:
350:
338:
297:
241:
1636:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
764:
679:
370:
358:
353:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
224:
171:
1683:
Arikamedu is the ancient International Trade Centre in Ariyankuppam, Pondicherry
789:
came with gold and returned with pepper, and Muziris resounded with the noise."
1878:
1853:
1818:
1808:
1793:
866:
855:
779:
731:
608:
564:, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "
310:
187:
148:
1218:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
455:. Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as
1931:
1873:
1369:
1345:
862:
634:
605:
464:
366:
322:
190:, establishing trading settlements which remained long after the fall of the
1863:
870:
747:
707:
650:
585:
561:
452:
436:
191:
183:
596:". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
419:
1868:
1722:
711:
408:
354:
1758:
198:
ports, which had previously been used to secure trade with India by the
1888:
1833:
1733:
715:
593:
525:
428:
306:
281:
159:
785:
of India. One such mention reads: "The beautifully built ships of the
544:
on the southern tip of India were the main centers of this trade. The
167:
1898:
1858:
1838:
1788:
836:
770:
703:
581:
577:
541:
483:
476:
66:
1843:
1237:
802:
739:
662:
619:
611:
573:
569:
423:
Sites of Egyptian Red Sea ports, including Alexandria and Berenice.
378:
302:
233:
163:
840:
797:
786:
658:
646:
537:
533:
529:
513:
487:
444:
440:
400:
377:"India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million
245:
195:
175:
333:
in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
1691:
760:
752:
654:
565:
557:
505:
456:
318:
256:
252:
1563:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
743:
553:
549:
346:
277:
214:
179:
399:
The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were
589:
509:
460:
432:
373:(NH VI.101) complained about the drain of specie to India:
342:
269:
427:
The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of
64:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
774:
730:
A 1st century CE Indian imitation of a coin of Augustus,
341:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
1658:
The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641
439:
trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports,
284:
receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.
1443:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
1326:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
137:
1929:
1305:A Short History of the World's Shipping Industry
854:The decline in trade saw Southern India turn to
321:by the Roman empire as the administrator of the
1131:
1129:
1374:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
604:Trade with Barigaza, under the control of the
496:favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in
1707:
624:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, paragraph 49.
1350:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1263:The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet?
1126:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
767:find mentions in other texts of the period.
1549:
1281:
1068:
1066:
470:
1714:
1700:
1464:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
974:
972:
970:
968:
618:There are imported into this market-town (
614:("Nambanus"), was especially flourishing:
1678:BBC News: Search for India's ancient city
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1157:
1155:
1075:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1016:
1014:
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674:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53-54
74:Revision as of 12:36, 28 October 2007 by
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1178:
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1143:
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418:
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213:
144:Roman trade with India according to the
47:
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326:and manipulated for trade in his time.
73:
14:
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1482:
1152:
1123:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
1049:
1011:
981:
937:
688:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
357:to India, whereas formerly, under the
1695:
1581:
1485:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
1302:
1215:
1175:
1138:
921:
843:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
805:, drawn on the modern state borders.
721:
44:
25:
1560:
1461:
1368:
1236:
1202:The Encyclopedia Americana 1989: 176
1100:
993:
953:
899:
816: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
158:started around the beginning of the
17:
1739:Austronesian maritime trade network
1531:The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180-395
1242:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1088:
135:
104:
1627:
1552:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
186:. Roman trade diaspora stopped in
136:
1959:
1665:
1111:"Search for India's ancient city"
710:), about 2 miles from the modern
384:Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
60:. The present address (URL) is a
1721:
1483:Curtin, Philip DeArmond (1984).
822: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
638:Muziris, as shown in the in the
292:
139:
1565:. University of Chicago Press.
1561:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1196:
1187:
1166:
1117:
1040:
1031:
810: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
519:
1487:. Cambridge University Press.
1303:Fayle, Charles Ernest (2006).
1002:
394:
13:
1:
1462:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
1445:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1328:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1208:
588:, Seric skins, cotton cloth,
209:
1550:Huntingford, G.W.B. (1980).
1529:Potter, David Stone (2004).
888:Buddhism and the Roman world
801:Egypt under the rule of the
693:
369:for their own coinage, that
162:(CE) following the reign of
95:
52:
7:
1642:, 1989. ISBN 0-691-04060-5.
1261:Freeman, Donald B. (2003).
1244:. Oxford University Press.
876:
649:is a lost port city in the
599:
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
1964:
1640:Princeton University Press
1420:The Encyclopedia Americana
1216:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
831:the areas under the Roman
792:
763:in his writings and other
629:
414:
301:Coin of the Roman emperor
93:
50:
1729:
1282:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
849:Islamic conquest of Egypt
146:Periplus Maris Erythraei,
1909:Varangians to the Greeks
1656:Miller, J. Innes. 1969.
1265:. McGill-Queen's Press.
893:
700:Periplus Maris Erythraei
546:Periplus Maris Erythraei
471:Myos Hormos and Berenice
389:
265:Periplus Maris Erythraei
1749:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1582:Kulke, Hermann (2004).
883:Indian maritime history
524:In India, the ports of
194:and Rome's loss of the
1284:Arabia Before Muhammad
1135:Huntingford 1980: 119.
824:
735:
691:
677:
643:
627:
424:
387:
363:
314:
286:
237:
202:since the time of the
156:Roman trade with India
152:
45:12:36, 28 October 2007
1914:Way of the Patriarchs
1824:Polynesian navigation
1744:Canadian canoe routes
1441:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1352:. Osprey Publishing.
1324:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1096:. Fordham University.
800:
757:Clement of Alexandria
729:
684:
670:
661:found in the town of
637:
616:
435:. The goods from the
422:
375:
349:and the frontiers of
335:
329:The trade started by
300:
274:
217:
143:
1849:Sepik Coast exchange
746:was involved in the
640:Tabula Peutingeriana
498:classical literature
140:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
1948:International trade
1884:Trans-Saharan trade
1774:Incense trade route
1466:. Lexington Books.
337:"At any rate, when
317:The replacement of
111:← Previous revision
1804:Maritime Silk Road
1799:Maritime republics
1779:Indian Ocean trade
1609:Unknown parameter
1584:A History of India
1554:. Hakluyt Society.
1510:Unknown parameter
1399:Unknown parameter
829:Roman-Persian Wars
825:
736:
722:Cultural exchanges
644:
425:
331:Eudoxus of Cyzicus
315:
249:Achaemenid dynasty
238:
153:
1922:
1921:
1904:Volga trade route
1829:Rome-India routes
1172:Farrokh 2007: 252
978:Lindsay 2006: 101
835:were captured by
783:Sangam literature
689:
675:
625:
385:
232: Kingdom of
223: Kingdom of
204:Ptolemaic dynasty
200:Greco-Roman world
1955:
1938:History of India
1894:Triangular trade
1769:Hiri trade cycle
1764:Hanseatic League
1754:Grand Trunk Road
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1709:
1702:
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463:and treacherous
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242:Seleucid dynasty
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123:Newer revision →
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67:current revision
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1879:Tea Horse Road
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1854:Siberian Route
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1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
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1821:
1819:Manila galleon
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1809:Old Salt Route
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1794:Lapita culture
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1784:King's Highway
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1184:Meri 2006: 224
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1060:Fayle 2006: 52
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934:Young 2001: 19
920:
918:Shaw 2003: 426
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867:Constantinople
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62:permanent link
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1586:. Routledge.
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174:. The use of
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128:
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108:
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88:
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72:
71:
68:
63:
54:
39:
35:
30:
23:
1924:
1864:Spanish Road
1828:
1723:Trade routes
1688:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1617:suggested) (
1583:
1562:
1551:
1530:
1518:suggested) (
1484:
1463:
1442:
1418:
1407:suggested) (
1373:
1349:
1325:
1304:
1283:
1262:
1241:
1217:
1198:
1189:
1168:
1119:
1042:
1033:
1004:
995:
962:Holl 2003: 9
871:15th century
860:
853:
826:
769:
748:Indian Ocean
737:
708:Ariyankuppam
699:
697:
685:
678:
671:
667:
651:South Indian
645:
617:
603:
586:lapis lazuli
562:frankincense
545:
523:
520:Indian ports
491:
481:
474:
453:Gulf of Suez
449:
437:East African
426:
398:
376:
364:
336:
328:
316:
287:
275:
263:
261:
239:
192:Roman empire
168:his conquest
155:
154:
145:
22:old revision
19:
18:
1869:Spice Route
1651:Vol. XXXIV.
1424:. Grolier.
742:kingdom of
712:Pondicherry
409:Myos Hormos
395:Roman Ports
355:Myos Hormos
77:Robin klein
28:Robin klein
20:This is an
1932:Categories
1889:Trepanging
1834:Royal Road
1734:Amber Road
1593:0415329191
1572:0226467317
1540:0415100585
1494:0521269318
1473:0739104071
1452:0543942538
1431:0717201201
1383:0415966906
1359:1846031087
1335:0543942538
1314:0415286190
1293:0415231884
1272:0773525157
1251:0192804588
1227:0415242193
1209:References
865:conquered
592:yarn, and
526:Barbaricum
429:Alexandria
345:as far as
307:Pudukottai
282:Alexandria
210:Background
160:Common Era
1899:Via Maris
1859:Silk Road
1839:Salt road
1789:Kula ring
1613:ignored (
1602:cite book
1514:ignored (
1503:cite book
1403:ignored (
1392:cite book
1238:Shaw, Ian
837:Khosrow I
771:Christian
740:Ethiopian
704:Arikamedu
694:Arikamedu
653:state of
582:turquoise
542:Arikamedu
493:Geography
484:Ras Banas
477:Pharaonic
379:sesterces
359:Ptolemies
96:→Arsinoe
53:→Arsinoe
1844:Sea lane
1759:Hærvejen
1372:(2006).
1348:(2007).
1240:(2003).
877:See also
803:Rashidun
663:Pattanam
659:amphorae
620:Barigaza
612:Nahapana
600:Barigaza
570:bdellium
534:Barygaza
528:(modern
465:currents
405:Berenice
351:Ethiopia
303:Augustus
234:Seleucus
164:Augustus
87:contribs
38:contribs
869:in the
841:Persian
839:of the
793:Decline
787:Yavanas
647:Muziris
630:Muziris
538:Muziris
530:Karachi
514:ostraca
508:on the
488:Ptolemy
445:Arsinoe
441:Arsinoe
415:Arsinoe
401:Arsinoe
367:Kushans
309:hoard.
246:Persian
225:Ptolemy
196:Red Sea
176:monsoon
1649:Azania
1590:
1569:
1537:
1491:
1470:
1449:
1428:
1422:(1989)
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1356:
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1311:
1290:
1269:
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1113:. BBC.
1094:(HTML)
1025:(HTML)
820:
814:
808:
761:Buddha
753:Europe
655:Kerala
594:indigo
574:lycium
566:costus
558:storax
536:, and
506:Koptos
457:shoals
339:Gallus
319:Greece
257:Strabo
230:
221:
894:Notes
780:Tamil
744:Aksum
554:coral
550:topaz
461:reefs
390:Ports
371:Pliny
347:Syene
278:Egypt
180:India
172:Egypt
1619:help
1588:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1520:help
1489:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1409:help
1378:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1222:ISBN
861:The
773:and
698:The
590:silk
578:nard
540:and
510:Nile
500:and
433:Suez
407:and
343:Nile
270:Aden
262:The
240:The
184:Rome
182:and
166:and
127:diff
121:) |
119:diff
107:diff
83:talk
34:talk
775:Jew
532:),
490:'s
170:of
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