590:), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. -
695:
274:
654:"If the wind, called Hippalus, happens to be blowing, it is possible to arrive in forty days at the nearest market of India, called Muziris. This, however, is not a particularly desirable place to disembark, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, where they occupy a place called Nitrias; nor, in fact, is it very rich in products. Besides, the road-stead for shipping is a considerable distance from the shore, and the cargoes have to be conveyed in boats, either for loading or discharging." -
603:
766:
191:
396:
640:"Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance (...) Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia." -
745:
settlers from the Rome continued to live in India long after the decline in bilateral trade. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found throughout India, and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of the south. The South Indian kings reissued Roman coinage in their own name after defacing
301:
basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land based trading routes. Strabo's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known
1005:"minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. quota enim portio ex illis ad deos, quaeso, iam vel ad inferos pertinet?" Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
418:
Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hermos. The navigation to the northern ports, such as
Arsinoe-Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hermos due to the northern winds in the
718:
trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in
Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in
264:
The
Ptolemaic dynasty had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports. With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans took over and further developed the already existing trade using these ports.
357:
from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead?" -
411:. The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos. The Romans cleared out the canal from the Nile to harbor center of
415:
on the Red Sea, which had silted up. This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible.
686:
excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD".
341:
By the time of
Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the
98:
86:
480:. The Quesir el-Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el-Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed
102:
82:
94:
706:
The Rome-India trade also saw several cultural exchanges which had lasting effect for both the civilizations and others involved in the trade. The
407:
to secure trade with India. The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of
Arsinoe, the present day
1059:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century"
244:
mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to
1876:
387:. Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice.
819:
and the fall of ports such as
Alexandria, used to secure trade with India by the Greco Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
231:
and India, had begun to exploit trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement but according to the historian
1681:
723:. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence.
256:
nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as
826:
for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome.
454:
in
Southern Egypt. However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in
194:
The
Seleucid and the Ptolemaic dynasties controlled trade networks to India before the establishment of Roman Egypt.
73:
37:
114:
1559:
1538:
1506:
1460:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1349:
1325:
1301:
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1259:
1238:
1217:
1193:
1706:
62:
26:
1915:
1586:
1487:
1376:
855:
220:
controlled a developed network of trade with India which had previously existed under the influence of the
154:
winds, which enabled a voyage safer than a long and dangerous coastal voyage, helped enhance trade between
1751:
1716:
625:
which was a major center of trade with the Roman Empire. Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of
252:
Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to
235:
the volume of commerce between India and Greece was not comparable to that of later Indian-Roman trade.
1607:
90:
841:, marking the beginning of Turkish control over the most direct trade routes between Europe and Asia.
1905:
1674:
989:
816:
1640:
670:
mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being
1910:
450:
The site of
Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated with the ruins near
443:
Myos Hormos and
Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by the
337:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."
240:
650:
also matter-of-factly commented on the qualities of Muziris, although in not very favorable term:
850:
227:. The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, controlling the western and northern end of other trade routes to
1615:
Chami, F. A. 1999. “The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland.”
1387:
472:
indicating a probable identification with Quesir el-Quadim at the end of a fortified road from
633:
have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.
1881:
1791:
1711:
812:
746:
the coins in order to signify their sovereignty. Mentions of the traders are recorded in the
724:
380:
69:
33:
1816:
1667:
815:, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE. This advance marked the beginning of the
607:
484:
leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos.
465:
460:
1650:
8:
1851:
1741:
1628:. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. ISBN 0-19-814264-1.
990:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917"
48:
636:
According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:
1771:
1766:
1746:
1569:
1470:
1359:
1058:
796:
306:
224:
1641:
English translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyage around the Erythraean Sea)
694:
516:
describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens,
447:
traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control.
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1555:
1534:
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750:
179:
175:
21:
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1861:
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1731:
1721:
800:
682:. Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and
469:
326:
314:
273:
217:
1604:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
732:
647:
346:
334:
329:, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from
200:
147:
1651:
Arikamedu is the ancient International Trade Centre in Ariyankuppam, Pondicherry
757:
came with gold and returned with pepper, and Muziris resounded with the noise."
1846:
1821:
1786:
1776:
1761:
834:
823:
747:
699:
576:
532:, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "
286:
163:
124:
1186:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305
423:. Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as
1899:
1841:
1337:
1313:
830:
602:
573:
432:
342:
298:
166:, establishing trading settlements which remained long after the fall of the
1831:
838:
715:
675:
618:
553:
529:
420:
167:
159:
564:". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
395:
1836:
1690:
679:
384:
330:
1726:
174:
ports, which had previously been used to secure trade with India by the
1856:
1801:
1701:
683:
561:
493:
404:
282:
257:
135:
753:
of India. One such mention reads: "The beautifully built ships of the
512:
on the southern tip of India were the main centers of this trade. The
143:
1866:
1826:
1806:
1756:
804:
738:
671:
549:
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509:
451:
444:
53:
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1205:
770:
707:
630:
587:
579:
541:
537:
399:
Sites of Egyptian Red Sea ports, including Alexandria and Berenice.
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278:
209:
139:
808:
765:
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614:
505:
501:
497:
481:
455:
412:
376:
353:"India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million
221:
171:
151:
309:
in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):
1659:
728:
720:
622:
533:
525:
473:
424:
294:
232:
228:
1531:
Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1
711:
521:
517:
322:
253:
190:
155:
375:
The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were
557:
477:
428:
408:
349:(NH VI.101) complained about the drain of specie to India:
318:
245:
403:
The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of
51:
to this revision, which may differ significantly from the
742:
698:
A 1st century CE Indian imitation of a coin of Augustus,
317:
was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the
1626:
The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641
260:
receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.
1411:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
1294:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce
113:
1897:
1273:A Short History of the World's Shipping Industry
822:The decline in trade saw Southern India turn to
297:by the Roman empire as the administrator of the
1099:
1097:
1342:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
572:Trade with Barigaza, under the control of the
464:favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in
1675:
592:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, paragraph 49.
1318:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
1231:The Straits of Malacca: Gateway Or Gauntlet?
1094:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
735:find mentions in other texts of the period.
1517:
1249:
1036:
1034:
438:
1682:
1668:
1432:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements
942:
940:
938:
936:
586:There are imported into this market-town (
582:("Nambanus"), was especially flourishing:
1646:BBC News: Search for India's ancient city
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1125:
1123:
1043:
1024:
1022:
1020:
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642:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53-54
61:Revision as of 12:33, 28 October 2007 by
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1146:
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1111:
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1031:
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120:Roman trade with India according to the
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302:and manipulated for trade in his time.
60:
14:
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1091:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
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979:
949:
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656:Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturae 6.26
333:to India, whereas formerly, under the
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1549:
1453:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
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1183:
1143:
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811:Sassanian Dynasty. The Arabs, led by
773:, drawn on the modern state borders.
689:
44:
25:
1528:
1429:
1336:
1204:
1170:The Encyclopedia Americana 1989: 176
1068:
961:
921:
867:
784: Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661
134:started around the beginning of the
17:
1707:Austronesian maritime trade network
1499:The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180-395
1210:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1056:
111:
80:
1595:
1520:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
162:. Roman trade diaspora stopped in
112:
1927:
1633:
1079:"Search for India's ancient city"
678:), about 2 miles from the modern
360:Pliny, Historia Naturae 12.41.84.
47:. The present address (URL) is a
1689:
1451:Curtin, Philip DeArmond (1984).
790: Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
606:Muziris, as shown in the in the
268:
115:
1533:. University of Chicago Press.
1529:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994).
1164:
1155:
1134:
1085:
1008:
999:
778: Prophet Mohammad, 622-632
487:
1455:. Cambridge University Press.
1271:Fayle, Charles Ernest (2006).
970:
370:
13:
1:
1430:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003).
1413:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1296:. Adamant Media Corporation.
1176:
556:, Seric skins, cotton cloth,
185:
1518:Huntingford, G.W.B. (1980).
1497:Potter, David Stone (2004).
856:Buddhism and the Roman world
769:Egypt under the rule of the
661:
345:for their own coinage, that
138:(CE) following the reign of
7:
1610:, 1989. ISBN 0-691-04060-5.
1229:Freeman, Donald B. (2003).
1212:. Oxford University Press.
844:
617:is a lost port city in the
567:
24:of this page, as edited by
10:
1932:
1608:Princeton University Press
1388:The Encyclopedia Americana
1184:Young, Gary Keith (2001).
799:the areas under the Roman
760:
731:in his writings and other
597:
390:
277:Coin of the Roman emperor
1697:
1250:O'Leary, De Lacy (2001).
817:Islamic conquest of Egypt
122:Periplus Maris Erythraei,
1877:Varangians to the Greeks
1624:Miller, J. Innes. 1969.
1233:. McGill-Queen's Press.
861:
668:Periplus Maris Erythraei
514:Periplus Maris Erythraei
439:Myos Hormos and Berenice
365:
241:Periplus Maris Erythraei
1717:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1550:Kulke, Hermann (2004).
851:Indian maritime history
492:In India, the ports of
170:and Rome's loss of the
1252:Arabia Before Muhammad
1103:Huntingford 1980: 119.
792:
703:
659:
645:
611:
595:
400:
363:
339:
290:
262:
213:
178:since the time of the
132:Roman trade with India
128:
45:12:33, 28 October 2007
1882:Way of the Patriarchs
1792:Polynesian navigation
1712:Canadian canoe routes
1409:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1320:. Osprey Publishing.
1292:Lindsay, W S (2006).
1064:. Fordham University.
768:
725:Clement of Alexandria
697:
652:
638:
629:found in the town of
605:
584:
398:
351:
325:and the frontiers of
311:
305:The trade started by
276:
250:
193:
119:
1817:Sepik Coast exchange
714:was involved in the
608:Tabula Peutingeriana
466:classical literature
116:File:PeriplusMap.jpg
1916:International trade
1852:Trans-Saharan trade
1742:Incense trade route
1434:. Lexington Books.
313:"At any rate, when
293:The replacement of
87:← Previous revision
1772:Maritime Silk Road
1767:Maritime republics
1747:Indian Ocean trade
1577:Unknown parameter
1552:A History of India
1522:. Hakluyt Society.
1478:Unknown parameter
1367:Unknown parameter
797:Roman-Persian Wars
793:
704:
690:Cultural exchanges
612:
401:
307:Eudoxus of Cyzicus
291:
225:Achaemenid dynasty
214:
129:
1890:
1889:
1872:Volga trade route
1797:Rome-India routes
1140:Farrokh 2007: 252
946:Lindsay 2006: 101
803:were captured by
751:Sangam literature
657:
643:
593:
361:
208: Kingdom of
199: Kingdom of
180:Ptolemaic dynasty
176:Greco-Roman world
1923:
1906:History of India
1862:Triangular trade
1737:Hiri trade cycle
1732:Hanseatic League
1722:Grand Trunk Road
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431:and treacherous
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218:Seleucid dynasty
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99:Newer revision →
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54:current revision
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1822:Siberian Route
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1787:Manila galleon
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1777:Old Salt Route
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1762:Lapita culture
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1752:King's Highway
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1007:
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978:
976:Young 2001: 20
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902:Young 2001: 19
888:
886:Shaw 2003: 426
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835:Constantinople
824:Southeast Asia
795:Following the
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1554:. Routledge.
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150:. The use of
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39:
35:
30:
23:
1892:
1832:Spanish Road
1796:
1691:Trade routes
1656:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1585:suggested) (
1551:
1530:
1519:
1498:
1486:suggested) (
1452:
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1375:suggested) (
1341:
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972:
963:
930:Holl 2003: 9
839:15th century
828:
821:
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716:Indian Ocean
705:
676:Ariyankuppam
667:
665:
653:
646:
639:
635:
619:South Indian
613:
585:
571:
554:lapis lazuli
530:frankincense
513:
491:
488:Indian ports
459:
449:
442:
421:Gulf of Suez
417:
402:
374:
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340:
312:
304:
292:
263:
251:
239:
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215:
168:Roman empire
144:his conquest
131:
130:
121:
22:old revision
19:
18:
1837:Spice Route
1619:Vol. XXXIV.
1392:. Grolier.
710:kingdom of
680:Pondicherry
385:Myos Hormos
371:Roman Ports
331:Myos Hormos
64:Robin klein
28:Robin klein
20:This is an
1900:Categories
1857:Trepanging
1802:Royal Road
1702:Amber Road
1561:0415329191
1540:0226467317
1508:0415100585
1462:0521269318
1441:0739104071
1420:0543942538
1399:0717201201
1351:0415966906
1327:1846031087
1303:0543942538
1282:0415286190
1261:0415231884
1240:0773525157
1219:0192804588
1195:0415242193
1177:References
833:conquered
560:yarn, and
494:Barbaricum
405:Alexandria
321:as far as
283:Pudukottai
258:Alexandria
186:Background
136:Common Era
1867:Via Maris
1827:Silk Road
1807:Salt road
1757:Kula ring
1581:ignored (
1570:cite book
1482:ignored (
1471:cite book
1371:ignored (
1360:cite book
1206:Shaw, Ian
805:Khosrow I
739:Christian
708:Ethiopian
672:Arikamedu
662:Arikamedu
621:state of
550:turquoise
510:Arikamedu
461:Geography
452:Ras Banas
445:Pharaonic
355:sesterces
335:Ptolemies
1812:Sea lane
1727:Hærvejen
1340:(2006).
1316:(2007).
1208:(2003).
845:See also
771:Rashidun
631:Pattanam
627:amphorae
588:Barigaza
580:Nahapana
568:Barigaza
538:bdellium
502:Barygaza
496:(modern
433:currents
381:Berenice
327:Ethiopia
279:Augustus
210:Seleucus
140:Augustus
74:contribs
38:contribs
837:in the
809:Persian
807:of the
761:Decline
755:Yavanas
615:Muziris
598:Muziris
506:Muziris
498:Karachi
482:ostraca
476:on the
456:Ptolemy
413:Arsinoe
391:Arsinoe
377:Arsinoe
343:Kushans
285:hoard.
222:Persian
201:Ptolemy
172:Red Sea
152:monsoon
1617:Azania
1558:
1537:
1505:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1396:
1390:(1989)
1348:
1324:
1300:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1216:
1192:
1081:. BBC.
1062:(HTML)
993:(HTML)
788:
782:
776:
729:Buddha
721:Europe
623:Kerala
562:indigo
542:lycium
534:costus
526:storax
504:, and
474:Koptos
425:shoals
315:Gallus
295:Greece
233:Strabo
206:
197:
862:Notes
748:Tamil
712:Aksum
522:coral
518:topaz
429:reefs
366:Ports
347:Pliny
323:Syene
254:Egypt
156:India
148:Egypt
1587:help
1556:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1488:help
1457:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1377:help
1346:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1190:ISBN
829:The
741:and
666:The
558:silk
546:nard
508:and
478:Nile
468:and
409:Suez
383:and
319:Nile
246:Aden
238:The
216:The
160:Rome
158:and
142:and
103:diff
97:) |
95:diff
83:diff
70:talk
34:talk
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