Northern Alliance: Difference between revisions

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Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 |edition=February 23, 2004 |page=720| publisher =Penguin Press HC | isbn= }}</ref> Resentment was increasingly gathering against Taliban rule from the bottom of Afghan society including the Pashtun areas.<ref name="Steve Coll: Ghost Wars" /> I Many civilians fled to the area of ].<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite web|year=2007|url =http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpQI6HKV-ZY&feature=related |title = Inside the Taliban| publisher = ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2007 |url =http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/inside-the-taliban-3274/Overview|title =Inside the Taliban | publisher = ]}}</ref> ] concluded in its documentary ''"Inside the Taliban"'': "The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is ]."<ref name="National Geographic"/> In the areas under his control Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the ] Declaration.<ref name="Webster University Press Book">{{Cite book| last = Marcela Grad| authorlink = Marcela Grad| title = Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader|edition=March 1, 2009 |page=310 | publisher = Webster University Press| isbn= }}</ref> At the same time he was very wary not to revive the failed Kabul government of the early 1990s.<ref name="Steve Coll: Ghost Wars" /> Already in 1999 the United Front leadership ordered the training of police forces specifically to keep order and protect the civilian population in case the United Front would be successful.<ref name="Webster University Press Book" /> In early 2001 Ahmad Shah Massoud addressed the ] in ] asking the ] to provide ] help to the people of Afghanistan.<ref name="EU Parliament"/> On this visit to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had gathered information about a large-scale attack on U.S. soil being imminent.<ref name="gwu.edu">Defense Intelligence Agency (2001) report http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal31.pdf</ref>

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1183: 1094:. On September 26, 1996, as the Taliban prepared for another major offensive, Massoud ordered a full retreat from Kabul. The Taliban seized Kabul on September 27, 1996, and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Islamic State government remained the internationally recognized government of Afghanistan. The Taliban's Islamic Emirate received recognition only from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates. The Taliban imposed on the parts of Afghanistan under their control their political and judicial interpretation of Islam issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school, or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. 1497: 462: 320: 235::"The Taliban are not a force to be considered invincible. They are distanced from the people now. They are weaker than in the past. There is only the assistance given by Pakistan, Osama bin Laden and other extremist groups that keep the Taliban on their feet. With a halt to that assistance, it is extremely difficult to survive."<ref name="St. Petersburg Times">{{cite web |year=2002|url =http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/09/911/The_man_who_would_hav.shtml |title =The man who would have led Afghanistan| publisher = ]}}</ref> 228::"The Taliban are not a force to be considered invincible. They are distanced from the people now. They are weaker than in the past. There is only the assistance given by Pakistan, Osama bin Laden and other extremist groups that keep the Taliban on their feet. With a halt to that assistance, it is extremely difficult to survive."<ref name="St. Petersburg Times">{{cite web |year=2002|url =http://www.sptimes.com/2002/09/09/911/The_man_who_would_hav.shtml |title =The man who would have led Afghanistan| publisher = ]}}</ref> 1247: 495: 1298:"The Taliban say: “Come and accept the post of prime minister and be with us”, and they would keep the highest office in the country, the presidentship. But for what price?! The difference between us concerns mainly our way of thinking about the very principles of the society and the state. We can not accept their conditions of compromise, or else we would have to give up the principles of modern democracy. We are fundamentally against the system called “the Emirate of Afghanistan”." 1436:

area of Massoud women and girls did not have to wear the Afghan burqa. They were allowed to work and to go to school. In at least two known instances Massoud personally intervened against cases of forced marriage. While it was Massoud's stated conviction that men and women are equal and should enjoy the same rights, he also had to deal with Afghan traditions which he said would need a generation or more to overcome. In his opinion that could only be achieved through education.

623: 3212: 937: 71: 3222: 1622:'s close friends, became ambassador to India and subsequently to Turkey, while the younger brother of Massoud, Ahmad Wali Massoud, serves as ambassador to the United Kingdom. Massoud's ex-commander Bismillah Khan was army chief of staff for a long time rebuilding the Afghan armed forces until he was shifted to the position of interior minister in 2010 by Karzai. One of Massoud's close intelligence agents, 1488:

includes commanders with a record of serious violations of international humanitarian law standards, specifically naming Abdul Rashid Dostum; Haji Muhammad Muhaqqiq, a senior commander of the Hezb-i Wahdat; Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, leader of the erstwhile Ittihad-i Islami; and Abdul Malik Pahlawan, a former senior Junbish commander.

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which is led by Rabbani and includes some former leaders of the UIF such as Parliamentary Speaker Yunus Qanuni, Mohammed Fahim, and Abdul Rashid Dostum. The United National Front has positioned itself as a "loyal" opposition to Karzai. Others like Abdul Sayyaf claim to be loyal to Hamid Karzai while,

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Hundreds of thousands of refugees fled the Taliban to the areas of Massoud. There was a huge humanitarian problem because there was not enough to eat for both the existing population and the refugees. In 2001 Massoud and a French journalist described the bitter situation of the refugees and asked for

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Human Rights Watch cites no human rights crimes or abuses for Massoud's troops in the period from October 1996 until the assassination of Massoud in September 2001. Massoud created democratic institutions which were structured into several committees: political, health, education and economic. In the

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The human rights situation during combat was heavily dependent on the specific commander and his troops. The situation for different leaders and their troops of the United Front thus shows sharp contrasts. Also, the quality of life of the Afghan population was heavily dependent on the specific leader

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After the attacks of September 11, 2001, on U.S. soil (which killed 3000 people) ground troops of the United Front ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul. In November and December 2001 the United Front gained control of much of the country. This was facilitated by extensive bombing of Taliban forces

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According to Human Rights Watch in 1997 some 3,000 captured Taliban soldiers were summarily executed in and around Mazar-i Sharif by Dostum's Junbish forces under the command of Gen. Abdul Malik Pahlawan. The killings followed Malik's withdrawal from a brief alliance with the Taliban and the capture

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Massoud wanted to convince the Taliban to join a political process leading towards democratic elections in a foreseeable future.<ref name="Interview"/><ref name="Proposal for Peace">{{cite web |year=1998|url =http://www.peace-initiatives.com/frame.htm |title =Proposal for Peace, promoted

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Declaration. At the same time he was very wary not to revive the failed Kabul government of the early 1990s. Already in 1999 the United Front leadership ordered the training of police forces specifically to keep order and protect the civilian population in case the United Front would be successful.

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was a counter-terrorism expert and the Assistant Director of the FBI until late 2001. He retired from the FBI and was offered the position of director of security at the World Trade Center (WTC). He took the job at the WTC two weeks before 9/11. On September 10, 2001, John O’Neill told two of his

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Dostum belonged to those commanders making their own, often draconian, laws. Human Rights Watch has released documents alleging widespread crimes targeted against the civilian population. Human Rights Watch asked to actively discourage and refuse support in any way to any group or coalition that

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Until the defeat of Dostum by the Taliban in 1998 he controlled the following provinces: Samangan, Balkh, Jowzjan, Faryab, and Baghlan provinces. According to Human Rights Watch many of the violations of international humanitarian law committed by the United Front forces date from 1996-1998 when

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confirms that "20-40 percent of Taliban soldiers are Pakistani." The document further states that the parents of those Pakistani nationals "know nothing regarding their child's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan." A further 3,000 fighter of the

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In early 2001 the United Front employed a new strategy of local military pressure and global political appeals.<ref name="Steve Coll: Ghost Wars">{{cite book | last = Steve Coll| authorlink = Steve Coll| title =Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the

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On September 9, 2001, two Arab ]ers, allegedly belonging to Al Qaeda, posing as journalists, detonated a bomb hidden in a video camera while interviewing ] in the Takhar province of Afghanistan. Commander Massoud died in a helicopter that was taking him to a hospital. He was buried in his home

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Massoud directly controlled the Panjshir, some other parts of Parwan and Thakar province. Some parts of Badakshan were under his influence while others were controlled by Burhanuddin Rabbani with whom Massoud had some non-violent disputes. (Badakshan is the home region of Rabbani.)

261:> On this visit to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had gathered information about a large-scale attack on U.S. soil being imminent.<ref name="gwu.edu">Defense Intelligence Agency (2001) report http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal31.pdf</ref> 1313:

In early 2001 the United Front employed a new strategy of local military pressure and global political appeals. Resentment was increasingly gathering against Taliban rule from the bottom of Afghan society including the Pashtun areas. I Many civilians fled to the area of

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Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum, two former archnemesis, created the United Front (Northern Alliance) against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the remaining areas under the control of Massoud and those under the control of Dostum.

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against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. They also said, that "hese have been highly systematic and they all lead back to the Ministry of Defense or to Mullah Omar himself." Al Qaeda's so-called

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filling regular Taliban ranks under the command of principle military leader of Pakistan combatant forces General Naseem Rana. The estimated 25,000 Taliban regular force thus comprised more than 8,000 Pakistani nationals. A 1998 document by the

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meetings at the United Nations Headquarters. In November and December 2001 the United Front gained control of much of the country and played a crucial role in establishing the post-Taliban interim government of Hamid Karzai in late 2001.

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Ahmad Shah Massoud remained the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan. The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud a position of power to make him stop his resistance. Massoud declined. He explained in one interview:

1210:- was responsible for sending thousands of Pakistanis to fight alongside the Taliban and Bin Laden against the forces of Massoud. In total there were believed to be 28,000 Pakistani nationals, under the command of General 1390:"We're due. And we're due for something big. ... Some things have happened in Afghanistan . I don’t like the way things are lining up in Afghanistan. ... I sense a shift, and I think things are going to happen. ... soon." 1626:, became director of the Afghan National Directorate of Security in 2004 but had to resign in 2010 because of disagreements with Hamid Karzai over how to proceed against the Taliban and Pakistani support to the Taliban. 1613:

because of widespread allegations of election fraud against Hamid Karzai. His followers wanted to take to the streets but Abdullah held them back in order not to endanger the fragile stability of the government.

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became the Foreign Minister. Most foreign observers expected this dominance to continue and for Fahim or Qanuni to be selected as Karzai's Vice President in the 2004 elections. However, Karzai instead selected

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although people are tired of the Taleban, the Northern Alliance proved a disappointment and was unable to unite the country when it held power briefly after the expulsion of Soviet forces from the country.

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In late 2001, after the September 11 terrorist attacks on U.S. soil that killed 3,000 people, the United Front succeeded in retaking most of Afghanistan from the Taliban with assistance from the

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Amnesty International. "DOCUMENT - AFGHANISTAN: FURTHER INFORMATION ON FEAR FOR SAFETY AND NEW CONCERN: DELIBERATE AND ARBITRARY KILLINGS: CIVILIANS IN KABUL." 16 November 1995 Accessed at:

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on U.S. soil which killed nearly 3000 people and which appeared to be the terrorist attack that Massoud had warned against in his speech to the European Parliament several months earlier.

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GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington D.C.

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The United Front, from 1996 to 2001, blocked the Taliban, Pakistan and Al Qaeda from gaining total control over all of Afghanistan. Many refugees found shelter in areas controlled by

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help to the people of Afghanistan. On this visit to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had gathered information about a large-scale attack on U.S. soil being imminent.

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village of ] in the ].<ref></ref> The funeral, although taking place in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people. (video clip).

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village of ] in the ].<ref></ref> The funeral, although taking place in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people. (video clip).

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of the Taliban forces who were trapped in the city. With the U.S. War on Terror, troops loyal to Dostum also returned to combat. In December 2001 during the

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to join the process. The Taliban declined. They started shelling Kabul in early 1995 but were defeated by forces of the Islamic State government under

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however, following their own agenda. Sayyaf has strong ties to the Saudi establishment and wants to create a strong Wahhabi influence on Afghanistan.

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in the Takhar province of Afghanistan. Commander Massoud died in a helicopter that was taking him to a hospital. He was buried in his home village of

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that was directly controlling the area in which they lived. Sharp contrasts could also be witnessed regarding life and structures in those areas.

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Massoud wanted to convince the Taliban to join a political process leading towards democratic elections in a foreseeable future. He also stated:

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Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was neither under the control of militias nor the government in Kabul, but was ruled by local leaders such as

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After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, United Front troops ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul with American air support in

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quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people.

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Some old political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement (the Peshawar Accords). The Peshawar Accords created the

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The Taliban defeated Dostum's Junbish forces militarily by seizing Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998. Dostum subsequently went into exile.

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Cite error: The named reference "Webster University Press Book" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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In Faizabad, women can work But during Rabbani's period in office, they were not noted for their respect for human rights

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The political parties (factions) in contrast to the commanders played only a minor role in the war against the Taliban:

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Cite error: The named reference "Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

2886: 2597: 1606: 1370:. The funeral, although taking place in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people. 1358:, allegedly belonging to Al Qaeda, posing as journalists, detonated a bomb hidden in a video camera while interviewing 628: 303: 461: 3105: 2789: 2264:

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001

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became a state within the Taliban state. Bin Laden sent Arab recruits to join the fight against the United Front.

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http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA11/015/1995/en/6d874caa-eb2a-11dd-92ac-295bdf97101f/asa110151995en.html

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has significantly reduced the threat of the former UIF elements attempting to use military action against the new

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The two main political candidates in the Afghan Presidential Elections of 2009 both worked for the United Front:

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India and Russia for their part supported the Northern Alliance with funds and equipment through Tajikistan

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from 2001 until 2004. Notably, Mohammed Qasim Fahim became the Vice President and Minister of Defense,

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also mildly favoured the taliban over the northern alliance prior to 9/11 . The United Front included

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prisoners were shot and/or suffocated to death in metal truck containers, while being transferred by

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Starving to Death Afghanistan (documentary report March 1995) by Journeyman Pictures/ABC Australia

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The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region

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faction. Conflict between the two militias soon escalated into a full-scale war. The capital city

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Massoud's Last Stand - Afghanistan (documentary report 1997) by Journeyman Pictures/ABC Australia

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forces of Dostum, Hazara factions and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as

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http://moraloutrage.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/american-support-for-the-taliban-followed-by-911/

3225: 3145: 2982: 2434: 2377: 1951: 1224: 840: 655: 66: 1049:. In 1994, the Taliban took power in several provinces in southern and central Afghanistan. 2962: 2819: 2768: 2592: 2226: 1564: 1088: 1065: 1038: 733: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2080: 319: 8: 3197: 2309: 2281: 2190: 1978: 1336: 1319: 1128: 978: 945: 880: 823: 545: 467: 380: 162: 1330:." In the areas under his control Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the 3192: 3168: 3125: 2743: 2738: 2664: 2399: 2381: 1752: 1678: 1635: 1619: 1602: 1598: 1575: 1549: 1513: 1382: 1359: 1327: 1315: 1286: 1246: 1091: 1068: 1015: 941: 913: 898: 764: 666: 333: 219:

by Commander Massoud | publisher = peace-initiatives.com}}</ref> He also stated:

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by Commander Massoud | publisher = peace-initiatives.com}}</ref> He also stated:

3181: 3130: 2814: 2161: 2110: 2067: 1779: 1655: 1594: 1545: 1540: 1363: 1331: 1237: 1156: 1148: 1072: 909: 776: 1749:"Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity" 1071:. Bombardment of the capital came to a halt. Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide 2829: 2824: 1199: 1187: 1152: 1030: 1026:

saw extremely violent fighting during that period. Power was highly decentralized.

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regular Taliban army were Arab and Central Asian militants. From 1996 to 2001 the

1164: 3090: 2834: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2145: 1996: 1615: 1610: 1501: 1367: 1233: 1168: 1160: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1057: 982: 811: 819: 2753: 2690: 2680: 1650: 1623: 1355: 1273: 1260: 1215: 1144: 894: 800: 718: 706: 341: 173: 2487: 2475: 2356: 1778:(2006 1st ed.). I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York. p. 352. 1441: 1377:

The assassination of Massoud is considered to have a strong connection to the

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was also responsible for mass-killings of Afghan civilians. The report by the

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and came in second place. On November 1, 2009, Abdullah, however, quit the

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John O'Neill died on September 11, 2001, when the south tower collapsed.

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http://http://prisonplanet.com/india_in_anti_taliban_military_plan.html/

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Some of the military strength of the UIF has now been absorbed into the

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militia joined an alliance with Hekmatyar in early 1994. In addition,

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Inside the Taliban (documentary film 2007) by the National Geographic

1952:"Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists" 1326:: "The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is 1250:

Map of the situation in Afghanistan in August 2001 until October 2001

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sent tens of thousands of Pakistani nationals to fight alongside the

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Rescuing orphaned refs ("EU Parliament" from rev 454140033)

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Kabul de facto from 1992 to 1996 then Northern Afghanistan till 2001

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The only thing standing in the way of future Taliban massacres is

2839: 1885: 1461: 1191: 1084: 1042: 1034: 949: 936: 682: 409: 2550: 1894:(March 1, 2009 ed.). Webster University Press. p. 310. 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 740:. Despite fears of a return to the chaos similar to that of the 1946: 1944: 1942: 1691:

http://http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1612898.stm/

1473: 1112: 876: 714: 670: 517: 2042:"BOOK REVIEW: The inside track on Afghan wars by Khaled Ahmed" 1539:

became the Minister of Education and Security Advisor and Dr.

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Proposal for Peace, promoted by Commander Massoud, in English

2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1862: 1856:"Afghanistan: escalation of indiscriminate shelling in Kabul" 1023: 674: 385: 3182:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

2266:(February 23, 2004 ed.). Penguin Press HC. p. 720. 1939: 1892:

Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader

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and military infrastructure by the United States during the

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or Army and an estimated 8,000 were militants recruited in

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Afghanistan's Northern Alliance, BBC, 19 September, 2001

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Who are the Northern Alliance?, BBC, 13 November, 2001

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http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal31.pdf

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Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival

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the best-known commanders of the United Front were:

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http://http://http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1552994.stm

1548:, younger brother of the former United Front leader 2241:"Proposal for Peace, promoted by Commander Massoud" 1962: 1500:United Front troops lined up next to the runway at 2363: 2233: 1527:The United Front was extremely influential in the 940:Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996; 3262:Military units and formations established in 1996 2346: 1858:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 1995. 1801: 1585:Some members of the alliance are now part of the 3238: 1107:The United Front included beside the dominantly 681:and opposed what was the largely pashtun Afghan 2396:"Starved, hurt and buried alive in Afghanistan" 2378:"Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001" 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 1985: 1335:In early 2001 Ahmad Shah Massoud addressed the 1097: 887:Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan 2321:"Rebel Chief Who Fought The Taliban Is Buried" 2036: 2034: 1838: 1836: 1807: 789:(from the south) Qari Baba, Noorzai and Hotak; 2566: 2435:Afghan Warlord Denies Links to ’01 Killings " 2388: 2288: 1824:The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997 1766: 1764: 1762: 1460:between 250 and 3,000 (depending on sources) 2206:"The Last Interview with Ahmad Shah Massoud" 2200: 2198: 2087: 1052:In late 1994, most of the militia factions ( 3141:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 2457:Afghan's Karzai effectively handed 2nd term 2424:"'It Is Impossible Prisoners Were Abused' " 2031: 1833: 1563:program. The existence and strength of the 1480:prison through the Dasht-i-Leili desert in 1409: 818:- Made up of mainly Persian-speaking Sunni 2573: 2559: 2514:The Last Interview with Ahmad Shah Massoud 2308:Defense Intelligence Agency (2001) report 1759: 1717: 758: 493: 2357:"Massoud in the European Parliament 2001" 2296:"Massoud in the European Parliament 2001" 2195: 1792: 916:and the foreign minister of the alliance) 474: 2938:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 2223:"The man who would have led Afghanistan" 1889: 1812:(2002 1st ed.). Palgrave, New York. 1495: 1245: 1181: 935: 869:National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan 2646:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 2302: 2143: 2100: 1770: 1727:was invoked but never defined (see the 1472:(troops loyal to Dostum) soldiers from 1177: 3239: 2330: 2328: 2258: 2020:. Ahmed Rashid in the Telegraph. 2001. 1452:Dostum controlled most of the north. 796:, Doctor Ibrahim, and Fazlkarim Aimaq; 324:Flag flown by the United Islamic Front 3175:Targeted Killing in International Law 3056:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 2554: 2516:Piotr Balcerowicz, early August 2001] 1279: 1259:According to a 55-page report by the 3267:Organizations disestablished in 2002 3221: 298:Revision as of 11:56, 6 October 2011 255:>{{cite web |year=2001|url =http: 140:Revision as of 11:56, 6 October 2011 90:Revision as of 01:18, 6 October 2011 80: 46: 2325: 2103:"Taliban massacres outlined for UN" 2052: 2022: 1896: 1722: 1587:United National Front (Afghanistan) 1418: 190: 185: 154: 137: 130: 125: 99: 87: 13: 2169:Cite has empty unknown parameter: 1426: 1202:- then as Chief of Army Staff and 847:Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan 836:- Shia Tajiks and Hazaras led by 629:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 304:Northern Alliance (disambiguation) 300: 35: 3288: 3272:War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 3106:Enhanced interrogation techniques 2902:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 2790:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 2580: 2464: 1646:War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 1607:2009 Afghan presidential election 1446: 1033:and their militias. In 1994, the 432:War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 3220: 3211: 3210: 3081:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 3030:President's Surveillance Program 3025:Military Commissions Act of 2009 3020:Military Commissions Act of 2006 2973:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2948:Moro conflict in the Philippines 2943:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 2476:Taliban attack Kabul and Massoud 1723:Cite error: The named reference 662:in 1996 under the leadership of 621: 460: 318: 3257:Military history of Afghanistan 2897:Georgia Train and Equip Program 2450: 2439: 2428: 2417: 2314: 2270: 2181: 1905: 1354:On September 9, 2001, two Arab 1208:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 830:Islamic Movement of Afghanistan 476: 3086:Criticism of the war on terror 3040:Terrorist Surveillance Program 2845:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 2598:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 2446:"A Response To General Dostum" 2243:. peace-initiatives.com. 1998. 1915:(New York: Penguin, 2005), 14. 1706: 1695: 1684: 1672: 1641:War in Afghanistan (1996-2001) 1529:transitional Afghan Government 1522:U.S.-led attack on Afghanistan 993:- as competitors for regional 879:and former communists, led by 857:and supported by Iran, led by 792:(from the west and southwest) 428:War in Afghanistan (1996-2001) 1: 3252:Defunct Islamic organizations 3121:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 2764:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 2543:Human Rights Watch on the UIF 1666: 1322:concluded in its documentary 1083:elections, also inviting the 1037:(a movement originating from 931: 296: 248: 240: 3277:Islamic State of Afghanistan 3096:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 2988:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 2402:. 2002-05-02. Archived from 1956:George Washington University 1458:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan 1098:Creation of the United Front 973:Islamic State of Afghanistan 812:Islamic Party of Afghanistan 660:Islamic State of Afghanistan 443:Islamic State of Afghanistan 18:Browse history interactively 7: 3164:State Sponsors of Terrorism 3035:Protect America Act of 2007 1933:Physicians for Human Rights 1629: 1186:Former Pakistani President 799:(from central Afghanistan) 654:, was a military-political 477:Coat of arms of Afghanistan 360:September 1996–October 2001 10: 3293: 3101:Killing of Osama bin Laden 2978:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2933:Operation Active Endeavour 2208:. Piotr Balcerowicz. 2001. 1399:Operation Enduring Freedom 1379:September 11, 2001 attacks 1111:forces of Massoud and the 1075:with the goal of national 926: 726:United States armed forces 301: 3206: 3048: 3000: 2968:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 2925: 2917:Drone strikes in Pakistan 2873: 2866: 2810:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 2777: 2716: 2709: 2633: 2626: 2588: 1491: 1045:of the local governor in 603: 591: 587: 577: 567: 563: 555: 551: 539: 535: 523: 509: 501: 492: 456: 451: 441: 423: 405: 391: 374: 364: 354: 329: 317: 311: 201: 198: 136: 86: 3188:Unitary executive theory 2528:Northern Alliance at FAS 1410:Human rights (1997–2001) 1123:, Qari Baba or diplomat 773:Bismillah Khan Mohammadi 3116:Extraordinary rendition 3111:Extrajudicial prisoners 1828:Oxford University Press 1557:Military of Afghanistan 1345:international community 912:(was a close friend of 759:Commanders and factions 85: 3151:Operation Eagle Assist 3071:Clash of Civilizations 2618:Symbolism of terrorism 2075:Check date values in: 1509: 1291: 1251: 1195: 1125:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai 969: 956:After the fall of the 953: 738:British Special forces 685:who were supported by 579:• Disestablished 3146:Operation Noble Eagle 2983:2007 Lebanon conflict 1499: 1283: 1249: 1225:U.S. State Department 1185: 965: 952:(yellow) territories. 939: 841:Muhammad Asif Muhsini 782:(from the east) Haji 746:Karzai administration 656:umbrella organization 510:Common languages 446:دولت اسلامی افغانستان 312:United Islamic Front 2963:Operation Linda Nchi 2907:OEF – Horn of Africa 2820:Islamic Courts Union 2769:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 2593:September 11 attacks 2278:"Inside the Taliban" 2227:St. Petersburg Times 1975:"Inside the Taliban" 1808:Neamatollah Nojumi. 1565:Afghan National Army 1508:, December 16, 2001. 1324:"Inside the Taliban" 1198:Pakistani President 1178:Foreign interference 1089:Secretary of Defense 1066:Secretary of Defense 1039:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam 734:British armed forces 648:United Islamic Front 302:For other uses, see 2488:Afghanistan in 1997 2282:National Geographic 2191:National Geographic 1979:National Geographic 1822:Matinuddin, Kamal, 1440:humanitarian help. 1337:European Parliament 1320:National Geographic 979:Abdul Rashid Dostum 881:Abdul Rashid Dostum 824:Burhanuddin Rabbani 742:1992–1996 civil war 730:U.S. special forces 569:• Established 546:Burhanuddin Rabbani 365:Active regions 3193:Unlawful combatant 3126:Iranian Revolution 2912:OEF – Trans Sahara 2887:War in Afghanistan 2744:Jalaluddin Haqqani 2739:Sirajuddin Haqqani 2665:Iraqi Armed Forces 2500:Inside the Taliban 2400:Independent Online 2382:Human Rights Watch 2336:"The Man Who Knew" 2188:Inside the Taliban 2118:Unknown parameter 2105:. Chicago Tribune. 1753:Human Rights Watch 1636:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1620:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1603:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1599:doctor of medicine 1576:Abdul Rahim Wardak 1550:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1514:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1510: 1403:Six plus Two Group 1360:Ahmed Shah Massoud 1328:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1316:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1287:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1280:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1255:Taliban massacres 1252: 1196: 1092:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1069:Ahmad Shah Massoud 1016:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 954: 914:Ahmad Shah Massoud 899:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf 853:- Made up of Shia 822:officially led by 777:Atta Mohammad Noor 765:Ahmad Shah Massoud 667:Ahmad Shah Massoud 356:Dates of operation 334:Ahmad Shah Massoud 152: 97: 3234: 3233: 3131:Islamic terrorism 2996: 2995: 2892:OEF – Philippines 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2815:Hizbul Mujahideen 2656:Northern Alliance 2523:in Dari (Persian) 2359:. EU media. 2001. 2298:. EU media. 2001. 1993:"History Commons" 1830:, (1999), pp.25–6 1656:Abdullah Abdullah 1595:Abdullah Abdullah 1546:Ahmad Zia Massoud 1541:Abdullah Abdullah 1356:suicide attackers 1238:Ayman al-Zawahiri 1073:political process 910:Abdullah Abdullah 771:(from the north) 652:Northern Alliance 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 633: 541:• 1992–2001 437: 436: 381:Islamic democracy 295: 138: 88: 68: 3284: 3247:Afghan Civil War 3224: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3169:Targeted killing 2958:Iraqi insurgency 2878:Enduring Freedom 2871: 2870: 2830:Jemaah Islamiyah 2825:Jaish-e-Mohammed 2714: 2713: 2631: 2630: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2256: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2144:Newsday (2001). 2141: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2101:Newsday (2001). 2098: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1960: 1959: 1948: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1916: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1745: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1573:Defense Minister 1419:Area of Faizabad 1200:Pervez Musharraf 1188:Pervez Musharraf 1031:Gul Agha Sherzai 1020:Ittihad-i Islami 1009:Abdul Ali Mazari 891:Ittihad-i Islami 859:Mohammed Mohaqiq 834:Harakat-i Islami 750:Afghan President 664:Defense Minister 625: 624: 618: 617: 605: 604: 530:Islamic republic 497: 480: 478: 464: 439: 438: 424:Battles and wars 357: 338:Haji Abdul Qadir 322: 309: 308: 188: 180: 170: 151: 146: 128: 120: 115: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3202: 3091:CIA black sites 3044: 2992: 2921: 2876: 2854: 2835:Lashkar-e-Taiba 2773: 2734:Anwar al-Awlaki 2729:Hamza bin Laden 2724:Osama bin Laden 2705: 2622: 2584: 2579: 2548: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2186: 2182: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2131: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2099: 2088: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2062:. CNN. unknown. 2058: 2057: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2016: 2015: 2004: 1997:History Commons 1991: 1990: 1986: 1973: 1972: 1963: 1950: 1949: 1940: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1906: 1888: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1821: 1817: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1769: 1760: 1747: 1746: 1735: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1632: 1616:Massoud Khalili 1611:runoff election 1502:Bagram Air Base 1494: 1449: 1429: 1427:Area of Massoud 1421: 1412: 1383:John P. O'Neill 1368:Panjshir Valley 1282: 1234:Osama Bin Laden 1180: 1100: 1058:Junbish-i Milli 983:Junbish-i Milli 934: 929: 873:Junbish-i Milli 816:Jamiat-i Islami 761: 658:created by the 622: 580: 570: 542: 488: 487: 486: 481: 471: 470: 465: 447: 444: 416: 398: 383: 355: 344: 340: 336: 325: 313: 307: 292: 284: 274: 269: 262: 260: 256: 246: 236: 229: 220: 212: 194: 189: 186: 184: 183: 182: 178: 176: 160: 158: 153: 147: 142: 134: 132:← Previous edit 129: 127:No edit summary 126: 124: 123: 122: 118: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 74: 65: 61: 55: 53: 48: 45: 43: 40: 38:Content deleted 37: 34: 29:← Previous edit 26: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3290: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157:Situation Room 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 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Retrieved 2120:|month= 2054: 1987: 1920: 1912: 1907: 1891: 1850: 1823: 1818: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1775: 1719: 1708: 1697: 1686: 1674: 1592: 1584: 1578:and General 1554: 1537:Yunus Qanuni 1533:Hamid Karzai 1526: 1518: 1511: 1486: 1470:United Front 1454: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1413: 1396: 1393: 1376: 1353: 1349:humanitarian 1323: 1312: 1304: 1292: 1284: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1242: 1197: 1173: 1101: 1051: 1028: 987:Saudi Arabia 977: 970: 966: 955: 948:(green) and 920:Hamid Karzai 904: 890: 872: 850: 833: 815: 806: 762: 753:Hamid Karzai 723: 695:Saudi Arabia 651: 647: 645: 608: 484:Coat of arms 349:(until 1998) 348: 3008:Patriot Act 2759:Hafiz Saeed 2717:Individuals 2696:Philippines 2651:Afghanistan 2634:Operational 2152:October 12, 2077:|date= 2046:Daily Times 1772:Amin Saikal 1725:Zahir Tanin 1601:and one of 1561:disarmament 1506:Afghanistan 1482:Afghanistan 1347:to provide 1343:asking the 1270:055 Brigade 1212:Naseem Rana 1121:Abdul Qadir 794:Ismail Khan 784:Abdul Qadir 609:Preceded by 369:Afghanistan 192:Next edit → 32:Next edit → 3241:Categories 3159:photograph 2805:Boko Haram 2800:Al-Shabaab 2795:Abu Sayyaf 2612:Withdrawal 2602:Withdrawal 2410:2009-08-07 2260:Steve Coll 1913:Ghost Wars 1667:References 1661:Haron Amin 1478:Sheberghan 1386:friends, 1129:Badakhshan 1081:democratic 1007:forces of 961:Najibullah 932:Background 525:Government 2875:Operation 2867:Conflicts 2122:ignored ( 2025:help page 1899:help page 1729:help page 1442:see video 1265:massacres 1220:madrassas 1117:Abdul Haq 1105:see video 1013:Wahhabite 958:communist 897:, led by 838:Ayatollah 452:1992–2001 406:Opponents 384:Moderate 202:Line 105: 199:Line 105: 179:6,445,619 157:AnomieBOT 3216:Category 3136:Islamism 3076:Cold War 3001:Policies 2953:Iraq War 2785:al-Qaeda 2778:Factions 2701:Ethiopia 2676:Pakistan 2608:Iraq War 2162:cite web 2111:cite web 2068:cite web 1630:See also 1341:Brussels 1230:Al Qaeda 1204:Chairman 1157:Samangan 1149:Nuristan 1047:Kandahar 1018:and his 995:hegemony 981:and his 895:Pashtuns 893:- Sunni 707:Pashtuns 687:Pakistan 418:Al-Qaeda 376:Ideology 167:contribs 112:contribs 56:Wikitext 3226:Commons 3049:Related 2840:Taliban 2710:Targets 2384:. 2001. 2342:. 2002. 2284:. 2007. 2229:. 2002. 2048:. 2008. 1999:. 2010. 1981:. 2007. 1958:. 2007. 1935:. 1998. 1462:Taliban 1372:Sad day 1366:in the 1364:Bazarak 1192:Taliban 1153:Laghman 1119:, Haji 1085:Taliban 1043:tyranny 1035:Taliban 950:Taliban 944:(red), 942:Massoud 927:History 855:Hazaras 763:Beside 748:led by 719:Turkmen 711:Hazaras 683:Taliban 556:History 514:Persian 502:Capital 410:Taliban 330:Leaders 3016:(2002) 3010:(2001) 1911:Coll, 1782: 1492:Legacy 1474:Kunduz 1169:Bamyan 1161:Kunduz 1141:Parwan 1137:Takhar 1133:Kapisa 1002:Hazara 946:Dostum 877:Uzbeks 820:Tajiks 715:Uzbeks 703:Tajiks 671:Russia 559: 518:Pashto 412:& 392:Allies 102:Gbh123 67:Inline 49:Visual 2926:Other 2506:Other 1929:(PDF) 1145:Kunar 1113:Uzbek 1109:Tajik 1024:Kabul 697:.The 675:India 386:Islam 181:edits 121:edits 3198:CAGE 2671:NATO 2661:Iraq 2641:ISAF 2175:help 2154:2001 2124:help 2081:help 1780:ISBN 1597:, a 1593:Dr. 1569:NATO 1468:and 1466:U.S. 1236:and 1167:and 1165:Ghōr 1079:and 1060:and 999:Shia 991:Iran 989:and 861:and 736:and 679:Iran 677:and 646:The 583:2001 573:1992 468:Flag 400:NATO 396:ISAF 174:Bots 163:talk 149:undo 144:edit 108:talk 94:edit 2340:PBS 1531:of 1504:in 1476:to 1339:in 1318:. 1232:of 1206:of 1171:. 691:UAE 3243:: 2398:. 2380:. 2365:^ 2348:^ 2338:. 2327:^ 2280:. 2262:. 2249:^ 2225:. 2214:^ 2197:^ 2166:: 2164:}} 2160:{{ 2132:^ 2115:: 2113:}} 2109:{{ 2089:^ 2072:: 2070:}} 2066:{{ 2044:. 2033:^ 2027:). 2005:^ 1995:. 1977:. 1964:^ 1954:. 1941:^ 1931:. 1901:). 1864:^ 1835:^ 1826:, 1774:. 1761:^ 1751:. 1736:^ 1731:). 1582:. 1516:. 1163:, 1159:, 1155:, 1151:, 1147:, 1143:, 1135:, 1131:, 1056:, 889:- 871:- 849:- 832:- 814:- 775:, 755:. 732:, 728:, 717:, 713:, 709:, 705:, 673:, 598:AF 516:, 430:, 165:| 119:56 110:| 2667:) 2663:( 2614:) 2604:) 2600:( 2574:e 2567:t 2560:v 2413:. 2177:) 2173:( 2156:. 2126:) 2083:) 2079:( 1788:. 1755:. 1681:/ 1289:. 1194:. 901:. 883:. 865:. 843:. 826:. 693:, 689:, 306:. 257:/ 169:) 161:( 114:) 106:(

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