3157:
3168:
319:
331:
213:, a proprietary Adobe product described as "the public, archival format for digital camera raw data". Although this format is not yet universally accepted, support for the product is growing, and increasingly professional archivists and conservationists, working for respectable organizations, variously suggest or recommend DNG for archival purposes.
200:
suggests these formats be used when possible since raw files produce the best quality images. These file formats allow the photographer and the processing agent the greatest level of control and accuracy for output. Their use is inhibited by the prevalence of proprietary information
282:
format. In the past, when the
Internet was still slow, it was common to provide "preview" images that would load and appear on the website before being replaced by the main image (to give at preliminary impression). Now Internet is fast enough and this preview image is seldom used.
159:, coordinate-measuring machines, seismographic profiling, airborne radar, and more. They can also be synthesized from arbitrary non-image data, such as mathematical functions or three-dimensional geometric models; the latter being a major sub-area of
133:. The digital image contains a fixed number of rows and columns of pixels. Pixels are the smallest individual element in an image, holding quantized values that represent the brightness of a given color at any specific point.
517:
a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next. The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first
955:
917:
346:
preceded digital cameras and computers by decades. The first picture to be scanned, stored, and recreated in digital pixels was displayed on the
Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (
1460:
987:
1412:
509:
at Bell Labs in 1969. While researching MOS technology, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny
432:
to produce a digital image of a "slice" through a three-dimensional object, was of great importance to medical diagnostics. As well as origination of digital images,
235:
Often, both raster and vector elements will be combined in one image; for example, in the case of a billboard with text (vector) and photographs (raster).
3125:
936:
1517:
1013:
3072:
1070:
952:
898:
479:
in photography and videography towards the end of the 20th century. The computing power necessary to process digital image capture also allowed
914:
860:
3115:
3067:
1166:
2852:
1128:
343:
1438:
971:
841:
983:
1717:
1404:
1044:
651:
in 1992. JPEG compresses images down to much smaller file sizes, and has become the most widely used image file format on the
1823:
1570:
1160:
1122:
1054:
793:
879:
3120:
821:
595:
375:
1492:
1332:
1443:
1085:
3062:
2614:
2823:
1095:
2790:
648:
587:
514:
290:, about 194 Gb in size). Such images are difficult to download and are usually browsed online through more complex
229:
3082:
2576:
1361:
Matsumoto, Kazuya; et al. (1985). "A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-destructive readout mode".
2755:
2238:
2025:
210:
933:
2664:
2596:
2349:
1871:
1531:
754:
140:
or raster map, a two-dimensional array of small integers. These values are often transmitted or stored in a
3092:
3087:
1008:
313:
3097:
2374:
1876:
696:
267:
2828:
2516:
2419:
1712:
895:
3198:
3193:
2795:
2745:
2705:
2558:
2444:
2394:
2086:
2030:
1886:
1638:
1563:
1482:"T.81 – Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Requirements and Guidelines"
729:
632:
610:
363:
271:
247:
1297:
3203:
2996:
2591:
2319:
2111:
739:
484:
275:
164:
181:
Most users come into contact with raster images through digital cameras, which use any of several
2961:
2765:
2669:
2533:
2384:
2216:
2121:
1764:
1682:
1648:
523:
239:
877:"Raw as Archival Still Image Format: A Consideration" by Michael J. Bennett and F. Barry Wheeler
354:. The advancement of digital imagery continued in the early 1960s, alongside development of the
3172:
3016:
2991:
2800:
2785:
2720:
2700:
2606:
2528:
2359:
2278:
2273:
2248:
2176:
2166:
2116:
2106:
2040:
2003:
1931:
1906:
1292:
857:
558:
449:
402:
65:
1150:
3077:
2872:
2780:
2775:
2760:
2750:
2725:
2710:
2571:
2504:
2474:
2434:
2344:
2334:
2171:
2050:
2013:
1936:
734:
480:
464:
391:
2629:
1112:
3161:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2715:
2369:
2288:
2258:
2211:
2156:
2146:
2071:
1896:
1843:
1556:
1370:
1284:
569:
519:
414:
286:
Some scientific images can be very large (for instance, the 46 gigapixel size image of the
52:
8:
2867:
2840:
2810:
2464:
2379:
2283:
2161:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2096:
1988:
1901:
1729:
1724:
744:
664:
583:
579:
562:
561:. In 1987, the PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in
550:
463:
Advances in microprocessor technology paved the way for the development and marketing of
309:
69:
1374:
1288:
838:
3011:
2674:
2624:
2449:
2304:
2263:
2243:
2181:
2136:
2101:
2076:
1633:
1598:
1386:
1343:
1310:
1200:
1064:
598:
levels. The NMOS APS was fabricated by
Tsutomu Nakamura's team at Olympus in 1985. The
554:
538:
453:
182:
176:
1277:
SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1900: Charge-Coupled
Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III
1275:(12 July 1993). Blouke, Morley M. (ed.). "Active pixel sensors: are CCDs dinosaurs?".
2981:
2917:
2904:
2835:
2499:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2389:
2253:
2221:
2081:
1916:
1687:
1456:
1390:
1156:
1118:
1091:
1050:
799:
789:
764:
689:
636:
628:
622:
572:. Since then, the PPD has been used in nearly all CCD sensors and then CMOS sensors.
534:
472:
379:
160:
141:
1347:
1314:
209:
to influence manufacturers to release these records publicly. An alternative may be
3036:
2986:
2944:
2929:
2912:
2882:
2877:
2521:
2479:
2429:
2191:
2151:
2091:
1946:
1452:
1378:
1302:
1239:
1196:
1187:
Boyle, William S; Smith, George E. (1970). "Charge
Coupled Semiconductor Devices".
724:
709:
502:
457:
441:
418:
225:
193:
81:
3132:
3041:
2949:
2566:
2314:
2196:
1891:
1838:
1833:
1801:
1786:
1744:
1017:
959:
940:
921:
915:
Choosing a File Format for
Digital Still Images - File formats for master archive
902:
883:
876:
864:
845:
825:
685:
671:
506:
410:
398:
383:
347:
339:
323:
148:
137:
103:
95:
89:
85:
22:
816:
2818:
2644:
2586:
2354:
2035:
1941:
1926:
1921:
1816:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1481:
749:
591:
406:
291:
189:
152:
46:
1259:
1244:
1227:
3187:
2971:
2939:
2924:
2889:
2649:
2494:
2459:
2045:
2018:
1998:
1966:
1911:
803:
565:
546:
510:
468:
355:
202:
156:
2409:
1260:
U.S. Patent 4,484,210: Solid-state imaging device having a reduced image lag
3137:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2976:
2862:
2857:
2511:
2231:
2201:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1806:
1628:
1618:
1608:
828:. San Jose: Adobe, 2005. Vers. 1.1.0.0. p. 9. Accessed on October 10, 2007.
681:
496:
433:
425:
221:
122:
116:
858:
Guides to Good
Practice - Section 3 Archiving Raster Images - File Formats
3142:
3006:
3001:
2934:
2847:
2684:
2659:
2489:
2484:
2469:
2324:
2206:
2186:
2055:
1956:
1848:
1811:
1781:
1734:
1702:
1697:
1658:
1579:
1382:
1328:
1272:
1223:
759:
719:
603:
530:
437:
259:
2654:
2634:
2548:
2538:
2399:
2364:
2339:
2268:
2008:
1993:
1973:
1855:
1791:
1707:
1653:
576:
387:
61:
1306:
3046:
2619:
2581:
2543:
2439:
2329:
1796:
1759:
1754:
1739:
1692:
1675:
476:
445:
371:
297:
287:
57:
1087:
Spatio-temporal image processing, Theory and
Scientific Applications
318:
2639:
2454:
1951:
1881:
1749:
1670:
1665:
1527:
1434:
652:
640:
613:
in 1993. By 2007, sales of CMOS sensors had surpassed CCD sensors.
586:
in Japan during the mid-1980s. This was enabled by advances in MOS
359:
330:
192:
give access to almost all the data captured by the camera, using a
1228:"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors"
205:) for some camera makers, but there have been initiatives such as
2679:
1828:
1774:
206:
80:
on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Depending on whether the
2226:
1643:
1593:
1522:
951:
most important image on the internet - Electronic Media Group:
894:
Inter-University
Consortium for Political and Social Research:
501:
The first semiconductor image sensor was the CCD, developed by
99:
1548:
1279:. Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III.
984:"This 46-Gigapixel photo of the Milky Way will blow your mind"
2894:
2309:
1769:
1488:
714:
680:
is a combination of non-overlapping images, arranged in some
429:
130:
41:
37:
33:
436:
of analog images allowed the enhancement and restoration of
837:
universal photographic digital imaging guidelines (UPDIG):
644:
607:
599:
351:
263:
1360:
232:
consists of both a magnitude, or length, and a direction.
602:
active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) was later developed by
542:
483:
digital images to achieve a level of refinement close to
367:
279:
243:
136:
Typically, the pixels are stored in computer memory as a
1283:. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 2–14.
1042:
972:
440:
artifacts and began to be used in fields as diverse as
262:
can display standard internet images formats including
1405:"CMOS Image Sensor Sales Stay on Record-Breaking Pace"
932:
The J. Paul Getty Museum - Department of Photographs:
533:. This was largely resolved with the invention of the
151:
by a variety of input devices and techniques, such as
94:
By itself, the term "digital image" usually refers to
198:
The Universal Photographic Imaging Guidelines (UPDIG)
167:
is the study of algorithms for their transformation.
1439:"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform"
471:devices and gradually displaced the use of analog
409:in the early 1970s, alongside progress in related
1110:
3185:
1152:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future
424:The invention of computerized axial tomography (
1222:
777:
378:, among others, used digital images to advance
1043:Gonzalez, Rafael, C; Woods, Richard E (2008).
856:Archaeology Data Service / Digital Antiquity:
688:are an example of such digital image mosaics.
1564:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1232:IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society
1069:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
934:Rapid Capture Backlog Project - Presentation
692:are often mosaicked to cover Earth regions.
616:
3116:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1010:Fiftieth Anniversary of First Digital Image
258:Image viewer software displayed on images.
2853:Comparison of digital and film photography
1571:
1557:
1207:
1186:
970:Archives Association of British Columbia:
541:, Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at
344:Bartlane cable picture transmission system
3073:Photographs considered the most important
1296:
1243:
300:utility to display a sequence of images.
1265:
1148:
1142:
945:
896:Obsolescence - File Formats and Software
783:
490:
329:
317:
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
314:Digital image processing § History
3186:
1327:
1271:
1049:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 577.
513:. As it was fairly straightforward to
170:
1552:
1498:from the original on 30 December 2019
1433:
1427:
1083:
1046:Digital Image Processing, 3rd Edition
888:
224:resulted from mathematical geometry (
964:
850:
831:
818:Digital Negative (DNG) Specification
643:in 1972. DCT compression is used in
627:An important development in digital
3068:Museums devoted to one photographer
1474:
1363:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
926:
913:JISC Digital Media - Still Images:
907:
869:
695:Interactive viewing is provided by
121:Raster images have a finite set of
13:
2615:Timeline of photography technology
1201:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x
467:(CCDs) for use in a wide range of
382:, wirephoto standards conversion,
56:of numeric representation for its
14:
3215:
1518:"The JPEG image format explained"
1415:from the original on 21 June 2019
1114:Scientific charge-coupled devices
839:File formats - the raw file issue
238:Example of vector file types are
3166:
3156:
3155:
1090:. Springer Verlag. p. 208.
1033:, New York: Academic Press, 1969
990:from the original on 5 July 2018
649:Joint Photographic Experts Group
588:semiconductor device fabrication
529:Early CCD sensors suffered from
253:
3167:
1578:
1510:
1463:from the original on 2016-06-10
1397:
1354:
1321:
1252:
1180:
1169:from the original on 2020-11-15
1131:from the original on 2020-11-15
1104:
1077:
1036:
1023:
1002:
976:
401:began with the introduction of
16:Pictures encoded as binary data
1031:Picture Processing by Computer
810:
663:For the artistic concept, see
647:, which was introduced by the
310:Digital imaging § History
1:
2665:Painted photography backdrops
2597:Golden triangle (composition)
1872:35 mm equivalent focal length
1530:. 31 May 2018. Archived from
771:
755:Optical character recognition
1457:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z
1155:. Springer. pp. 245–8.
1117:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4.
639:technique first proposed by
549:structure with low lag, low
228:). In mathematical terms, a
7:
2375:Intentional camera movement
1226:; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014).
875:University of Connecticut:
702:
697:virtual-reality photography
322:The first scan done by the
278:format which is a standard
64:that is an output from its
10:
3220:
3063:Most expensive photographs
2420:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1111:James R. Janesick (2001).
953:Digital Image File Formats
669:
662:
620:
596:micron and then sub-micron
537:(PPD). It was invented by
494:
362:research. Projects at the
307:
303:
174:
114:
20:
3151:
3108:
3055:
2960:
2903:
2809:
2693:
2605:
2557:
2297:
2064:
1864:
1586:
1444:Digital Signal Processing
1245:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412
788:. New York, NY: Pearson.
784:Gonzalez, Rafael (2018).
730:Digital image correlation
658:
633:discrete cosine transform
617:Digital image compression
611:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
394:, and photo enhancement.
364:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
216:
110:
66:two-dimensional functions
2997:Digital image processing
1149:Williams, J. B. (2017).
786:Digital image processing
740:Digital image processing
165:digital image processing
2670:Photography and the law
524:television broadcasting
403:MOS integrated circuits
84:is fixed, it may be of
3017:Gelatin silver process
2041:Science of photography
2026:Photographic processes
2004:Perspective distortion
1333:"Active Pixel Sensors"
676:In digital imaging, a
582:(APS) was invented by
465:charge-coupled devices
376:University of Maryland
335:
327:
211:Digital Negative (DNG)
102:images (as opposed to
2475:Schlieren photography
2014:Photographic printing
1937:Exposure compensation
1084:Jähne, Bernd (1993).
735:Digital image editing
570:digital still cameras
520:digital video cameras
491:Digital image sensors
392:character recognition
342:machines such as the
333:
321:
308:Further information:
296:Some viewers offer a
147:Raster images can be
2259:Straight photography
1897:Chromatic aberration
1383:10.1143/JJAP.24.L323
415:display technologies
68:fed as input by its
3126:photographic plates
2811:Digital photography
1989:Hyperfocal distance
1902:Circle of confusion
1375:1985JaJAP..24L.323M
1289:1993SPIE.1900....2F
986:. 23 October 2015.
745:Digital photography
665:Photographic mosaic
631:technology was the
580:active-pixel sensor
563:consumer electronic
171:Raster file formats
70:spatial coordinates
53:discrete quantities
2630:Autochrome Lumière
2625:Analog photography
2450:Pigeon photography
2239:Social documentary
1718:discontinued films
1491:. September 1992.
1189:Bell Syst. Tech. J
1029:Azriel Rosenfeld,
1016:2010-10-14 at the
958:2010-12-14 at the
939:2012-06-10 at the
920:2011-11-16 at the
901:2011-11-02 at the
882:2011-09-14 at the
863:2011-12-14 at the
844:2011-10-20 at the
824:2011-04-20 at the
555:quantum efficiency
545:in 1980. It was a
539:Nobukazu Teranishi
481:computer-generated
397:Rapid advances in
336:
328:
183:image file formats
177:Raster file format
3181:
3180:
2982:Collodion process
2918:Chromogenic print
2905:Color photography
2415:Multiple exposure
2390:Lo-fi photography
1917:Color temperature
1307:10.1117/12.148585
1162:978-3-319-49088-5
1124:978-0-8194-3698-6
1056:978-0-13-168728-8
795:978-0-13-335672-4
765:Signal processing
690:Satellite imagery
637:lossy compression
629:image compression
623:Image compression
594:reaching smaller
535:pinned photodiode
405:in the 1960s and
380:satellite imagery
161:computer graphics
3211:
3199:Digital geometry
3194:Image processing
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3037:Print permanence
2987:Cross processing
2945:CMYK color model
2930:Color management
2883:Foveon X3 sensor
2878:Three-CCD camera
2522:Miniature faking
2480:Sabattier effect
2092:Astrophotography
1947:Zebra patterning
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1534:on 5 August 2019
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1437:(January 1991).
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
974:
968:
962:
949:
943:
930:
924:
911:
905:
892:
886:
873:
867:
854:
848:
835:
829:
814:
808:
807:
781:
725:Digital geometry
710:Computer printer
686:Gigapixel images
503:Willard S. Boyle
442:nuclear medicine
419:data compression
334:The SEAC scanner
274:. Some can show
194:raw image format
127:picture elements
107:
82:image resolution
40:, also known as
38:picture elements
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3204:Digital imaging
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3147:
3104:
3051:
3042:Push processing
2963:
2956:
2950:RGB color model
2899:
2805:
2689:
2601:
2567:Diagonal method
2553:
2293:
2197:Photojournalism
2060:
1892:Black-and-white
1860:
1839:Slide projector
1834:Movie projector
1713:available films
1582:
1577:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1411:. May 8, 2018.
1403:
1402:
1398:
1359:
1355:
1335:
1329:Fossum, Eric R.
1326:
1322:
1298:10.1.1.408.6558
1273:Fossum, Eric R.
1270:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1224:Fossum, Eric R.
1221:
1208:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1018:Wayback Machine
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
982:
981:
977:
969:
965:
960:Wayback Machine
950:
946:
941:Wayback Machine
931:
927:
922:Wayback Machine
912:
908:
903:Wayback Machine
893:
889:
884:Wayback Machine
874:
870:
865:Wayback Machine
855:
851:
846:Wayback Machine
836:
832:
826:Wayback Machine
815:
811:
796:
782:
778:
774:
769:
705:
674:
672:Image stitching
668:
661:
625:
619:
606:'s team at the
507:George E. Smith
499:
493:
450:law enforcement
411:computer memory
407:microprocessors
399:digital imaging
384:medical imaging
316:
306:
292:web interfaces.
256:
219:
190:digital cameras
179:
173:
163:. The field of
153:digital cameras
125:values, called
119:
113:
93:
26:
23:Digital imaging
17:
12:
11:
5:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2819:Digital camera
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Camera obscura
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Rule of thirds
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Harris shutter
2352:
2350:Hand-colouring
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Red-eye effect
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Exposure value
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Depth of focus
1924:
1922:Depth of field
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1473:
1426:
1396:
1353:
1320:
1264:
1251:
1206:
1195:(4): 587–593.
1179:
1161:
1141:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1076:
1055:
1035:
1022:
1001:
975:
963:
944:
925:
906:
887:
868:
849:
830:
809:
794:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:Geocoded photo
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
701:
660:
657:
621:Main article:
618:
615:
592:MOSFET scaling
495:Main article:
492:
489:
438:archaeological
305:
302:
255:
252:
218:
215:
175:Main article:
172:
169:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3216:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Photographers
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Bleach bypass
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:primary color
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Reversal film
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Image sharing
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:United States
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Daguerreotype
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Stopping down
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Rephotography
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Long-exposure
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Architectural
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Shutter speed
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Metering mode
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Color balance
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Angle of view
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Manufacturers
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1097:3-540-57418-2
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
989:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
957:
954:
948:
942:
938:
935:
929:
923:
919:
916:
910:
904:
900:
897:
891:
885:
881:
878:
872:
866:
862:
859:
853:
847:
843:
840:
834:
827:
823:
820:
819:
813:
805:
801:
797:
791:
787:
780:
776:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
673:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
573:
571:
567:
566:video cameras
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:photodetector
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
511:MOS capacitor
508:
504:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:image capture
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:space program
353:
349:
345:
341:
332:
325:
320:
315:
311:
301:
299:
294:
293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
254:Image viewing
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Vector images
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:trade secrets
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
118:
108:
105:
104:vector images
101:
97:
96:raster images
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:denoted with
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:digital image
24:
19:
3138:Polaroid art
3032:K-14 process
3027:Instant film
3022:Gum printing
2977:C-41 process
2962:Photographic
2863:Image sensor
2858:Film scanner
2512:Sun printing
2445:Print toning
2232:space selfie
2202:Pictorialism
2132:Ethnographic
2112:Conservation
1984:Guide number
1979:Focal length
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1521:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1448:
1442:
1435:Ahmed, Nasir
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1369:(5A): L323.
1366:
1362:
1356:
1339:
1323:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1254:
1238:(3): 33–43.
1235:
1231:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1151:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1113:
1106:
1086:
1079:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1009:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
978:
966:
947:
928:
909:
890:
871:
852:
833:
817:
812:
785:
779:
694:
682:tessellation
677:
675:
626:
574:
559:dark current
528:
500:
497:Image sensor
485:photorealism
462:
434:digitization
426:CAT scanning
423:
421:algorithms.
396:
390:technology,
337:
295:
285:
260:Web browsers
257:
237:
234:
220:
197:
187:
180:
146:
138:raster image
135:
126:
120:
117:Raster image
77:
73:
51:
45:
44:, each with
36:composed of
29:
27:
18:
3143:Stereoscopy
3007:E-6 process
3002:Dye coupler
2935:color space
2848:Digiscoping
2841:camera back
2756:Philippines
2685:Visual arts
2675:Glass plate
2660:Heliography
2559:Composition
2534:Ultraviolet
2490:Stereoscopy
2485:Slow motion
2470:Scanography
2385:Kite aerial
2325:Contre-jour
2217:Post-mortem
2207:Pornography
2187:Neues Sehen
2122:Documentary
2056:Zone System
2031:Reciprocity
1957:Film format
1887:Backscatter
1865:Terminology
1735:beauty dish
1634:rangefinder
1599:light-field
1580:Photography
1409:IC Insights
1340:Eric Fossum
760:Scanography
720:Digital art
641:Nasir Ahmed
604:Eric Fossum
531:shutter lag
340:digital fax
3188:Categories
3133:Lomography
2964:processing
2913:Print film
2829:comparison
2796:Uzbekistan
2746:Luxembourg
2706:Bangladesh
2655:Dufaycolor
2635:Box camera
2592:Simplicity
2549:Zoom burst
2544:Xerography
2539:Vignetting
2529:Time-lapse
2517:Tilt–shift
2410:Mordançage
2400:Luminogram
2365:Holography
2360:High-speed
2340:Fill flash
2320:Burst mode
2298:Techniques
2279:Vernacular
2274:Underwater
2269:Toy camera
2249:Still life
2177:Monochrome
2167:High-speed
2117:Cloudscape
2107:Conceptual
2009:Photograph
1994:Lens flare
1974:Film speed
1856:Zone plate
1802:wide-angle
1787:long-focus
1467:2019-09-14
1451:(1): 4–5.
1173:2019-10-10
1135:2020-06-06
772:References
670:See also:
388:videophone
142:compressed
62:gray level
3083:Norwegian
3047:Stop bath
2992:Developer
2620:Ambrotype
2582:Lead room
2505:Slit-scan
2440:Photogram
2435:Panoramic
2345:Fireworks
2330:Cyanotype
2172:Landscape
1817:telephoto
1765:reflector
1760:monolight
1755:lens hood
1740:cucoloris
1676:safelight
1587:Equipment
1419:6 October
1391:108450116
1293:CiteSeerX
1065:cite book
804:966609831
635:(DCT), a
568:and then
515:fabricate
446:astronomy
428:), using
413:storage,
372:Bell Labs
298:slideshow
288:Milky Way
100:bitmapped
58:intensity
3162:Category
2868:CMOS APS
2766:Slovenia
2694:Regional
2640:Calotype
2577:Headroom
2455:Redscale
2370:Infrared
2315:Brenizer
2289:Wildlife
2212:Portrait
2157:Forensic
2147:Fine-art
2082:Aircraft
2072:Abstract
1952:F-number
1932:Exposure
1907:Clipping
1882:Aperture
1750:hot shoe
1671:enlarger
1666:Darkroom
1538:5 August
1528:BT Group
1493:Archived
1461:Archived
1413:Archived
1348:18831792
1331:(2007).
1315:10556755
1167:Archived
1129:Archived
1014:Archived
988:Archived
956:Archived
937:Archived
918:Archived
899:Archived
880:Archived
861:Archived
842:Archived
822:Archived
703:See also
653:Internet
557:and low
458:industry
374:and the
157:scanners
3173:Outline
3109:Related
2801:Vietnam
2786:Ukraine
2721:Denmark
2701:Albania
2680:Tintype
2607:History
2572:Framing
2465:Rollout
2430:Panning
2380:Kirlian
2284:Wedding
2162:Glamour
2142:Fashion
2127:Eclipse
2097:Banquet
2019:Albumen
1829:Monopod
1807:fisheye
1775:softbox
1624:pinhole
1614:instant
1604:digital
1502:12 July
1371:Bibcode
1285:Bibcode
590:, with
584:Olympus
553:, high
454:defence
360:medical
358:and in
326:in 1957
304:History
207:OpenRAW
149:created
123:digital
3171:
3160:
3093:street
3088:Polish
2781:Turkey
2776:Taiwan
2761:Serbia
2751:Norway
2726:Greece
2711:Canada
2305:Afocal
2264:Street
2244:Sports
2227:Selfie
2182:Nature
2137:Erotic
2102:Candid
2077:Aerial
2065:Genres
1967:medium
1844:Tripod
1812:swivel
1725:Filter
1703:holder
1698:format
1594:Camera
1523:BT.com
1389:
1346:
1313:
1295:
1159:
1121:
1094:
1053:
994:5 July
802:
792:
678:mosaic
659:Mosaic
430:x-rays
417:, and
338:Early
312:, and
246:, and
230:vector
226:vector
217:Vector
144:form.
131:pixels
111:Raster
92:type.
90:raster
86:vector
47:finite
42:pixels
32:is an
3098:women
3056:Lists
3012:Fixer
2895:Pixel
2824:D-SLR
2771:Sudan
2741:Korea
2736:Japan
2731:India
2716:China
2500:Strip
2425:Night
2405:Macro
2310:Bokeh
2254:Stock
2222:Ruins
1962:large
1792:prime
1770:snoot
1730:Flash
1708:stock
1683:Drone
1644:still
1629:press
1619:phone
1609:field
1496:(PDF)
1489:CCITT
1485:(PDF)
1387:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1336:(PDF)
1311:S2CID
715:DICOM
551:noise
350:) at
188:Some
34:image
3121:film
2836:MILC
2335:ETTR
2192:Nude
2152:Fire
2051:Sync
1849:head
1797:zoom
1782:Lens
1745:gobo
1693:base
1688:Film
1659:view
1540:2019
1504:2019
1421:2019
1281:1900
1157:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1071:link
1051:ISBN
996:2018
800:OCLC
790:ISBN
645:JPEG
608:NASA
600:CMOS
577:NMOS
575:The
522:for
505:and
477:tape
475:and
473:film
456:and
352:NIST
348:SEAC
324:SEAC
270:and
264:JPEG
2873:CCD
1654:toy
1649:TLR
1639:SLR
1453:doi
1379:doi
1303:doi
1240:doi
1197:doi
684:.
543:NEC
368:MIT
280:W3C
276:SVG
272:PNG
268:GIF
244:PDF
240:EPS
129:or
98:or
88:or
60:or
3190::
1526:.
1520:.
1487:.
1459:.
1447:.
1441:.
1407:.
1385:.
1377:.
1367:24
1365:.
1342:.
1338:.
1309:.
1301:.
1291:.
1234:.
1230:.
1209:^
1193:49
1191:.
1165:.
1127:.
1067:}}
1063:{{
798:.
699:.
655:.
526:.
487:.
460:.
452:,
448:,
444:,
386:,
370:,
366:,
266:,
250:.
248:AI
242:,
196:.
185:.
155:,
106:).
76:,
50:,
28:A
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1542:.
1506:.
1470:.
1455::
1449:1
1423:.
1393:.
1381::
1373::
1350:.
1317:.
1305::
1287::
1248:.
1242::
1236:2
1203:.
1199::
1176:.
1138:.
1100:.
1073:)
1059:.
1020:.
998:.
806:.
667:.
201:(
78:y
74:x
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.