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The intensity of a pixel is expressed within a given range between a minimum and a maximum, inclusive. This range is represented in an abstract way as a range from 0 (or 0%) (total absence, black) and 1 (or 100%) (total presence, white), with any fractional values in between. This notation is used in
620:
to calculate the grayscale values (in the target grayscale colorspace) so as to have the same luminance (technically relative luminance) as the original color image (according to its colorspace). In addition to the same (relative) luminance, this method also ensures that both images will have the
1254:
additive primary colors (chromaticities) that are used in the definition of sRGB. Human vision is most sensitive to green, so this has the greatest coefficient value (0.7152), and least sensitive to blue, so this has the smallest coefficient (0.0722). To encode grayscale intensity in linear RGB,
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1722:
Because the three sRGB components are then equal, indicating that it is actually a gray image (not color), it is only necessary to store these values once, and we call this the resulting grayscale image. This is how it will normally be stored in sRGB-compatible image formats that support a
1768:
is calculated directly from gamma-compressed primary intensities as a weighted sum, which, although not a perfect representation of the colorimetric luminance, can be calculated more quickly without the gamma expansion and compression used in photometric/colorimetric calculations. In the
574:
support 16-bit grayscale natively, although browsers and many imaging programs tend to ignore the low order 8 bits of each pixel. Internally for computation and working storage, image processing software typically uses integer or floating-point numbers of size 16 or 32 bits.
1723:
single-channel grayscale representation, such as JPEG or PNG. Web browsers and other software that recognizes sRGB images should produce the same rendering for such a grayscale image as it would for a "color" sRGB image having the same values in all three color channels.
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The reverse is also possible: to build a full-color image from their separate grayscale channels. By mangling channels, using offsets, rotating and other manipulations, artistic effects can be achieved instead of accurately reproducing the original image.
534:. However, if these intensities were spaced equally in proportion to the amount of physical light they represent at that pixel (called a linear encoding or scale), the differences between adjacent dark shades could be quite noticeable as banding
998:{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {linear} }={\begin{cases}{\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }}{12.92}},&{\text{if }}C_{\mathrm {srgb} }\leq 0.04045\\\left({\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }+0.055}{1.055}}\right)^{2.4},&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
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Although these are numerically the same coefficients used in sRGB above, the effect is different because here they are being applied directly to gamma-compressed values rather than to the linearized values. The
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to a grayscale representation of its luminance, the gamma compression function must first be removed via gamma expansion (linearization) to transform the image to a linear RGB colorspace, so that the appropriate
1713:{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {srgb} }={\begin{cases}12.92\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} },&{\text{if }}Y_{\mathrm {linear} }\leq 0.0031308\\1.055\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} }^{1/2.4}-0.055,&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
2019:
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where we use the prime to distinguish these nonlinear values from the sRGB nonlinear values (discussed above) which use a somewhat different gamma compression formula, and from the linear RGB components. The
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Conversion of an arbitrary color image to grayscale is not unique in general; different weighting of the color channels effectively represent the effect of shooting black-and-white film with different-colored
1101:
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accuracy (typically 10 or 12 bits per sample) and to reduce rounding errors in computations. Sixteen bits per sample (65,536 levels) is often a convenient choice for such uses, as computers manage 16-bit
142:
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Here is an example of color channel splitting of a full RGB color image. The column at left shows the isolated color channels in natural colors, while at right there are their grayscale equivalences:
398:
If the original color image has no defined colorspace, or if the grayscale image is not intended to have the same human-perceived achromatic intensity as the color image, then there is no unique
352:
Grayscale images can be the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel according to a particular weighted combination of frequencies (or wavelengths), and in such cases they are
518:
to store them as unsigned integers, to reduce the required storage and computation. Some early grayscale monitors can only display up to sixteen different shades, which would be stored in
538:, while many of the lighter shades would be "wasted" by encoding a lot of perceptually-indistinguishable increments. Therefore, the shades are instead typically spread out evenly on a
2023:
Normally these colorspaces are transformed back to nonlinear R'G'B' before rendering for viewing. To the extent that enough precision remains, they can then be rendered accurately.
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But if the luma component Y' itself is instead used directly as a grayscale representation of the color image, luminance is not preserved: two colors can have the same luma
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allows 256 different intensities (i.e., shades of gray) to be recorded, and also simplifies computation as each pixel sample can be accessed individually as one full
542:, which better approximates uniform perceptual increments for both dark and light shades, usually making these 256 shades enough to avoid noticeable increments.
637:. Luminance itself is defined using a standard model of human vision, so preserving the luminance in the grayscale image also preserves other perceptual
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as defined above) and therefore appear darker or lighter to a typical human than the original color. Similarly, two colors having the same luminance
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391:, which maps the stored numeric sample values to the achromatic channel of a standard colorspace, which itself is based on measured properties of
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335:
Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which, in the context of computer imaging, are images with only two
2287:
2416:
806:, which can then be gamma-compressed back again if the grayscale result is also to be encoded and stored in a typical nonlinear colorspace.
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to get back to a conventional non-linear representation. For sRGB, each of its three primaries is then set to the same gamma-compressed
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1237:{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }=0.2126R_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.7152G_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.0722B_{\mathrm {linear} }.}
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2362:. SPIE/IS&T Conference 3299: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III; January 26–30, 1998. Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE.
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526:. But today grayscale images intended for visual display are commonly stored with 8 bits per sampled pixel. This pixel
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1079:, also in range ). Then, linear luminance is calculated as a weighted sum of the three linear-intensity values. The
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360:(in practice, a narrow band of frequencies) is captured. The frequencies can in principle be from anywhere in the
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Poynton, Charles A. (2022-03-14). Written at San Jose, Calif.. Rogowitz, B. E.; Pappas, T. N. (eds.).
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These three particular coefficients represent the intensity (luminance) perception of typical
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Image where each pixel's intensity is shown only achromatic values of black, gray, and white
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Stokes, Michael; Anderson, Matthew; Chandrasekar, Srinivasan; Motta, Ricardo (1996-11-05).
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each of the three color components can be set to equal the calculated linear luminance
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and its relatives, which are used in standard color TV and video systems such as
1500:{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}
1396:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}
790:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}
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academic papers, but this does not define what "black" or "white" is in terms of
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television uses yet different coefficients, computing the luma component as
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images are composed of three independent channels for red, green and blue
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Colorimetric (perceptual luminance-preserving) conversion to grayscale
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uses different color coefficients, computing the luma component as
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Examples of conversion from a full-color image to grayscale using
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applications) often require more levels, to make full use of the
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to get this linear grayscale), which then typically needs to be
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where the numeric intensity denotes how much ink is employed in
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images have four channels for cyan, magenta, yellow and black
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represents any of the three gamma-compressed sRGB primaries (
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In computing, although the grayscale can be computed through
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2462:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 110–111.
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1080:
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387:) grayscale image is an image that has a defined grayscale
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Grayscale as single channels of multichannel color images
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when displayed, as can be measured by instruments in its
523:
349:). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between.
2432:"A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet – sRGB"
680:
To convert a color from a colorspace based on a typical
2065:) will in general have different luma by either of the
626:
2459:
Principles of
Digital Image Processing Core Algorithms
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given by the inverse of the gamma expansion above as
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819:
699:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2013:
1934:
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1712:
1499:
1395:
1291:
1236:
997:
789:
3150:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3549:
2148:Color images are often built of several stacked
578:
2485:"The Magnitude of Nonconstant Luminance Errors"
2319:Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces
1726:
693:can be applied to the linear color components (
2178:Composition of RGB from three grayscale images
2014:{\displaystyle Y'=0.2627R'+0.6780G'+0.0593B'.}
1935:{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'.}
654:) which is determined by the linear luminance
633:, in any given area of the image, given equal
612:A common strategy is to use the principles of
402:from such a color image to a grayscale image.
2513:
1052:is the corresponding linear-intensity value (
237:
813:color space, gamma expansion is defined as
405:
2455:
2263:, in which vision is limited to a grayscale
2116:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3532:
2520:
2506:
1852:{\displaystyle Y'=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}
244:
230:
2410:
2136:Learn how and when to remove this message
499:. Sometimes the scale is reversed, as in
308:information. Grayscale images, a kind of
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3301:International Commission on Illumination
2456:Burger, Wilhelm; Burge, Mark J. (2010).
2233:List of monochrome and RGB color formats
2173:
582:
140:
2482:
2387:
2352:
2312:
2285:
1083:color space is defined in terms of the
14:
3550:
3291:Color Association of the United States
2289:Stephen Johnson on Digital Photography
187:30-, 36-, or 48-bit color (deep color)
2501:
1292:{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}
2114:adding citations to reliable sources
2081:
797:) to calculate the linear luminance
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2326:. pp. 31–35, 65–68, 333, 337.
2035:but different CIE linear luminance
1737:For images in color spaces such as
24:
3155:Blue–green distinction in language
2483:Poynton, Charles A. (1997-07-15).
2441:. Part 2, matrix in equation 1.8.
2388:Poynton, Charles A. (2004-02-25).
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288:is one in which the value of each
25:
3579:
1777:models used by PAL and NTSC, the
668:) which we will refer to here as
3531:
3522:
3521:
3312:International Colour Association
2895:
2527:
2445:from the original on 2023-05-24.
2419:from the original on 2023-06-01.
2400:from the original on 2023-03-16.
2377:from the original on 2023-04-23.
2086:
540:gamma-compressed nonlinear scale
177:15- or 16-bit color (high color)
41:
2413:"RGB Working Space Information"
2411:Lindbloom, Bruce (2017-04-06).
1250:humans to light of the precise
339:: black and white (also called
52:needs additional citations for
3307:International Color Consortium
3296:International Colour Authority
2476:
2423:
2404:
2381:
2346:
2306:
2279:
2223:Morphological image processing
2041:(and thus different nonlinear
316:, are composed exclusively of
13:
1:
3372:List of Crayola crayon colors
2272:
579:Converting color to grayscale
1727:Luma coding in video systems
328:at the weakest intensity to
7:
3175:Traditional colors of Japan
2952:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2835:Multi-primary color display
2609:Spectral power distribution
2186:
514:, image pixels are usually
409:
304:; that is, it carries only
145:Grayscale image of a parrot
10:
3584:
1730:
356:proper when only a single
262:computer-generated imagery
32:Grayscale (disambiguation)
29:
3517:
3489:
3402:
3327:
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3271:
3190:
3140:
3072:
3063:
3035:Color realism (art style)
2982:
2915:
2904:
2893:
2793:
2740:
2693:Evolution of color vision
2622:
2545:
2536:
2437:World Wide Web Consortium
2286:Johnson, Stephen (2006).
2243:List of software palettes
1792:component is computed as
631:candelas per square meter
406:Numerical representations
182:24-bit color (true color)
3352:List of colors (compact)
3170:Color in Chinese culture
2820:Digital image processing
2553:Electromagnetic spectrum
2074:luma definitions above.
677:to avoid any ambiguity.
545:Technical uses (e.g. in
362:electromagnetic spectrum
3357:List of colors by shade
2356:Rehabilitation of Gamma
2247:Color gradient palettes
2193:Channel (digital image)
3362:List of color palettes
2179:
2015:
1936:
1853:
1714:
1501:
1397:
1293:
1238:
1043:, each in range ) and
999:
791:
596:
383:(or more specifically
146:
3286:Color Marketing Group
3041:On Vision and Colours
2974:Tinctures in heraldry
2585:Structural coloration
2439:– Graphics on the Web
2177:
2016:
1937:
1854:
1715:
1502:
1398:
1294:
1239:
1000:
792:
586:
296:representing only an
144:
3367:List of color spaces
3259:Tint, shade and tone
3142:Cultural differences
2957:Polychromatic colors
2942:Complementary colors
2930:Monochromatic colors
2390:"Constant Luminance"
2251:false color palettes
2110:improve this section
1955:
1876:
1796:
1526:
1407:
1303:
1259:
1102:
1096:, which is given by
817:
697:
647:(as in the 1976 CIE
602:photographic filters
274:Commonwealth English
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3347:List of colors: N–Z
3342:List of colors: G–M
3337:List of colors: A–F
2237:Monochrome palettes
2056:(and thus the same
1686:
258:digital photography
3394:List of web colors
3389:List of RAL colors
2795:Color reproduction
2760:Lüscher color test
2597:Color of chemicals
2180:
2011:
1932:
1864:standard used for
1849:
1710:
1705:
1647:
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1393:
1289:
1234:
995:
990:
787:
660:itself (as in the
639:lightness measures
623:absolute luminance
616:or, more broadly,
597:
572:image file formats
562:efficiently. The
332:at the strongest.
147:
3545:
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3485:
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3267:
3266:
3059:
3058:
3049:Theory of Colours
2891:
2890:
2803:Color photography
2755:Color preferences
2698:Impossible colors
2688:Color vision test
2683:Color temperature
2661:Color calibration
2590:Animal coloration
2469:978-1-84800-195-4
2394:Video Engineering
2368:10.1117/12.320126
2333:978-0-12-391926-7
2146:
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2138:
1868:developed by the
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1087:linear luminance
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16:(Redirected from
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3324:
3191:Color dimensions
3180:Human skin color
3070:
3069:
2947:Analogous colors
2913:
2912:
2899:
2825:Color management
2742:Color psychology
2708:Opponent process
2624:Color perception
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2322:(2nd ed.).
2314:Poynton, Charles
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1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
994:
993:
987:
984:
977:
976:
971:
967:
962:
955:
954:
953:
933:
916:
915:
914:
895:
892:
885:
880:
879:
878:
859:
846:
845:
844:
805:
796:
794:
793:
788:
786:
785:
784:
756:
755:
754:
726:
725:
724:
682:gamma-compressed
676:
659:
646:
604:on the cameras.
512:rational numbers
410:
282:American English
280:(more common in
272:(more common in
246:
239:
232:
162:1-bit monochrome
149:
148:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3513:
3481:
3398:
3316:
3273:
3263:
3186:
3165:Blue in culture
3136:
3055:
3002:Secondary color
2978:
2935:black-and-white
2907:
2900:
2887:
2789:
2775:National colors
2770:Political color
2750:Color symbolism
2736:
2666:Color constancy
2644:Color blindness
2618:
2575:Spectral colors
2532:
2526:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2428:
2424:
2409:
2405:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2324:Morgan Kaufmann
2311:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2261:color blindness
2189:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2107:
2091:
2080:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1921:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1762:
1758:
1735:
1729:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1677:
1673:
1652:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
989:
988:
983:
981:
972:
940:
939:
935:
934:
932:
928:
927:
924:
923:
901:
900:
896:
891:
889:
865:
864:
860:
858:
851:
850:
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
809:For the common
804:
798:
765:
764:
760:
735:
734:
730:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
686:RGB color model
675:
669:
655:
642:
610:
589:Adobe Photoshop
581:
547:medical imaging
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
310:black-and-white
250:
213:RGB color model
167:8-bit grayscale
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3568:Shades of gray
3565:
3560:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:Color history
3159:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3044:(Schopenhauer)
3037:
3032:
3029:Color analysis
3026:
3024:Color triangle
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2830:Color printing
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Kruithof curve
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2637:Sonochromatism
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2468:
2448:
2422:
2403:
2380:
2345:
2332:
2305:
2298:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2150:color channels
2144:
2143:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1753:, a nonlinear
1731:Main article:
1728:
1725:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1516:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1403:by the values
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1092:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
992:
982:
980:
975:
970:
965:
961:
958:
952:
949:
946:
943:
938:
931:
926:
925:
922:
919:
913:
910:
907:
904:
899:
890:
888:
883:
877:
874:
871:
868:
863:
857:
856:
854:
849:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
823:
802:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
763:
759:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
733:
729:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
703:
673:
652:ab color space
609:
606:
580:
577:
570:(among other)
551:remote sensing
490:
489:
485:
484:
480:
479:
475:
474:
470:
469:
465:
464:
460:
459:
455:
454:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
424:
420:
419:
415:
414:
407:
404:
318:shades of gray
252:
251:
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
218:Web-safe color
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:organizations
3270:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:Pastel colors
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Primary color
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Light-on-dark
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2884:
2883:Color mapping
2881:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Color balance
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:Chromotherapy
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:Tetrachromacy
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Achromatopsia
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:Chromesthesia
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:Color physics
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Color science
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2299:0-596-52370-X
2295:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:Achromatopsia
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:primary color
2155:
2151:
2140:
2137:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:This section
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1950:
1947:standard for
1946:
1945:ITU-R BT.2100
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1720:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1605:
1594:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1471:
1467:
1441:
1437:
1411:
1367:
1363:
1337:
1333:
1307:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1005:
978:
973:
968:
963:
959:
956:
936:
929:
920:
917:
897:
886:
881:
861:
852:
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593:Channel Mixer
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78: –
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3563:Color depths
3253:
3247:Fluorescence
3210:Colorfulness
3203:Dichromatism
3047:
3039:
3009:Chromaticity
2992:Color mixing
2984:Color theory
2917:Color scheme
2780:Chromophobia
2729:
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2337:. Retrieved
2318:
2308:
2292:. O'Reilly.
2288:
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2181:
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2160:components;
2147:
2132:
2123:
2108:Please help
2096:
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2037:
2028:
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1862:ITU-R BT.709
1784:
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1733:luma (video)
1721:
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691:weighted sum
684:(nonlinear)
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393:human vision
381:colorimetric
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324:ranges from
297:
292:is a single
277:
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255:
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138:
123:
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104:
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83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3384:Color chart
3242:Iridescence
3074:Basic terms
3065:Color terms
3019:Color wheel
3014:Color solid
2878:Color space
2864:subtractive
2847:Color model
2718:Unique hues
2614:Colorimetry
2580:Chromophore
2267:Zone System
2208:False-color
1299:(replacing
666:color space
635:whitepoints
618:colorimetry
497:colorimetry
385:photometric
374:ultraviolet
266:colorimetry
172:8-bit color
153:Color depth
76:"Grayscale"
3552:Categories
3404:Shades of:
3237:Brightness
2969:Web colors
2925:Color tool
2908:philosophy
2813:Color cast
2713:Afterimage
2703:Metamerism
2676:Color code
2671:Color task
2654:Dichromacy
2339:2022-03-31
2273:References
2213:Sepia tone
2166:ink plates
2126:March 2023
1757:component
1248:trichromat
641:, such as
629:units of
614:photometry
505:halftoning
389:colorspace
314:monochrome
117:March 2023
87:newspapers
18:Gray level
3254:Grayscale
3227:Lightness
3222:Luminance
3031:(fashion)
2731:The dress
2228:Mezzotint
2218:Cyanotype
2097:does not
1700:otherwise
1688:−
1635:0.0031308
1632:≤
985:otherwise
918:≤
662:CIE 1931
536:artifacts
516:quantized
376:, etc.).
358:frequency
306:intensity
278:grayscale
270:greyscale
3527:Category
3509:Lighting
3232:Darkness
3052:(Goethe)
2852:additive
2840:Quattron
2443:Archived
2417:Archived
2398:Archived
2372:Archived
2316:(2012).
2259:, total
2253:sections
2198:Halftone
2187:See also
2005:′
1991:′
1977:′
1963:′
1926:′
1912:′
1898:′
1884:′
1846:′
1832:′
1818:′
1804:′
1601:if
1252:Rec. 709
1085:CIE 1931
893:if
501:printing
366:infrared
322:contrast
312:or gray
3558:Imaging
3491:Related
3452:Magenta
3377:history
3281:Pantone
2568:Visible
2563:Rainbow
2239:section
2203:Duotone
2168:, etc.
2118:removed
2103:sources
921:0.04045
400:mapping
341:bilevel
208:Palette
195:Related
101:scholar
3504:Qualia
3499:Vision
3447:Purple
3442:Violet
3422:Yellow
3417:Orange
3112:Orange
3107:Purple
3097:Yellow
2531:topics
2466:
2330:
2296:
1998:0.0593
1984:0.6780
1970:0.2627
1919:0.0722
1905:0.7152
1891:0.2126
1779:rec601
1749:, and
1645:
1565:
1202:0.0722
1169:0.7152
1136:0.2126
1093:linear
1076:linear
1070:, and
1067:linear
1058:linear
1049:linear
1034:, and
1007:where
803:linear
674:linear
555:sensor
520:binary
364:(e.g.
337:colors
320:. The
298:amount
294:sample
264:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3537:Index
3477:Black
3467:White
3462:Brown
3427:Green
3329:Lists
3321:Names
3303:(CIE)
3272:Color
3132:Brown
3127:White
3117:Black
3087:Green
2906:Color
2602:Water
2558:Light
2529:Color
2488:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
1839:0.114
1825:0.587
1811:0.299
1781:luma
1747:SECAM
1691:0.055
1642:1.055
1562:12.92
964:1.055
960:0.055
882:12.92
621:same
560:words
528:depth
330:white
326:black
302:light
290:pixel
286:image
276:) or
108:JSTOR
94:books
3472:Gray
3457:Pink
3437:Blue
3432:Cyan
3122:Gray
3102:Pink
3082:Blue
2869:CMYK
2464:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2249:and
2162:CMYK
2101:any
2099:cite
2062:srgb
2047:srgb
1870:ATSC
1866:HDTV
1775:Y'IQ
1773:and
1771:Y'UV
1755:luma
1751:NTSC
1739:Y'UV
1517:srgb
1081:sRGB
1040:srgb
1031:srgb
1022:srgb
1013:srgb
811:sRGB
566:and
564:TIFF
532:byte
524:bits
268:, a
80:news
3412:Red
3198:Hue
3092:Red
2857:RGB
2364:doi
2154:RGB
2112:by
1949:HDR
1743:PAL
1683:2.4
974:2.4
664:XYZ
591:'s
568:PNG
549:or
343:or
300:of
256:In
63:by
3554::
2434:.
2415:.
2396:.
2392:.
2370:.
2245:–
2235:–
1745:,
1061:,
1025:,
627:SI
395:.
379:A
372:,
368:,
284:)
260:,
2521:e
2514:t
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2490:.
2472:.
2366::
2342:.
2302:.
2139:)
2133:(
2128:)
2124:(
2120:.
2106:.
2070:′
2068:Y
2059:Y
2053:Y
2044:Y
2038:Y
2031:′
2029:Y
2009:.
2002:B
1995:+
1988:G
1981:+
1974:R
1967:=
1960:Y
1930:.
1923:B
1916:+
1909:G
1902:+
1895:R
1888:=
1881:Y
1843:B
1836:+
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1822:+
1815:R
1808:=
1801:Y
1790:)
1787:′
1785:Y
1783:(
1766:)
1763:′
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1759:(
1694:,
1679:/
1675:1
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1556:{
1551:=
1545:b
1542:g
1539:r
1536:s
1531:Y
1514:Y
1492:r
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1480:i
1477:l
1472:Y
1468:,
1462:r
1459:a
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1450:i
1447:l
1442:Y
1438:,
1432:r
1429:a
1426:e
1423:n
1420:i
1417:l
1412:Y
1388:r
1385:a
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1379:n
1376:i
1373:l
1368:B
1364:,
1358:r
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1338:G
1334:,
1328:r
1325:a
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1264:Y
1232:.
1226:r
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1206:B
1199:+
1193:r
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1133:=
1127:r
1124:a
1121:e
1118:n
1115:i
1112:l
1107:Y
1090:Y
1073:B
1064:G
1055:R
1046:C
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1028:G
1019:R
1010:C
979:,
969:)
957:+
951:b
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930:(
912:b
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728:,
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710:i
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671:Y
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
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