Anglo-Zulu War - Knowledge

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strengthening Her Majesty's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus, and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it. In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists, the reinforcements asked for were supplied, and, in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty's Government, I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war. But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king, however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger, are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king.

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act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission's findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere's letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.

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of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of".

1292:, whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side. Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light. 1394: 1389:... Her Majesty's Government have arrived, it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest, but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists. Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree, I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable, and I am confident that you, in concert with Sir H. Bulwer, will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance, and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war. 259: 144: 802: 1047:

to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.

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left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into

1903:. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The 1576: 1854: 299: 42: 1828: 6824: 1413:

at the king's "coronation" in 1872. That farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna. A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a

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across the Tugela. The stream was very low, and ran under the Zulu bank, but they were on this side of it, and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus, made prisoners, and taken off with their horses, which were on the Natal side of the river, and roughly treated and threatened for some time; though, ultimately, at the instance of a headman who came up, they were released and allowed to depart.

1303:, then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers", stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise 1326:

A week later the same young men, with two other brothers and an uncle, captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo, in the company of the young man with whom she had fled. This woman was also carried back, and is supposed to have been put to death likewise; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime, punishable with death, was safe from them on English soil; they did not touch him.

1056: 2197:, pp. 263–264 gives 7,800: 1,752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6,054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glyn which made up Chelmsford's Main Column. The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns: 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops; 9,035 troops in the Native Contingent; 802 Drivers, etc. 1866:

haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.

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remonstrances of the Natal policemen, is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which cannot be passed over, and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor's demands, that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice, it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours.

2036: 1563: 980: 1243: 1599:, acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General 936:, who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa, The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines, Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the 1773:, where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure. 1422:

and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:

1777: 1009:'s diplomatic manoeuvres added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, 1758:, and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the 1109:, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them. 1937:) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs 1042:, who was to replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the 993:, the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King 1876:

Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending

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When the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo's sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton had become only part of the justification that was used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of them was Cetshwayo's apparent breaking of promises to Mr Theophilus Shepstone

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Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts

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and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being

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on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 5–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so

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I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory, and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence, under the laws of the Colony, the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo

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A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal. She was followed by a party of Zulus, under Mehlokazulu, the chief son of Sihayo, and his brother, seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge, and carried back to Zululand, where she was put to death, in accordance with Zulu law...

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In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande

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as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive

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The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with

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in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer

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thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide. The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful. The Zulu attitude

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Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds

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Because of the unusually high amount of casualties the British suffered as a result of combat, especially given that they were facing a preindustrial enemy that was considered racially inferior, the British war effort was widely seen as a poor showing. British casualties resulting from combat were

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While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger. It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties.

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Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to

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Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true, but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do, as what Sirayo's sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father's house did

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For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other

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and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed. The effect of the battle of

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To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men-

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The King disowned Umbilini's acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble, that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother, the reigning Chief, and that if he returned he should kill him. But there is nothing to show that he has in any way

1144:, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from 1618:

of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. The Zulu capital, Ulundi, was about 80 miles

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Mr. Smith, a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department, was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela, near Fort Buckingham, which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and accompanied by Mr. Deighton, a trader, resident at Fort Buckingham, went down to the ford

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It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven

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Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The

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Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal – especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the

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was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of

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I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them (Her Majesty's Government) "for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take. The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of

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In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports. While numerous Zulus of rival

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Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation, it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line, and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the

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factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.

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he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his

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and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the

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thought that a similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might lead to a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines, encompassing the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and

2161:, p. 62 quote John Shepstone, Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army: saying "Equipment: Each man carries his shield and assegais, and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one, he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails, this is all." 2185:, pp. 261–262 says "the terms...are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war...to preclude you from incurring the delay...involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms..." 1448:

I have impressed this view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power. But I cannot really control him without a telegraph (I don't know that I could with one) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present

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on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.

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The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:

1792:; the British force suffered 80 killed and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column under Lord Chelmsford consisting of a total of 5,670 men (3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans) marched to the relief of 1839:, the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200, but the British suffered only two dead and 52 wounded and the next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April after which the Zulu forces burned it down. 1769:, had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of 1941:(Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white 1725:

attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing

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Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation and would never serve in the field again. Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in

1086:, succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by 1454:

British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.

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By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.

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in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the

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by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African

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and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on

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towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."

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In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:

1025:. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal. 1427:

punished him, and, on the contrary, it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo, he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King.

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by a small British Garrison from an attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region. The Zulu Kingdom was then made a protectorate and later annexed by the

902:. Matters were brought to a head when three sons (led by Mehlokazulu kaSihayo) and a brother of the Zulu inkosi Sihayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection. 997:

and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.

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Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo's delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.

1299:, the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir 1713:; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the remaining 1,300 men of the No. 3 Column under the command of Colonel 1717:. Colonel Durnford would arrive later in the morning with 500 men of the No. 2 Column to reinforce the camp. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by 1029:

to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.

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Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and

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king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the

2273:, p. 142 says, '785 were collected from close by the camp. Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died'. 6633: 1489:

That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.

2173:, p. 242 gives much of the chapter, without sarcasm – or irony, to Bartle Frere's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission's conclusions. 1815:

The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the

1611:, an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men of the No. 3 Column, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries. 4555: 1171:, Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant 964:. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the 4781: 1926:

Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from

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was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.

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Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of

355: 1098:, then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire. 1211:

regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms. Most Zulu warriors were armed with an

1133:, which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler. 5658: 5362: 6803: 6737: 1948:

When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the

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became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to

1370:, who will follow Umlungi with his words. Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka. 6810: 1958: 1934: 6305: 5578: 5369: 4774: 2133:, p. 318 gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,001, of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns. 1140:, fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the nearby frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the 5076: 4212: 1731:

Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British Army border post of

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The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near

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invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government. The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the

6221: 5571: 458: 6137: 6053: 5508: 5487: 1314:

and were the basis for the ultimatum with which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply, giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.

6591: 5457: 5418: 1463: 285: 245: 202: 191: 180: 169: 130: 3534: 3503: 3498: 6903: 6868: 6828: 6270: 5626: 5247: 4767: 6893: 6654: 6515: 6438: 5728: 1462:

The terms included in the ultimatum were delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the

2706: 1622:

In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main centre column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising

6883: 6796: 6584: 6319: 5651: 4663: 4182: 3785: 3555: 451: 348: 1693: 1504:

All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.

6908: 6577: 6424: 6382: 6130: 6011: 5594: 5129: 5067: 1750:

While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel

1600: 1339: 1039: 772: 196: 921:

into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed

6675: 6640: 6158: 5355: 4645: 1751: 1655: 1512:

redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliaries – along the Zululand border ready for the invasion.

207: 1495:

All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.

1444:

Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:

1183:. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a 895:, in south-eastern Africa, was claimed by the British as a colony on 4 May 1843, after the British government had annexed the 6549: 6116: 5210: 3978: 3425: 3404: 3383: 3313: 3292: 3271: 3250: 3229: 3208: 3176: 3155: 3134: 3113: 3092: 3071: 3047: 3026: 2984: 2894: 1674:, the royal capital. Durnford's No. 2 Column was ordered to stay on the defensive near the Middle Drift of the Tugela River. 3652: 2221:, p. 462 state "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs. 6913: 6858: 6765: 6556: 6466: 6088: 4735: 4008: 3821: 3464:

Narrative of the Field Operations connected with the Zulu War of 1879 Prepared in the Intelligence Branch of the War Office

1595:

region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir

929: 732: 534: 6873: 6853: 6702: 6647: 6563: 6410: 6074: 5637: 5304: 5274: 4651: 4585: 3548: 1835:

While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at

1331: 1300: 933: 879:

and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with those groups followed an expansionist policy.

341: 2257:, p. 353 notes "The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed.". 6661: 6626: 6570: 6095: 6060: 5749: 5198: 5187: 3863: 1766: 1667: 1498:

All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.

1196:, were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful. 775:

to invade Zululand. The war had several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the

6878: 6863: 6445: 6312: 6291: 6249: 5791: 5464: 4464: 3809: 3658: 3471: 3452: 3348: 3005: 2920: 913:, ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a 845: 823: 3221:

The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879

816: 6375: 6214: 5383: 5297: 5240: 4681: 3688: 2810: 2064: 1890: 1873:, who had volunteered to serve in the British Army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party. 1870: 1074:, which by 1825 encompassed an area of around 11,500 square miles (30,000 km). In 1828 he was assassinated at 6605: 6368: 6284: 6165: 6151: 6123: 5390: 5334: 4729: 4314: 3646: 5543: 1393: 1253: 6354: 6263: 6018: 5777: 4669: 4026: 3941: 3610: 1969:

three times higher than those from disease, which was generally a larger killer in British colonial conflicts.

1895:

After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and

1501:

A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.

1366:

not think of what they were doing. Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing, and he sends some of his

884: 6508: 6494: 6417: 6298: 6256: 6235: 6109: 5672: 5318: 5040: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4014: 3990: 2806:"'War Can't Be Made with Kid Gloves': The Impact of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 on the Fabric of Zulu Society" 1643: 1604: 944:

and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.

5550: 4062: 2209:, p. 11 states "they were a part-time citizen army, and were armed primarily with traditional weapons". 1480:

Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.

1405:, it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this 6772: 6716: 6542: 6431: 6403: 6340: 6032: 5890: 4380: 3592: 3572: 3529: 1721:. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main 1567: 1402: 1296: 752:

for the British Empire to effect such plans. Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the

554: 524: 382: 5557: 4050: 3540: 6709: 6612: 6487: 6396: 6242: 5601: 4567: 4519: 4104: 3905: 1987: 1525: 614: 377: 2105:, pp. 263–264 gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops; 9,035 Native Contingent; 802 Drivers, etc. 6179: 5700: 5608: 5564: 5341: 5219: 5118: 4128: 4056: 3996: 3845: 1754:, crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the 1698: 1537: 1507:

No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.

664: 559: 499: 397: 6723: 6361: 6193: 6186: 6144: 5858: 5805: 5693: 5644: 5425: 5083: 4386: 3773: 3700: 3616: 589: 544: 427: 2852: 2245:, p. 474 gives 80 killed: 62 British soldiers, 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers. 1788:

On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the

6535: 5798: 5450: 4639: 4452: 4398: 4284: 4272: 4242: 3984: 3875: 3676: 3670: 2912: 1755: 918: 810: 674: 604: 17: 6848: 6172: 6067: 5934: 5784: 5665: 5397: 5180: 5090: 4603: 4537: 4374: 4338: 4140: 4116: 4074: 3947: 3935: 3857: 3851: 3634: 1635: 569: 4224: 3917: 2805: 2576:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, Enclosure in No. 89: Cetshwayo to Bulwer, 24 August 1879.

1705:. The British defense of the small hospital station was a morale boost for the British Empire. 5742: 5707: 4909: 4579: 4188: 4170: 4164: 3953: 3887: 3755: 3640: 3622: 3363: 3057: 1954: 1824:

tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi but many demoralised warriors simply went home.

1592: 1168: 1130: 1117: 1095: 1032: 965: 827: 753: 728: 723:. Two famous battles of the war were the Zulu victory at Isandlwana and the British defence at 298: 2884: 6277: 6207: 6102: 5997: 5851: 5501: 5281: 5194: 4989: 4809: 4236: 3839: 3779: 3706: 3061: 2149:, p. 11 notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply". 2145:, p. 9 states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..." 1942: 1836: 1663: 1557: 1091: 654: 417: 2233:, p. 5 "The Anglo-Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion." 1321:

and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:

6888: 6025: 5911: 5679: 5615: 5348: 5111: 5104: 5056: 4839: 4633: 4422: 4368: 4296: 4218: 4206: 4002: 3761: 3682: 2041: 1858: 1804: 1727: 1710: 1702: 1533: 1477:

Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.

1289: 1193: 990: 968:, informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State, and the Kingdom of 776: 392: 221: 47: 3189:

The life and correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc

8: 6480: 6452: 6326: 5844: 5837: 5770: 5735: 5686: 5166: 4973: 4507: 4320: 4278: 3731: 3598: 2952: 2618:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2260, Enclosure 2 in No. 6: Memorandum, 16 January 1879.

2074: 1908: 1743: 1623: 1038:'s Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote 649: 629: 594: 475: 2883:

Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008).

2585:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 105, Frere to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878.

1260: 1070:, the first Zulu king, had through war and conquest built the small Zulu tribe into the 5173: 4675: 4543: 4525: 4476: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4362: 4134: 4092: 3923: 3899: 3869: 3797: 2827: 2049: 1615: 1596: 1529: 1060: 941: 745: 699: 659: 599: 579: 564: 539: 529: 509: 387: 213: 185: 1401:

After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir

6758: 6744: 6081: 5897: 5721: 5311: 4901: 4831: 4693: 4687: 4597: 4458: 4404: 4260: 3911: 3833: 3803: 3694: 3467: 3448: 3444: 3421: 3400: 3379: 3344: 3309: 3288: 3267: 3246: 3225: 3204: 3172: 3151: 3130: 3109: 3088: 3067: 3043: 3022: 3001: 2980: 2962: 2939: 2916: 2890: 2831: 2558:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2222, No. 111: Frere to Hicks Beach, 6 October 1878.

1904: 1816: 1808: 1789: 1718: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1087: 1035: 952: 937: 749: 689: 412: 407: 402: 217: 174: 59: 4759: 2567:

British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 40: Bulwer to Hicks Beach, 9 August 1878.

1583:

The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader,

1288:

The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir

6682: 6046: 5756: 5536: 5226: 4981: 4949: 4885: 4717: 4705: 4699: 4657: 4561: 4531: 4446: 4266: 4248: 4230: 4200: 3815: 3664: 3604: 2970: 2904: 2819: 2011: 1991: 1912: 1878: 1869:

One of the early British casualties was the exiled pretender to the French throne,

1848: 1800: 1770: 1732: 1659: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1608: 1338:

near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir

1155: 1145: 1106: 976:

against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.

899: 780: 724: 694: 669: 619: 519: 432: 63: 55: 1915:, a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war. 6004: 5918: 5812: 5480: 5404: 5325: 5049: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4893: 4609: 4549: 4488: 4482: 4410: 4290: 4194: 4176: 3827: 3749: 3415: 3394: 3373: 3303: 3282: 3261: 3240: 3219: 3198: 3187: 3166: 3145: 3124: 3103: 3082: 3037: 3016: 2995: 2974: 2930:

Bourquin, S. (1978). "The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879".

2054: 1759: 1541: 956: 922: 892: 868: 639: 624: 422: 1907:

was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including

972:. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a 6751: 6473: 6347: 5990: 5904: 5587: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5233: 5159: 5005: 4965: 4741: 4470: 4392: 4350: 4344: 4020: 3576: 2059: 1714: 1318: 1075: 891:

to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially in the 19th century.

864: 785: 737: 716: 549: 494: 135: 3305:

Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War

2823: 6842: 6668: 6389: 5494: 5473: 5443: 5436: 5145: 4747: 4723: 4621: 4615: 4513: 3881: 3767: 3737: 3494: 3489: 3332: 2943: 1927: 1471:

Surrender of Sihayo's three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.

1418: 1335: 1184: 1149: 1022: 1017: 684: 634: 609: 574: 514: 1575: 1163:

The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from

6333: 5942: 5763: 5714: 4877: 4791: 4591: 4434: 4308: 3959: 3929: 3712: 3570: 2079: 1983: 1949: 1651: 1647: 1414: 1176: 1164: 1102: 1071: 1010: 983: 969: 948: 914: 757: 741: 720: 584: 155: 148: 92: 88: 51: 4254: 1853: 1785:

regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.

5926: 4869: 4711: 4356: 4152: 4086: 3893: 3743: 3018:

The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884

1317:

The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of

1310: 1203:

As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle

1188: 1043: 1006: 973: 880: 644: 504: 270: 41: 2450: 1827: 1735:

and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting on 23 January.

6501: 6039: 5152: 5097: 4957: 4941: 4158: 4080: 3791: 3628: 3358: 1067: 906: 1492:

That every man, when he comes to man's estate, shall be free to marry.

443: 5960: 5951: 5882: 5288: 5265: 5254: 4573: 4326: 4146: 3466:(facs. repr. Lionel Leventhal, London ed.). London: War Office. 3375:

Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9

2019: 1920: 1900: 1896: 1650:. Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Drift of the 1584: 1342:, who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1304: 1180: 1125: 994: 910: 888: 768: 679: 1738: 1630:'s No. 2 Column, under his direct command. He moved his troops from 1124:

began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of

6730: 6228: 5873: 4997: 4854: 4302: 3340: 2997:

The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux

1877:

to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the

1367: 961: 3488:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2289:, p. 75 "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand". 1055: 5138: 1938: 1680: 1219: 1208: 1172: 876: 333: 1361:

Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding

1112: 5865: 5021: 4800: 3519: 3440: 2958: 2297:, pp. 498–511 has a chapter titled: "The Second Invasion". 1962: 1793: 1671: 1486:

That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.

1137: 1079: 875:

settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus and the

3524: 1562: 979: 5013: 2773: 2293:, p. 27 has a map titled: "First invasion of Zululand". 2069: 1686: 1588: 1213: 1204: 2462: 2365: 2363: 917:

that attracted people from all over the world, which turned

3417:

Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift

2725: 1765:

Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel

1722: 1690:, clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide. 1141: 896: 872: 3361:(February 2009). "The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War". 2687: 2621: 2588: 2322: 1799:

Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the

2882: 2749: 2662: 2660: 2456: 2360: 2218: 1979: 1776: 1268: 2645: 2486: 2375: 2121:, p. 396 gives British strength in April as 22,545. 1264: 1175:), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the 2530: 2528: 2707:"The Battle of Isandlwana: Zulu Wars with the British" 2657: 2540: 2515: 2513: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2285:, p. 5 "Chelmsford...began his second invasion". 1516:

than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.

4789: 3168:

Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up

2761: 2498: 2404: 2402: 2387: 1820:

Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander

2525: 2474: 2310: 2031: 1435:

In January 1879, Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:

1232: 2737: 2713: 2510: 2343: 1881:, and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated. 3200:Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa 2785: 2600: 2399: 1997:Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953) 3063:Rorke's Drift, 1879: 'Pinned like Rats in a Hole' 3039:Brave Men's Blood: The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879 2633: 1796:, with entrenched camps being formed each night. 1642:, and early on 11 January commenced crossing the 763:Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative 6840: 6899:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 5579:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 1295:In February 1878 a commission was appointed by 2969: 2693: 1978:Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and 1330:The third incident occurred in September when 909:, some 550 mi (890 km) northeast of 4775: 3556: 3263:Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography 3164: 2845: 2779: 2731: 2158: 1571:, painting by Charles Edwin Fripp (1854–1906) 1263:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 925:, site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries. 459: 349: 79:(5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) 3520:Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website 3507:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3434: 3122: 2328: 1579:British Army military map of Zulu Land, 1879 3367:. Vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 26–33. 3331: 1082:and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, 905:The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the 4782: 4768: 3563: 3549: 3284:The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902 2000:Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953) 1803:stronghold in Hlobane. Lieutenant Colonel 1662:(No. 3 Column under Lord Chelmsford), and 887:had permanently ceded the Dutch colony of 466: 452: 356: 342: 3185: 2651: 2492: 2170: 846:Learn how and when to remove this message 5652:Reconstruction and Development Programme 3493: 3461: 3301: 3196: 2929: 2903: 2666: 2480: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2286: 2269:, p. 5, gives 800 Zulu casualties. 1852: 1826: 1775: 1737: 1692: 1678:Zulu warriors were armed primarily with 1574: 1561: 1392: 1154: 1111: 1054: 978: 809:This section includes a list of general 5248:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 3105:British Fortifications in Zululand 1879 2950: 2853:"The Rorke's Drift VC Discussion Forum" 2743: 2627: 2594: 2546: 2369: 2254: 2194: 2182: 2130: 2118: 2102: 1601:Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford 473: 14: 6841: 5729:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 3413: 3399:. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. 3392: 3371: 3280: 3238: 3217: 3147:Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars 3143: 3126:British Army: Zulu War to the Boer War 3101: 3080: 3056: 3035: 2954:History of the Zulu War and Its Origin 2767: 2755: 2719: 2534: 2519: 2468: 2381: 2354: 2316: 2294: 2290: 2270: 2242: 2230: 2206: 2146: 2142: 2106: 1670:) respectively, their objective being 1634:to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past 1483:Observance of the coronation promises. 4763: 3544: 3357: 3259: 3042:. Pen & Sword Military Classics. 2612: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2282: 2266: 1467:that all expired on 10 January 1879. 1254:too many or overly lengthy quotations 767:on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king 447: 337: 3822:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 3165:Lock, Ron; Quantrill, Peter (2002). 2993: 2791: 2606: 2504: 2408: 2393: 2015:(1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift. 1236: 795: 5659:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5305:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 3014: 2909:The Zulu War: Isandhlwana to Ulundi 2639: 2004: 1684:thrusting spears, known in Zulu as 1192:lieutenant-governor of Natal, then 1105:, under Pretorius, formed the Boer 934:Secretary of State for the Colonies 24: 3435:Laband, John; Knight, Ian (1996). 3324: 3192:. Vol. II. London: J. Murray. 2678: 1930:and returned to Zululand in 1883. 1842: 1638:. On 9 January 1879 they moved to 1357:who were the leaders of the party. 1207:as far as possible. He formed new 815:it lacks sufficient corresponding 363: 25: 6925: 6904:Wars involving the United Kingdom 6869:African resistance to colonialism 6811:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6446:South African Party (Cape Colony) 3571:Colonial conflicts involving the 3525:Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society 3513: 3123:Knight, Ian; Castle, Ian (1999). 2023:(1979), the Battle of Isandlwana. 1519: 1233:Boundary Commission and ultimatum 1148:on the Buffalo to a point on the 1136:In 1861, Umtonga, another son of 858: 729:British North America Act of 1867 250:6,700 British and Colonial troops 6894:Military history of South Africa 6823: 6822: 3481: 3396:Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War 2889:. University of Nebraska Press. 2811:South African Historical Journal 2804:Laband, John (14 January 2009). 2065:Military history of South Africa 2034: 1972: 1891:Military history of South Africa 1871:Prince Imperial Eugene Bonaparte 1241: 800: 731:forming a federation in Canada, 297: 284: 257: 244: 201: 190: 179: 168: 142: 129: 40: 6884:Invasions by the United Kingdom 6460:South African Party (1977–1980) 6453:South African Party (1911–1934) 6369:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 6166:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 3647:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 3308:. University of Alabama Press. 3186:Martineau, John (1895). "XIX". 2957:. Assisted by Edward Durnford. 2797: 2699: 2672: 2276: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2136: 1857:Last Sleep of the Brave, 1879 ( 1050: 727:. Following the passing of the 715:was fought in 1879 between the 6909:British colonisation in Africa 5778:2019 service delivery protests 5764:#FeesMustFall student protests 5509:1983 constitutional referendum 3750:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 3287:. Edinburgh University Press. 2334: 2124: 2112: 2096: 13: 1: 6236:Johannesburg Reform Committee 5465:Israel–South Africa Agreement 4858: 4843: 4820: 4813: 4147:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 3991:Castle Hill convict rebellion 3343:: University of Natal Press. 3021:. University of Natal Press. 2085: 1990:(1854–1945) Last survivor of 791: 779:, followed by the defence of 113:Partition of the Zulu Kingdom 46:From top left clockwise: The 5891:Black Consciousness Movement 5645:Government of National Unity 3335:; Webb, Colin de B. (1965). 2951:Colenso, Frances E. (1880). 2303: 1965:, where he died soon after. 1884: 1568:The Last Stand at Isandlwana 1403:Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer 1217:(the Zulu refinement of the 771:and upon its rejection sent 748:was sent to South Africa as 27:British colonial war in 1879 7: 6914:Wars involving South Africa 6859:1879 in the Colony of Natal 5602:Saint James Church massacre 5488:Weapons of mass destruction 2976:New History of South Africa 2027: 1780:Battle of the Intombe river 1334:while on a sandbank of the 62:and the British defence of 10: 6930: 6874:Battles involving the Zulu 6854:1879 in the British Empire 5342:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 5220:South West Africa campaign 5119:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 5084:French Huguenot settlement 4664:Jewish revolt in Palestine 4309:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 3954:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 3846:American Revolutionary War 3281:Spiers, Edward M. (2006). 3218:Morris, Donald R. (1998). 2973:; Mbenga, Bernard (2007). 2875: 2694:Giliomee & Mbenga 2007 2340:Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8. 2109:, p. 292 gives 16,800 1888: 1846: 1523: 1227: 1094:. Dingane's half brother, 885:Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814 764: 6820: 6797:African National Congress 6786: 6692: 6525: 6257:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 5980: 5971: 5829: 5625: 5595:1992 apartheid referendum 5264: 5209: 5128: 5066: 5039: 5032: 4798: 4498: 4435:Jameson Raid South Africa 3969: 3722: 3583: 3535:Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879 3462:Rothwell, J. S. (1989) . 3260:Raugh, Harold E. (2011). 3239:Morvan, Philippe (2021). 3197:Meredith, Martin (2007). 2913:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2824:10.1080/02582470008671912 2780:Lock & Quantrill 2002 2732:Lock & Quantrill 2002 2159:Lock & Quantrill 2002 1957:forest. After appeals to 485: 373: 315: 228: 161: 121: 69: 58:, the British defence of 39: 34: 6879:History of KwaZulu-Natal 6864:1879 in the Zulu Kingdom 6250:Labour Party (1969–1994) 6243:Labour Party (1910–1958) 5799:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 5757:#RhodesMustFall protests 5356:1960 republic referendum 4646:Arab revolt in Palestine 4243:Second Anglo-Burmese War 3985:Second Anglo-Maratha War 3876:Australian frontier wars 3530:The Keynsham Light Horse 3393:French, Gerald (2014) . 3302:Thompson, P. S. (2006). 3203:. Simon & Schuster. 2932:Military History Journal 2886:World History of Warfare 2329:Knight & Castle 1999 2090: 1526:Action at Sihayo's Kraal 1457: 1261:summarize the quotations 77:11 January – 4 July 1879 6695:terrorist organisations 5785:2019 Johannesburg riots 5398:Constructive engagement 5363:International isolation 5181:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 4640:Second Mohmand campaign 4375:Third Anglo-Burmese War 4339:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4141:First Anglo-Burmese War 4117:Third Anglo-Maratha War 3948:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 3858:Second Anglo-Mysore War 3852:First Anglo-Maratha War 3504:Encyclopædia Britannica 2994:Gump, James O. (1996). 1699:Battle of Rorke's Drift 1619:inside Zulu territory. 1538:Battle of Rorke's Drift 1040:Sir Michael Hicks Beach 830:more precise citations. 5708:Attack on Kennedy Road 5319:Congress of the People 4910:South African Republic 4580:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4465:First Mohmand campaign 4189:First Anglo-Afghan War 3888:Third Anglo-Mysore War 2971:Giliomee, Hermann Buhr 2471:, pp. 33, 38, 39. 1862: 1832: 1781: 1747: 1706: 1580: 1572: 1451: 1442: 1429: 1398: 1391: 1382: 1372: 1359: 1349: 1328: 1160: 1131:Battle of Ndondakusuka 1120: 1096:Mpande kaSenzangakhona 1084:Dinggh kaSenzangakhona 1064: 1033:British Prime Minister 986: 966:South African Republic 754:South African Republic 162:Commanders and leaders 6278:Natal Indian Congress 5998:Afrikaner Broederbond 5852:Afrikaner nationalism 5638:1994 general election 5609:Bophuthatswana crisis 5502:Church Street bombing 5282:Apartheid legislation 5275:1948 general election 5195:South Africa Act 1909 4990:Union of South Africa 4810:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 4790:Political history of 4237:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3894:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 3780:French and Indian War 3144:Laband, John (2009). 2681:Washing of the Spears 1856: 1831:The burning of Ulundi 1830: 1779: 1742:Zulu warriors, 1879 ( 1741: 1696: 1614:Lord Chelmsford, the 1578: 1565: 1558:Battle of Gingindlovu 1446: 1437: 1424: 1396: 1387: 1377: 1363: 1354: 1344: 1332:two men were detained 1323: 1159:Zulu village, c. 1849 1158: 1115: 1092:Battle of Blood River 1058: 982: 883:was formed after the 871:bordering on various 316:Casualties and losses 290:16,000 British troops 5912:Greater South Africa 5750:2014 platinum strike 5616:Shell House massacre 5544:Transkei coup d'état 5349:Sharpeville massacre 5112:Battle of Blaauwberg 5105:Battle of Muizenberg 5057:Battle of Salt River 4840:Mthethwa Paramountcy 4399:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 4207:First Anglo-Sikh War 4183:Egyptian–Ottoman War 3414:Knight, Ian (2010). 3372:Dutton, Roy (2010). 3364:BBC History Magazine 3102:Knight, Ian (2005). 3081:Knight, Ian (2003). 3036:Knight, Ian (1995). 2042:Victorian era portal 1859:Alphonse de Neuville 1728:Battle of Isandlwana 1703:Alphonse de Neuville 1666:(No. 4 Column under 1656:Col. Charles Pearson 1654:(No. 1 Column under 1626:'s No. 3 Column and 1534:Battle of Isandlwana 1290:Theophilus Shepstone 1194:Robert William Keate 991:Theophilus Shepstone 777:Battle of Isandlwana 222:Dabulamanzi kaMpande 50:, the charge of the 48:Battle of Isandlwana 6804:Democratic Alliance 5981:Civic and political 5845:Afrikaner Calvinism 5838:African nationalism 5687:African Renaissance 5377:UNSC Resolution 591 5298:Internal resistance 5199:National Convention 5167:Transvaal Civil War 5091:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 4974:Orange River Colony 4652:Waziristan campaign 4586:Waziristan campaign 4279:Revolt of Rajab Ali 3756:War of Jenkins' Ear 2758:, pp. 261–262. 2630:, pp. 260–262. 2597:, pp. 258–260. 2384:, pp. 291–292. 2372:, pp. 261–262. 2080:Kingdom of Zululand 2075:Scramble for Africa 1744:Charles Edwin Fripp 1624:Richard Thomas Glyn 1340:Michael Hicks Beach 1107:Republic of Natalia 900:Republic of Natalia 756:and the Kingdom of 695:South Africa (1914) 660:South Africa (1906) 625:South Africa (1899) 595:Matabeleland (1896) 585:South Africa (1895) 565:Matabeleland (1893) 530:Somalia (1888–1924) 525:Equatoria (1886–89) 495:South Africa (1880) 490:South Africa (1879) 477:Scramble for Africa 5551:Ciskei coup d'état 5370:UN Resolution 1761 5335:Women's March 1956 5188:South African Wars 5174:Mineral Revolution 4526:Bambatha Rebellion 4441:Anglo-Zanzibar War 4429:Chitral Expedition 4363:Anglo-Egyptian War 4135:Anglo-Ashanti wars 3840:Lord Dunmore's War 3798:Anglo-Cherokee War 3707:King William's War 3437:The Anglo-Zulu War 3337:A History of Natal 3015:Guy, Jeff (1994). 2963:Chapman & Hall 2859:. 15 December 2001 2457:Archer et al. 2008 2219:Archer et al. 2008 2050:Bambatha Rebellion 1863: 1833: 1822:Mnyamana Buthelezi 1782: 1748: 1707: 1616:Commander-in-Chief 1597:Henry Bartle Frere 1581: 1573: 1530:Battle of Inyezane 1399: 1301:Henry Bartle Frere 1185:Boer commando unit 1161: 1121: 1101:In 1839, the Boer 1065: 1061:Cetshwayo kaMpande 987: 942:Transvaal Republic 863:By the 1850s, the 550:Mashonaland (1890) 214:Cetshwayo kaMpande 186:Henry Bartle Frere 6836: 6835: 6789:political parties 6782: 6781: 6759:Orde van die Dood 6376:Progressive Party 6082:Congress Alliance 5898:Cape Independence 5830:Political culture 5825: 5824: 5792:COVID-19 pandemic 5722:Marikana massacre 5558:Venda coup d'état 5312:Defiance Campaign 4902:Orange Free State 4832:Dutch Cape Colony 4757: 4756: 4688:Malayan Emergency 4598:Malabar rebellion 4459:Siege of Malakand 4405:Anglo-Manipur War 4261:Anglo-Persian War 3810:Anglo-Spanish War 3762:King George's War 3683:King Philip's War 3659:Anglo-Spanish War 3427:978-0-330-44593-1 3406:978-1-4738-3510-8 3385:978-0-9556554-4-9 3315:978-0-8173-5368-1 3294:978-0-7486-2354-9 3273:978-0-8108-7227-1 3252:978-2-7021-6767-0 3231:978-0-306-80866-1 3224:. Da Capo Press. 3210:978-0-7432-8614-5 3178:978-1-85367-505-8 3157:978-0-8108-6300-2 3136:978-1-85753-284-5 3115:978-1-84176-829-8 3094:978-1-84176-612-6 3084:The Zulu War 1879 3073:978-1-85532-506-7 3049:978-1-84415-212-4 3028:978-0-86980-892-4 2986:978-0-624-04359-1 2905:Barthorp, Michael 2896:978-0-8032-1941-0 2857:rorkesdriftvc.com 2507:, pp. 87–88. 2396:, pp. 73–93. 1817:Battle of Kambula 1809:attack on Hlobane 1790:Battle of Intombe 1719:Ntshingwayo Khoza 1554:Battle of Kambula 1550:Battle of Hlobane 1546:Battle of Intombe 1286: 1285: 1036:Benjamin Disraeli 953:High Commissioner 938:Orange Free State 856: 855: 848: 750:High Commissioner 708: 707: 665:Morocco (1907–34) 655:Morocco (1905–06) 650:Tanganyika (1905) 630:Somaliland (1900) 570:Morocco (1893–94) 555:Katanga (1891−92) 520:Madagascar (1883) 441: 440: 383:Zungwini Mountain 332: 331: 218:Ntshingwayo Khoza 175:Benjamin Disraeli 117: 116: 16:(Redirected from 6921: 6826: 6825: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6693:Paramilitary and 6685: 6683:Umkosi Wezintaba 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6528:social movements 6526:Trade unions and 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6047:Boerestaat Party 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5978: 5977: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5930: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5818: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5537:Dakar Conference 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5460: 5458:Israeli alliance 5453: 5446: 5439: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5412:Sporting boycott 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5384:Academic boycott 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5241:Great Depression 5236: 5229: 5227:Maritz rebellion 5222: 5202: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5077:Dutch settlement 5059: 5052: 5050:Bantu migrations 5037: 5036: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4985: 4982:Transvaal Colony 4977: 4969: 4961: 4953: 4950:Nieuwe Republiek 4945: 4937: 4929: 4921: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4886:Natalia Republic 4881: 4873: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4855:Ndwandwe Kingdom 4850: 4848: 4845: 4835: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4706:Cyprus Emergency 4532:Maritz rebellion 4520:Tibet expedition 4453:Benin Expedition 4273:Indian Rebellion 4267:Second Opium War 4249:Eureka Rebellion 4225:British Honduras 4201:New Zealand Wars 3786:Seven Years' War 3732:Queen Anne's War 3565: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3508: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3458: 3431: 3410: 3389: 3368: 3354: 3333:Brookes, Edgar H 3319: 3298: 3277: 3256: 3245:. Calmann-Lévy. 3242:Les fils du ciel 3235: 3214: 3193: 3182: 3161: 3140: 3129:. Brassey's UK. 3119: 3098: 3077: 3053: 3032: 3011: 2990: 2966: 2947: 2926: 2900: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2298: 2280: 2274: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2100: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2005:Film adaptations 1913:John Robert Dunn 1905:dynasty of Shaka 1879:Battle of Ulundi 1849:Battle of Ulundi 1771:Hlobane Mountain 1668:Col. Evelyn Wood 1632:Pietermaritzburg 1628:Anthony Durnford 1281: 1278: 1272: 1245: 1244: 1237: 867:had colonies in 851: 844: 840: 837: 831: 826:this section by 817:inline citations 804: 803: 796: 610:Wassoulou (1898) 575:Wassoulou (1894) 515:Wassoulou (1883) 480: 478: 468: 461: 454: 445: 444: 428:Zungeni Mountain 368: 358: 351: 344: 335: 334: 302: 301: 289: 288: 262: 261: 260: 249: 248: 206: 205: 195: 194: 184: 183: 173: 172: 147: 146: 145: 134: 133: 71: 70: 44: 32: 31: 21: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6194:HNP (Herstigte) 6192: 6187:HNP (Herenigde) 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6005:Afrikaner Party 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5933: 5924: 5919:Honorary whites 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5821: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5680:Soweto bombings 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5481:Soweto Uprising 5479: 5472: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5405:Tar Baby Option 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326:Freedom Charter 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5205: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4926:Griqualand West 4924: 4918:Griqualand East 4916: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4794: 4788: 4758: 4753: 4694:Kenya Emergency 4500: 4494: 4489:Second Boer War 4483:Boxer Rebellion 4411:Pahang Uprising 4291:Ambela campaign 4213:Río de la Plata 4195:First Opium War 4177:Aden Expedition 4009:Río de la Plata 3971: 3965: 3936:Irish Rebellion 3828:First Carib War 3724: 3718: 3641:Confederate War 3635:Irish Rebellion 3585: 3579: 3569: 3537:by Ralph Zuljan 3516: 3511: 3497:, ed. (1911). " 3482: 3480: 3474: 3455: 3428: 3407: 3386: 3351: 3327: 3325:Further reading 3322: 3316: 3295: 3274: 3253: 3232: 3211: 3179: 3158: 3137: 3116: 3095: 3074: 3050: 3029: 3008: 3000:. Bison Books. 2987: 2923: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2709:. 24 July 2015. 2705: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2055:Colony of Natal 2040: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2007: 1975: 1893: 1887: 1851: 1845: 1843:Second invasion 1760:Siege of Eshowe 1752:Charles Pearson 1560: 1542:Siege of Eshowe 1524:Main articles: 1522: 1460: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1267:or excerpts to 1258: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1230: 1053: 957:Southern Africa 923:West Griqualand 869:southern Africa 861: 852: 841: 835: 832: 822:Please help to 821: 805: 801: 794: 773:Lord Chelmsford 744:. In 1874, Sir 709: 704: 690:Libya (1911–12) 600:Zanzibar (1896) 590:Ethiopia (1896) 481: 476: 474: 472: 442: 437: 369: 364: 362: 327: 322: 307: 296: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263:800 Auxiliaries 258: 256: 243: 238: 224: 220: 216: 210: 208:Garnet Wolseley 200: 199: 197:Lord Chelmsford 189: 188: 178: 177: 167: 143: 141: 128: 109: 103:British victory 95: 78: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6849:Anglo-Zulu War 6834: 6833: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6752:Ossewabrandwag 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6495:Unionist Party 6491: 6484: 6477: 6474:Torch Commando 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6348:Orde Boerevolk 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6124:DP (1989–2000) 6120: 6117:DP (1973–1977) 6113: 6110:Dominion Party 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5991:Afrikaner Bond 5986: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5905:Day of the Vow 5901: 5894: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5673:Floor crossing 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5588:Bisho massacre 5584: 5583: 5582: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5530:Operation Vula 5526: 5523:Rubicon speech 5519: 5516:Langa massacre 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5278: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5234:Rand Rebellion 5230: 5223: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5160:Boer Republics 5156: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5006:Bophuthatswana 5002: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4966:Klein Vrystaat 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4851: 4836: 4828: 4805: 4803: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4634:Barzani revolt 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4471:Tirah campaign 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4381:Central Africa 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4351:First Boer War 4348: 4342: 4336: 4333:Anglo-Zulu War 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4021:Froberg mutiny 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3701:Williamite War 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3577:British Empire 3568: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3514:External links 3512: 3510: 3509: 3495:Chisholm, Hugh 3478: 3472: 3459: 3453: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3390: 3384: 3369: 3355: 3349: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3215: 3209: 3194: 3183: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3141: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3054: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2967: 2948: 2927: 2921: 2901: 2895: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2844: 2818:(1): 179–196. 2796: 2784: 2772: 2770:, p. 142. 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2698: 2686: 2671: 2656: 2654:, p. 248. 2652:Martineau 1895 2644: 2632: 2620: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2549:, p. 196. 2539: 2524: 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 251. 2493:Martineau 1895 2485: 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 462. 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2359: 2342: 2333: 2331:, p. 115. 2321: 2319:, p. 498. 2308: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2275: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175: 2171:Martineau 1895 2163: 2151: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2060:First Boer War 2057: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1974: 1971: 1959:Melmoth Osborn 1935:Melmoth Osborn 1889:Main article: 1886: 1883: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1805:Redvers Buller 1801:abaQulusi Zulu 1756:Inyezane River 1521: 1520:First invasion 1518: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1464:Ultimatum Tree 1459: 1456: 1319:Sihayo kaXongo 1284: 1283: 1249: 1247: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1078:by one of his 1063:, c. 1875 1059:Photograph of 1052: 1049: 930:Lord Carnarvon 865:British Empire 860: 859:British Empire 857: 854: 853: 808: 806: 799: 793: 790: 786:British Empire 738:Boer republics 733:Lord Carnarvon 717:British Empire 713:Anglo-Zulu War 706: 705: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 685:Morocco (1911) 682: 680:Ouaddai (1909) 677: 675:Morocco (1909) 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 645:Namibia (1904) 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 620:Fashoda (1898) 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 580:Ashanti (1895) 577: 572: 567: 562: 560:Dahomey (1892) 557: 552: 547: 545:Dahomey (1890) 542: 537: 535:Eritrea (1889) 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 500:Tunisia (1881) 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 471: 470: 463: 456: 448: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 378:Sihayo's Kraal 374: 371: 370: 366:Anglo-Zulu War 361: 360: 353: 346: 338: 330: 329: 328:3,500+ wounded 324: 318: 317: 313: 312: 309: 308:3 Gatling guns 305: 304: 294: 293:7,000 Africans 291: 265: 264: 254: 253:9,000 Africans 251: 239:16,500–16,800 231: 230: 226: 225: 211: 164: 163: 159: 158: 153: 152: 151: 136:British Empire 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 91:, present day 87: 85: 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 37: 36: 35:Anglo-Zulu War 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6926: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6831: 6830: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6669:Die Spoorbund 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509:Workers Party 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6390:Radio Freedom 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341:Oranjewerkers 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983:organisations 5979: 5976: 5974:organisations 5970: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771:Tshwane riots 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5495:Project Coast 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5474:Mafeje affair 5471: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444:Durban Moment 5441: 5438: 5437:Rivonia Trial 5434: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391:Disinvestment 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146:1820 Settlers 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4852: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4622:Ikhwan revolt 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069:Spice Islands 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4027:Santo Domingo 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3816:Pontiac's War 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768:Carnatic Wars 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738:Tuscarora War 3736: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3490:public domain 3479: 3475: 3473:1-85367-041-3 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3454:0-86985-829-7 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3420:. Macmillan. 3419: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3350:0-86980-579-7 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266:. Scarecrow. 3265: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171:. Greenhill. 3170: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150:. Scarecrow. 3149: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3007:0-8032-7059-3 3003: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979:. Tafelberg. 2978: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2922:0-304-36270-0 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2794:, p. 99. 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2734:, p. 62. 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2682: 2675: 2669:, p. 92. 2668: 2667:Meredith 2007 2663: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2642:, p. 49. 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2615: 2609:, p. 79. 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2537:, p. 11. 2536: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2481:Bourquin 1978 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2447:, p. 15. 2446: 2445:Barthorp 2002 2441: 2435:, p. 13. 2434: 2433:Barthorp 2002 2429: 2423:, p. 89. 2422: 2421:Meredith 2007 2417: 2411:, p. 91. 2410: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2357:, p. 41. 2356: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Thompson 2006 2284: 2279: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992:Rorke's Drift 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973:Last veterans 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1928:Robben Island 1924: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1733:Rorke's Drift 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Rorke's Drift 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Buffalo River 1641: 1640:Rorke's Drift 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1609:Rorke's Drift 1606: 1605:Buffalo River 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1419:Intombe River 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1336:Thukela River 1333: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1280: 1277:February 2020 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1250:This section 1248: 1239: 1238: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1150:Pongola River 1147: 1146:Rorke's Drift 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1023:Robben Island 1019: 1018:Langalibalele 1014: 1012: 1008: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 989:By 1877, Sir 985: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 950: 947:In 1877, Sir 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 850: 847: 839: 829: 825: 819: 818: 812: 807: 798: 797: 789: 787: 782: 781:Rorke's Drift 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 730: 726: 725:Rorke's Drift 722: 718: 714: 701: 700:Darfur (1916) 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 670:Mufilo (1907) 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 640:Angola (1902) 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 479: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 449: 446: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Rorke's Drift 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 372: 367: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 339: 336: 325: 320: 319: 314: 311:35,000–50,000 310: 300: 295: 292: 287: 282: 281: 280: 277: 276:2nd invasion: 272: 255: 252: 247: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236:1st invasion: 233: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 212: 209: 204: 198: 193: 187: 182: 176: 171: 166: 165: 160: 157: 154: 150: 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 120: 112: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64:Rorke's Drift 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6827: 6787:Histories of 6488:United Party 6397:Reform Party 6334:Orangia Unie 5959: 5950: 5943:Swart gevaar 5941: 5925: 5881: 5872: 5813: 5715:Blikkiesdorp 5041:Pre-colonial 4894:Natal Colony 4878:Zulu Kingdom 4792:South Africa 4592:Iraqi Revolt 4447:Matabeleland 4423:North Borneo 4417:Matabeleland 4369:Saskatchewan 4332: 4171:Upper Canada 4165:Lower Canada 4123:Persian Gulf 4039:Persian Gulf 3979:Newfoundland 3960:Polygar Wars 3930:Kandyan Wars 3882:Nootka Sound 3502: 3463: 3436: 3416: 3395: 3378:. Infodial. 3374: 3362: 3336: 3304: 3283: 3262: 3241: 3220: 3199: 3188: 3167: 3146: 3125: 3104: 3083: 3062: 3038: 3017: 2996: 2975: 2953: 2935: 2931: 2908: 2885: 2861:. Retrieved 2856: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2815: 2809: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2744:Colenso 1880 2739: 2727: 2722:, p. 8. 2715: 2701: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2647: 2635: 2628:Colenso 1880 2623: 2614: 2602: 2595:Colenso 1880 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2547:Colenso 1880 2542: 2522:, p. 9. 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2389: 2377: 2370:Colenso 1880 2336: 2324: 2312: 2278: 2262: 2255:Colenso 1880 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2202: 2195:Colenso 1880 2190: 2183:Colenso 1880 2178: 2166: 2154: 2138: 2131:Colenso 1880 2126: 2119:Colenso 1880 2114: 2103:Colenso 1880 2098: 2018: 2010: 1984:Frank Bourne 1967: 1961:he moved to 1950:Tugela River 1947: 1933:A Resident ( 1932: 1925: 1917: 1894: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1834: 1814: 1798: 1787: 1783: 1764: 1749: 1708: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1652:Tugela River 1621: 1613: 1582: 1566: 1514: 1510: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1309: 1297:Henry Bulwer 1294: 1287: 1274: 1259:Please help 1251: 1218: 1212: 1202: 1198: 1162: 1135: 1122: 1103:Voortrekkers 1100: 1072:Zulu Kingdom 1066: 1051:Zulu Kingdom 1031: 1027: 1015: 1011:John Colenso 1003: 999: 988: 984:Bartle Frere 949:Bartle Frere 946: 927: 915:diamond rush 904: 862: 842: 836:January 2018 833: 814: 762: 746:Bartle Frere 742:South Africa 721:Zulu Kingdom 712: 710: 605:Benin (1897) 540:Congo (1895) 510:Egypt (1882) 505:Sudan (1881) 489: 365: 326:6,930 killed 321:1,902 killed 275: 271:Gatling guns 266: 235: 234: 156:Zulu Kingdom 149:Natal Colony 127: 122:Belligerents 93:South Africa 89:Zulu Kingdom 52:17th Lancers 29: 6889:Last stands 5927:Rooi gevaar 5806:2021 unrest 5736:Nkandlagate 5565:Third Force 5426:Rugby union 5024:(1981–1994) 5016:(1979–1994) 5008:(1977–1994) 5000:(1976–1994) 4992:(1910–1961) 4984:(1902–1910) 4976:(1902–1910) 4968:(1886–1891) 4960:(1885–1887) 4952:(1884–1888) 4944:(1882–1885) 4936:(1882–1883) 4928:(1870–1873) 4920:(1861–1879) 4912:(1856–1902) 4904:(1854–1902) 4896:(1843–1910) 4888:(1839–1843) 4880:(1816–1897) 4872:(1795–1910) 4870:Cape Colony 4862: 1780 4847: 1780 4834:(1652–1806) 4824: 1220 4817: 1075 4712:Suez Crisis 4610:Transjordan 4514:West Africa 4491:(1899–1902) 4485:(1898–1901) 4477:Six-Day War 4425:(1894–1905) 4413:(1891–1895) 4393:Mashonaland 4357:Mahdist War 4297:Shimonoseki 4227:(1847–1901) 4137:(1824–1901) 4105:Cape Colony 4003:Cape Colony 3962:(1799–1805) 3956:(1799–1803) 3944:(1798–1800) 3932:(1796–1818) 3906:Cape Colony 3896:(1793–1806) 3878:(1788–1934) 3774:Nova Scotia 3744:Yamasee War 3715:(1694–1700) 3689:Child's War 3677:2nd Tangier 3671:1st Tangier 3667:(1655–1739) 3617:Saint Kitts 3595:(1593–1603) 3359:David, Saul 3058:Knight, Ian 2768:Knight 1995 2756:Morvan 2021 2720:Knight 2005 2535:Knight 2003 2520:Knight 2003 2469:Knight 1996 2382:Morris 1998 2355:Spiers 2006 2317:Morris 1998 2295:Morris 1998 2291:Knight 2003 2271:Knight 1995 2243:Morris 1998 2231:Laband 2009 2207:Knight 1996 2147:Knight 2003 2143:Knight 2003 2107:Morris 1998 1943:freebooters 1837:Gingindlovu 1767:Evelyn Wood 1762:had begun. 1397:Hicks Beach 1311:casus belli 1189:Paul Kruger 1044:Cape Colony 1007:Paul Kruger 974:casus belli 881:Cape Colony 828:introducing 615:Chad (1898) 418:Gingindlovu 323:256 wounded 303:2,000 Boers 108:Territorial 6843:Categories 6738:Greyshirts 6502:Volksparty 6040:Black Sash 5701:Xenophobia 5694:Travelgate 5451:Border War 5255:Bantustans 5153:Great Trek 5098:Xhosa Wars 4958:Upingtonia 4942:Stellaland 4616:Pink's War 4508:Somaliland 4345:Basutoland 4099:Guadeloupe 4081:Xhosa Wars 4063:Seychelles 4045:Guadeloupe 4033:Martinique 3900:Rohilkhand 3864:Gold Coast 3834:Rohilkhand 3792:Bengal War 3629:Pequot War 3108:. Osprey. 3087:. Osprey. 3066:. Osprey. 2283:Raugh 2011 2267:Raugh 2011 2086:References 2070:Shaka Zulu 1807:, led the 1711:Isandlwana 1587:, and the 1269:Wikisource 1068:Shaka Zulu 907:Vaal River 811:references 792:Background 635:Aro (1901) 393:Isandlwana 306:14 cannons 267:17 cannons 5961:Volkstaat 5952:Uitlander 5883:Boerehaat 5859:Anarchism 5666:Arms Deal 5629:apartheid 5289:Pass laws 5266:Apartheid 5211:1910–1948 5130:1815–1910 5068:1652–1815 4748:Falklands 4744:(1963–67) 4738:(1962–66) 4732:(1962–90) 4720:(1962–76) 4708:(1955–59) 4702:(1954–59) 4696:(1952–60) 4690:(1948–60) 4684:(1946–50) 4676:Indonesia 4672:(1945–46) 4670:Indochina 4666:(1944–48) 4654:(1936–39) 4648:(1936–39) 4636:(1931–32) 4630:(1930–31) 4624:(1927–30) 4606:(1922–24) 4604:Kurdistan 4588:(1919–20) 4564:(1916–17) 4544:Nyasaland 4540:(1914–15) 4534:(1914–15) 4522:(1903–04) 4516:(1901–02) 4510:(1900–20) 4473:(1897–98) 4467:(1897–98) 4449:(1896–97) 4419:(1893–94) 4383:(1886–89) 4359:(1881–99) 4353:(1880–81) 4347:(1880–81) 4341:(1879–80) 4329:(1875–76) 4315:Abyssinia 4311:(1866–71) 4305:(1864–65) 4293:(1863–64) 4285:Kagoshima 4281:(1857–58) 4275:(1857–59) 4269:(1856–60) 4263:(1856–57) 4257:(1854–56) 4255:Åland War 4239:(1848–49) 4215:(1845–50) 4209:(1845–46) 4203:(1845–72) 4197:(1839–42) 4191:(1839–42) 4185:(1839–41) 4173:(1837–38) 4167:(1837–38) 4161:(1831–33) 4155:(1831–32) 4149:(1828–32) 4143:(1824–26) 4119:(1817–18) 4095:(1814–16) 4089:(1812–15) 4083:(1811–79) 4077:(1810–11) 4057:Mauritius 4029:(1808–09) 4011:(1806–07) 3987:(1803–05) 3950:(1798–99) 3920:(1795–96) 3914:(1795–96) 3890:(1789–92) 3866:(1781–82) 3860:(1779–84) 3854:(1775–82) 3848:(1775–83) 3836:(1773–74) 3830:(1769–73) 3824:(1765–71) 3818:(1763–66) 3812:(1762–63) 3800:(1758–61) 3794:(1756–65) 3788:(1756–63) 3782:(1754–63) 3776:(1749–55) 3770:(1746–63) 3764:(1744–48) 3758:(1740–42) 3752:(1722–25) 3746:(1715–17) 3740:(1711–15) 3734:(1702–13) 3709:(1688–97) 3703:(1688–91) 3691:(1686–90) 3685:(1675–78) 3661:(1654–60) 3655:(1654–67) 3649:(1649–53) 3643:(1641–53) 3631:(1634–38) 3601:(1609–46) 2944:2193-2336 2832:144446027 2792:Gump 1996 2607:Gump 1996 2505:Gump 1996 2409:Gump 1996 2394:Gump 1996 2304:Citations 2020:Zulu Dawn 1921:Cape Town 1901:Cape Town 1897:Cetshwayo 1885:Aftermath 1593:Transvaal 1585:Cetshwayo 1305:ultimatum 1265:Wikiquote 1252:contains 1181:Lydenburg 1126:Swaziland 1088:Pretorius 995:Cetshwayo 951:was made 919:Kimberley 911:Cape Town 889:Cape Town 788:in 1887. 769:Cetshwayo 765:ultimatum 6829:Category 6731:Boeremag 6229:Jeugkrag 6180:Het Volk 5874:Baasskap 5816:incident 5419:Olympics 4998:Transkei 4801:polities 4799:Defunct 4736:Malaysia 4658:Ethiopia 4556:Peshawar 4321:Manitoba 4303:Duar War 3599:Virginia 3499:Zululand 3341:Brooklyn 3060:(1996). 2907:(2002). 2679:Morris. 2640:Guy 1994 2028:See also 1909:Zibhebhu 1715:Pulleine 1648:Zululand 1636:Greytown 1368:izinduna 1187:, under 1165:Zululand 970:Zululand 962:dominion 940:and the 928:In 1874 758:Zululand 719:and the 388:Inyezane 229:Strength 84:Location 18:Zulu War 6634:SAAPAWU 5972:Defunct 5935:Slavery 5139:Mfecane 4730:Sarawak 4682:Sarawak 4574:Nigeria 4562:Mohmand 4550:Nigeria 4501:century 4159:Malacca 4153:Jamaica 4111:Algiers 4051:Reunion 3997:Surinam 3972:century 3918:Grenada 3912:Jamaica 3804:Jamaica 3725:century 3665:Jamaica 3593:Ireland 3586:century 3573:English 3492:: 2876:Sources 2863:9 April 2837:2 March 2782:, Ch 9. 1955:Nkandla 1939:Usibepu 1681:Assegai 1664:Utrecht 1591:in the 1449:moment. 1228:History 1220:assegai 1209:age-set 1173:Dingane 1090:at the 1080:inDunas 877:Basotho 824:improve 413:Kambula 408:Hlobane 403:Intombe 279:25,000 110:changes 60:Kambula 6585:FOSATU 6439:SAYRCO 6411:SADECO 6327:Occupy 5866:Azania 5814:Lady R 5743:Racism 5572:CODESA 5033:Events 5022:Ciskei 4934:Goshen 4864:–1819) 4849:–1817) 4750:(1982) 4726:(1962) 4724:Brunei 4714:(1956) 4678:(1945) 4660:(1943) 4642:(1935) 4618:(1925) 4612:(1923) 4600:(1921) 4594:(1920) 4582:(1919) 4576:(1918) 4570:(1917) 4568:Quebec 4558:(1915) 4552:(1915) 4546:(1915) 4528:(1906) 4479:(1899) 4461:(1897) 4455:(1897) 4443:(1896) 4437:(1896) 4431:(1895) 4407:(1891) 4401:(1891) 4395:(1890) 4389:(1888) 4387:Hazara 4377:(1885) 4371:(1885) 4365:(1882) 4335:(1879) 4323:(1870) 4317:(1868) 4299:(1864) 4287:(1863) 4251:(1854) 4245:(1852) 4233:(1848) 4231:Ceylon 4221:(1847) 4219:Canton 4179:(1839) 4131:(1823) 4129:Guiana 4125:(1819) 4113:(1816) 4107:(1815) 4101:(1815) 4071:(1810) 4065:(1810) 4059:(1810) 4053:(1810) 4047:(1810) 4041:(1809) 4035:(1809) 4023:(1807) 4017:(1807) 4005:(1806) 3999:(1804) 3993:(1804) 3981:(1800) 3938:(1798) 3926:(1795) 3924:Ceylon 3908:(1795) 3902:(1794) 3884:(1789) 3872:(1786) 3842:(1774) 3806:(1762) 3697:(1687) 3679:(1664) 3673:(1662) 3653:Acadia 3637:(1641) 3625:(1628) 3623:Quebec 3619:(1626) 3613:(1622) 3607:(1612) 3605:Swally 3486: 3470: 3451: 3445:Sutton 3441:Stroud 3424: 3403: 3382: 3347: 3312: 3291: 3270: 3249: 3228: 3207: 3175: 3154: 3133: 3112: 3091: 3070: 3046: 3025: 3004: 2983: 2959:London 2942: 2919: 2893: 2830: 1963:Eshowe 1794:Eshowe 1672:Ulundi 1556:, and 1407:indaba 1177:Swazis 1138:Mpande 1118:Mpande 1076:Dukuza 813:, but 433:Ulundi 423:Eshowe 100:Result 56:Ulundi 6766:PAGAD 6662:SATUC 6655:SARHU 6641:SACTU 6620:NURHS 6578:FNETU 6564:CTSWU 6557:CNETU 6550:BLATU 6432:SAYCO 6320:NUSAS 6201:IDASA 6012:AITUP 5627:Post- 5014:Venda 4628:Tirah 4538:Tochi 4327:Perak 4093:Nepal 4015:Egypt 3942:Malta 3870:Assam 3713:Ghana 3611:Ormuz 2938:(4). 2828:S2CID 2091:Notes 1687:iklwa 1646:into 1589:Boers 1458:Terms 1415:Swazi 1214:iklwa 1205:Shaka 1169:Natal 1142:Boers 1116:King 893:Natal 740:into 6773:SANF 6703:APLA 6648:SAIF 6627:PAWE 6613:NEUM 6606:MUSA 6571:FCWU 6516:WOSA 6467:TNIP 6425:SASO 6418:SAIC 6404:SABP 6355:PAVN 6089:COSG 6068:CTEG 6061:CNIP 4742:Aden 4718:Oman 4700:Oman 4499:20th 4075:Java 3970:19th 3723:18th 3695:Siam 3584:17th 3468:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3401:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3345:ISBN 3310:ISBN 3289:ISBN 3268:ISBN 3247:ISBN 3226:ISBN 3205:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3152:ISBN 3131:ISBN 3110:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3044:ISBN 3023:ISBN 3002:ISBN 2981:ISBN 2940:ISSN 2917:ISBN 2891:ISBN 2865:2016 2839:2023 2012:Zulu 1723:Impi 1697:The 955:for 897:Boer 873:Boer 711:The 74:Date 6724:BBB 6717:AWB 6710:ARM 6676:UDF 6599:IWW 6592:ICU 6543:BCM 6536:APF 6481:UFP 6383:PRP 6362:PFP 6313:NRP 6306:NPP 6292:NNP 6285:NLP 6271:NCP 6222:ISL 6173:GNP 6145:ECC 6138:DSM 6131:DPP 6103:DLF 6075:COD 6054:CDA 6033:BPC 6026:AVF 6019:APO 4087:USA 3501:". 2820:doi 1988:DCM 1980:OBE 1701:by 1658:), 1607:at 1179:to 1167:to 54:at 6845:: 6745:MK 6299:NP 6264:NA 6215:IP 6208:ID 6159:FD 6152:FA 6096:CP 4859:c. 4844:c. 4821:c. 4814:c. 3447:. 3443:: 3439:. 3339:. 2961:: 2936:IV 2934:. 2915:. 2911:. 2855:. 2826:. 2816:43 2814:. 2808:. 2659:^ 2527:^ 2512:^ 2401:^ 2362:^ 2345:^ 1986:, 1982:) 1945:. 1923:. 1911:, 1552:, 1548:, 1544:, 1540:, 1536:, 1532:, 1528:, 1152:. 1013:. 932:, 760:. 269:7 5201:) 5197:( 4857:( 4842:( 4826:) 4819:– 4812:( 4783:e 4776:t 4769:v 3575:/ 3564:e 3557:t 3550:v 3476:. 3457:. 3430:. 3409:. 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