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created a type of peep shows with an illusion of depth perception by manipulating the perspective of the view seen inside, usually the interior of a room. From around 1700 many of such "perspective boxes" or "optica" had a bi-convex lens with a large diameter and small dioptre for an exaggerated
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In 1745, the first
English versions of the devices began to appear and soon many perspective views were printed for it, mostly of views with urban architecture. The oldest known reference to the English device is found in an advertisement in an English newspaper from April 1746. The term
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In 1730, the first zograscopes, then called "optiques", were developed in Paris. Many perspective views, mainly of scenes from France and
Germany but some from England, were published. Optiques incorporated a mirror but lacked any simple means of varying the distance of the lens from the
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purchasers to see the images clearly despite the French fashion against wearing glasses. But
Chaldecott (1953) doubted this could have been the sole reason for the devices' enduring popularity, leaving the major factor to be the realistic appearance of the depicted images.
56:. This allows someone to sit at a table and to look through the lens at the picture flat on the table. Pictures viewed in this way need to be left-right reversed; this is obvious in the case of writing. A print made for this purpose, typically with extensive
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Blake, E. C. (2003). Zograscopes, virtual reality, and the mapping of polite society in eighteenth-century
England. In L. Gitelman, & G. B. Pingree (Eds.), New Media, 1740-1915 (pp. 1-30). Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press. Retrieved from
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from different magnification for the two eyes or from differences in the rotation of the images received by the eyes, so-called cyclodisparity. Such disparities create an overall slant of the picture surface around the vertical
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Zograscopes were popular during the later half of the 18th century as parlour entertainments. Most existing ones from that time are fine furniture, with turned stands, mouldings, brass fittings, and fine finishes.
255:) allowing someone to view the magnified image at varying distances on the other side of the lens. Court and von Rorh (1935) suggested that the popularity of the early French models was because they allowed
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Court, T. H., & von Rorh, M. (1935). On old instruments both for the accurate drawing and the correct viewing of perspectives. The
Photographic Journal, 75(February), 54-66. Retrieved from
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Dee, J. (1570). In H. Billingsley, The elements of geometrie of the most auncient pholosopher
Euclide of Megrara. London: John Daye. Retrieved from www.gutenberg.org
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A simple zograscope can be built from a frame (by cutting a rectangular opening in the bottom of a cardboard box) and placing in the frame a large, magnifying,
614:
Troscianko, Tom; Montagnon, Rachel; Clerc, Jacques Le; Malbert, Emmanuelle; Chanteau, Pierre-Louis (1991). "The role of colour as a monocular depth cue".
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similar to the real scene the picture is depicting. The edges of the picture are blocked by the frame of the lens. The light coming from the lens to the
311:. Even if the binocular disparity were incorrect for the surface of the image or any coloured parts of it, the stereoscopic information tends to
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of images was well understood by the time the first devices were constructed in the early 18th century. Basically, the image is placed at the
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or horizontal meridian respectively. As well, coloured parts of the image will be refracted differently for each eye, creating a version of
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A zograscope makes a realistic experience for someone looking through it is by enhancing depth perception. One way is by minimizing other
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perspective, giving a stronger illusion of depth. Most pictures showed architectural and topographical subjects with linear perspectives.
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Koenderink et al. (2013) showed that viewing photographs with a zograscope allowed observers to see depicted objects, such as
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Zograscopes created an unprecedentedly realistic experience of depicted scenes, so much so that Blake (2003) described it as "
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221:". A zograscope allowed viewers to move their eyes over very large scenes, yielding an immersive experience.
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that specify the flatness and pictorial nature of the picture. The image is magnified, perhaps giving it a
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is an optical device for magnifying flat pictures that also has the property of enhancing the sense of the
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boxes became very popular in the 17th century in The
Netherlands. Some artists from the 17th-century
298:. Because each eye views the image from a different position, the surface of the picture could have
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through which the picture is viewed. Devices containing only the lens are sometimes referred to as
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An example of a picture designed for viewing under a zograscope equipped with a mirror, its text
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https://mitpress-request.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262572286_sch_0001.pdf
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as if the subject appeared "naked before the eye in width, breadth, familiarity and distance".
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In 1677, German writer Johann
Christoph Kohlhans described the effect of a convex lens in a
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how "Pieces of
Perspective appear Natural and strong through Convex Glasses duly apply'd".
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Ogle, K. N. (1950). Researchers in binocular vision. New York: Hafner
Publishing Company.
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in which he defined "zographie" as a mathematical art for representing visual images.
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displaying a photograph of a natural scene, the depicted depth will be enhanced.
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A very fruitfull Preface ... specifying the chiefe Mathematicall Scieces, etc.
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A second way a zograscope could enhance depth perception is by creating
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Chaldecott, J.A. (1953). "The zograscope or optical diagonal machine".
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colors whereas the background was tinted with "a pale wash" exploiting
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Large table-top viewer for vue d'optique prints. Late 18th century
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Blakemore, Colin; Fiorentini, Adriana; Maffei, Lamberto (1972).
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Koenderink, Jan; Wijntjes, Maarten; Van Doorn, Andrea (2013).
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https://archive.rps.org/archive/volume-75/734093?q=rohr%201935
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available from stationery stores. When this is placed over a
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479:"Peep-show box - Oxford Reference"
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232:, in objectively measured depth.
319:Construction of modern variation
213:Experience of zograscope viewing
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185:Dutch Golden Age painting
206:optical diagonal machine
87:optical diagonal machine
66:or "perspective view".
375:Permutt, Cyril (1976).
377:Collecting Old Cameras
189:Pieter Janssens Elinga
104:, 'Dutch glasses') or
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567:"Zograscopic Viewing"
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30:written right-to-left
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296:binocular stereopsis
549:. pp. 140–141.
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142:'tricky picture').
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768:Alethoscope
346:Stereoscope
245:focal point
236:Explanation
85:, or as an
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908:Categories
888:Zograscope
858:Raree show
497:"Peepshow"
362:References
277:collimated
265:depth cues
257:presbyopic
181:Raree show
139:karakuri-e
38:zograscope
838:Peep show
833:Mutoscope
803:Flip book
793:Cosmorama
341:Peep show
313:integrate
285:saturated
169:In 1692,
151:In 1570,
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335:See also
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153:John Dee
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107:覗き眼鏡
95:和蘭眼鏡
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