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bridge at the stroke of dawn but the old man was already waiting for him there. The old man chided him, "How can you be late for a meeting with an elderly man? Come back again five days later!" Zhang Liang tried his best to be punctual the second time but the old man still arrived earlier than him, and he was scorned once more and told to return again five days later. The third time, Zhang Liang went to the bridge at midnight and waited until the old man appeared. This time, the old man was impressed with Zhang Liang's fortitude and humility, that he presented Zhang with a book, saying, "You can become the tutor of a ruler after reading this book. Within ten years, the world will become chaotic. You can then use your knowledge from this book to bring peace and prosperity to the empire. Meet me again 13 years later. I'm the yellow rock at the foot of Mount
Gucheng."
542:), the former capital of the Hán state. Han Cheng stayed behind to defend Yangzhai, while Zhang Liang served as a temporary advisor to Liu Bang. Zhang Liang contributed to Liu Bang's eventual victory in the race to Guanzhong for the strategies he proposed. For example, at the battle of Yao Pass, Zhang Liang suggested tricking the Qin commander into surrendering by bribing him with gifts. Liu Bang wanted to accept the surrendered Qin troops into his army but Zhang Liang cautioned him, saying that some of the troops were unwilling to surrender even though their commander agreed. That night, Liu Bang's forces caught the Qin army off guard and scored a major victory. In another incident, Zhang Liang warned Liu Bang against making a detour at Wancheng, because they would be at risk of being surrounded by the enemy if Liu did so.
755:, Zhang Liang suggested to Liu Bang to renounce the Treaty of Hong Canal and use the opportunity to eliminate Western Chu. However, at the Battle of Guling, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu because the expected reinforcements from Han Xin and Peng Yue did not arrive. Zhang Liang explained to Liu Bang that Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops because they did not have their fiefs yet, even though they had received their titles of vassal kings. Liu Bang followed Zhang Liang's advice and granted lands to Han Xin and Peng Yue. Two months later, as Zhang Liang predicted, Han Xin and Peng Yue arrived with their armies and formed a coordinated attack on Western Chu together with Liu Bang's force, defeating Xiang Yu at the
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575:(the Qin capital), Liu Bang was strongly tempted by the riches it housed and wanted to stay there forever. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang about overindulgence in sensual pleasures and Liu ordered his men to seal the treasures and move to Bashang to wait for Xiang Yu and the other rebel forces to arrive. During this period of time, Liu Bang heeded Zhang Liang's advice and governed Guanzhong with benevolence, restoring peace and stability, and forbidding his men from pillaging the cities and harming the common people.
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791:, as Chang'an was in a more strategic position than Luoyang (fertile land and surrounded by natural defences such as mountain passes). Once, Gaozu noticed that some of his subjects were having a secret discussion and he asked for Zhang Liang's opinion. Zhang Liang told Gaozu that they were plotting a rebellion and Gaozu was shocked. Zhang Liang proceeded to ask Gaozu whom of all his subjects he hated the most. Gaozu mentioned
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523:, a descendant of the royal family of Hán, was enthroned as King of Hán, while Zhang Liang was appointed as the Hán's chancellor. Han Cheng's armies attempted to capture Qin cities that were formerly Hán territories but did not achieve much success and engaged in guerrilla warfare for about a year. Later that year, Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao and King Huai II put
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hammer towards it, and the heavy projectile hit and crushed the carriage, killing its occupants. Zhang Liang fled from the scene during the ensuing chaos. However, the First
Emperor was actually in the neighboring carriage and survived the assassination attempt, after which he ordered a massive manhunt for Zhang Liang. Zhang Liang eluded the dragnet for ten days by using fake identities.
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maintained respect for the elder. Impressed by his diligence, Huang
Shigong secretly imparted a heavenly book to him under the cover of night. This knowledge later enabled Zhang Liang to assist Liu Bang in establishing the Han dynasty. After achieving peace, Zhang Liang relinquished his position, retreated to the mountains, embraced the Daoist path, and ultimately attained immortality."
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me my shoe!" Zhang Liang was astonished and offended, but obeyed silently out of courtesy. The old man then lifted his foot and ordered Zhang Liang to put on the shoe for him. Zhang Liang was furious but he controlled his temper and meekly obliged. The man did not show any sign of gratitude and walked away laughing.
492:, several uprisings erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin dynasty. Many of these rebel forces claimed to be restoring the former states that were annexed by Qin two decades ago. Zhang Liang rallied about 100 men to start a rebellion as well, but his force was too weak, so he led his followers to join
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The Dragon King recounted, "At the end of the Qin dynasty, Zhang Liang encountered Huang
Shigong on a bridge. To gauge his potential, Huang Shigong deliberately knocked off his shoe three times, each time falling beneath the bridge, testing Zhang Liang's patience. Though tempted to anger, Zhang Liang
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and stayed there for some time, using fake identities to evade the authorities. One day, Zhang Liang took a stroll at Yishui Bridge and met an old man there. The man walked towards Zhang Liang and chucked his shoe down the bridge on purpose, after which he yelled at Zhang, "Hey boy, go down and fetch
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to save Liu Bang. Following Zhang Liang's instructions, Fan Kuai burst in and openly chided Xiang Yu, making a speech about Liu Bang's accomplishments and affirming that Liu had no intention of opposing Xiang Yu. Liu Bang left the banquet later on the pretext of going to the latrine and was received
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hosted by Xiang Yu, to put Xiang off guard and dismiss Xiang's suspicions that Liu was intending to oppose him. With help from Xiang Bo, Liu Bang managed to survive the dangerous banquet and Xiang Yu dismissed the idea of killing Liu. However, Fan Zeng was dissatisfied and he asked Xiang Yu's cousin
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the new King of Hán. Zhang Liang was still the chancellor of Hán under the new arrangement but he was aware of his precarious position, and cognisant of how Xiang Yu had destroyed his hope of restoring the Hán state. Zhang Liang fled from Hán later and returned to join Liu Bang in the winter of 206
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and sent a messenger to Liu Bang, requesting that Liu appoint him as the acting King of Qi. Liu was still trapped at
Xingyang then and he was furious after hearing the request because he was expecting Han Xin to come to his aid. Zhang Liang reminded Liu Bang that if he refused to approve Han Xin's
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and install the descendants of their royal families on their respective thrones. This plan was intended to help Liu Bang gain the support of the vassal states' rulers, who would help him in the war against Xiang Yu. However, Zhang Liang disapproved of the plan as he felt that the states were more
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Zhang Liang and the strongman lay in ambush at
Bolangsha and waited for the emperor's convoy to approach. They saw that all the carriages that passed by were pulled by four horses and believed that the most decorated one in the middle was the emperor's personal carriage. The strongman hurled the
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As Zhang was brooding over the insult, the old man came back after walking a short distance and praised him, "This child can be taught!" He then told Zhang Liang to meet him at dawn at the bridge again in five days. Zhang Liang was confused but agreed. Five days later, Zhang Liang rushed to the
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Concluding the tale, the Dragon King advised Sun Wukong, stating, "The Great Sage, if you do not protect Tang
Sanzang and heed his guidance, you will not attain enlightenment and will remain merely a demon. Return to your master." Moved by the story, Sun Wukong returned to Tang Sanzang's side.
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According to the rites of the Qin dynasty, only the emperor's carriage would be pulled by six horses. The carriages of the emperor's subjects would be pulled by four horses. Zhang Liang was aware of that and he confirmed that the carriage pulled by six horses was the one carrying the
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request, Han might be discontented and declare independence from Liu, putting them in a dangerous situation. Liu Bang reluctantly agreed and sent Zhang Liang to pass the king's seal to Han Xin. Zhang Liang met Han Xin and succeeded in reaffirming Han's loyalty to Liu Bang.
590:, was an old friend of Zhang Liang and he secretly warned Zhang that Xiang Yu was planning to attack Liu Bang. Liu Bang was shocked and fearful when he heard that, as his forces were too weak to counter Xiang Yu. Zhang Liang advised Liu Bang to attend the
795:, who had rebelled against him before but surrendered later. Zhang Liang then suggested to Gaozu to grant Yong Chi a noble title, because if the others saw that Gaozu was able to forgive Yong Chi, they would be at ease and would not think of rebelling.
582:(eastern gateway to Guanzhong) and Liu ordered his men to prevent Xiang's forces from entering Guanzhong. Xiang Yu was furious when he learnt that Liu Bang had beat him in the race to Guanzhong, and he wanted to kill Liu after being instigated by
973:(巢县志), there is a Zifang Cave on Baiyun Mountain in Chao County. It is said to be the place where Zhang Liang went into seclusion, practicing fasting and meditation. Later generations built a temple there, offering incense to him every year.
611:, who had been waiting nearby on Zhang Liang's instruction. Zhang Liang remained behind to hold Xiang Yu's attention while Liu Bang escaped. Before leaving, Zhang Liang presented Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng with a pair of jade pieces.
783:, Zhang Liang remained as a key advisor to Gaozu even though he did not receive any formal appointment as a government minister. Together with Lou Jing, Zhang Liang later suggested for Gaozu to build his capital in
393:. He spent his entire family fortune and failed to give his deceased younger brother a proper funeral. He managed to find a man with great physical strength to help him, and had an iron hammer weighing 120
802:. In late 201 BC, Gaozu rewarded his subjects who contributed to the dynasty's founding and he conferred the title of "Marquis of Liu" on Zhang Liang. In 196 BC, Gaozu left to suppress a rebellion by
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and Zhang Liang was moved from Liu Bang's side back to Hán to continue serving as chancellor. Before parting ways, Liu Bang presented Zhang Liang with some gold and pearls, all of which Zhang gave to
473:. In legend, Zhang Liang returned to the indicated site 13 years later and did see a yellow rock there. He built a shrine to worship the rock and the rock was buried with him after his death.
697:, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu engaged in a four-year-long power struggle for supremacy over China, historically known as the Chu–Han Contention. In 205 BC, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at the
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during his journey and was impressed with Liu's charisma that he changed his decision and joined Liu instead. Zhang Liang became a temporary advisor to Liu Bang and followed Liu to join
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indicated that Zhang Liang died in the summer (4th to 6th month) of the 6th year of
Emperor Hui's reign. This corresponds to 2 May to 28 Jul 189 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
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to persuade Ying Bu to join him; contacted Peng Yue and allied with him; and allowed Han Xin to lead part of his army to attack other territories on the northern front.
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to help Liu Ying, and the four men succeeded in convincing Gaozu to keep Liu Ying as the crown prince. Zhang Liang remained in retirement until his death in 189 BC.
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In 202 BC, after his victory over Xiang Yu, Liu Bang ascended the throne and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han". Following the establishment of the
1013:. Inside the palace, a painting titled "Three Entrances to the Bridge" caught his eye. He inquired about its meaning, prompting the Dragon King to tell a tale.
950:(仙传拾遗), after Zhang Liang helped Liu Bang establish the Han Dynasty, he practiced self-cultivation using the book given to him by Huang Shigong. He refined his
984:) is another place where Zhang Liang is worshipped. During the Song Dynasty, in the Zhenghe period (1111–1118), he was granted the title of "Lingxu Zhenren".
399:(roughly 160 lbs. or 72 kg) forged for the strongman. In 218 BC, Zhang Liang heard that the emperor was going to Yangwu County (east of present-day
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Zhang Liang's encounter with Huang
Shigong had also become one of the classic Chinese folk tales about humility for later generations to learn from.
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680:). Han Cheng was demoted to "Marquis of Rang" later and killed on Xiang Yu's orders. Xiang Yu seized Han Cheng's kingdom and made his subordinate
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while his father served two generations. Zhang Liang missed the opportunity to inherit his family's legacy as the Hán state was annexed by the
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By late 203 BC, Zhang Liang saw that the tide had turned in favour of Liu Bang, as Xiang Yu had been surrounded on three sides. Together with
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leading to Bashu during the journey to
Hanzhong, in order to reduce Xiang Yu's suspicions that Liu was planning to return and challenge him.
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instead as Chu was superior to Han in terms of military might. Liu Bang realised the problem and immediately dismissed Li Yiji's plan.
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Although Han Cheng was the king of Hán, Xiang Yu did not permit him to govern his kingdom and forced him to accompany him back to his
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BC. Liu Bang conferred on Zhang Liang the title of "Marquis of Chengxin" and Zhang became a permanent advisor to Liu from that time.
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to pretend to perform a sword dance and use the opportunity to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Bo intervened again and saved Liu Bang's life.
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and he retreated to Xiayi. Zhang Liang proposed a strategy to Liu Bang to counter Xiang Yu, known as the "Xiayi Plan" (
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Little is known about Zhang Liang's later life; hence, his final resting place has been a mystery throughout history.
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as King Huai II of Chu after eliminating Jing Ju. Zhang Liang's main goal was to reestablish his native state of
348:). He descended from an aristocrat family in Hán. His grandfather served three generations of the Hán rulers as
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Zhang Liang is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game
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In 207 BC, the combined forces of Liu Bang and Han Cheng conquered Yangzhai (present-day
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east of Pei County, near Liucheng, where a Zhang Liang Temple was also located.
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To avenge the fall of his native state, Zhang Liang dedicated his efforts to
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The portrait of Zhang Liang in the Western Han dynasty murals depicting the
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274:, was a Chinese military strategist and politician who lived in the early
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Zhi to help Liu Ying retain his position, Zhang Liang recommended the
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As a wanted fugitive by the Qin government, Zhang Liang travelled to
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Subsequently, Zhang Liang retired from state affairs and practised
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However, some believed that Zhang Liang's tomb was in present-day
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A Zhang Liang Tomb stands at 6 km southwest of present-day
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and a defector from Liu's side, Cao Wushang. Xiang Yu's uncle,
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Zhang Liang has been portrayed in various media set in the
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suggested to Liu Bang to recreate the former states of the
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1196:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). Google Publishing. 25 October 2014.
1079:. He also appears as a character in the animation series
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Starting in 206 BC, after Liu Bang's forces conquered the
447:(黃石公; lit. "Yellow Rock Old Man") . The book was titled
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divination manual which was also given to Zhang Liang.
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in the Taiqing realm. His eighth-generation grandson,
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The Tianshou Temple in Chen County (now southeast of
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found himself in a heated argument with his master,
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483:
707:). Liu Bang followed Zhang Liang's advice: he sent
372:A Qing dynasty illustration of Zhang Liang in the
318:Zhang Liang was born in Xinzheng (新鄭; present-day
83:Note: In this article, to distinguish between the
966:, also achieved the status of a Taoist immortal.
689:Conquest of the Three Qin and Battle of Pengcheng
661:. Zhang Liang also urged Liu Bang to destroy the
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310:(無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.
1136:"A Note on Loyalty in the Ming-Qing transition"
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714:In 204 BC, Liu Bang was trapped by Xiang Yu in
934:), Zhang Liang's tomb was at Mount Qingyan in
625:Xiang Yu split the former Qin Empire into the
340:was in Chengfu (城父; present-day Chengfu Town,
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602:Meanwhile, Zhang Liang left the tent to find
476:It is also said that Huang Shigong wrote the
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645:) instead and granted the title of "King of
1075:. He appears in the 2012 television series
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511:The following year, Xiang Liang installed
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899:. According to the 7th-century gazetteer
876:Another Zhang Liang Tomb stands south of
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100:For other people with similar names, see
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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32:This article includes a list of general
948:Collection of Lost Records of Immortals
423:An illustration of Zhang Liang putting
16:Chinese strategist (c. 251 BC - 189 BC)
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578:In 206 BC, Xiang Yu's army arrived at
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1073:The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor
672:'s capital of Pengcheng (present-day
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734:In 203 BC, after his victory at the
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381:Assassination attempt on Qin Emperor
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995:In the 16th-century Chinese novel
857:. According to legend, during the
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38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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763:In service during the Han dynasty
484:Rebelling against the Qin dynasty
470:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
306:. Zhang Liang is depicted in the
1637:Han dynasty government officials
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1035:Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI
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1061:The Great Conqueror's Concubine
488:In 209 BC, during the reign of
224:National Zodiac Tiger (Zhìshao)
169:Military strategist, politician
1301:, volumes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
1274:Records of the Grand Historian
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1212:(in Chinese). 明清出版機構研究会. 2001.
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1170:(in Chinese). 吉林人民出版社. 2001.
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1228:(in Chinese). 东方出版中心. 2008.
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1254:(in Chinese). 商務印書館. 1941.
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563:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
1152:10.3406/etchi.1994.1203
467:, while some called it
53:more precise citations.
1134:McMorran, Ian (1994).
942:Zhang Liang and Taoism
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460:Six Secret Teachings
391:First Emperor of Qin
374:Wanxiaotang Huachuan
214:2 (Sign and symbol)
998:Journey to the West
990:Journey to the West
871:Cultural Revolution
859:Lü Clan Disturbance
736:Battle of Wei River
699:Battle of Pengcheng
276:Western Han dynasty
228:Indochinese leopard
199:Marquis of Liu (留侯)
1642:Qin dynasty people
1421:Chu–Han Contention
1263:General references
1057:Chu–Han Contention
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592:Feast at Hong Gate
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557:Feast at Hong Gate
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267:251 BC – 189 BC),
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1235:978-7-80186-796-4
1177:978-7-206-03888-4
1082:The Legend of Qin
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1423:(206–202 BC)
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245:Chinese name
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1586:Xiahou Ying
1501:Zhang Liang
1430:Western Chu
1286:Book of Han
836:Zhangjiajie
787:instead of
781:Han dynasty
759:in 202 BC.
729:Western Chu
682:Zheng Chang
670:Western Chu
609:Xiahou Ying
536:Yuzhou City
506:Xiang Liang
350:chancellors
261:Zhang Liang
249:family name
179:Zifang (子房)
111:Zhang Liang
102:Zhang Liang
93:Han dynasty
51:introducing
1616:Categories
1473:Zhongli Mo
1448:Consort Yu
1293:Sima Guang
1089:References
1077:King's War
1059:, such as
1044:Jiang Ziya
1003:Sun Wukong
916:Xianshizhi
893:Pei County
816:Empress Lü
740:Qi kingdom
695:Three Qins
580:Hangu Pass
490:Qin Er Shi
478:Lingqijing
465:Jiang Ziya
314:Early life
166:Occupation
34:references
1601:Guan Ying
1581:Chen Ping
1269:Sima Qian
1225:吴承恩与《西游记》
1146:: 47–64.
988:Story in
926:Lingmuzhi
902:Kuodi Zhi
753:Chen Ping
651:Han Cheng
631:Guanzhong
529:Guanzhong
521:Han Cheng
500:. He met
498:Chu state
354:Qin state
328:Hán state
320:Zhengzhou
85:Han state
1576:Li Shang
1566:Peng Yue
1556:Zhou Xie
1541:Chong Da
1521:Fan Kuai
1516:Cao Shen
1491:Liu Bang
1468:Xiang Bo
1443:Fan Zeng
1438:Xiang Yu
1251:西遊記: 一百囘
1124:(孺子可教矣!)
1115:emperor.
882:Shandong
812:Liu Ruyi
808:Liu Ying
793:Yong Chi
785:Chang'an
716:Xingyang
659:Xiang Bo
604:Fan Kuai
588:Xiang Bo
584:Fan Zeng
573:Xianyang
525:Xiang Yu
502:Liu Bang
243:In this
91:and the
1591:Zhou Bo
1571:Li Yiji
1561:Ying Bu
1546:Fu Kuan
1536:Ding Fu
1531:Chen Xi
1511:Han Xin
1506:Xiao He
1453:Long Ju
1307:Portals
1283:et al.
1069:Emperor
978:Kaifeng
804:Ying Bu
789:Luoyang
720:Li Yiji
709:Xiao He
678:Jiangsu
643:Sichuan
494:Jing Ju
396:catties
296:Xiao He
286:Han Xin
196:Peerage
87:of the
47:improve
1596:Lu Wan
1551:Jin Xi
1496:Lü Zhi
1281:Ban Gu
1232:
1174:
1167:六十种曲评注
1063:, and
924:) and
897:Xuzhou
800:Taoism
674:Xuzhou
513:Mi Xin
342:Bozhou
294:) and
272:Zifang
247:, the
211:Taoism
153:251 BC
36:, but
1458:Ji Bu
1363:Media
1321:China
936:Hunan
867:Henan
855:Henan
840:Hunan
540:Henan
433:Xiapi
405:Henan
346:Anhui
324:Henan
254:Zhang
191:(文成侯)
1380:Data
1230:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1040:Koei
704:下邑之謀
454:太公兵法
281:漢初三傑
220:Zebu
216:Bull
158:Died
147:Born
1483:Han
1148:doi
1071:in
1038:by
931:陵墓志
921:仙釋志
655:Hán
649:".
647:Han
633:to
607:by
571:in
517:Hán
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251:is
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344:,
333:韓國
322:,
291:韓信
265:c.
230:,
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151:c.
117:張良
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