545:
for her dedication to the
Ethiopian Orthodox faith and her role in a transitional period that set the stage for the modernization efforts that followed. Critics argue that her conservative policies may have hindered Ethiopia's progress and adaptation to the modern world. However, supporters highlight her significant role in maintaining Ethiopian sovereignty and cultural identity during a period of potential upheaval. Her reign remains a topic of study for its insights into the challenges of leadership during a time of significant political and social change.
673:
768:
particularly happy as
Empress. Even though he had treated her abominably, she held much personal affection for her nephew Iyasu, and is said to have wept bitterly for him when told that she was being made Empress as her nephew had been excommunicated for apostasy. Increasingly, the Empress retreated from state responsibility into a world of fasting and prayer, whilst the progressive elements that surrounded the heir, Tafari Makonnen, gained in strength and influence at court.
864:. Tafari was a moderniser, believing that Ethiopia needed to open itself to the world in order to survive. In this, he had the backing of many younger nobles. Zewditu, however, was a conservative, believing in the preservation of Ethiopian tradition. She had the strong backing of the church in this belief. Slowly, however, Zewditu began to withdraw from active politics, leaving more and more power to Tafari. Under Tafari's direction, Ethiopia entered the
27:
350:
623:. The marriage was political, having been arranged when Menelik agreed to submit to Yohannes' rule. Yohannes and Menelik eventually fell into conflict again, however, with Menelik launching a rebellion against Yohannes' rule. Zewditu's marriage was childless, since she was very young during her marriage, although her husband had fathered a son by another woman. When Araya Selassie died in 1888, she left
148:
654:, Negus Menelik of Shewa assumed power and became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male line succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelik II, Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the
923:
Gugsa Welle was killed in battle, Empress
Zewditu died. According to some popular histories, Zewditu died of shock and grief at hearing of her husband's death, but other accounts contradict this, claiming that Zewditu was not informed of the battle's outcome before her sudden death. Some diplomatic
689:
Tessema, and the ministers agreed that Iyasu's coronation should be postponed until he was a bit older and had taken Holy
Communion with his wife, which would make his marriage insoluble in the eyes of the Orthodox Church. However, Iyasu quickly encountered problems with his rule, and he was never
544:
The death of
Empress Zewditu in 1930, under circumstances that remain somewhat unclear, marked the end of an era and paved the way for Ras Tafari to become Emperor Haile Selassie. Her legacy reflects efforts to maintain traditional values while facing the inevitability of change. She is remembered
627:
and returned to her father's court in Shewa. Despite the hostility between
Menelik and Yohannes, Zewditu managed throughout the conflict to maintain good relations with both. In a sign of his high regard and affection for his daughter-in-law, Emperor Yohannes IV sent Zewditu back to Shewa with a
536:
Faced with significant internal challenges, she navigated power struggles between conservative and modernist factions within the country. Despite her conservative stance, Zewditu had to deal with the complexities of a nation under pressure to modernize and engage with foreign powers. During her
767:
Iyasu, whom her father had wanted to succeed him – while she believed that Iyasu's overthrow was necessary, she had admired her father greatly, and was unhappy at having to disobey his wishes. Her separation from her husband and her guilt about Iyasu's overthrow combined to make
Zewditu not
638:. Gugsa Welle was the nephew of the Empress Taytu, Zewditu's stepmother. Zewditu had already been on good terms with Taytu, but the direct tie between the two helped cement the relationship. Unlike her prior marriages, Zewditu's marriage to Gugsa Welle is thought to have been happy.
537:
reign, Ethiopia experienced political manoeuvring, with Ras Tafari pushing for reforms and international diplomacy, creating a dual power dynamic that defined her rule. Ethiopia's attempts to assert its sovereignty amidst external threats, particularly from colonial powers like
758:, had withdrawn from the capital after Menelik's death, but were still distrusted somewhat due to the evident favoritism she had practiced during the reign of her late husband. In an attempt to limit her influence, the aristocracy arranged for her nephew—Zewditu's husband
541:, marked this period. Her commitment to preserving Ethiopian independence and cultural heritage was a notable aspect of her leadership. However, resistance to rapid modernization and reliance on traditionalist policies led to tensions within the government and society.
762:
Gugsa Welle—to be appointed to a remote governorship, removing him from court. This move, while intended as a strike against Taytu rather than against
Zewditu, is believed to have upset Zewditu considerably. Zewditu also suffered guilt for taking the throne from
828:, the niece of Tafari Makonnen, as his bride. When Iyasu was captured, a tearful Empress Zewditu pleaded that he be kept in a special house on the grounds of the palace, where she would see to his care and he could receive religious counsel. She found
680:
Due to fears of instability that might be caused, the cabinet of ministers decided not to publicly proclaim the death of
Menelik II. As a result, Iyasu was never officially proclaimed as Emperor Iyasu V. However, both Menelik's death and Iyasu's
924:
sources in Addis Ababa reported at the time that the fever-stricken
Empress was immersed in a large container of frigidly cold holy water to cure her of her illness, but that her body went into shock, and she died shortly thereafter.
669:, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside.
795:
was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa in chains, carrying a rock of repentance on his shoulders, before entering the throne room and kissing the Empress's shoes to beg for her mercy. The heir to the throne,
836:
Habte Giyorgis Dinagde to be unbendingly opposed, and so gave up. She did, however, ensure that special favorite foods and a constant supply of clothing and luxuries reached Iyasu at his place of arrest in Sellale.
787:, a powerful northern leader, Iyasu attempted to regain the throne. The two failed to effectively coordinate their efforts however, and after some initial victories Iyasu's father was defeated and captured at the
516:
Empress Zewditu sought to maintain Ethiopia's traditional values during her reign through a series of conservative policies, resisting rapid modernization. Ascending to the throne in 1916 after the deposition of
607:, Menelik's eventual heir. However, the Emperor remained closest to Zewditu, who also had good relations with her stepmother, the Empress Taytu, and was part of her father's household for most of her life.
753:
While the conservative Ethiopian aristocracy was generally supportive of Zewditu, it was less enthusiastic about many of her relatives. Zewditu's stepmother and the aunt of her husband, Dowager Empress
525:, who saw her as a stabilizing figure. Her rule was characterized by efforts to uphold Ethiopian traditions and the Orthodox Christian faith, contrasting with the modernizing ambitions of her regent,
592:, was a noblewoman of Wollo and a brief companion of Menelik II. Her mother separated from Menelik when Zewditu was very young, and the future empress was raised by her father and his consort
600:
but had no children by this wife. Menelik had three acknowledged children: Zewditu herself; a son, Asfa Wossen, who died before adulthood; and another daughter Shewa Regga, the mother of
1431:
891:, i.e. Empress), Tafari was now in effect the ruler of Ethiopia. A number of attempts were made to displace him, but they were all unsuccessful. In 1930, Zewditu's husband
907:, hoping to end the regency in spite of his wife's repeated pleas and orders to desist, but was defeated and killed in battle by the modernised Ethiopian army at the
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sympathies. After a troubled few years, Iyasu was removed from power. Zewditu was summoned to the capital, and on 27 September 1916, the Council of State and the
505:), about which she was at best ambivalent and often stridently opposed, due to her staunch conservatism and strong religious devotion. She is the most recent
1369:
879:, but it was unsuccessful. Empress Zewditu was compelled to grant Tafari, who now controlled most of the Ethiopian government, the title of King (
584:
is an Amharic word meaning "the Crown", though it sometimes appears erroneously Anglicized as "Judith", with which it is not cognate. Her mother,
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officially announced the death of Emperor Menelik II and deposed Iyasu in favour of Zewditu. Zewditu's official title was "Queen of Kings" (
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Tafari was also made heir apparent to Zewditu, for none of her children had survived to adulthood. In 1928, after an attempt to remove
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Tafari Makonnen, was not present at this spectacle out of consideration for the feelings of his wife, who was the granddaughter of
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crowned. He was widely disliked by the nobility for his unstable behavior, and the church held him in suspicion for his alleged
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1370:"About this Collection | United States Treaties and Other International Agreements | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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As Empress Zewditu's reign progressed, the difference in outlook gradually widened between her and her appointed heir,
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large gift of valuable cattle, at a time when relations between him and her father were at a particularly low point.
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872:. Zewditu busied herself with religious activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches.
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820:, the son whom Zewditu's first husband had fathered by another woman. Gugsa Araya was rewarded with the title of
1477:"Prowess, Piety and Politics: the Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909-1930) (review)"
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from 1916 until her death in 1930. The first female head of an internationally recognized country in
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Initially, Zewditu was not permitted to exercise power herself. Instead, her cousin
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accession were widely known and accepted. The Church authorities, the Lord Regent
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Tafari Makonnen from power failed, the Empress was compelled to crown her cousin
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Tafari remained under the nominal rule of Zewditu (who was still
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1537:"> askalemaryam - አስካለማርያም Ethiopian name Meaning in English"
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The early period of Zewditu's reign was marked by a war against
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Zewditu had two further marriages, both brief, before marrying
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was also linked in the female line. Menelik died in 1913, and
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Ethiopian Treasures – Empress Zawditu, Addis Ababa – Ethiopia
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566:(Zauditu), the future Empress was the second daughter of the
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702:), a modification of the traditional title "King of Kings" (
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Iyasu, who had escaped captivity. Backed by his father,
1562:"> zewditu - ዘውዲቱ Ethiopian name Meaning in English"
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in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the first and only
811:. After years on the run, Iyasu was later captured by
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Baptised as Askala Maryam ("Askal of Mary", a type of
1515:"Empress Zewditu: A Woman of Faith and Modernization"
521:, she was supported by conservative factions and the
1588:
The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913
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small conservative uprising against Tafari's reforms
1590:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 241, 261.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1632:(second ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p.
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610:In 1886 the ten-year-old Zewditu was married to
1374:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
676:Empress Zewditu with one of her favored priests
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824:from his former stepmother, and with Princess
501:Tafari Makonnen (who succeeded her as Emperor
646:Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the
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650:against the Mahdists of the Sudan, in the
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728:was made commander-in-chief of the army.
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1745:27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930
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927:Zewditu was succeeded on the throne by
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16:Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930
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471:; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was
49:adding citations to reliable sources
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1661:. New York: Palgrave. p. 205.
1277:, emperor of Ethiopia, c. 1496–1540
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1779:20th-century emperors of Ethiopia
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1453:Tesfu, Julianna (14 June 2008).
1434:from the original on 28 May 2024
1271:, emperor of Ethiopia, 14??–1508
1265:, emperor of Ethiopia, 1448–1478
1259:, emperor of Ethiopia, 1399–1468
1232:, emperor of Ethiopia, 12??–1285
919:On 2 April 1930, two days after
529:Tafari Makonnen, later known as
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165:27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930
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1804:20th-century monarchs in Africa
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1455:"Empress Zewditu (1876-1930) •"
1422:Abota, Arka (6 December 2002).
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36:needs additional citations for
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1325:Sahle Selassie, king of Shewa
1202:Mkhbara Widam (Mahbere-Widam)
1199:Dil Na'od (Last king of Axum)
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1799:20th-century Ethiopian women
1789:19th-century Ethiopian women
1628:A History of Modern Ethiopia
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1331:Haile Melekot, king of Shewa
1314:Asfaw Wossen, ruler of Shewa
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1784:20th-century women monarchs
1321:, 1808–1813, ruler of Shewa
325:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
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1586:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
1342:Empress Zewditu, 1876–1930
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487:, her reign was noted for
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1253:, emperor of Ethiopia
1247:, emperor of Ethiopia
1241:, emperor of Ethiopia
749:Political maneuvering
726:Hapte Giorgis Dinagde
675:
576:, the future emperor
572:(or King) Menelik of
394:Your Imperial Majesty
341:Zewditu I of Ethiopia
1624:Bahru Zewde (2001).
1235:Prince Qidma Seggada
1192:Patrilineal descent
915:Death and succession
875:In 1928 there was a
818:Gugsa Araya Selassie
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1741:Empress of Ethiopia
1185:Patrilineal descent
473:Empress of Ethiopia
427:Our Lord (familiar)
156:Empress of Ethiopia
1829:People from Oromia
1566:AmharicTeacher.com
1541:AmharicTeacher.com
1517:. 29 February 2024
1430:. pp. 22–28.
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889:Negeste Negest
847:Haile Selassie
845:Main article:
842:
841:Rise of Tafari
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700:Negiste Negest
660:Haile Selassie
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1713:29 April 1876
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231:29 April 1876
222:Askala Maryam
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56:Find sources:
50:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
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1720:2 April 1930
1717:
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1569:. Retrieved
1565:
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1544:. Retrieved
1540:
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1519:. Retrieved
1509:
1484:
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1458:. Retrieved
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1428:docslib.org/
1427:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1319:Wossen Seged
1239:Amda Seyon I
1230:Yekuno Amlak
1226:Tasfa Iyasus
1142:1867 – 1888
1136:
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468:
456:
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445:"Our master"
444:
438:
411:
405:
388:Spoken style
378:
339:
311:
253:(1930-04-02)
251:2 April 1930
203:
137:
107:
101:January 2017
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1774:1930 deaths
1769:1876 births
1339:, 1844–1913
1333:, 1824–1855
1327:, 1795–1847
1308:Amha Iyasus
1302:Kidane Kale
1296:Sebestyanos
1220:Bahr Seggad
1208:Sinfa Ar'ad
1113:1876 – 1930
1098:1875 – 1930
1094:Gugsa Welle
1005:1837 – 1889
1001:Yohannes IV
968:1889 – 1913
939:Family tree
832:Tafari and
756:Taytu Betul
652:Mahdist War
636:Gugsa Welle
621:Yohannes IV
598:Taytu Betul
489:the reforms
280:(1900–1930)
278:Gugsa Welle
271:(1882–1888)
258:Addis Ababa
234:Werrehimenu
180:Predecessor
1763:Categories
1612:Menelik II
1351:References
1283:Warada Qal
1257:Zara Yaqob
1211:Negus Zaré
964:Menelik II
903:Tafari in
851:See also:
578:Menelik II
554:Early life
412:"O royal"
302:Menelik II
227:1876-04-29
171:Coronation
71:newspapers
1686:Biography
1501:1535-6574
1356:Citations
1286:Lesba Qal
1110:Zewditu I
897:rebellion
883:). While
853:Rastafari
834:Fitawrari
814:Dejazmach
722:Fitawrari
549:Biography
336:Styles of
190:Successor
184:Lij Iyasu
60:"Zewditu"
1700:Zewditu
1610:Marcus,
1432:Archived
1275:Dawit II
905:Begemder
899:against
804:Mikael.
683:de facto
379:girmāwīt
321:Religion
126:Zewditu
1734:Iyasu V
1251:Dawit I
984:Consort
979:Weyziro
870:slavery
594:Baffana
588:(Lady)
586:Weyziro
582:Zewditu
564:Zewditu
491:of her
483:of the
467:, born
457:Zewditu
439:getochu
431:Amharic
406:djānhoi
398:Amharic
371:Amharic
312:Weyziro
286:Dynasty
85:scholar
1716:
1665:
1640:
1594:
1571:29 May
1546:29 May
1521:28 May
1499:
1460:28 May
1438:28 May
1404:28 May
1379:28 May
1214:Asfiha
981:Abechi
791:. The
717:regent
692:Muslim
625:Mekele
590:Abechi
560:flower
493:Regent
477:Africa
315:Abechi
308:Mother
298:Father
265:Spouse
200:Regent
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1718:Died:
1711:Born:
1269:Na'od
1217:Yakob
929:Negus
901:Negus
885:Negus
881:Negus
802:Negus
793:Negus
782:Negus
744:Reign
738:Negus
667:Iyasu
605:Iyasu
574:Shewa
569:Negus
539:Italy
461:Ge'ez
447:(pl.)
443:lit.
410:lit.
375:ግርማዊት
238:Wollo
162:Reign
92:JSTOR
78:books
1663:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1573:2024
1548:2024
1523:2024
1497:ISSN
1462:2024
1440:2024
1406:2024
1381:2024
809:Afar
465:ዘውዲቱ
402:ጃንሆይ
248:Died
219:Born
130:ዘውዲቱ
64:news
1634:135
1489:doi
921:Ras
893:Ras
859:Ras
830:Ras
822:Ras
798:Ras
778:Lij
765:Lij
760:Ras
734:Ras
730:Ras
713:Ras
708:).
687:Ras
665:Lij
633:Ras
613:Ras
603:Lij
527:Ras
498:Ras
435:ጌቶቹ
205:Ras
47:by
1765::
1636:.
1564:.
1539:.
1495:.
1483:.
1479:.
1426:.
1414:^
1397:.
1372:.
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99:(
89:·
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41:.
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