Menelik II - Knowledge

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America. Another specimen stands in the old Guebi in Addis Ababa, and a third lies somewhere in the desert near Awash, where it is said to be venerated with superstitious awe by the Danakil tribesmen. Menelik ordered three metal chairs from America when he heard that his method of executing criminals (he had them ripped apart by letting two saplings to which their legs were attached suddenly spring back in opposite directions) was decried as un-Christian by his missionary friends. It was found impossible to make the chairs do the work for which they were intended without an electric current, and as this was not available in Menelik's days, the great Negus used one of them as a throne, the second he gave away, and the third never reached him, for the vehicle in which it was conveyed across the Danakil desert was wrecked two hundred miles from home.

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in securing their welfare than in the welfare of her present husband. For many years, she was widely suspected of being secretly in touch with Emperor Yohannes IV in her ambition to replace her husband on the throne of Shewa with one of her sons from a previous marriage. Finally, she was implicated in a plot to overthrow Menelik when he was King of Shewa. With the failure of her plot, Woizero Befana was separated from Menelik, but Menelik apparently was still deeply attached to her. An attempt at reconciliation failed, but when his relatives and courtiers suggested new young wives to the King, he would sadly say "You ask me to look at these women with the same eyes that once gazed upon Befana?", paying tribute both to his ex-wife's beauty and his own continuing attachment to her.

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Italian rifles and artillery. Menelik had ensured that his infantry and artillerymen were properly trained in their use, giving the Ethiopians a crucial advantage as the Hotchkiss artillery could fire more rapidly than the Italian artillery. In 1887 a British diplomat, Gerald Portal, wrote after seeing the Ethiopian feudal hosts parade before him, the Ethiopians were "...redeemed by the possession of unbounded courage, by a disregard of death, and by a national pride, which leads them to look down on every human being who has not had the good fortune to be born an Abyssinian ".

948: 2460: 1228:, the European powers moved rapidly to adjust relations with the Ethiopian Empire. Delegations from the United Kingdom and France—whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia—soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly proven power. Quickly taking advantage of the Italian defeat, French influence increased markedly and France became one of the most influential European powers in Menelik's court. In December 1896, a French diplomatic mission in Addis Ababa arrived and on 20 March 1897 signed a treaty that was described as " 1095: 1442:

connections in Begemider, Semien and Yejju; she also served him as his close adviser, and went to the battle of Adwa with 5,000 troops of her own. From 1906, for all intents and purposes, Taytu Betul ruled in Menelik's stead during his infirmity. Menelik II and Taytu Betul personally owned 70,000 slaves. Abba Jifar II also is said to have more than 10,000 slaves and allowed his armies to enslave the captives during a battle with all his neighboring clans. This practice was common between various tribes and clans of Ethiopia for thousands of years.

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arrived. On 8 January 1896, the emperor's elite Shoan infantry captured the fort's well, and then beat off desperate Italian attempts to retake the well. On 19 January 1896, the fort's commander, Major Galliano, whose men were dying of dehydration, raised the white flag of surrender. Major Galliano and his men were allowed to march out, surrender their arms, and go free. Menelik stated he allowed the Italians to go free "to give proof of my Christian faith," saying his quarrel was with the Italian government of Prime Minister

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Westerners began to travel to Ethiopia looking for trade, farming, hunting, and mineral exploration concessions. Menelik II founded the first modern bank in Ethiopia, the Bank of Abyssinia, introduced the first modern postal system, signed the agreement and initiated work that established the Addis Ababa –Djibouti railway with the French, introduced electricity to Addis Ababa, as well as the telephone, telegraph, the motor car, and modern plumbing. He attempted unsuccessfully to introduce coinage to replace the

812: 804: 796: 630: 1413:. Menelik's new wife had been married four times previously, and he became her fifth husband. They were married in a full communion church service and the marriage was thus fully canonical and indissoluble, which had not been the case with either of Menelik's previous wives. The marriage, which proved childless, would last until his death. Taytu Betul would become Empress consort upon her husband's succession, and would become the most powerful consort of an Ethiopian monarch since Empress 4651: 1006: 2723: 1625: 4639: 693:

ability". Menelik spoke with great economy and rapidity. He never became upset, Chiarini adds, "listening calmly, judiciously with good sense ... He is fatalistic and a good soldier, he loves weapons above all else". The visitors also confirmed that he was popular with his subjects, and made himself available to them. Menelik had political and military acumen and made key engagements that would later prove essential as he expanded his Empire.

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Wossen Seged Wodajo, but this grandson of Menelik II was eliminated from the succession due to dwarfism. In 1892, twenty-five-year-old Woizero Shoaregga was married for a second time to forty-two-year-old Ras Mikael of Wollo. They had two children, namely a daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, who would be married at the age of twelve to the much older Ras Bezabih Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and would die in childbirth a year later; and a son,

661:. When Tewodros died by suicide, Menelik arranged for an official celebration of his death even though he was personally saddened by the loss. When a British diplomat asked him why he did this, he replied "to satisfy the passions of the people ... as for me, I should have gone into a forest to weep over ... untimely death ... I have now lost the one who educated me, and toward whom I had always cherished filial and sincere affection." 702: 311: 1082:

alteration, Emperor Menelik II rejected the treaty. The Italians attempted to bribe him with two million rounds of ammunition but he refused. Then the Italians approached Ras Mengesha of Tigray in an attempt to create a civil war, however, Ras Mengesha, understanding that Ethiopia's independence was at stake, refused to be a puppet for the Italians. The Italians, therefore, prepared to attack Ethiopia with an army led by

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lengthy negotiations with him in hopes of obtaining justice without bloodshed. But the enemy refuses to listen. He undermines our territories and our people like a mole. Enough! With the help of God, I will defend the inheritance of my forefathers and drive back the invader by force of arms. Let every man who has sufficient strength accompany me. And he who has not, let him pray for us". Menelik's opponent, General

4675: 1380: 421: 4663: 971:(new flower). Menelik's Generals were all allocated land nearby to build their own houses, and in 1889 work began in a new royal palace. The city grew rapidly, and by 1910 the city had around 70,000 permanent inhabitants, with up to 50,000 more on a temporary basis. Only in 1917, after Menelik's death, was the city reached by the railway from Djibouti. 1207:

attacked, he instead sought to restore the peace that had been broken by the Italians and their treaty manipulation seven years before. In signing the treaty, Menelik II again proved his adeptness at politics as he promised each nation something for what they gave and made sure each would benefit his country and not another nation. Subsequently, the

848:, whom he made hereditary Prince of his native Tigray, was ill-repaid by a long series of revolts. In 1898, Menelik crushed a rebellion by Ras Mengesha Yohannes (who died in 1906). After this, Menelik directed his efforts to the consolidation of his authority, and to a degree, to the opening up of his country to outside influences. The 1167:

war and Crispi himself were unpopular in Italy, and one of the main points of Crispi's propaganda was allegations of atrocities against Italian POWs. From Menelik's viewpoint allowing the Italian POWs to go free and unharmed was the best way of rebutting this propaganda and undermining public support for Crispi.

2291: 1553:, the fifteen-year-old son of Emperor Yohannes IV, in 1886. In May 1888, Ras Araya Selassie died and Zewditu became a widow at age twelve. She was married two more times for brief periods to Gwangul Zegeye and Wube Atnaf Seged before marrying Gugsa Welle in 1900 CE. Gugsa Welle was the nephew of Empress 649:. However, he made no overt attempt to assert this claim at this time; Marcus interprets his lack of decisive action not only to Menelik's lack of confidence and experience but that "he was emotionally incapable of helping to destroy the man who had treated him as a son." Not wishing to take part in the 1620:

On 27 October 1909, Menelik II suffered a massive stroke and his "mind and spirit died". After that, Menelik was no longer able to reign, and the office was taken over by Empress Taytu, as de facto ruler, until Ras Bitwaddad Tesemma was publicly appointed regent. However, he died within a year, and a

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Menelik II was fascinated by modernity, and like Tewodros II before him, he had a keen ambition to introduce Western technological and administrative advances into Ethiopia. Following the rush by the major powers to establish diplomatic relations following the Ethiopian victory at Adwa, more and more

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that was trying to conquer his nation, not the ordinary Italian soldiers who been conscripted against their will to fight in the war. Menelik's magnanimity to the defenders of Fort Mekele may have been an act of psychological warfare. Menelik knew from talking to French and Russian diplomats that the

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On 17 September 1895, Menelik ordered all of the Ethiopian nobility to call out their banners and raise their feudal hosts, stating: "An enemy has come across the sea. He has broken through our frontiers to destroy our fatherland and our faith. I allowed him to seize my possessions and I entered upon

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throughout the region and punishing slave traders with amputation. Both Tewodros II and Yohannes IV had outlawed slave trading, but as not all tribes were against it and as the country was surrounded on every side by slave raiders and traders, it was not possible even at the dawn of the 20th century

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The Emperor personally led his army to attack an Italian force led by Major Toselli on 7 December 1895 at Boota Hill. The Ethiopians attacked a force of 350 Eritrean irregulars on the left flank, who collapsed under the Ethiopian assault, causing Toselli to send two companies of Italian infantry who

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Menelik's disagreement with Article 17 of the treaty led to the Battle of Adwa. Before Italy could launch the invasion, Eritreans rebelled in an attempt to push Italy out of Eritrea and prevent its invasion of Ethiopia. The rebellion was not successful. However, some of the Eritreans managed to make

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However, there were two versions of the treaty, one in Italian and another in Amharic. Unknown to Menelik the Italian version gave Italy more power than the two had agreed to. The Italians believed they had "tricked" Menelik into giving allegiance to Italy. To their surprise, upon learning about the

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Menelik was cunning and strategic in building his power base. He organised extravagant three-day feasts for locals to win their favour, liberally built friendships with Muslims (such as Muhammad Ali of Wollo), and struck alliances with the French and Italians who could provide firearms and political

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Wolde Michael. This marriage was also childless, and they were married for seventeen years before being divorced in 1882. Menelik was very fond of his wife, but she apparently did not have a sincere affection for him. Woizero Befana had several children by previous marriages and was more interested

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wrote: "Menelik's manners are pleasant and dignified; he is courteous and kindly, and at the same time simple in manner, giving one the impression of a man who wishes to get at the root of a matter at once, without wasting time in compliments and beating about the bush, so often the characteristics

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had been devastated by numerous wars, the most recent of which was fought in the 16th century. In the intervening period, military tactics had not changed much. In the 16th century, the Portuguese Bermudes documented depopulation and widespread atrocities against civilians and combatants (including

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who described King Menelik as "very friendly, and a fanatic for weapons, about whose mechanism he appears to be most intelligent". Another Italian wrote for Menelik, "he had the curiosity of a boy; the least thing made an impression upon him ... He showed ... great intelligence and great mechanical

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Despite being generally considered the founder of modern Ethiopia, Menelik's legacy also garnered controversies due to the atrocities committed by his army against civilians and combatants during the annexation of territories into his Empire, which are considered by many historians as constituting

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Crispi sent another 15,000 men to the Horn of Africa and ordered the main Italian commander, General Oreste Baratieri, to finish off the "barbarians". As Baratieri dithered, Menelik was forced to pull back on 17 February 1896 as his huge host was running out of food. After Crispi sent an insulting

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Despite the dismissive Italian claim that Ethiopia was a "barbaric" African nation whose men were no match for white troops, the Ethiopians were better armed, being equipped with thousands of modern rifles and Hotchkiss artillery guns together with ammunition and shells which were superior to the

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We did stumble on another curiosity: the local Dedjaz, or chief of the village, at the foot of the St Abo mountain was the proud possessor of an electric chair. This deadly instrument, quite harmless in that rural Ethiopian environment, was one of the famous trio imported by Emperor Menelik from

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Menelik's only recognised son, Abeto Asfa Wossen Menelik, died unwed and childless when he was about fifteen years of age, leaving him with only two daughters. The elder daughter, Woizero Shoaregga, was first married to Dejazmatch Wodajo Gobena, the son of Ras Gobena Dachi. They had a son, Abeto

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The British journalist Augustus B. Wylde wrote after meeting Menelik: "I had found him a man of great kindness, a remarkably shrewd and clever man and very well informed on most things except on England and her resources; his information on our country evidently having been obtained from persons

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to reunify 'the lands and people of the South, East, and West into an empire. This period of expansions has been referred to by some as the 'Agar Maqnat' - roughly translating to some type of 'Cultivation' of land. The people incorporated by Menelik through conquest were the southerners – Oromo,

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Later in his reign, Menelik established the first Cabinet of Ministers to help in the administration of the Empire, appointing trusted and widely respected nobles and retainers to the first Ministries. These ministers would remain in place long after his death, serving in their posts through the

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In territories incorporated peacefully like Jimma, Leka, and Wolega the former order was preserved and there was no interference in their self-government; in areas incorporated after war, the appointed new rulers did not violate the peoples' religious beliefs and they treated them lawfully and

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In 1864, Menelik married Woizero Altash Tewodros, whom he divorced in 1865; the marriage produced no children. Altash Tewodros was a daughter of Emperor Tewodros II. She and Menelik were married during the time that Menelik was held captive by Tewodros. The marriage ended when Menelik escaped

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and the Italian colonial army destroyed, Eritrea was Emperor Menelik's for the taking but no order to occupy was given. It seems that Emperor Menelik II was wiser than the Europeans had given him credit for. Realising that the Italians would bring all their force to bear on his country if he

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and baptized to the name Sahle Maryam. His father, at the age of 18 before inheriting the throne, impregnated Ejigayehu, then left her; he did not recognize that Sahle Maryam was born. The boy enjoyed a respected position in the royal household and he received a traditional church education.

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was never crowned; he was deposed by nobles in 1916, in favour of his aunt, Zewditu. However, Zewditu (aged 40 at that time) had no surviving children (all her children had died young) and the nobles did not want her husband and his family to exercise power and eventually occupy the throne.

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and much of northern Ethiopia. She and her uncle Ras Wube were two of the most powerful people among descendants of Ras Gugsa Mursa, a ruler of Oromo descent from the house of was Sheik of Wollo. Emperor Yohannes was able to broaden his power base in northern Ethiopia through Taytu's family

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followed up that victory by defeating General Arimondi and forcing the Italians to retreat to the fort at Mekele. Ras Makonnen laid siege to the fort, and on the morning of 7 January 1896, the defenders of the fort spotted a huge red tent among the besiegers, showing that the emperor had

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In the end, Menelik was able to obtain the allegiance of a large majority of the Ethiopian nobility. On 3 November 1889, Menelik was consecrated and crowned as Emperor before a glittering crowd of dignitaries and clergy by Abuna Mattewos, Bishop of Shewa, at the Church of Mary on

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are villages within the Italian border. Also, the Italians agreed not to harass Ethiopian traders and to allow safe passage for Ethiopian goods, particularly military weapons. The treaty also guaranteed that the Ethiopian government would have ownership of the Monastery of

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In the early morning hours of 12 December 1913, Emperor Menelik II died. He was buried quickly without announcement or ceremony at the Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church, on the grounds of the Imperial Palace. In 1916 Menelik II was reburied in the specially built church at

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of Oriental potentates...He also aims at being a popular sovereign, accessible to his people at all hours, and ready to listen to their complaints. In this, he appears to be quite successful, for one and all of his subjects seem to bear for him a real affection."

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of Shewa. Although the Shewan royals imprisoned at Magdela had been largely complacent as long as a member of their family ruled over Shewa, this usurpation by a commoner was not acceptable to them. They plotted Menelik's escape from Magdela; with the help of

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justly. However, in the territories incorporated by military conquest, Menelik's army carried out atrocities against civilians and combatants including torture, mass killings, and large scale slavery. Large scale atrocities were also committed against the

2320: 1689:, as they resisted his southward expansion. For Oromos, Menelik II is devil incarnate and is beyond redemption. Perhaps, the association of Adwa with Menelik II is the single most important reason behind Oromo ambivalence towards this historical event. 1358:

Menelik reportedly spoke French, English and Italian fluently. He read many books and was educated in finance, getting involved in various investments, including in American railroads and American securities and French and Belgian mining investments.

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Bezabeh's attempt to raise an army against Menelik failed; thousands of Shewans rallied to the flag of the son of Negus Haile Melekot and even Bezabeh's own soldiers deserted him for the returning prince. Abeto Menelik entered

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The historical figure that masterminded the victory at Adwa, Emperor Menelik II, also presided over some of the most brutal atrocities committed against the various groups in the southern part of the country, particularly the

1511:, born 1876, died 1930. She married four times and had some children, but none of them survived to adulthood. She was proclaimed Empress in her own right in 1916, but was a figurehead, with ruling power in the hands of regent 935:. Some estimates that the number of people killed as a result of the conquest from war, famine and atrocities go into the millions. Based on convergent subjugation approaches, cooperation between Menelik and Belgian king 3521: 3404:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part II, from the First to the Second World War. Series G, Africa, University Publications of America 1997 p.

1331:. In 1906 when France, the United Kingdom, and Italy agreed on the subject, granting control to a joint venture corporation, Menelik officially reaffirmed his full sovereign rights over the whole of his empire. 4740: 1574:

was named both heir to the throne and regent of the empire. Zewditu had ceremonial duties to perform and wielded powers of arbitration and moral influence, but ruling power was vested in the hands of regent

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halted the Ethiopian advance. Just as Toselli was rejoicing in his apparent victory, the main Ethiopian assault came down on his right flank, causing Toselli to order a retreat. The Emperor's best general,

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Mohammed Hassen, Conquest, Tyranny, and Ethnocide against the Oromo: A Historical Assessment of Human Rights Conditions in Ethiopia, c. 1880s–2002, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New

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to suppress the trade entirely. According to apologists, while Menelik actively enforced his prohibition, it was beyond his power to change the minds of all his people regarding the age-old practice.

1538:, who would nominally succeed as Emperor after Menelik's death in 1913, but would never be crowned, and would be deposed by powerful nobles in favour of Menelik's younger daughter Zewditu in 1916. 518:, recognition of Ethiopia's independence by external powers was expressed in terms of diplomatic representation at his court and delineation of Ethiopia's boundaries with the adjacent kingdoms. 1179:

telegram accusing Baratieri of cowardice, on 28 February 1896 the Italians decided to seek battle with Menelik. On 1 March 1896, the two armies met at Adwa. The Ethiopians came out victorious.

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was a secret convert to Islam, which was the religion of his paternal ancestors, and having a Muslim on the throne would have grave implications for Ethiopia in future generations. Therefore,

1232:. In turn, the increase in French influence in Ethiopia led to fears in London that the French would gain control of the Blue Nile and would be able to "lever" the British out of Egypt. 578:, invaded the then semi-independent kingdom of Shewa. Early in the subsequent campaigns, Haile Malakot died, and Sahle Miriam was captured and taken to the emperor’s mountain stronghold, 1727:

of Montenegro, and to this large admixture of Slav blood the Abyssinians owe their fine stature and their high standard of civilisation, as compared with the neighbouring African tribes.

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Menelik brought together many of the northern territories through political consensus. The exception was Gojjam, which offered tribute to the Shewan Kingdom following its defeat at the

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was signed in 1896, Europeans recognised the sovereignty of Ethiopia. Menelik then finalised signing treaties with Europeans to demarcate the border of modern Ethiopia by 1904

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When these Herzegovinese migrated to Montenegro, a large body of them went yet farther afield and settled in the mountains of Abyssinia, among them a branch of the family of

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African Egalitarian Values and Indigenous Genres: A Comparative Approach to the Functional and Contextual Studies of Oromo National Literature in a Contemporary Perspective

1254:. Menelik assured the British that he would not support the Mahdists and declared them as the enemy of his country in exchange for cession of the northeastern part of the 2000: 1387:

Menelik married three times but he did not have a single legitimate child by any of his wives. However, he is reputed to have fathered several children by women who were

2185: 1545:, had a long and chequered life. She was married four times, and eventually became Empress in her own right, the first woman to hold that position in Ethiopia since the 1343: 1327:

but, alarmed by a claim made by France in 1902 to control of the line in Ethiopian territory, he ordered a stop for four years on the extension of the railway beyond

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through females of the dynasty, his claim was based on uninterrupted direct male lineage which made the claims of the House of Shewa equal to those of the elder

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After the death of Menelik II, the council of regency continued to rule Ethiopia. Lij Iyasu was never crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, and eventually, Empress

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were in the female line, Iyasu through his mother Shewarega Menelik, and Haile Selassie through his paternal grandmother, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie).

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was reached between the two nations. Italy was forced to recognise the absolute independence of Ethiopia, as described in Article III of the treaty.

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camped at a hot spring to the south of Mount Entoto. She decided to build a house there and from 1887 this was her permanent base, which she named

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While Negus Menelik reclaimed his ancestral Shewan crown, he also laid claim to the Imperial throne, as a direct descendant male line of Emperor

3901: 3841: 756:. The newly consecrated and crowned Emperor Menelik II quickly toured the north in force. He received the submission of the local officials in 586: 36: 1350:. Recent research, however, has cast significant doubt on this story and suggested it was invented by a Canadian journalist during the 1930s. 1338:

during the 1890s and ordered 3 for his Kingdom. When the chairs arrived, Menelik learned they would not work, as Ethiopia did not yet have an

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For a period, Ethiopia lacked a permanent capital; instead, the royal encampment served as a roving capital. For a time Menelik's camp was on

1417:. She enjoyed considerable influence on Menelik and his court until the end, something which was aided by her own family background. Empress 3710: 2198: 613:, he escaped from Magdala on the night of 1 July 1865, abandoning his wife, and returned to Shewa. Enraged, Emperor Tewodros slaughtered 29 1701:, portraying Menelik and the Serb king of Montenegro as kinsmen, based on little more than the similarity between the Ethiopian honorific 1250:. The British, fearing that Menelik would support the Mahdist revolt, sent a diplomatic mission to Ethiopia and on 14 May 1897 signed the 1363:

entirely unfriendly to us; and who did not want Englishmen to have any diplomatic or commercial transactions whatever with Abyssinia ".

658: 2152: 740:, would be the last Ethiopian monarchs who could claim uninterrupted direct male descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (both 4710: 4705: 1453:

who became Nigeste Negestat of the empire after the overthrow of Lij Iyasu. Taytu's step daughter, Zewditu, was married to her nephew

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arrived at Menelik's camp in Adwa to discuss concentrated action against the Italians. In July 1896 an Ethiopian envoy was present at

3909: 3502: 582:. Still, Tewodros treated the young prince well, even offering him marriage to his daughter Altash Tewodros, which Menelik accepted. 3119: 1586:

Apart from the three recognised natural children, Menelik was rumoured to be the father of some other children also. These include

1057:. Abyssinia will defend his territories but will not fight for foreign lands, which Eritrea is to my knowledge." Under the Treaty, 2670: 1557:, Menelik's third wife. Zewditu had some children, but none of them survived to adulthood. Menelik died in 1913, and his grandson 1481:

children. Among them, he chose to recognise three specific children (two daughters and one son) as being his progeny. These were:

1532: 590: 4750: 2392: 1987: 721:, to be his heir. On 25 March, upon hearing of the death of Yohannes, Negus Menelik immediately proclaimed himself as Emperor. 1913: 3665: 3614: 1065:

agreed to define the boundary between Eritrea and Ethiopia. For example, both Ethiopia and Italy agreed that Arafali, Halai,

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A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 p. 68

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https://www.academia.edu/38449640/_The_Rhinoceros_Horn_Beakers_of_Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia_Materiality_Ritual_and_Kingship_

438: 2239: 1502:. He nominally succeeded upon Menelik's death in 1913, but was never crowned; he was deposed in 1916 by powerful nobles. 4715: 3894: 3684: 3307: 2266:

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century – Google Books"

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were put in place, with the assistance of key ministerial advisors. Externally, Menelik led Ethiopian troops against

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See: Mikael Muehlbauer,“The Rhinoceros Horn Beakers of Menelik II of Ethiopia: Materiality, Ritual and Kingship,”

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Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Session B, April 13-16, 1978, Chicago, USA

1029:(Uccialli in Italian) in Wollo province. On the signing of the treaty, Menelik said "The territories north of the 1492:

A son, Abeto Wossen Seged Wodajo, born of the first marriage; never considered for the succession due to dwarfism

1342:. Rather than waste his investment, Menelik used one of the chairs as his throne, sending another to his second ( 3715: 1151:, had occupied the road leading back to Eritrea, and launched a surprise attack, which routed the Italians. The 593:. However, Meridazmach Haile Mikael rebelled against Tewodros, resulting in his being replaced by the non-royal 4725: 3470: 1470: 1251: 3655: 3887: 3534:

Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review

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Mekuria Bulcha, Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia, African Sociological Review

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Menelik II is argued to be the founder of modern Ethiopia. Before Menelik's colonial conquests, Ethiopia and

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Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society, 1800-1941 (Eastern Africa Series)

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Taytu arranged political marriages between her Yejju and Semien relatives and key Shewan aristocrates like

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Marcus, Harold G. (1963). "A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896".

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Marcus, Harold G. (1963). "A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896".

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Marcus, Harold G. (1963). "A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894–1896".

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A daughter, Woizero Zenebework Mikael, who was married at age twelve and died in childbirth one year later

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from 1889 to his death in 1913. At the height of his internal power and external prestige, the process of

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Yohannes K. Makonnen, Ethiopia, The Land, Its People, History and Culture, New Africa Press 2013 p. 264

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and were allied to Menelik's Shewan army which campaigned to the south to incorporate more territories.

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Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague p. 1122

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A desire to share in the glamor Menelik enjoyed after his victory over Italy may explain an improbable

1121:, underestimated the size of the Ethiopian force, predicting that Menelik could only field 30,000 men. 4587: 3285: 676:

to the southeast – kept Menelik from directly confronting Kassai until after his rival had brought an

3931: 3730: 3167: 2713:

Solomon Addis Getahun & Wudu Tafete Kassu, Culture and a Customs of Ethiopia, ABC-CLIO 2014 p. 26

2448:

Prowess, Piety and Politics: The Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909–1930)

1769: 1334:

According to one persistent tale, Menelik heard about the modern method of executing criminals using

1225: 1103: 837: 519: 511: 496: 318: 4511: 2346: 4720: 3964: 2684:

Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, Volume 41, Issue 2 – Google Books"

1724: 1263: 841: 326: 3716:'The Emperor's electric chair' – Critical re-examination of a popular legend concerning Menelik II 3586:

Henze, Paul B. (2000). "Yohannes IV and Menelik II: The Empire Restored, Expanded, and Defended".

1449:, who was Governor of Kaffa, Ras Mekonen who was governor of Harar, and Menelik's eldest daughter 3858: 3831: 3426:

Paul B. Henze, Ethiopia in Mengistu's Final Years: Until the Last Bullet, Shama Books, 2007 p. 84

3297: 3258:

Hassan, Ahmed "Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906"

3229:

Hassan, Ahmed "Revisiting Emperor Menelik: A Historical Essay in Reinterpretation, ca.1855-1906"

1550: 1478: 1421:

was a noblewoman of Imperial blood and a member of one of the leading families of the regions of

1339: 1320: 829: 688:

leverage against the Emperor. In 1876, an Italian expedition set out to Ethiopia led by Marchese

3067: 2752:

Man, Know Thyself: Volume 1 Corrective Knowledge of Our Notable Ancestors by Rick Duncan, p. 328

919:

Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups. Historian Raymond Jonas describes the conquest of the

4765: 2595:

Alemayehu Kumsa, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia, Charles University in Prague

1395:

captivity, abandoning her. She was subsequently remarried to Dejazmatch Bariaw Paulos of Adwa.

1243: 991:. The native cattle population had no prior exposure and were unable to fight off the disease. 904: 790: 3329: 2043: 1465: 1398:

In 1865, the same year as divorcing his first wife, Menelik married the much older noblewoman

2788:

Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897

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The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1546 as narrated by Castanhoso – Google Books"

1601: 1311: 1296: 1208: 936: 845: 741: 718: 3543: 3194:"Emperor Menelik II – Abyssinia's Ruler Said to be a Heavy Buyer of American Railway Stocks" 2033:

Paul Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, New York, Palgrave McMillan 2000, p. 132.

4700: 4695: 3435:

Stephen Spector, Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews, OUP 2005 p. 32

3242: 2947:

The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa

2146: 1367: 1305: 1187: 3069:

The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism

852:

in 1920 reported that after the invasion of Menelik's forces into non-Abyssinian lands of

8: 4609: 4596: 3917: 3794: 3705: 2397:. Office of Publications Services, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. p. 715. 1094: 980: 492: 53: 3700: 3646:

With the Armies of Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia at www.samizdat.com A.K. Bulatovich

3565: 3317: 3298:

Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, editor; Anthony; consultants, Andrew Newman, historical (2008).

3033: 3006: 2979: 2214:

Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974 The Case of the Arsi Oromo

1966: 1612:, who eventually deposed the monarchy and assumed power in Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. 1009:

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in an 1891 map, showing national borders before the Battle of Adwa

947: 714: 895:

surrendered to Menelik's invading forces with no resistance. Native armed soldiers of

4529: 4283: 4269: 4120: 3939: 3758: 3680: 3661: 3628: 3610: 3591: 3572: 3303: 3073: 2950: 2506: 2245: 2218: 2094: 1936:

Zewde, Bahru. A history of Ethiopia: 1855–1991. 2nd ed. Eastern African studies. 2001

1621:

council of regency – from which the empress was excluded – was formed in March 1910.

1434: 1426: 1275: 1198:

and dedicated on the day before his coronation in 1930, in memory of his predecessor.

1014: 1000: 849: 450: 244: 196: 4667: 4416: 4381: 4360: 4339: 4325: 4311: 4297: 4198: 4166: 3957: 3912: 1958: 1661: 1600:. The latter, in turn, was later rumoured to be the natural grandfather of Colonel 1163: 1118: 1083: 1062: 1058: 1038: 932: 920: 880: 733: 527: 507: 502:

The Ethiopian Empire was transformed under Emperor Menelik: the major signposts of

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ended with an Italian force of 2,150 men losing 1,000 men and 20 officers killed.

4655: 4643: 4332: 4251: 3736: 2559: 1741: 1438: 1422: 900: 888: 689: 606: 600:

as Shum. Ato Bezabeh in turn rebelled against the Emperor and proclaimed himself

566:, and probably of the palace servant girl Ejigayehu Lemma Adyamo. He was born in 531: 428: 1526:, born 1873. He died unwed and childless when he was about fifteen years of age. 779: 717:(Metemma). With his dying breath, Yohannes declared his natural son, Dejazemach 4679: 4564: 4078: 4008: 1754: 1665: 1638: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1546: 1516: 1512: 1409:

Finally, Menelik divorced his treasonous wife in 1882, and in 1883, he married

1335: 1203: 1195: 1129: 1110: 1054: 820: 769: 745: 729: 567: 535: 515: 115: 3720: 3522:"'A place of ghosts:' Ethiopia opens controversial palace to a divided public" 3288:. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) pp. 156–57 Google Books 2527:

Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898- Google Books"

1315:

In 1894, Menelik granted a concession for building the Ethio-Djibouti Railways

1124: 811: 803: 795: 724:

Menelik argued that while the family of Yohannes IV claimed descent from King

629: 4689: 4606: 4571: 4451: 4437: 4092: 4015: 3824: 2540:

Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898 Google Books"

2141: 1561:

claimed the throne on principle of seniority. However, it was suspected that

1324: 1262:

led an expedition against the Mahdists to seize the gold producing region of

1236: 896: 857: 833: 710: 618: 563: 559: 503: 255: 3414:

David Shireff, Bare Feet and Bandoliers, Pen and Sword Military 2009, p. 293

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Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History, Routledge 2013 pp. 13–14

1086:. Subsequently, the Italians declared war and attempted to invade Ethiopia. 1005: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4444: 4395: 4127: 4057: 4050: 4001: 3950: 1962: 1698: 1391:

his wives, and he recognized three of those children as being his progeny.

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torture, mass killings, and large-scale slavery) during several successive

753: 646: 614: 594: 523: 4650: 3722:

A recorded message from Menelik II to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom

3395:. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) p. 219 Google Books 2066:

Harold Marcus, The Life and Time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 1995:19

1258:

region, a traditional Somali grazing area, to Ethiopia. In December 1897,

589:, was appointed as Shum of Shewa by Emperor Tewodros II with the title of 4536: 4522: 4367: 4346: 4276: 4262: 4064: 3803: 3787: 3275:. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) p. 25 Google Books 3122:. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) p. 16 Google Books 2474:"Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia, 1876–1896 2424:. Ravens Educational & Development Services (1986) p. 45 Google Books 1708: 1642: 1554: 1454: 1418: 1410: 1075: 1050: 1046: 1030: 1018: 968: 964: 928: 908: 828:

conquests led by Aba Gedas of territories located north of Genale river (

701: 654: 579: 575: 186: 159: 139: 81: 3037: 3010: 2983: 2156:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128. 1037:) do not belong to Abyssinia nor are under my rule. I am the Emperor of 4290: 4184: 4155: 4113: 4071: 4029: 3994: 2552: 2305:

The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century

1970: 1759: 1731:

Menelik is featured as the leader of the Ethiopian civilization in the

1719:, from which is directly descended Menelik, who preserves the title of 1624: 984: 673: 672:

to replace him with her choice of ruler, military failures against the

465: 68: 1711:

village, Njegushi, from which the Montenegrin royal family originated:

4741:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

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Beginning in the 1870s, Menelik set off from the central province of

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Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation

1818: 1673: 1430: 1414: 1247: 773: 709:

On 10 March 1889, Emperor Yohannes IV was killed in a war with the

163: 2145: 1477:

Previous to his marriage to Taytu Betul, Menelik fathered several

1379: 310: 4557: 4240: 4226: 4191: 4022: 3851: 3814: 1982: 1980: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549:. She was only ten years old when Menelik got her married to Ras 1542: 1535: 1508: 1499: 1450: 1042: 1034: 1026: 853: 737: 725: 639: 597: 547: 472: 239: 3706:

Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Later Years

3701:

Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Early Years

2740:

Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges

2553:

Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898"

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their way to the Ethiopian camp and jointly fought Italy at the

4212: 3641:

Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896–1898

1686: 1402: 1235:

On the eve of the Battle of Adwa, two Sudanese envoys from the

1070: 872:, etc., the inhabitants were enslaved and heavily taxed by the 865: 765: 179: 1977: 657:

to benefit with gifts of modern weapons and supplies from the

4423: 4409: 4353: 4148: 4134: 1876: 1703: 1694: 1489:, born 1867. She would marry twice and become the mother of: 1022: 960: 915: 884: 825: 780:

Conquest of neighboring states and the defeat of the Italians

761: 757: 681: 677: 665: 497:

territorial expansion and creation of the modern empire-state

488: 263: 259: 119: 1949:

John Young (1998). "Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia".

1319:

In 1894, Menelik granted a concession for the building of a

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is celebrated in March annually, and it would also inspire

1609: 1255: 1191: 2743:

University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 p. 257 Google Books

2336:. University of California Press (1994) p. 55 Google Books 3300:

Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East

3379:. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 156 Google Books 3377:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

3366:. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 136 Google Books 3364:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

3094:

The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire

2321:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

2292:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

546:(whom they helped depose) and into the reign of Empress 2502:

The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire

2323:. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 56 Google Books 2294:. University of Chicago Press (2000) p. 43 Google Books 2241:

War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict

2188:. Janus Publishing Company Lim (2005) p. 8 Google Books 1736: 1274:

By the mid-1890s, Menelik was actively suppressing the

4761:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

1214: 457: 4736:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

4627: 3657:

The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913

3443: 3441: 2057:

Chris Pouty, Empress Taitu and Menelik II, 1986, P. 2

1944: 1942: 1013:

On 2 May 1889, while claiming the throne against Ras

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line of the dynasty. Menelik, and later his daughter

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During that time, the imperial title was claimed by

3503:"How a major anti-colonial victory divided Ethiopia" 3351:

Social Theory and Regional Studies in the Global Age

2658:

Firefly The Flag Bulletin, Volume 27 – Google Books"

2476:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002 p. 415 Google Books 2347:

History 101: Fiction and Facts on Oromos of Ethiopia

2121:

The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913

2091:

The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913

3447:( Chris Prouty, 1986, Empress Taytu and Menelik II) 3107:

The Law and Slavery: Prohibiting Human Exploitation

1932: 1930: 883:. Most of the western and central territories like 479:); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), baptised as 3564: 3438: 2799: 2797: 1939: 664:Afterward other challenges – a revolt amongst the 3393:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910 3286:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910 3273:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910 3120:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910 2422:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883–1910 1988:"Ethiopia: ethnic federalism and its discontents" 1914:"Emperor Menelik II (Sahle Miriam) (1844-1913) •" 4687: 3731:The British Library (search phrase "Menelik II") 3653: 3625:Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia 1883–1910 1927: 1615: 959:, but in 1886, while Menelik was on campaign in 4599:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the 2794: 2093:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 24ff. 974: 668:to the north, the intrigues of his second wife 26: 2725:Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid 2160: 94:(designated but uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia) 3895: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2446:Gebre-Igziabiher Elyas, Reidulf Knut Molvaer 2315: 2313: 2307:. Psychology Press (1989) p. 107 Google Books 2201:. J.A. Rogers, Pubs (1936) p. 11 Google Books 1286: 1269: 3387: 3385: 3072:. B&T Database Management. p. 121. 2671:Ethiopia: A View from Within – Google Books" 2379:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 1697:legend, recounted by English anthropologist 1457:who administered Begemider up to the 1930s. 942: 3147: 1848:Also spelled "Shoaregga" and "Shewa Regga". 1652:succeeded Menelik II on 27 September 1916. 1132:against the Italian invasion army in 1896. 621:notables beaten to death with bamboo rods. 3902: 3888: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3278: 3112: 3099: 3086: 3055:. Cambridge University Press. p. 663. 2869: 2832: 2812: 2673:Janus Publishing Company Lim, 2005. p. 11. 2616: 2607: 2604:Haberland, "Amharic Manuscript", pp. 241ff 2589: 2565: 2453: 2339: 2310: 1948: 1353: 44: 3497: 3382: 3335:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3265: 3053:The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 6 2440: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2371: 2361:Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 1045:is not peopled by Abyssinians – they are 3711:Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Menelik II 3677:The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974 3528: 3493: 3491: 3422: 3420: 3302:. New York: Facts On File. p. 516. 2505:. Harvard University Press. p. 76. 2487:The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974 2140: 1623: 1464: 1378: 1310: 1290: 1181: 1169: 1123: 1093: 1004: 946: 810: 802: 794: 700: 628: 585:Upon Menelik's imprisonment, his uncle, 4756:People of the First Italo-Ethiopian War 3604: 3537: 3065: 2367:. League of Nations. 180. pp. 2–5. 2036: 1911: 1515:, who succeeded her in 1930 as Emperor 1383:Taytu Betul, the third wife of Menelik. 1323:to his capital from the French port of 439:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 4746:Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians 4688: 3674: 3023: 2996: 2969: 2785: 2127: 2123:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 57. 2118: 2088: 1830:Roughly equivalent to Supreme General. 1278:, ordering the destruction of several 1089: 1078:but not use it for military purposes. 514:; following a decisive victory at the 3883: 3643:, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000 3588:Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia 3585: 3571:. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3562: 3488: 3417: 2944: 2929: 2914: 2899: 2884: 2860: 2845: 2823: 2803: 2498: 2435:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 2409:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 2210: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2077:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 1469:The emperor caricatured by Glick for 684:who crowned him Emperor Yohannes IV. 156:(now Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church) 16:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913 3737:Newspaper clippings about Menelik II 3627:. Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986. 3291: 2532: 2390: 2271: 2258: 2237: 1507:A daughter, Woizero (later Empress) 1194:. The statue was erected by Emperor 441: instead of Ethiopic characters. 3567:The Race to Fashoda: Pawns of Pawns 2545: 2499:Jonas, Raymond (15 November 2011). 2466: 2326: 2297: 2191: 2178: 2079:(2000), Palgrave, New York, p. 132. 1460: 1224:Following Menelik's victory at the 1215:Developments during Menelik's reign 13: 3519: 3471:"The Legacy of the Battle of Adwa" 3262:, Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.92-93 3249:, Edward Arnold, 1898, pp. 192–193 3233:, Vol. 49, December, 2016, p.86-87 3219:Menelik invested in western stocks 3152:. London: Heinemann. p. 315. 3050: 2949:(1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury. 2731: 2716: 2676: 2663: 2660:Flag Research Center, 1988. p. 11. 2650: 2551:Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich 2538:Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich 2525:Aleksandr Ksaver'evich Bulatovich 2519: 2284: 2107: 2048:: Richard Greenfield, 1965. p. 97. 1765:1890s African rinderpest epizootic 1021:, Menelik concluded a treaty with 558:Menelik was the son of the Shewan 14: 4777: 4711:20th-century emperors of Ethiopia 4706:19th-century emperors of Ethiopia 3694: 3679:. New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. 3654:Harold G. Marcus (January 1995). 3247:With the Mission to Menelik, 1897 2934:. Castle Books. pp. 210–211. 2904:. Castle Books. pp. 209–210. 1437:of Semien, had been the ruler of 1433:. Her paternal uncle, Dejazmatch 1219: 994: 574:In 1855 the Emperor of Ethiopia, 4673: 4661: 4649: 4637: 3911: 3609:. New York: Olive Branch Press. 3513: 3463: 3450: 3429: 3408: 3398: 3260:The Journal of Ethiopian Studies 3231:The Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2472:Richard Alan Caulk, Bahru Zewde 2461:Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers 2211:Gnamo, Abbas (23 January 2014). 2006:from the original on 28 May 2021 1912:Nielsen, Euell A. (6 May 2019). 1869: 951:The imperial flag of Menelik II. 624: 499:was largely completed by 1898. 419: 309: 63:10 March 1889 – 12 December 1913 3729:(In Amharic, from 4 June 1899; 3556: 3252: 3236: 3223: 3212: 3186: 3160: 3141: 3125: 3059: 3044: 3017: 2990: 2963: 2938: 2923: 2908: 2893: 2854: 2779: 2755: 2746: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2638: 2629: 2598: 2580: 2492: 2479: 2384: 2352: 2238:Shaw, Jeffrey (27 March 2017). 2231: 2204: 2169: 2082: 2069: 2060: 2051: 1860: 1857:Eventually Empress of Ethiopia. 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1811: 1579:, who succeeded her as Emperor 1098:Tapestry of the Battle of Adwa. 939:were attempted more than once. 538:and other kingdoms or peoples. 3563:Lewis, David Levering (1987). 3168:"The Emperor's electric chair" 2027: 2018: 1905: 1799: 1787: 1252:Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 642:and proclaimed himself Negus. 1: 4751:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians 3650:translated by Richard Seltzer 3648:With the Armies of Menelik II 3546:Through the Lands of the Serb 2737:Paul Dorosh, Shahidur Rashid 2728:OUP Oxford, 2010 Google Books 2199:The Real Facts about Ethiopia 1775: 1668:movements around the globe. 1616:Illness, death and succession 1498:A son, the purported Emperor 815:Menelik's campaigns 1897–1904 696: 553: 224:Sahle Maryam (baptismal name) 3148:Van Paassen, Pierre (1939). 3026:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2999:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2972:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2919:. Castle Books. p. 210. 2889:. Castle Books. p. 209. 2865:. Castle Books. p. 208. 2850:. Castle Books. p. 207. 2828:. Castle Books. p. 205. 2808:. Castle Books. p. 206. 2186:Ethiopia: A View from Within 1866:Roughly equivalent to Child. 1570:Therefore, Zewditu's cousin 1541:Menelik's younger daughter, 1188:statue of Emperor Menelik II 981:great famine of 1888 to 1892 979:During Menelik's reign, the 975:The Great Famine (1888–1892) 784: 651:1868 Expedition to Abyssinia 522:to the south and east, into 458: 7: 4072:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I) 3741:20th Century Press Archives 1748: 1723:and is a distant cousin of 1230:véritable traité d'alliance 807:Menelik's campaigns 1889–96 799:Menelik's campaigns 1879–89 286:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo 10: 4782: 4601:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 4086:Eskender (Kwestantinos II) 3353:(2014) p. 242 Google Books 3109:(2015) p. 128 Google Books 2463:(2011) p. 109 Google Books 2450:(1994) p. 370 Google Books 2437:(2000) p. 208 Google Books 2411:(2000) p. 196 Google Books 2381:(2013) p. 506 Google Books 2089:Marcus, Harold G. (1995). 1996:International Crisis Group 1639:Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery 1287:Introducing new technology 1270:Abolition of slave trading 1101: 1041:. The land referred to as 998: 788: 669: 520:Menelik expanded his realm 454: 152:Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery 27: 4716:People from Amhara Region 4581: 4510: 4250: 4165: 3958:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I) 3938: 3929: 3869:Joined to Ethiopian crown 3856: 3848: 3838: 3829: 3821: 3811: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3752: 3605:Mockler, Anthony (2002). 3096:(2011) p. 81 Google Books 2244:. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. 1770:First Italo-Ethiopian War 1655: 1226:First Italo-Ethiopian War 1104:First Italo-Ethiopian War 943:Foundation of Addis Ababa 876:leading to depopulation. 617:hostages and then had 12 512:First Italo-Ethiopian War 395: 381: 362: 348: 335: 317: 308: 295: 281: 270: 251: 238: 220: 215: 211: 195: 170: 146: 129: 102: 98: 87: 77: 67: 59: 52: 43: 34: 23: 3675:Tibebu, Teshale (1995). 3066:Milkias, Paulos (2005). 2558:16 December 2017 at the 1839:Equivalent to Sir or Mr. 1374: 1128:Menelik II observes the 923:by Menelik as "brutal". 227:Abba Dagnew (horse name) 2786:Haggai, Erlich (1997). 2763:"The Treaty of Wuchale" 2646:Leopold II and Ethiopia 2349:. Salem-News.com (2013) 2184:By Michael B. Lentakis 2153:Encyclopædia Britannica 2119:Marcus, Harold (1975). 1551:Araya Selassie Yohannes 1354:Personal life and death 1340:electric power industry 1017:, the "natural son" of 653:, he allowed his rival 3590:. New York: Palgrave. 3524:. The Washington Post. 2790:. African World Press. 2217:. BRILL. p. 151. 1963:10.1080/01436599814415 1817:Roughly equivalent to 1729: 1691: 1633: 1474: 1447:Ras Woldegyorgis Aboye 1384: 1316: 1300: 1244:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad 1199: 1175: 1139: 1099: 1010: 952: 931:and the people of the 816: 808: 800: 706: 705:Portrait of Menelik II 634: 633:Menelik, king of Shewa 491:from 1866 to 1889 and 427:This article contains 302:Menelik II of Ethiopia 4726:Genocide perpetrators 3607:Haile Sellassie's War 2930:Perry, James (2005). 2915:Perry, James (2005). 2900:Perry, James (2005). 2885:Perry, James (2005). 2861:Perry, James (2005). 2846:Perry, James (2005). 2824:Perry, James (2005). 2804:Perry, James (2005). 2656:Flag Research Center 2391:Hess, Robert (1979). 2345:Prof. Feqadu Lamessa 2334:A History of Ethiopia 2303:W. G. Clarence-Smith 2197:Joel Augustus Rogers 1951:Third World Quarterly 1717:Petrovich of Njegushi 1713: 1682: 1627: 1602:Mengistu Haile Mariam 1468: 1429:in modern Wollo, and 1382: 1314: 1297:Treaty of Addis Ababa 1294: 1209:Treaty of Addis Ababa 1185: 1173: 1127: 1097: 1008: 950: 846:Ras Mengesha Yohannes 814: 806: 798: 704: 632: 355:Your Imperial Majesty 3918:Emperors of Ethiopia 3544:Durham, Mary Edith, 2945:Lewis, D.L. (1988). 2669:Michael B. Lentakis 1999:. 4 September 2009. 1707:and the name of the 1485:A daughter, Woizero 1306:Maria Theresa thaler 1202:With victory at the 1153:battle of Amba Alagi 905:Habtegyorgis Dinegde 327:His Imperial Majesty 4610:Victor Emmanuel III 3795:Emperor of Ethiopia 3349:Saïd Amir Arjomand 3172:mikedashhistory.com 2147:"Menelek II." 1796:means "the second". 1735:season pass of the 1591:Birru Wolde Gabriel 1577:Ras Tafari Makonnen 1572:Ras Tafari Makonnen 1524:Asfa Wossen Menelik 1513:Ras Tafari Makonnen 1366:After meeting him, 1090:Italo-Ethiopian War 1019:Emperor Yohannes IV 791:Menelik's Invasions 493:Emperor of Ethiopia 388:Our Lord (familiar) 180:Bafena Wolde Mikael 54:Emperor of Ethiopia 4252:Era of the Princes 3328:has generic name ( 3174:. 9 September 2010 2377:Kevin Shillington 2264:Richard Pankhurst 1634: 1475: 1385: 1317: 1301: 1200: 1176: 1174:Menelik II in 1899 1140: 1100: 1011: 953: 817: 809: 801: 715:Battle of Gallabat 707: 635: 142:, Ethiopian Empire 4731:Solomonic dynasty 4625: 4624: 4617:Emperor-in-exile. 4530:Tekle Giyorgis II 4284:Tekle Haymanot II 4270:Tekle Haymanot II 3940:Solomonic dynasty 3878: 3877: 3839:Succeeded by 3812:Succeeded by 3667:978-1-56902-009-8 3660:. Red Sea Press. 3616:978-1-56656-473-1 3375:Donald N. Levine 3362:Donald N. Levine 3150:Days of Our Years 2332:Harold G. Marcus 2319:Donald N. Levine 2290:Donald N. Levine 1487:Shoaregga Menelik 1435:Wube Haile Maryam 1264:Benishangul-Gumuz 1015:Mengesha Yohannes 1001:Treaty of Wuchale 897:Ras Gobana Dacche 850:League of Nations 719:Mengesha Yohannes 435:rendering support 415: 414: 382:Alternative style 291: 290: 234: 233: 4773: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4653: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4618: 4613: 4591: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4417:Baeda Maryam III 4412: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4382:Tekle Giyorgis I 4377: 4370: 4363: 4361:Tekle Giyorgis I 4356: 4349: 4342: 4340:Tekle Giyorgis I 4335: 4328: 4326:Tekle Giyorgis I 4321: 4314: 4312:Tekle Giyorgis I 4307: 4300: 4298:Tekle Giyorgis I 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4199:Tekle Haymanot I 4194: 4187: 4180: 4167:Gondarine period 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3960: 3953: 3916: 3915: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3849:Preceded by 3822:Preceded by 3785:Preceded by 3775: 3774:12 December 1913 3768: 3759:House of Solomon 3750: 3749: 3723: 3690: 3671: 3638:A. K. Bulatovich 3620: 3601: 3582: 3570: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3501:(1 March 2019). 3495: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3200:. 6 January 2014 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3145: 3139: 3135:26 no. 1, 61-79. 3129: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3051:Oliver, Ronald. 3048: 3042: 3041: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2768:. 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Henze, 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1895: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1751: 1742:Civilization VI 1676:. According to 1658: 1618: 1543:Zewditu Menelik 1509:Zewditu Menelik 1463: 1455:Ras Gugsa Welle 1451:Zewditu Menelik 1377: 1356: 1336:electric chairs 1289: 1272: 1222: 1217: 1106: 1092: 1003: 997: 977: 945: 933:Kaficho kingdom 889:Welega Province 793: 787: 782: 699: 690:Orazio Antinori 627: 556: 542:brief reign of 460:dagmawi mənilək 444: 443: 442: 433:Without proper 424: 420: 411: 377: 344: 319:Reference style 301: 299: 296: 247:(Shewan Branch) 230: 206: 204: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 166: 158: 155: 154: 138: 134: 114: 108: 106: 73:3 November 1889 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4779: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4683: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4592: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4565:Haile Selassie 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4079:Baeda Maryam I 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4009:Newaya Krestos 4005: 3998: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3864: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3780:Regnal titles 3777: 3776: 3767:17 August 1844 3756: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3734: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3695:External links 3693: 3692: 3691: 3686:978-1569020012 3685: 3672: 3666: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3623:Chris Prouty. 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3583: 3577: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3536: 3527: 3512: 3487: 3462: 3449: 3437: 3428: 3416: 3407: 3397: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3342: 3326:|author2= 3309:978-1438126760 3308: 3290: 3277: 3264: 3251: 3243:Count Gleichen 3235: 3222: 3211: 3185: 3159: 3140: 3124: 3111: 3098: 3092:Raymond Jonas 3085: 3078: 3058: 3043: 3032:(2): 121–132. 3016: 3005:(2): 121–132. 2989: 2978:(2): 121–132. 2962: 2955: 2937: 2922: 2907: 2892: 2868: 2853: 2831: 2811: 2793: 2778: 2754: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2686:1897. p. 1190. 2675: 2662: 2649: 2644:Jesman, 1959: 2637: 2628: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2564: 2544: 2542:, 2000. p. 68. 2531: 2529:: 2000. p. 69. 2518: 2511: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2459:John Markakis 2452: 2439: 2433:Paul B. Henze 2426: 2413: 2407:Paul B. Henze 2400: 2383: 2370: 2351: 2338: 2325: 2309: 2296: 2283: 2270: 2257: 2250: 2230: 2223: 2203: 2190: 2177: 2175:Mockler, p. 90 2168: 2166:Mockler, p. 89 2159: 2144:, ed. (1911). 2142:Chisholm, Hugh 2126: 2106: 2099: 2081: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2035: 2026: 2017: 1976: 1938: 1926: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1810: 1798: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1755:Ilemi Triangle 1750: 1747: 1699:Mary E. Durham 1657: 1654: 1617: 1614: 1608:leader of the 1598:Kebede Tessema 1581:Haile Selassie 1547:Queen of Sheba 1528: 1527: 1520: 1517:Haile Selassie 1505: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1462: 1459: 1376: 1373: 1368:Count Gleichen 1355: 1352: 1348:Abate Ba-Yalew 1288: 1285: 1271: 1268: 1221: 1220:Foreign policy 1218: 1216: 1213: 1204:Battle of Adwa 1196:Haile Selassie 1130:battle of Adwa 1111:Battle of Adwa 1102:Main article: 1091: 1088: 999:Main article: 996: 995:Wuchale Treaty 993: 976: 973: 944: 941: 901:Ras Mikael Ali 821:Adal Sultanate 789:Main article: 786: 783: 781: 778: 746:Haile Selassie 730:Queen of Sheba 698: 695: 626: 623: 555: 552: 516:Battle of Adwa 487:) was king of 437:, you may see 425: 418: 417: 416: 413: 412: 410: 409: 402: 389: 385: 383: 379: 378: 376: 375: 369: 356: 352: 350: 346: 345: 343: 342: 329: 323: 321: 315: 314: 306: 305: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 272: 268: 267: 253: 249: 248: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 229: 228: 225: 221: 218: 217: 209: 208: 199: 193: 192: 172: 168: 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Etefa, 2010:17 October 1957:(2): 192. 1776:References 1760:Paul Merab 1628:Menelik's 1295:After the 985:rinderpest 963:, Empress 937:Leopold II 697:Succession 674:Arsi Oromo 609:and Queen 554:Early life 483:(ሣህለ ማርያም 466:horse name 447:Menelik II 373:"O royal" 205:Shoa Ragad 109:1844-08-17 69:Coronation 4668:Biography 4597:1936–1941 4551:Lij Iyasu 4305:Iyasu III 4220:Dawit III 4178:Fasilides 4142:Za Dengel 3982:Jin Asgad 3799:1889–1913 3499:Awol Allo 3480:7 October 3460:, p. 241. 3318:cite book 3133:West 86th 1899:Citations 1781:Footnotes 1678:Awol Allo 1650:Zewditu I 1630:mausoleum 1606:communist 1595:Dejazmach 1583:in 1930. 1329:Dire Dawa 1084:Baratieri 1067:Segeneiti 1059:Abyssinia 1039:Abyssinia 870:Shanqella 836:, Gafat, 785:Invasions 742:Lij Iyasu 568:Angolalla 544:Lij Iyasu 475:: አባ ዳኘው 455:ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ 297:Styles of 277:Ejigayehu 202:Zewditu I 116:Angolalla 92:Lij Iyasu 88:Successor 28:ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ 4656:Monarchy 4644:Ethiopia 4595:Between 4431:Iyasu IV 4403:Iyoas II 4389:Demetros 4375:Demetros 4319:Hezqeyas 4234:Iyasu II 4206:Tewoflos 4107:Dawit II 4044:Andreyas 4037:Yeshaq I 3456:Marcus, 3204:28 March 3178:28 March 3038:41965700 3011:41965700 2984:41965700 2626:, p. 186 2556:Archived 2485:Tibebu, 2001:Archived 1819:Governor 1749:See also 1674:genocide 1431:Begemder 1415:Mentewab 1325:Djibouti 1248:Omdurman 1238:Mahdiyya 774:Begemder 728:and the 282:Religion 164:Ethiopia 4680:History 4630:Portals 4588:crowned 4558:Zewditu 4241:Iyoas I 4227:Bakaffa 4023:Dawit I 3852:Bezabeh 3815:Iyasu V 3743:of the 3739:in the 3727:YouTube 3548:, Ch.1. 2577:Series) 1971:3993156 1919:27 June 1794:Dagmawi 1500:Iyasu V 1479:natural 1400:Woizero 1321:railway 1138:, 1898. 1043:Eritrea 1035:Eritrea 1027:Wuchale 854:Somalis 738:Zewditu 726:Solomon 659:British 640:Ankober 598:Bezabeh 548:Zewditu 536:Wolayta 510:in the 473:Amharic 400:getochu 392:Amharic 367:djānhoi 359:Amharic 340:girmāwī 332:Amharic 275:Woizero 240:Dynasty 4586:Never 4213:Yostos 3770: 3683: 3664: 3631: 3613: 3594: 3575: 3306: 3076: 3036: 3009: 2982: 2953: 2509: 2489:, p.40 2248: 2221: 2097: 1969: 1881:center 1877:crypts 1687:Oromos 1656:Legacy 1604:, the 1473:(1897) 1439:Tigray 1423:Semien 1403:Bafena 1071:Asmara 1069:, and 1055:Tigres 1053:, and 1033:(i.e. 989:cattle 866:Sidama 858:Harari 834:Amhara 772:, and 766:Gojjam 734:Gondar 670:Befana 655:Kassai 619:Amhara 560:Amhara 532:Sidama 271:Mother 252:Father 171:Spouse 147:Burial 4424:Gigar 4410:Gigar 4354:Yonas 4149:Yaqob 4135:Yaqob 4121:Menas 4100:Na'od 3802:with 3772:Died: 3765:Born: 3034:JSTOR 3007:JSTOR 2980:JSTOR 2773:(PDF) 2766:(PDF) 2365:(PDF) 2004:(PDF) 1991:(PDF) 1967:JSTOR 1889:right 1721:Negus 1704:Negus 1567:Iyasu 1563:Iyasu 1559:Iyasu 1536:Iyasu 1427:Yejju 1375:Wives 1346:) or 1240:state 1051:Bejaa 1047:Adals 1023:Italy 961:Harar 916:Shewa 893:Chebo 885:Jimma 862:Oromo 838:Damot 826:Gadaa 770:Wollo 762:Yejju 758:Lasta 682:Egypt 680:from 678:Abuna 666:Wollo 615:Oromo 602:Negus 528:Kaffa 524:Oromo 489:Shewa 451:Ge'ez 408:(pl.) 404:lit. 371:lit. 264:Shewa 216:Names 197:Issue 120:Shewa 60:Reign 3965:Sons 3922:List 3681:ISBN 3662:ISBN 3629:ISBN 3611:ISBN 3592:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3482:2021 3337:link 3330:help 3304:ISBN 3206:2018 3180:2018 3074:ISBN 2951:ISBN 2507:ISBN 2246:ISBN 2219:ISBN 2095:ISBN 2012:2021 1921:2020 1885:left 1875:The 1695:Serb 1660:The 1610:Derg 1593:and 1256:Haud 1192:Adwa 1061:and 891:and 842:Adal 830:Bali 363:ጃንሆይ 336:ግርማዊ 260:King 130:Died 103:Born 3745:ZBW 3725:on 3405:249 1959:doi 1641:in 1588:Ras 1533:Lij 1389:not 1025:at 776:. 595:Ato 396:ጌቶቹ 262:of 4692:: 3733:). 3505:. 3490:^ 3473:. 3440:^ 3419:^ 3384:^ 3322:: 3320:}} 3316:{{ 3245:, 3196:. 3170:. 3028:. 3001:. 2974:. 2871:^ 2834:^ 2814:^ 2796:^ 2567:^ 2312:^ 2150:. 2129:^ 2109:^ 1993:. 1979:^ 1965:. 1955:19 1953:. 1941:^ 1929:^ 1891:). 1745:. 1737:4X 1680:: 1645:. 1425:, 1308:. 1266:. 1113:. 1049:, 907:, 903:, 899:, 887:, 868:, 864:, 860:, 856:, 840:, 832:, 768:, 764:, 760:, 550:. 534:, 530:, 526:, 464:; 453:: 398:; 394:: 365:; 361:: 338:; 334:: 162:, 122:, 118:, 4632:: 4612:. 4603:. 4590:. 3924:) 3920:( 3903:e 3896:t 3889:v 3689:. 3670:. 3619:. 3600:. 3581:. 3509:. 3484:. 3339:) 3332:) 3312:. 3208:. 3182:. 3082:. 3040:. 3030:1 3013:. 3003:1 2986:. 2976:1 2959:. 2515:. 2254:. 2227:. 2103:. 2014:. 1973:. 1961:: 1923:. 1821:. 1808:. 1632:. 1519:. 471:( 449:( 431:. 266:) 258:( 111:) 107:(

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