623:
671:
459:
been moves to create better regulation. The United
Nations has operated a certification process for carbon offsets since 2001. This is called the Clean Development Mechanism. It aims to stimulate "sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets." The UK Government's Climate Change Committee says reported emissions reductions or removals may have happened anyway or. not last into the future. This is despite an improvement in standards globally and in the UK.
31:
602:
is important to state explicitly whether emissions are counted at the location of production or consumption. This helps to prevent double counting. The lengthy manufacturing chains of a globalised market might make this challenging. There are additional challenges with looking at renewable energy systems and electric vehicle batteries. This is because the necessary embodied energy and other effects of raw material extraction are often significant when measuring life-cycle emissions. However the local emissions at the place they are used may be small.
952:
1997:
964:
6154:
6142:
1212:
940:
346:
6178:
6166:
878:.This is in order to "support equity and global transition to a net zero economy, and any subsequent UN global goals which supersede the 2030 SDGs." The UNFCCC's Race to Zero campaign says emissions reductions and removals should "safeguard the rights of the most vulnerable people and communities". It says that organizations should disclose how they will support communities affected by climate impacts and climate transition.
306:. Radiative forcing is the change in the Earth's energy balance that they cause. However, these potent but short-lived gases will drive temperatures higher in the short term. This could possibly push the rise in temperature past the 1.5 °C threshold much earlier. A comprehensive net-zero emissions target would include all greenhouse gases. This would ensure that the world would also urgently reduce non-CO
451:, Kevin Smith likened carbon offsets to medieval indulgences. He said they allowed people to pay "offset companies to absolve them of their carbon sins." He said this permits a "business as usual" attitude that stifles required major changes. Many people have criticized offsets for playing a part in greenwashing. This argument appeared in a 2021 watchdog ruling against
679:
The lack of an enforcement mechanism surrounding these claims means that many are dubious. In many sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals, the pathway to reaching net zero in terms of technology remains unclear. Further investment in research and innovation and further regulation will probably be necessary if net zero claims are to become more credible.
375:
says that residual emissions across most sectors should fall between 5-10% of an organization's baseline emissions. It should be even lower for some sectors with competitive alternatives like the power sector. Sectors such as heavy manufacturing where it is harder to mitigate emissions will probably have a higher percentage of residual emissions by 2050.
137:. Many countries and organizations are setting net zero targets. As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global
561:
To achieve net zero, actors are encouraged to set net zero targets for 2050 or earlier. Long-term net zero targets should be supplemented by interim targets for every one to five years. The UN, UNFCCC, ISO, and SBTi all say that organizations should prioritize early, front-loaded emissions reduction.
458:
Loose regulation of claims by carbon offsetting schemes combined with the difficulties in calculating greenhouse gas sequestration and emissions reductions has also given rise to criticism. This argument is that this can result in schemes that do not adequately offset emissions in reality. There have
317:
Some authors say that carbon neutrality strategies focus only on carbon dioxide, but net zero includes all greenhouse gases. However some publications, such as the national strategy of France, use the term "carbon neutral" to mean net reductions of all greenhouse gases. The United States has pledged
601:
Cities and countries pose a challenge when it comes to calculating emissions. This is because the production of products and services within their boundaries might be linked to either internal consumption or exports. At the same time the population also consumes imported products and services. So it
440:
projects. Avoided emissions offsets result from actions that reduce emissions relative to a baseline or status quo. But they do not remove emissions from the atmosphere. Weak standards such as ISO and BSI "carbon neutrality" standards allow organizations to use avoided-emissions carbon credits. They
374:
Experts and net zero frameworks disagree over the exact percentage of residual emissions that may be allowed. Most guidance suggests this should be limited to a small fraction of total emissions. Sector-specific and geographical factors would determine how much. The
Science Based Targets initiative
164:
To date, 27 countries have enacted domestic net zero legislation. These are laws that legislatures have passed that contain net zero targets or equivalent. There is currently no national regulation in place that legally requires companies based in that country to achieve net zero. Several countries,
706:
in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. Many fossil fuel companies have made commitments to be net zero by 2050. At the same time they continue to increase greenhouse gas emissions by extracting and producing fossil fuels. They claim that they will use carbon credits and carbon capture
678:
More and more nations and private and public-sector organizations are committing to net zero. But the credibility of these claims remains low. There is no binding regulation requiring a transition to net zero. So the overwhelming majority of net zero commitments have been made on a voluntary basis.
3410:
The Race to Zero scheme outlines a set of criteria called the 'starting line', which is "the very minimum procedural requirements for a decent pledge", says Lang. The criteria include having a pledge, plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target. Most states, regions or
873:
The concept of net zero has attracted criticism for the impact it could have on equity and distribution. The use of removals or carbon credits for offsetting has been particularly controversial. This is because of the possibility that offset projects themselves could have harmful effects. The ISO
478:
Since 2015, there has been significant growth in the number of actors pledging net zero emissions. Many standards have emerged that interpret the net zero concept and aim to measure progress towards net zero targets. Some of these standards are more robust than others. Some people have criticized
745:
economist Marc Lee said that net zero had the potential to be a dangerous distraction that reduced political pressure to reduce emissions. "A net zero target means less incentive to get to 'real zero' emissions from fossil fuels, an escape hatch that perpetuates business as usual and delays more
585:
The guidance from standards institutions says that organizations should choose a base year to measure emissions reductions against. This should be representative of their typical greenhouse gas profile. They should explain the choice of baseline and how they will account for changes in conditions
428:
means that removals must store greenhouse gases for the same period as the lifetime of the GHG emissions they balance. For example, methane has a lifetime of around 12 years in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lasts between 300 and 1,000 years. Accordingly, removals that balance carbon dioxide must
692:
A consortium of climate scientists has tracked net zero commitments. Their research found that net pledges drafted in law or policy documentation have grown from 7% of countries in 2020 to 75% in 2023. However, very few have met the minimum requirements for a "decent pledge". The UN Race to Zero
549:
Corporate net zero targets vary in how widely they cover emissions related to the company's activities. This can greatly affect the volume of emissions that are counted. Some oil companies, for instance, claim that their operations (Scopes 1 and 2) produce net zero emissions. These claims do not
737:
at reducing emissions from 1988 to 2021, they said they " at the painful realisation that the idea of net zero has licensed a recklessly cavalier 'burn now, pay later' approach which has seen carbon emissions continue to soar". They concluded: "Current net zero policies will not keep warming to
544:
Scope 3 emission sources include emissions from suppliers and product users (also known as the "value chain"). Transportation of goods, and other indirect emissions are also part of this scope. Scope 3 emissions were estimated to represent 75% of all emissions reported to the Carbon
Disclosure
576:
On average, approximately 29% of companies in EU member states have formulated a respective target to achieve net zero or have already reached this goal. However, these numbers can vary significantly across different industries, countries, and firm sizes. External pressures, such as companies'
469:
Most of the carbon credits on the voluntary market today do not meet UN, UNFCCC, ISO or SBTi standards for permanent carbon dioxide removals. So significant investment in carbon capture and permanent geological storage will probably be necessary to achieve net-zero targets by mid-century.
506:. Non-state actors include cities, regional governments, financial institutions, and corporations. One of these is not financing new fossil fuel development. Another is supporting strong climate policy. And another is ensuring that business activities and investments do not contribute to
738:
within 1.5 °C because they were never intended to. They were and still are driven by a need to protect business as usual, not the climate. If we want to keep people safe then large and sustained cuts to carbon emissions need to happen now. The time for wishful thinking is over."
725:, and Wolfgang Knorr argue that the concept of net zero has been harmful for emissions reductions. This is because it allows actors to defer present-day emissions reductions by relying on future, unproved technological fixes. Examples are carbon offsetting, carbon dioxide removal and
529:
The
Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a group of standards that are the most common in GHG accounting. These standards reflect a number of accounting principles. They include relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy. The standards divide emissions into three scopes:
886:
As of
November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global
1287:
Fankhauser, Sam; Smith, Stephen M.; Allen, Myles; Axelsson, Kaya; Hale, Thomas; Hepburn, Cameron; Kendall, J. Michael; Khosla, Radhika; Lezaun, Javier; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Obersteiner, Michael; Rajamani, Lavanya; Rickaby, Rosalind; Seddon, Nathalie; Wetzer, Thom (2022).
565:
Many companies often claim a commitment to reach net zero emissions by the year 2050. These promises are often made at the corporate level. Both governments and international agencies encourage businesses to contribute to a national, or international, net zero pledge. The
2831:
Hua, Fangyuan; Bruijnzeel, L. Adrian; Meli, Paula; Martin, Philip A.; Zhang, Jun; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Miao, Xinran; Wang, Weiyi; McEvoy, Christopher; Peña-Arancibia, Jorge Luis; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Smith, Pete; Edwards, David P.; Balmford, Andrew (20 May 2022).
366:
Robust net zero standards require actors to reduce their own emissions as much as possible following science-based pathways. They must then balance their residual emissions using removals and offsets. This typically involves shifting from fossil fuels to
353:
A given actor may plan to achieve net zero emissions through a combination of approaches. These would include (1) actions to reduce their own emissions, (2) actions to reduce the emissions of others (third parties), and (3) actions to directly
313:
Some targets aim to reach net zero emissions only for carbon dioxide. Others aim to reach net zero emissions of all greenhouse gases. Robust net zero standards state that all greenhouse gases should be covered by a given actor's targets.
156:
emissions are covered by some sort of net zero target, credible targets cover only 7% of emissions. This low credibility reflects a lack of binding regulation. It is also due to the need for continued innovation and investment to make
1048:
are not left behind in the transition to renewable energy. The green transition is a top priority for Europe. The EU Member States want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels, and become climate neutral by
257:
in the atmosphere would decline. This would be at a rate just fast enough to compensate for this deep ocean adjustment. The result would be approximately constant global average surface temperatures over decades or centuries.
4562:
423:
Strong standards such as the ISO and BSI "net zero" standards only allow removal-based offsets that have the same permanence as the greenhouse gases that they balance. The term for this concept is "like for like" removals.
336:
are often used as if they mean the same thing. In some contexts, however, they have different meanings from each other. The sections below explain this. People often use these terms without rigorous standard definitions.
701:
One of the main reasons for the low credibility of many net zero claims is their heavy reliance on carbon credits. Carbon credits are often used for offsetting. They reduce or remove emissions of carbon dioxide or other
562:
They say they should aim to halve emissions by 2030. Specific emissions reduction targets and pathways may look different for different sectors. Some may be able to decarbonize more quickly and easily than others.
799:
and provided 10 recommendations to ensure greater credibility and accountability for carbon neutrality pledges such as requiring non-state actors to publicly disclose and report verifiable information (e.g.
4607:
3374:
3678:
4229:
4057:
865:) by the recommendations of the UN report and found that many these pledges were largely unsubstantiated and more than half of cities had no plan for tracking and reporting compliance with pledges.
462:
There has also been criticisms of non-native and monocultural forest plantations as carbon offsets. This is because of their "limited—and at times negative—effects on native biodiversity" and other
3748:
4491:
3644:
729:. "The problems come when it is assumed that these can be deployed at vast scale. This effectively serves as a blank cheque for the continued burning of fossil fuels and the acceleration of
610:
Leading standards and guidance allow official accreditation bodies to certify products as carbon neutral but not as net zero. The rationale behind this is that until organizations and their
3610:
1176:
the
Presidency has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% to 52% compared to 2005 levels by 2030, a carbon free power sector by 2035, and for the entire economy to be net zero by
349:
The terms 'carbon neutral' and 'net zero' are often used interchangeably by politicians, businesses and scientists. Some experts use the terms differently, as illustrated by this graphic.
594:. This should include all organizations they have financed, invested in, or insured. Countries and regions should include both territorial emissions released within their boundaries and
302:
does. Therefore there is no need to reduce them to zero to halt global warming. This is because reductions in emissions of short-lived gases cause an immediate decline in the resulting
922:. However, according to the World Resources Institute, all of these countries have net positive greenhouse gas emissions. These countries generally have a high level of forestation.
3971:
3978:
693:
campaign calls them "starting line criteria". This states that they must have a "plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target" besides a stated pledge,
249:
emissions could continue. However global average surface temperatures would continue to increase for many centuries due to the gradual adjustment of deep ocean temperatures. If CO
1044:
by 2050 and to demonstrate that economies will develop without increasing resource usage. However, the Green Deal has measures to ensure that nations that are already reliant on
3021:
1802:
Allen, Myles R.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Girardin, CĂ©cile A.J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Malhi, Yadvinder; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Peters, Glen P.; Rajamani, Lavanya (17 October 2022).
534:
Scope 1 covers all direct GHG emissions within a corporate boundary (owned or controlled by a company). It includes fuel burned by the company, use of company vehicles, and
5878:
1197:
voted in 2022 to draft new rules banning gas furnaces and water heaters, and requiring zero emission appliances in 2030. By 2022, four states have gas bans in new buildings.
541:
Scope 2 covers indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat, cooling or steam. As of 2010, at least one third of global GHG emissions are Scope 2.
3550:
3339:
654:
The
International Monetary Fund estimates that compared to current government policies, shifting policies to bring emissions to net zero by 2050 would result in global
550:
cover the emissions produced when the oil is burned by its customers, which are 70 - 90% of oil-related emissions. This is because they count as Scope 3 emissions.
152:
Net zero claims vary enormously in how credible they are, but most have low credibility despite the increasing number of commitments and targets. While 61% of global
6054:
386:
is a
British standard for measuring carbon neutrality. According to these standards, carbon neutrality is a short-term target, and net zero is a longer-term target.
5722:
5179:
3482:
223:
The idea of net zero emissions is often confused with "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere". This is a term that dates from the 1992
570:
says that global investment in low carbon substitutes for fossil fuels needs to reach US$ 4 trillion annually by 2030 for the world to get to net zero by 2050.
1023:
650:
Percentage change in world GDP in a net zero scenario. The solid line shows the increase in GDP that would result from efforts to reduce emissions to net zero.
577:
exposure to risks associated with climate change and its perception as a problem, can influence a company's ambition to adopt specific targets and strategies.
4135:
1777:
658:(GDP) being 7 percent higher. In its estimates, the cost of emissions reductions in 2050 is less than 2% of world GDP, and the cost savings from reducing the
5895:
3366:
488:
224:
3670:
3508:
2489:
4065:
3811:
3740:
5331:
5152:
4348:
3913:
5326:
4333:
4214:
3711:
141:, 88% of emissions, and 89% of the world population. 65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among
3296:
5194:
4278:"Cabinet approves India's Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to be communicated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
3888:
3636:
3778:
2752:
674:
Status of net-zero carbon emissions targets as of
October, 2023 . The inclusion criteria for net-zero commitments may vary from country to country.
1752:
5126:
3071:
686:
3606:
4452:"Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges, employment, and investment opportunities"
4301:
492:
447:
has been criticized on several fronts. One important concern is that offsets may delay active emissions reductions. In a 2007 report from the
707:
technology in order to continue extracting and burning fossil fuels. The UN has condemned such pledges as dangerous examples of greenwashing.
502:
The "United
Nations High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities" has made several recommendations for
4835:
3192:
1157:
968:
858:
758:
1886:
326:
Countries, local governments, corporations, and financial institutions may all announce pledges for achieving to reach net zero emissions.
202:
5068:
1479:
746:
meaningful climate action," he said. "Rather than gambling on carbon removal technologies of the future, Canada should plan for a managed
4952:
3246:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence"
3211:"Determinants of firms' initiative and inertia in pursuing climate neutrality strategies—Theoretical explanations and empirical evidence"
2698:
827:
4110:
5216:
5169:
4574:
4376:
3411:
cities that have made pledges have not met the starting line criteria. "We saw no movement whatsoever" in almost every case, says Lang.
3167:
987:(EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the
773:
3777:(Report). NewClimate Institute/Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit/University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/University of Oxford.
318:
to achieve "net zero" emissions by 2050. As of March 2021 it had not specified which greenhouse gases will be included in its target.
50:: Since many climate pledges are not backed by policies, policies announced as of 2022 would limit temperature rise to around 2.5°C.
6095:
5211:
4791:
595:
198:
614:
are on track for net zero, allowing a product to claim to be net zero at this point would be disingenuous and lead to greenwashing.
118:
with the same meaning. However, in some cases, these terms have different meanings from each other. For example, some standards for
5426:
5142:
4860:
4637:
2098:
130:
require reducing emissions to more than 90% and then only offsetting the remaining 10% or less to fall in line with 1.5°C targets.
4595:
5782:
5571:
4734:
1183:
by April 2023, 22 states, plus Washington DC and Puerto Rico had set legislative or executive targets for clean power production.
766:
716:
3542:
3000:
2464:
2307:
382:
publish "carbon neutrality" standards that have higher tolerance for residual emissions than "net zero" standards. For example,
5431:
5394:
5248:
5233:
5147:
4796:
4740:
3096:
1421:
1153:
1146:
1083:
86:). To reach net zero targets requires actions to reduce emissions. One example would be by shifting from fossil fuel energy to
2956:
6090:
5228:
3115:
2969:
2728:
1705:
42:'s proposal for reducing energy-related emissions to net zero by 2050 is consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
6112:
5063:
5058:
823:
4206:
1778:"Federal Act on Climate Protection Goals, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security - Climate Change Laws of the World"
1126:
The Sustainable Energy Policy, which sets out the government's policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.
6204:
5593:
5371:
5189:
5116:
5106:
5089:
4996:
4803:
5121:
3580:
6214:
6022:
5883:
5840:
5336:
2667:
1113:
6209:
5949:
5825:
5642:
4840:
4563:
FACT SHEET: President Biden to Catalyze Global Climate Action through the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
2642:
1071:
822:
After the release of the report, Net Zero Tracker, a research consortium that includes the NewClimate Institute, the
2625:
1731:
6182:
5820:
5800:
5747:
5699:
4756:
3946:
496:
3320:
2282:
1676:
1648:
689:, has criticized net zero claims by fossil fuel companies, describing them "delusional and based on bad science".
5939:
5890:
5316:
5278:
5223:
4688:
4515:
4230:"India: Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, Allowing for a Carbon Credit Trading System, Comes into Force"
2942:
4427:
193:. This stated that the world must "achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
6007:
5291:
5043:
3803:
1426:
1230:
1194:
2514:
1098:
India has set a goal of reducing carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and for the entire economy to be net zero by
894:
According to World Population Review, a number of countries have net zero, or net negative carbon emissions:
6117:
5652:
5184:
1026:
was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The
875:
553:
Robust net zero standards require Scope 3 emissions to be counted, but "carbon neutrality" standards do not.
295:
194:
67:
3858:
3700:
3322:
3278:
Huovila, A., Siikavirta, H., Antuña Rozado, C., Rökman, J., Tuominen, P., Paiho, S., Hedman, Å., Ylén, P.: "
2099:
United Nations’ High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities (2022).
1030:
package is a large set of proposed legislation detailing how the European Union plans to reach this target.
82:
refers to emissions of all greenhouse gases, and in others it refers only to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO
6100:
5772:
5301:
5296:
5201:
5073:
4630:
1620:
1593:
1010:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". On 13 December 2019, the
622:
2911:
1190:
with gas or diesel) by 2035 in light duty vehicles, and no longer be bought by federal government by 2027.
5311:
5159:
3770:
1985:
1235:
1106:
567:
197:
of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century". The term "net zero" gained popularity after the
39:
17:
838:
issued a report evaluating the climate neutrality pledges of 116 of 713 regional governments, of 241 of
761:(COP27), the High-Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities of the
46:: Net-zero pledges and other pledges to reduce emissions would limit temperature rise to around 1.7°C.
6170:
5934:
5737:
5694:
5467:
5389:
5243:
1130:
1067:
1060:
734:
444:
409:
399:
294:
assume that some of these emissions such as methane from farming are harder to phase out. Emissions of
123:
91:
4325:
2834:"The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches"
2334:
371:
sources. Residual emissions are emissions that are not practical to reduce for technological reasons.
6039:
5714:
5689:
5662:
5624:
5541:
5359:
5206:
5164:
4914:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4058:"€33 trillion investor group: strong EU climate targets key to economic recovery & future growth"
3444:
3424:
1260:
659:
253:
emissions that result directly from human activities are reduced to net zero, the concentration of CO
5554:
4277:
4253:
3459:
1119:
The Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy (LTLEDS), which outlines India's long-term vision for
6049:
6044:
6034:
5975:
5815:
5321:
5286:
5174:
5101:
4942:
4771:
4707:
4668:
4400:
3323:"Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions"
2807:"United Nations online platform for voluntary cancellation of certified emission reductions (CERs)"
1450:
801:
1649:"Big companies keep increasing their climate commitments—especially when governments tell them to"
670:
513:
65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among
6158:
6080:
5990:
5732:
5704:
5384:
5038:
5016:
4623:
3701:
Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions
2102:
Integrity Matters: Net Zero Commitments by Businesses, Financial Institutions, Cities and Regions
788:
722:
448:
4086:
1164:
are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the
1078:
are neutral compared to the absorption of carbon dioxide, and often called "net zero". Like the
173:
The idea of net zero came out of research in the late 2000s into how the atmosphere, oceans and
5757:
5577:
5519:
5436:
5421:
5306:
4947:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
2600:
2203:
888:
655:
405:
395:
355:
138:
71:
2100:
6146:
5792:
5669:
5477:
4932:
4855:
2575:
1706:"More companies setting 'net-zero' climate targets, but few have credible plans, report says"
1294:
1217:
792:
747:
587:
518:
146:
3483:"Exclusive: How just 25 oil companies are set to blow the world's 1.5 °C carbon budget"
3046:
145:
companies, the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and
5985:
5863:
5524:
5094:
5021:
2845:
2420:
2380:
2346:
2028:
1923:
1366:
1303:
1007:
835:
812:
517:
companies the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and
433:
432:
Carbon credits can also fund initiatives that aim to avoid emissions. One example would be
229:
205:
in 2018, this report stated that "Reaching and sustaining net zero global anthropogenic CO
2145:
2001:
1996:
1910:
Solomon, Susan; Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Knutti, Reto; Friedlingstein, Pierre (2009-02-10).
1820:
1803:
1527:
30:
8:
6002:
5777:
5006:
5001:
4157:
4000:
1984:
Levin, Kelly; Fransen, Taryn; Schumer, Clea; Davis, Chantal; Boehm, Sophie (2023-03-20).
1033:
1019:
992:
980:
976:
932:
862:
730:
591:
3321:
UN High‑Level Expert Group on the Net Zero Emissions Commitments of Non‑State Entities.
2992:
2850:
2723:. Oscar Reyes, Timothy Byakola, Carbon Trade Watch. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
2424:
2350:
2041:
2032:
2016:
2000: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1927:
1370:
1307:
1022:
voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the
769:
5830:
5762:
5679:
5529:
5494:
5446:
5441:
5011:
3245:
3210:
2891:
2446:
1954:
1911:
1843:
1240:
1036:'s climate change strategy, launched in 2020, is focused on a promise to make Europe a
816:
573:
Some analyses have raised concerns that net zero cannot be achieved worldwide by 2050.
368:
87:
6064:
5727:
5472:
5238:
5026:
4989:
4776:
4730:
4473:
4181:
4134:
Jaeger, Carlo; Mielke, Jahel; SchĂĽtze, Franziska; Teitge, Jonas; Wolf, Sarah (2021).
3921:
3516:
3397:
3261:
3226:
2965:
2896:
2883:
2875:
2734:
2724:
2450:
2438:
2362:
2046:
1959:
1941:
1847:
1835:
1400:
1392:
1169:
1091:
1037:
808:
776:
535:
463:
303:
283:
213:
4492:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan | BEE | Department of Heavy Industry (DHI)"
3340:"Steel, cement, chemicals: How industry heavyweights aim to become climate friendly"
6107:
5674:
5657:
5598:
5489:
5253:
4972:
4845:
4781:
4463:
4033:
3439:
3253:
3218:
2865:
2855:
2428:
2354:
2036:
1949:
1931:
1825:
1815:
1483:
1382:
1374:
1311:
1225:
1161:
1075:
1011:
988:
805:
784:
437:
227:. The two concepts are not the same. This is because the carbon cycle continuously
4540:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 | ESCAP Policy Documents Management"
1887:"Explainer: Will global warming 'stop' as soon as net-zero emissions are reached?"
6059:
5980:
5944:
5873:
5847:
5835:
5752:
5684:
5559:
5416:
5033:
4984:
4962:
4539:
1120:
751:
682:
503:
190:
158:
55:
4025:
4001:"International investors enter Poland renewable energy market after rule change"
3279:
2358:
598:
related to products and services imported and consumed within their boundaries.
408:
from the atmosphere and sequester it. Alternatively or in addition they can buy
6012:
5868:
5810:
5805:
5647:
5536:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5111:
5048:
4786:
4766:
4725:
4646:
4302:"India Updates its Nationally Determined Contribution to Tackle Climate Change"
3707:
3577:"Dangerous Distractions: Canada's carbon emissions and the pathway to net zero"
3141:
2433:
2408:
2407:
Buck, Holly Jean; Carton, Wim; Lund, Jens Friis; Markusson, Nils (April 2023).
2106:
1378:
1316:
1289:
1165:
1079:
1041:
984:
854:
762:
726:
703:
484:
413:
298:
such as methane do not accumulate in the climate system in the same way that CO
182:
153:
134:
95:
4468:
4023:
3972:
Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts?
3970:
Higham, Catherine; Setzer, Joana; Narulla, Harj; Bradeen, Emily (March 2023).
3637:"COP27 - Corporate climate pledges rife with greenwashing - U.N. expert group"
951:
6198:
6085:
6017:
5742:
5564:
5549:
5484:
5379:
4477:
4372:
3925:
3741:"COP27: Cities with net zero promises falling short on tracking, report says"
3736:
3666:
3632:
3576:
3520:
3265:
3230:
2879:
2738:
2442:
2366:
2050:
1945:
1839:
1396:
507:
417:
291:
279:
74:
of these gases are in balance over a given period. It is often called simply
4594:'California plans to phase out new gas heaters by 2030' (23 September 2022)
4451:
2860:
2833:
1936:
5970:
5767:
5411:
5401:
5053:
4937:
4850:
2887:
2257:
1963:
1503:
1404:
1387:
1354:
1350:
1045:
996:
796:
611:
480:
383:
237:
emissions into vegetation and the ocean. This happens even after current CO
174:
4024:
Geden, Oliver; Schenuit, Felix; Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik (2020).
3367:"Global oil companies have committed to 'net zero' emissions. It's a sham"
3193:"Halfway Between Kyoto and 2050: Zero Carbon Is a Highly Unlikely Outcome"
2781:
2718:
2545:
189:
emissions are reduced to net zero. Net zero was basic to the goals of the
5997:
5514:
5506:
4761:
1830:
963:
831:
780:
779:
released a report that stated that the carbon neutrality pledges of many
750:
and invest public resources in bona fide solutions like renewables and a
514:
142:
2806:
1488:
6029:
5406:
4435:
2945:(PDF) (Report). World Resources Institute. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
2870:
2720:
The carbon neutral myth : offset indulgences for your climate sins
1027:
1000:
911:
874:
Net Zero Guidelines say that net zero strategies should align with the
545:
Project, though that percentage varies widely amongst business sectors.
4037:
233:
or absorbs a small percentage of cumulative historical human-caused CO
4979:
3257:
3222:
3094:
2941:
Ranganathan, J.; Corbier, L.; Bhatia, P.; Schmitz, S.; et al. (2004)
2643:"Methane and climate change – Global Methane Tracker 2022 – Analysis"
452:
379:
216:
would halt anthropogenic global warming on multi-decadal timescales (
34:
Estimated global warming by 2100 associated with various scenarios:
3833:
3297:"Benefits of Accelerating the Climate Transition Outweigh the Costs"
3072:"Emissions targets in the oil and gas sector: How do they stack up?"
1482:(Report). OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers. Paris: OECD.
345:
3914:"European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out"
2993:"Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard"
1986:"What Does "Net-Zero Emissions" Mean? 8 Common Questions, Answered"
1909:
1753:"Evolving regulation of companies in climate change framework laws"
1129:
The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, which aims to promote
1116:(NDCs), which set out India's emissions reduction targets for 2030.
939:
919:
1801:
1353:; Geden, Oliver; Cowie, Annette; Reisinger, Andy (16 March 2021).
133:
In the last few years, net zero has become the main framework for
4957:
4615:
3979:
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
3671:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges"
3509:"UN experts demand crackdown on greenwashing of net zero pledges"
3076:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
2753:"Dutch Ad Watchdog Tells Shell to Pull 'Carbon Neutral' Campaign"
1757:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
1187:
1105:
The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, which empowers the
899:
275:
3460:"Which major oil companies have set net-zero emissions targets?"
2465:"How can companies handle so-called 'residual emissions'? - CDP"
404:
To balance residual emissions, actors may take direct action to
5965:
4349:"India Outlines a Long-Term Decarbonization Strategy at COP 27"
1478:
Jeudy-Hugo, Sirini; Re, Luca Lo; Falduto, Chiara (2021-10-27).
1015:
915:
907:
895:
4575:
Clean Energy States Alliance, Table of clean electricity goals
3541:
Dyke, James; Watson, Robert; Wolfgang, Knorr (22 April 2021).
2490:"The net-zero transition for hard-to-abate sectors | McKinsey"
58:, the world was on a trajectory for global warming of 3.5°C.
5879:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
4967:
3889:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points"
3543:"Climate scientists: concept of net zero is a dangerous trap"
3280:
Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice
3022:
CDP Technical Note: Relevance of Scope 3 Categories by Sector
1912:"Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions"
1738:
1565:
1186:
all cars or light vehicles will have zero emissions (i.e. no
1168:, and countries worldwide, the United States has implemented
1087:
903:
733:", they said. By tracing the history of previous failures in
3607:"Net zero emissions: muddying the waters or real solutions?"
1861:
1286:
4079:
1177:
1172:
measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:
1099:
1094:
measures and law reform at both federal and state levels:
717:
Carbon offsets and credits § Limitations and drawbacks
4377:"COP27: India lays out plan for long-term decarbonization"
3969:
1014:
decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for
979:, approved in 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the
441:
do not specify how permanent or durable a credit must be.
165:
for example Switzerland, are developing such legislation.
6055:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4516:"National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 – Policies"
4133:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3047:"Inside Top Oil Exporter Saudi Arabia's Plan to Go Green"
2576:"PAS 2060 - Carbon Neutrality Standard and Certification"
2550:
1355:"Net-zero emissions targets are vague: three ways to fix"
1349:
241:
emissions are reduced to zero. If the concentration of CO
4182:"COP26: India PM Narendra Modi pledges net zero by 2070"
4136:"The European Green Deal – More Than Climate Neutrality"
3857:
Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (2019-12-11).
2943:
GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard
2696:
1983:
429:
last much longer than removals that balance methane.
2830:
2406:
1677:"Taking stock: A global assessment of net zero targets"
168:
4207:"India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions"
3875:
3422:
3398:"Net-zero pledges are growing — how serious are they?"
203:
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15)
5896:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4450:
Kumar. J, Charles Rajesh; Majid, M. A. (2020-01-07).
1422:"What does carbon neutral mean and what is net zero?"
1261:"Key findings – World Energy Outlook 2022 – Analysis"
891:, 88% of emissions and 89% of the world population.
266:
It will be quicker to reach net-zero emissions for CO
3027:(Report). Carbon Disclosure Project. 2022. p. 6
2668:"The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide"
1207:
819:) that substantiates compliance with such pledges.
4401:"India's Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy"
4326:"India's long-term low-carbon development strategy"
4087:"Europe needs to forge ahead with renewable energy"
3095:Race to Zero Expert Peer Review Group (June 2022).
1480:
Understanding countries' net-zero emissions targets
1477:
795:around the world often amount to nothing more than
774:
Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change
4334:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
4215:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
3540:
2308:"Carbon neutral and net zero – what do they mean?"
3856:
1290:"The meaning of net zero and how to get it right"
6196:
6096:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4254:"The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022"
3438:Goodward, Jenna; Kelly, Alexia (1 August 2010).
4234:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
3365:Berman, Tzeporah; Nathan, Taft (3 March 2021).
2706:(Government Report). UK Government. p. 38.
2339:International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
1916:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
687:Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative
3244:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26).
3209:Unger, Benedikt; Nippa, Michael (2024-01-26).
1804:"Net Zero: Science, Origins, and Implications"
524:
493:International Organization for Standardization
389:
4836:History of climate change policy and politics
4631:
4449:
3534:
3437:
2021:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2014:
1700:
1698:
759:2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference
696:
245:in the atmosphere were kept constant, some CO
27:Rate of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions
4428:"Draft: National Energy Policy - NITI Aayog"
3665:
3631:
3364:
2333:Murray, Joy; Dey, Christopher (2009-03-01).
876:United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
4953:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3609:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
3579:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
959:emissions per capita in the European Union.
828:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
590:should also include emissions within their
580:
6177:
6165:
5622:
4638:
4624:
3243:
3208:
1884:
1808:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1695:
1451:"A Beginner's Guide to Climate Neutrality"
1109:to specify a carbon credit trading scheme.
1006:The president of the European Commission,
861:(whose pledges cover more than 90% of the
261:
5917:
5723:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4861:United Nations Climate Change conferences
4467:
3947:"Parliament supports European Green Deal"
3395:
2895:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2672:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
2432:
2409:"Why residual emissions matter right now"
2332:
2040:
1953:
1935:
1829:
1819:
1487:
1386:
1315:
605:
356:remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
329:In climate change discussions, the terms
199:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5427:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3600:
3598:
3570:
3568:
2964:. World Resources Institute. p. 6.
2776:
2774:
962:
950:
938:
859:25 countries with the greatest emissions
669:
621:
344:
29:
5783:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5572:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3944:
3165:
2700:Voluntary Carbon Markets and Offsetting
2515:"Unlocking the "Hard to Abate" Sectors"
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
983:with the overarching aim of making the
14:
6197:
5432:Economics of climate change mitigation
5395:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4913:
4741:Scientific consensus on climate change
4371:
3911:
3735:
3506:
3480:
3358:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2385:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1681:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
1671:
1669:
1643:
1641:
1615:
1613:
1588:
1586:
1532:Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit
1154:Carbon neutrality in the United States
1147:Carbon neutrality in the United States
499:(SBTi) promote more robust standards.
410:carbon credits that "offset" emissions
6091:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
5916:
5621:
5357:
4912:
4824:
4705:
4657:
4619:
3886:
3798:
3796:
3771:Recommendations and current realities
3595:
3583:from the original on 20 November 2021
3565:
3396:Sanderson, Katharine (20 June 2023).
3250:Business Strategy and the Environment
3215:Business Strategy and the Environment
2954:
2771:
2716:
2570:
2568:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2402:
2400:
1880:
1878:
1821:10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-105050
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1282:
1280:
842:cities with populations greater than
412:. Carbon credits can be used to fund
361:
286:. The net-zero target date for non-CO
6113:Representative Concentration Pathway
5059:Tipping points in the climate system
4735:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
3613:from the original on 2 November 2021
3553:from the original on 2 November 2021
3003:from the original on 31 January 2021
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1473:
1471:
1445:
1443:
1416:
1414:
868:
824:Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit
181:emissions. This research found that
169:History and scientific justification
5884:Nationally determined contributions
5594:Individual action on climate change
4804:World energy supply and consumption
3859:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled"
3669:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022).
3635:; Jessop, Simon (8 November 2022).
3604:
3574:
2928:
2685:
2618:
2593:
2221:
2163:
2113:
2057:
2042:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054843
1970:
1666:
1638:
1610:
1583:
1114:Nationally Determined Contributions
881:
826:, the Data-Driven EnviroLab of the
748:wind down of fossil fuel production
662:are approximately 9% of world GDP.
617:
380:British Standards Institution (BSI)
94:their residual emissions by buying
24:
6023:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4645:
4456:Energy, Sustainability and Society
3793:
3166:Stanley, Andrew (September 2021).
2565:
2533:
2397:
2015:Pierrehumbert, R.T. (2014-05-30).
1875:
1854:
1324:
1277:
290:emissions is later partly because
209:emissions and declining net non-CO
25:
6226:
5950:Satellite temperature measurement
5555:forestry for carbon sequestration
4841:History of climate change science
3945:Benakis, Theodoros (2020-01-15).
3814:from the original on Dec 26, 2023
2697:Climate Change Committee (2022).
2335:"The carbon neutral free for all"
2204:"IWA 42:2022 Net zero guidelines"
1621:"CAT net zero target evaluations"
1594:"CAT net zero target evaluations"
1545:
1468:
1440:
1411:
925:
473:
274:plus other greenhouse gases like
6176:
6164:
6153:
6152:
6140:
5801:Climate Change Performance Index
5180:Destruction of cultural heritage
4600:
4588:
4579:
4568:
4556:
4532:
4508:
4484:
4443:
4420:
4393:
4365:
4341:
4318:
4294:
3804:"Carbon-Negative Countries 2024"
3507:Morton, Adam (8 November 2022).
3481:Ferris, Nick (26 January 2023).
3377:from the original on 6 July 2021
3190:
1995:
1210:
1145:This section is an excerpt from
1139:
1072:India's greenhouse gas emissions
1059:This section is an excerpt from
947:emissions in the European Union.
931:This section is an excerpt from
497:Science Based Targets initiative
479:weak standards for facilitating
331:net zero, carbon neutrality, and
5940:Instrumental temperature record
5891:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4270:
4246:
4222:
4199:
4174:
4150:
4127:
4103:
4050:
4017:
3993:
3963:
3938:
3912:Rankin, Jennifer (2019-12-13).
3905:
3850:
3826:
3781:from the original on 2023-03-25
3763:
3751:from the original on 2023-05-10
3729:
3717:from the original on 2023-03-17
3693:
3681:from the original on 2023-02-28
3659:
3647:from the original on 2023-05-10
3625:
3500:
3474:
3452:
3431:
3416:
3389:
3332:
3314:
3289:
3272:
3237:
3202:
3184:
3159:
3134:
3108:
3088:
3064:
3039:
3014:
2985:
2948:
2904:
2824:
2799:
2745:
2710:
2660:
2635:
2507:
2482:
2457:
2373:
2326:
2300:
2275:
2017:"Short-Lived Climate Pollution"
2008:
1903:
1885:Hausfather, Zeke (2021-04-29).
1795:
1770:
1745:
1724:
721:Climate scientists James Dyke,
6008:Climate variability and change
5358:
5044:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3887:Simon, Frédéric (2019-12-11).
2381:"Untangling our climate goals"
2146:"UNFCCC Race to Zero Campaign"
1520:
1496:
1427:Natural History Museum, London
1253:
1231:Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
1195:California Air Resources Board
665:
321:
13:
1:
6118:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5653:Climate emergency declaration
4606:S&P Global (9 June 2022)
3284:Journal of Cleaner Production
3142:"Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis"
3116:"Carbon neutral verification"
2958:GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance
2283:"Net Zero vs. Carbon Neutral"
1455:United Nations Climate Change
1246:
1158:U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
765:formed the previous March by
754:from fossil fuels," he said.
636: Chronic damages avoided
340:
90:sources. Organizations often
68:emissions of greenhouse gases
6101:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5327:Middle East and North Africa
4658:
4544:policy.asiapacificenergy.org
3423:Collins English Dictionary.
3286:, Volume 341, 20 March 2022.
2811:offset.climateneutralnow.org
971:by jurisdiction (as of 2015)
710:
556:
120:carbon neutral certification
70:due to human activities and
7:
4825:
4026:"Unconventional Mitigation"
2359:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.07.004
2287:Corporate Finance Institute
1528:"Net Zero: A short history"
1236:Carbon Neutrality Coalition
1203:
642: Acute damages avoided
568:International Energy Agency
525:Scopes of emissions sources
390:Carbon removals and offsets
101:People often use the terms
40:International Energy Agency
10:
6231:
6205:Climate change and society
5935:Global surface temperature
5826:Popular culture depictions
5738:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5468:Carbon capture and storage
5390:Carbon offsets and credits
4706:
3605:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021).
3575:Lee, Marc (17 June 2021).
3425:"Carbon offset definition"
2434:10.1038/s41558-022-01592-2
1862:"Global Warming of 1.5 °C"
1379:10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3
1317:10.1038/s41558-021-01245-w
1188:internal combustion engine
1144:
1131:electric vehicles in India
1068:Carbon neutrality in India
1061:Carbon neutrality in India
1058:
1018:. On 15 January 2020, the
930:
802:greenhouse gas inventories
714:
697:The role of carbon credits
400:Carbon offsets and credits
393:
6215:Climate change mitigation
6147:Climate change portal
6134:
6073:
6040:Extreme event attribution
5958:
5927:
5923:
5912:
5856:
5791:
5713:
5663:School Strike for Climate
5635:
5631:
5617:
5586:
5542:Climate-smart agriculture
5503:
5460:
5370:
5366:
5353:
5277:
5135:
5082:
4925:
4921:
4908:
4831:
4820:
4749:
4718:
4714:
4701:
4684:Climate change adaptation
4679:Climate change mitigation
4674:Effects of climate change
4664:
4653:
4469:10.1186/s13705-019-0232-1
3445:World Resources Institute
2519:World Resources Institute
1990:World Resources Institute
1086:and countries worldwide,
855:publicly listed companies
660:effects of climate change
648: Costs of mitigation
66:describe the state where
6210:Greenhouse gas emissions
6050:Global warming potential
5857:International agreements
5504:Preserving and enhancing
4943:Arctic methane emissions
4865:Years in climate change
4772:Greenhouse gas emissions
4669:Causes of climate change
4091:European Investment Bank
4005:European Investment Bank
3838:www.climatewatchdata.org
3440:"Bottom Line on Offsets"
1625:climateactiontracker.org
1598:climateactiontracker.org
1053:
969:carbon dioxide emissions
581:Comprehensive accounting
6081:Climate change scenario
5733:Disaster risk reduction
5385:Carbon emission trading
5195:U.S. insurance industry
5170:Civilizational collapse
5017:sea surface temperature
4496:evyatra.beeindia.gov.in
3808:World Population Review
2997:Greenhouse Gas Protocol
2861:10.1126/science.abl4649
2258:"The Net-Zero Standard"
1937:10.1073/pnas.0812721106
1504:"The Net-Zero Standard"
743:Dangerous Distractions,
588:Financial organizations
449:Transnational Institute
262:Types of greenhouse gas
6074:Research and modelling
5758:Nature-based solutions
5578:Nature-based solutions
5520:Carbon dioxide removal
5437:Fossil fuel divestment
5422:Climate risk insurance
5332:Small island countries
4948:Arctic sea ice decline
2916:climate-pact.europa.eu
2626:"Race to Zero Lexicon"
972:
960:
948:
793:financial institutions
772:and chaired by former
767:U.N. Secretary-General
675:
656:gross domestic product
651:
606:Standards for products
396:Carbon dioxide removal
350:
59:
6035:Earth's energy budget
5918:Background and theory
5806:Climate crisis (term)
5478:Fossil fuel phase-out
5372:Economics and finance
5337:by individual country
5279:By country and region
5254:Security and conflict
5249:Psychological impacts
4933:Abrupt climate change
4856:Charles David Keeling
4689:By country and region
4585:Executive Order 14057
2717:Smith, Kevin (2007).
2601:"Net zero guidelines"
2413:Nature Climate Change
2262:Science Based Targets
1508:Science Based Targets
1295:Nature Climate Change
1218:Climate change portal
966:
954:
942:
673:
630: Net GDP benefit
625:
596:consumption emissions
519:government regulation
406:remove carbon dioxide
394:Further information:
348:
147:government regulation
33:
5864:Glasgow Climate Pact
5525:Carbon sequestration
5095:Mass mortality event
4158:"Net Zero Coalition"
3739:(15 November 2022).
3098:Interpretation Guide
2955:Sotos, Mary (2015).
2312:World Economic Forum
1732:"Get Net Zero Right"
1024:European Climate Law
1008:Ursula von der Leyen
836:University of Oxford
817:financial securities
789:regional governments
741:In his 2021 report,
586:since the baseline.
270:alone rather than CO
185:will only stop if CO
6003:Climate sensitivity
5778:The Adaptation Fund
5234:Infectious diseases
5136:Social and economic
4608:Market Intelligence
4115:consilium.europa.eu
3747:. Thomson Reuters.
3643:. Thomson Reuters.
2851:2022Sci...376..839H
2425:2023NatCC..13..351B
2351:2009IJGGC...3..237M
2033:2014AREPS..42..341P
1928:2009PNAS..106.1704S
1489:10.1787/8d25a20c-en
1371:2021Natur.591..365R
1308:2022NatCC..12...15F
1160:to the point where
1156:refers to reducing
1074:to the point where
1070:refers to reducing
1034:European Commission
1020:European Parliament
993:building renovation
981:European Commission
977:European Green Deal
933:European Green Deal
863:gross world product
832:Net Zero Initiative
731:habitat destruction
177:were reacting to CO
5574:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5546:Forest management
5530:Direct air capture
5495:Sustainable energy
5452:Net zero emissions
5447:Low-carbon economy
5442:Green Climate Fund
5229:Indigenous peoples
5127:Plant biodiversity
4915:Effects and issues
4353:www.globaldata.com
4030:SWP Research Paper
3462:. 16 December 2020
3168:"Net Zero by 2050"
2521:. 24 February 2020
1570:netzerotracker.net
1566:"Net Zero Tracker"
1457:. 26 February 2021
1241:Low-carbon economy
1107:central government
973:
961:
949:
676:
652:
536:fugitive emissions
464:ecosystem services
369:sustainable energy
362:Reducing emissions
351:
334:climate neutrality
128:net zero standards
115:climate neutrality
103:net zero emissions
88:sustainable energy
64:net zero emissions
60:
54:: Before the 2015
6192:
6191:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6065:Radiative forcing
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5728:Adaptive capacity
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5473:Energy transition
5349:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5064:Tropical cyclones
4990:Urban heat island
4904:
4903:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4777:Carbon accounting
4731:Greenhouse effect
4697:
4696:
4038:10.18449/2020RP08
3951:European Interest
3344:Clean Energy Wire
3122:. 13 January 2020
2971:978-1-56973-850-4
2844:(6595): 839–844.
2730:978-90-71007-18-7
1683:. 25 October 2021
1365:(7850): 365–368.
1170:carbon neutrality
1092:carbon neutrality
943:Development of CO
869:Equity and impact
785:local governments
777:Catherine McKenna
445:Carbon offsetting
434:energy efficiency
416:projects such as
304:radiative forcing
296:short-lived gases
284:fluorinated gases
214:radiative forcing
124:carbon offsetting
108:carbon neutrality
78:. In some cases,
16:(Redirected from
6222:
6180:
6179:
6168:
6167:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6108:Paleoclimatology
5925:
5924:
5914:
5913:
5675:Ecological grief
5658:Climate movement
5633:
5632:
5619:
5618:
5599:Plant-based diet
5490:Renewable energy
5368:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5190:Economic impacts
5117:Invasive species
4973:Coastal flooding
4923:
4922:
4910:
4909:
4846:Svante Arrhenius
4822:
4821:
4792:from agriculture
4782:Carbon footprint
4767:Greenhouse gases
4716:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4655:
4654:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4565:(April 20, 2023)
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4064:. Archived from
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3884:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3775:Net Zero Tracker
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3547:The Conversation
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3258:10.1002/bse.3698
3241:
3235:
3234:
3223:10.1002/bse.3698
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2873:
2863:
2853:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2782:"CDM: About CDM"
2778:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2759:. 27 August 2021
2749:
2743:
2742:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:www.bsigroup.com
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2546:"ISO/FDIS 14068"
2542:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2494:www.mckinsey.com
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2436:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:. 23 August 2022
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2254:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2200:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2142:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1939:
1922:(6): 1704–1709.
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1833:
1823:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1782:climate-laws.org
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1562:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1347:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1226:Carbon footprint
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1162:carbon emissions
1090:has implemented
1076:carbon emissions
1042:greenhouse gases
1012:European Council
989:circular economy
882:Country examples
853:
849:
845:
841:
806:carbon footprint
770:AntĂłnio Guterres
704:greenhouse gases
647:
641:
635:
629:
618:Financial impact
504:non-state actors
438:renewable energy
358:(carbon sinks).
21:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6141:
6139:
6122:
6069:
6060:Orbital forcing
5954:
5919:
5900:
5874:Paris Agreement
5852:
5848:Warming stripes
5787:
5753:Managed retreat
5748:Loss and damage
5709:
5643:Business action
5627:
5605:
5582:
5505:
5499:
5456:
5417:Climate finance
5362:
5341:
5273:
5131:
5107:Extinction risk
5083:Flora and fauna
5078:
5039:Permafrost thaw
5034:Ozone depletion
4963:Extreme weather
4917:
4900:
4827:
4808:
4745:
4710:
4693:
4660:
4649:
4644:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4448:
4444:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3834:"Climate Watch"
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3573:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3421:
3417:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3242:
3238:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3120:carbontrust.com
3114:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2114:
2097:
2058:
2013:
2009:
1982:
1971:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1776:
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1761:
1759:
1751:
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1696:
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1639:
1629:
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1592:
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1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1476:
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1432:
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1420:
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1412:
1348:
1325:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1259:
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1254:
1249:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1121:decarbonisation
1064:
1056:
1051:
1050:
958:
946:
936:
928:
884:
871:
851:
847:
843:
839:
752:just transition
719:
713:
699:
685:, chair of the
683:Tzeporah Berman
668:
649:
645:
643:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
620:
608:
583:
559:
527:
495:(ISO), and the
476:
402:
392:
364:
343:
324:
309:
301:
289:
273:
269:
264:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
218:high confidence
212:
208:
191:Paris Agreement
188:
180:
171:
159:decarbonization
122:allow a lot of
85:
56:Paris Agreement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6228:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6150:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6013:Cloud feedback
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5869:Kyoto Protocol
5866:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5821:Media coverage
5818:
5813:
5811:Climate spiral
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5700:Public opinion
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5648:Climate action
5645:
5639:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5560:REDD and REDD+
5557:
5552:
5544:
5539:
5537:Carbon farming
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5269:Water security
5266:
5264:Water scarcity
5261:
5259:Urban flooding
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Forest dieback
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5049:Sea level rise
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5022:stratification
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:Carbon leakage
4784:
4779:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4726:Climate system
4722:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4647:Climate change
4643:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4578:
4567:
4555:
4531:
4507:
4483:
4442:
4419:
4392:
4375:(2022-11-14).
4373:Dickie, Gloria
4364:
4340:
4317:
4293:
4269:
4245:
4221:
4198:
4173:
4162:United Nations
4149:
4140:Intereconomics
4126:
4102:
4078:
4049:
4016:
3992:
3962:
3937:
3904:
3874:
3849:
3825:
3792:
3762:
3737:Dickie, Gloria
3728:
3708:United Nations
3692:
3667:Dickie, Gloria
3658:
3633:Dickie, Gloria
3624:
3594:
3564:
3533:
3499:
3487:Energy Monitor
3473:
3451:
3430:
3415:
3388:
3357:
3346:. 28 June 2019
3331:
3313:
3288:
3271:
3236:
3201:
3191:Smil, Vaclav.
3183:
3158:
3133:
3107:
3087:
3063:
3038:
3013:
2984:
2970:
2947:
2927:
2912:"GHG Protocol"
2903:
2823:
2798:
2786:cdm.unfccc.int
2770:
2744:
2729:
2709:
2684:
2659:
2634:
2617:
2592:
2564:
2532:
2506:
2481:
2456:
2419:(4): 351–358.
2396:
2372:
2345:(2): 237–248.
2325:
2299:
2274:
2220:
2162:
2112:
2107:United Nations
2056:
2027:(1): 341–379.
2007:
1969:
1902:
1874:
1853:
1814:(1): 849–887.
1794:
1769:
1744:
1723:
1712:. 11 June 2023
1694:
1665:
1637:
1609:
1582:
1544:
1519:
1495:
1467:
1439:
1410:
1323:
1276:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1166:European Union
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1080:European Union
1065:
1057:
1055:
1052:
999:, farming and
985:European Union
956:
944:
937:
929:
927:
926:European Union
924:
883:
880:
870:
867:
763:United Nations
735:climate policy
727:geoengineering
712:
709:
698:
695:
667:
664:
644:
638:
632:
626:
619:
616:
607:
604:
582:
579:
558:
555:
547:
546:
542:
539:
526:
523:
475:
474:Implementation
472:
414:carbon removal
391:
388:
363:
360:
342:
339:
323:
320:
307:
299:
287:
271:
267:
263:
260:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:Rio Convention
210:
206:
201:published its
186:
183:global warming
178:
170:
167:
154:carbon dioxide
135:climate action
96:carbon credits
83:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6227:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6184:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Climate model
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6018:Cloud forcing
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5793:Communication
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:Vulnerability
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Flood control
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5565:reforestation
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:afforestation
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Nuclear power
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Carbon budget
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:Mental health
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5153:United States
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5007:deoxygenation
5005:
5003:
5002:acidification
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4823:
4819:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4797:from wetlands
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Deforestation
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4582:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4068:on 2023-01-09
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4006:
4002:
3996:
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3488:
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2802:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2758:
2757:Bloomberg.com
2754:
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5928:Measurements
5623:Society and
5507:carbon sinks
5451:
5412:Climate debt
5402:Carbon price
5224:Human rights
5054:Season creep
5012:heat content
4938:Anoxic event
4851:James Hansen
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1891:Carbon Brief
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5976:atmospheric
5841:video games
5515:Blue carbon
5143:Agriculture
5122:Marine life
5069:Water cycle
5027:temperature
4762:Fossil fuel
3981:. p. 3
3404:10 November
3031:January 20,
2871:10810/62203
2605:www.iso.org
2469:www.cdp.net
2208:www.iso.org
1040:emitter of
666:Credibility
515:Fortune 500
322:Terminology
143:Fortune 500
44:Yellow dots
18:Zero-carbon
6199:Categories
6030:Cryosphere
5991:permafrost
5763:Resilience
5715:Adaptation
5690:Litigation
5680:Governance
5625:adaptation
5407:Carbon tax
5360:Mitigation
5297:Antarctica
5185:Disability
4549:2023-08-28
4525:2023-08-28
4501:2023-08-28
4436:NITI Aayog
4413:2023-08-28
4408:unfccc.int
4386:2023-08-28
4358:2023-08-28
4311:2023-08-28
4287:2023-08-28
4282:pib.gov.in
4263:2023-08-28
4239:2023-08-28
4192:2023-08-26
4167:2022-12-23
4120:2022-12-23
4096:2022-12-23
4072:2021-05-20
4043:2021-05-20
4010:2021-05-20
3977:(Report).
3956:2020-01-20
3931:2019-12-29
3898:2019-12-29
3868:2019-12-29
3843:2024-03-01
3785:2 December
3755:2 December
3721:2 December
3706:(Report).
3685:2 December
3651:2 December
3617:2 November
3587:2 November
3557:2 November
3307:2024-02-27
3177:2023-09-06
3152:2023-09-06
3148:. May 2021
3081:2023-08-26
3057:2023-08-26
3007:2016-02-28
2921:2022-12-27
2816:2 December
2791:2 December
2763:2 December
2390:2023-08-11
2150:unfccc.int
1896:2023-09-09
1603:2024-03-21
1513:2023-12-13
1461:2023-08-20
1433:2023-08-20
1270:2023-09-01
1247:References
1028:Fit for 55
1001:innovation
912:Madagascar
830:, and the
813:prospectus
809:accounting
723:Bob Watson
715:See also:
426:Permanence
341:Approaches
230:sequesters
161:possible.
36:Green dots
6045:Feedbacks
5816:Education
5317:Caribbean
5312:Australia
5239:Migration
5202:Fisheries
5148:Livestock
5074:Wildfires
4980:Heat wave
4478:2192-0567
3926:0261-3077
3521:0261-3077
3266:0964-4733
3231:0964-4733
2897:247521598
2880:0036-8075
2739:778008109
2451:248470852
2443:1758-6798
2367:1750-5836
2051:0084-6597
2002:CC BY 4.0
1946:0027-8424
1848:251891777
1840:1543-5938
1397:1476-4687
846:, and of
711:Criticism
592:portfolio
557:Timeframe
292:modellers
80:emissions
48:Blue dots
6171:Glossary
6159:Category
5981:biologic
5695:Politics
5587:Personal
5292:Americas
5160:Children
4926:Physical
4719:Overview
4659:Overview
4462:(1): 2.
4306:The Wire
4186:BBC News
3863:POLITICO
3812:Archived
3779:Archived
3749:Archived
3712:Archived
3679:Archived
3645:Archived
3611:Archived
3581:Archived
3551:Archived
3400:. Nature
3375:Archived
3001:Archived
2888:35298279
2557:29 March
2004:license.
1964:19179281
1867:17 April
1687:29 March
1658:17 April
1630:29 March
1575:17 April
1537:17 April
1405:33727725
1204:See also
1038:net-zero
920:Suriname
76:net zero
72:removals
52:Red dots
5986:oceanic
5836:fiction
5685:Justice
5636:Society
5244:Poverty
4958:Drought
4826:History
4750:Sources
4381:Reuters
3985:2 April
3818:Jan 28,
3745:Reuters
3641:Reuters
3526:31 July
3492:31 July
3466:31 July
3381:10 July
3350:31 July
3126:20 July
2846:Bibcode
2838:Science
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2610:21 June
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2525:18 July
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2421:Bibcode
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2029:Bibcode
1955:2632717
1924:Bibcode
1787:26 July
1762:26 July
1716:31 July
1710:AP News
1653:Fortune
1367:Bibcode
1304:Bibcode
967:Global
900:Comoros
857:in the
844:500,000
834:at the
757:At the
310:gases.
276:methane
62:Global
5966:Albedo
5959:Theory
5670:Denial
5461:Energy
5322:Europe
5302:Arctic
5287:Africa
5212:Health
5207:Gender
5165:Cities
5090:Biomes
4997:Oceans
4985:Marine
4708:Causes
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483:. The
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6183:Index
5945:Proxy
5705:Women
5175:Crime
5102:Birds
4968:Flood
4431:(PDF)
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1054:India
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852:2,000
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4884:2022
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4869:2019
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