Greenhouse - Knowledge

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Victorian fascination with 'exotic' plants and environments. Glasshouses became spectacles to entertain the general public. The curated environments in glasshouses aimed to capture "the Western imagination of an idealised landscape" and support the fantasy of the cultural 'other'. As a consequence, the collection of plants are believed to be true reflections of the world, yet are actually stereotypical arrangements of 'exotic' plants to symbolize exactly where British colonies are and how far their authority reaches. To uphold British hegemony, glasshouses became arguments of colonial power which flaunt the "absolute control of colonized environments and flora... as a symbol of British Imperial power.

37: 759:, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon dioxide enrichment can also reduce greenhouse water usage by a significant fraction by mitigating the total air-flow needed to supply adequate carbon for plant growth and thereby reducing the quantity of water lost to evaporation. Commercial greenhouses are now frequently located near appropriate industrial facilities for mutual benefit. For example, Cornerways Nursery in the UK is strategically placed near a major sugar refinery, consuming both waste heat and CO 1100: 918: 4568: 1217: 81: 1116: 993: 1088: 291: 650: 1203: 518: 820: 1148: 507: 4580: 851: 389: 117: 174:, however, are quite tender plants and do not grow easily year-round. Therefore, the Romans designed an artificial environment, like a greenhouse, to have cucumbers available for the emperor all year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as 4604: 488: 4592: 3184: 908:

agrivoltaics increase the spacing between solar cells and use clear backsheets enhancing food production below. In this option, the fixed PV panels enable the east–west movement of the sun to "spray sunlight" over the plants below, thereby reducing "over-exposure" due to the day-long sun as in transparent greenhouses, as they generate electricity above.

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smaller panes such as the 600 mm width typically used in modern domestic designs which then require more supporting framework for a given overall greenhouse size. A style of greenhouse having sloped sides (resulting in a wider base than at eaves height) and using these panes uncut is also often referred to as "Dutch Light design", and a

225:, a cauldron filled with water was also heated to create steam and increase the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. These Korean greenhouses were the first active greenhouses that controlled temperature, rather than only relying on energy from the sun. The design still included passive heating methods, such as semi-transparent oiled 1081:. The purpose of an alpine house is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to protect from wet conditions in winter. Alpine houses are often unheated since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from hard frost in the winter. They are designed to have excellent ventilation. 416:. These were normally in public gardens or parks and exemplified the 19th-century development of glass and iron architecture. This technology was widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls, and other large buildings that needed large, open internal area. One of the earliest examples of a palm house is in the 591:

greenhouses are now commonly used both in production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to the public as well. Gutter-connected greenhouses are commonly covered with structured polycarbonate materials, or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies.

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captures solar heat during the day. This design can keep the interior up to 25°C (45°F) warmer than the outside, even in winter. Over time, innovations like modern insulation materials and automated night curtains have been incorporated, enhancing their efficiency and maintaining a stable environment for crops.

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of the Netherlands in the mid-19th century. The addition of sand to bogs and clay soil created fertile soil for agriculture, and around 1850, grapes were grown in the first greenhouses, simple glass constructions with one of the sides consisting of a solid wall. By the early 20th century, greenhouses

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Despite their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, Chinese solar greenhouses have some limitations, such as the need for proper orientation to maximize sunlight and challenges with the durability of plastic film coverings. Nevertheless, they remain a practical solution for year-round farming in regions

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The largest glasshouses yet conceived were constructed in England during the Victorian era. As a direct result of colonial expansion, the purpose of glasshouses changed from agriculture to horticulture. The accelerated transfer of plants and horticultural knowledge between colonies contributed to the

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production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. Different techniques are then used to manage growing

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Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of

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is a special structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass and block it as heat. The most common materials used in modern

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Chinese solar greenhouses are designed to maximize solar energy, making them highly efficient in colder climates without the need for additional heating systems. Originating in 1978, these greenhouses feature three solid walls, often made of brick or clay, with a transparent south-facing side that

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is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If there is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can become prone to problems. The main purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air

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enrichment to about 1100 parts per million in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years. After the development of equipment for the controlled serial enrichment of carbon dioxide, the technique was established on a broad scale in the Netherlands. Secondary

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In the UK and other Northern European countries a pane of horticultural glass referred to as "Dutch Light" was historically used as a standard unit of construction, having dimensions of 28¾″ x 56″ (approx. 730 mm x 1422 mm). This size gives a larger glazed area when compared with using

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Before the development of greenhouses, agricultural practices were constrained to weather conditions. According to the climatic zone of communities, people were limited to a select range of species and time of the year in which they could grow plants. Yet around 30 CE, the Roman Empire built the

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in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. The first 'stove' (heated) greenhouse in the UK was

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Potential new photovoltaic technologies which let through the colors of light needed by the interior plants, but use the other wavelengths to generate electricity, might one day have some future use in greenhouses. There are prototypes of such greenhouses. "Semi-transparent" PV panels used in

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I shall essay the finishing of my greenhouse this fall, but find that neither myself, nor any person about me is so well skilled in the internal constructions as to proceed without a probability at least of running into errors. Shall I for this reason, ask the favor of you to give me a short

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were made by several companies and were also frequently made by the growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just lengths of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more greenhouses being

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are often used interchangeably to refer to buildings used for cultivating plants. The specific term used depends on the material and heating system used in the building. Nowadays, greenhouses are more commonly constructed with a variety of materials, such as wood and polyethylene plastic. A

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Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more bays connected by a common wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to exterior wall area was increased substantially. Gutter-connected

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greenhouses for walls and roofs are rigid plastic made of polycarbonate, plastic film made of polyethylene, or glass panes. When the inside of a greenhouse is exposed to sunlight, the temperature increases, providing a sheltered environment for plants to grow even in cold weather.

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constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the usable life of the film from one or two years up to three and eventually four or more years.

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was intended to provide the nobility with important agricultural and housekeeping knowledge. Within the section of agricultural techniques, Soon ui Jeon wrote how to build a greenhouse that was able to cultivate vegetables and other plants in the winter. The Korean design adds an

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passes through the transparent roof and walls and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer. These in turn warm up the surrounding air within the greenhouse. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via

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Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled by a computer.

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have the highest concentration of greenhouse agriculture in the world. The Westland produces mostly vegetables, besides plants and flowers; Aalsmeer is noted mainly for the production of flowers and potted plants. Since the 20th century, the area around

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Since 2000, technical innovations have included the "closed greenhouse", a completely closed system allowing the grower complete control over the growing process while using less energy. Floating greenhouses are used in watery areas of the country.

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Cooling is typically done by opening windows in the greenhouse when it gets too warm for the plants inside it. This can be done manually, or in an automated manner. Window actuators can open windows due to temperature difference or can be opened by

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Cartilaginum generis extraque terram est cucumis mira voluptate Tiberio principi expetitus Nullo quippe non die contigit ei pensiles eorum hortos promoventibus in solem rotis olitoribus rursusque hibernis diebus intra specularium munimenta

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The Netherlands has around 4,000 greenhouse enterprises that operate over 9,000 hectares of greenhouses and employ some 150,000 workers, producing €7.2 billion worth of vegetables, fruit, plants, and flowers, some 80% of which is exported.

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controllers. Electronic controllers are often used to monitor the temperature and adjusts the furnace operation to the conditions. This can be as simple as a basic thermostat, but can be more complicated in larger greenhouse operations.

310:. It was designed by Margaret Tilghman Carroll, an industrious gardener who cultivated citrus trees in this orangery. In 1784 Washington wrote requesting details about the design of her greenhouse, and she complied. Washington wrote: 676:

walls is the amount of heat lost through the greenhouse covering. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an

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such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass, also produced savings.

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began to be constructed with all sides built using glass, and they began to be heated. This also allowed for the production of fruits and vegetables that did not ordinarily grow in the area. Today, the Westland and the area around

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Greenhouses allow for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors that may be controlled include temperature, levels of light and shade,

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In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or ⅛″) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is good quality glass that should not contain air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting like lenses).

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from the refinery which would otherwise be vented to atmosphere. The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.

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Evans, Evie. "Cultivating Colonialism: The Musealisation Of Natural Object In the Hortus Botanicus, Amsterdam, And The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." (Master's thesis, University of Amsterdam, 2021). FramerFramed.

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from livestock can be used to heat greenhouses, e.g., placing a chicken coop inside a greenhouse recovers the heat generated by the chickens, which would otherwise be wasted. Some greenhouses also rely on

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is one of the most considerable costs in the operation of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a building that has solid

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As they may enable certain crops to be grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high-latitude countries. One of the largest complexes in the world is in

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Experimentation with greenhouse design continued during the 17th century in Europe, as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the

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description of the Green-house at Mrs. Carrolls? I am persuaded, now that I planned mine on too contracted a scale. My house is (of Brick) 40 feet by 24, in the outer dimensions …

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of around 2, a great amount of money is therefore spent to continually replace the heat lost. Most greenhouses, when supplemental heat is needed use natural gas or

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Greenhouses can range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings and enormous glasshouses. The smallest example is a miniature greenhouse known as a

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has some of the largest greenhouses in the world. Such is the scale of food production in the country that in 2017, greenhouses occupied nearly 5,000 hectares.

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was an example of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 150 metres (490 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) wide, and 14 metres (46 ft) high.

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Schlesinger, W.; Lichter, J. (24 May 2001). "Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO

734:(often LED lights) which are switched on at night to increase the amount of light the plants get, hereby increasing the yield with certain crops. 1576: 1115: 77:

indicates that the greenhouse is artificially heated. However, both heated and unheated structures can generally be classified as greenhouses.

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Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the weather warms.

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levels continuing to rise. In addition, laboratory experiments, free air carbon enrichment (FACE) test plots, and field measurements provide

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La Notte, Luca; Giordano, Lorena; Calabrò, Emanuele; Bedini, Roberto; Colla, Giuseppe; Puglisi, Giovanni; Reale, Andrea (15 November 2020).

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is a Korean heating system used in domestic spaces, which runs a flue pipe from a heat source underneath the flooring. In addition to the

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has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables every year.

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from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to boost the temperature during cooler periods (night time/winter).

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Phillips, R.; Meier, I.; et al. (2012). "Roots and fungi accelerate carbon and nitrogen cycling in forests exposed to elevated CO

3230: 1416:(London, England: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), vol. 4, book 19, chapter 23: "Vegetables of a cartilaginous nature – cucumbers. Pepones.", 324: 2704: 1956:

Stuhlfauth, T.; Fock, HP (1990). "Effect of whole season CO2 enrichment on the cultivation of a medicinal plant, Digitalis lanata".

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Yoon, Sang Jun; Woudstra, Jan (Summer 2007). "Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses".

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glasshouse, on the other hand, is a traditional type of greenhouse made only of glass panes that allow light to enter. The term

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During the day, light enters the greenhouse via the windows and is used by the plants. Some greenhouses are also equipped with

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Worldwide, there are an estimated nine million acres (about thirty-six and a half thousand square kilometers) of greenhouses.

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The relatively closed environment of a greenhouse has its unique management requirements, compared with outdoor production.

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Ventilation can be achieved via the use of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans.

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Stacey, Neil; Fox, James; Hildebrandt, Diane (20 February 2018). "Reduction in greenhouse water usage through inlet CO

3890: 3080: 3001: 2845: 46: 1326: 141: 560:. The pyramid is another popular shape for large, high greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the 1018:) can be used to make the most use of the interior space when growing crops to mature size inside the greenhouse. 4635: 1281: 989:. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production. 630:) that prefer still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and plant 202:

dynasty. In the 1450s, Soon ui Jeon described the first artificially heated greenhouse in his manuscript called

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Wittwer, SH; Robb, WM (1964). "Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production".

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A prominent design from the 19th century were glasshouses with sufficient height for sizeable trees, called

3917: 3615: 3188: 236: 24: 1607:"The Great Palm House At Kew Gardens London, England 1848-An Encyclopedia Of Architecture and Colonialism" 1087: 4436: 1063: 464: 393: 20: 1431: 3927: 3600: 3580: 2653: 620: 605: 468: 433: 2543: 1770: 1580: 1527: 4456: 4410: 4260: 2819:"Solar greenhouses generate electricity and grow crops at the same time, UC Santa Cruz study reveals" 1241: 553: 28: 36: 4640: 3850: 3707: 3216: 3017: 2189: 1562: 743: 355: 2734: 235:

walls to retain heat, but the furnace provided extra control over the artificial environment. The

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The next biggest breakthrough in greenhouse design came from Korea in the 15th century during the

4494: 4270: 4172: 4167: 3885: 3762: 3239: 2488:"PlantsNeedCO2.org claims that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant and is good for the environment" 2314: 996: 831: 689: 452: 429: 417: 105: 4395: 4332: 4280: 4243: 4238: 3712: 3488: 1122: 307: 170:'s declining health, the royal physicians recommended that the emperor eat one cucumber a day. 1685: 1444: 1417: 959: 4645: 4584: 4342: 4059: 3677: 3672: 3565: 3275: 1426:

also briefly mentions greenhouses or cold frames in: Martial with Walter C. A. Ker, trans.,

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can also be used to stack seed trays inside the greenhouse for later transplanting outside.

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caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses

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Andrew Faneuil, a prosperous Boston merchant, built the first American greenhouse in 1737.

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to the point of soil depletion (assuming no droughts, flooding, or both), as demonstrated

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due to the presence of roof and walls, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises.

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with significant temperature variations, and are widely used across northern China.

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Tewolde, FT; Lu, N; Shiina, K; Maruo, T; Takagaki, M; Kozai, T; Yamori, W (2016).

108:, in order to provide the optimum environment for cultivation of a specific crop. 4551: 4536: 4531: 4223: 4129: 4109: 4009: 3997: 3982: 3962: 3957: 3821: 3772: 3747: 3727: 3463: 3453: 3285: 3200: 3088: 3070: 2991: 1261: 1126: 772: 768: 600: 244: 187: 4014: 4526: 4516: 4360: 4305: 4295: 4114: 4089: 4069: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3814: 3809: 3794: 3722: 3622: 3503: 3478: 3473: 3315: 3280: 3159: 3125: 3006: 2506: 1251: 1007: 992: 780: 749: 472: 421: 232: 84:

Young tomato plants for transplanting in an industrial-sized greenhouse in the

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Greenhouse agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis

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Interior of a "hothouse" (or greenhouse) in Central City Park, Macon, GA,

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is often credited with building the first practical modern greenhouse in

269: 256: 128: 2315:"Weather Whiplash: Texas Goes From Extreme Drought to Floods in 3 Weeks" 1488: 819: 4094: 3977: 3897: 3855: 3732: 3632: 3403: 3386: 3340: 2492: 1934: 1231: 1147: 1025: 944: 940: 888: 776: 731: 693: 583: 424:, the building was completed in 1840. It was constructed by iron-maker 413: 92: 16:

Building made chiefly of transparent material in which plants are grown

2016: 1884:. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Nederland. Vol. 22, pp. 670–674 1106: 894: 688:

Passive heating methods exist which seek heat using low energy input.

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Brijer, C. J. (1959) "Een verlaten goudmijn: koolzuurbemesting". In:

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using a full- or half-pane as being of "Dutch" or "half-Dutch" size.

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was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the

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Famiglietti, J.; Rodell, M. (14 June 2013). "Water in the Balance".

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Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops, Vol. I: Status and CO

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first recorded attempt of an artificial environment. Due to emperor

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Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories

3057:. Wageningen, Netherlands: Institute for Agricultural Engineering. 2753:

Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible

2680:"Understanding Chinese-Style Greenhouses: A Comprehensive Overview" 2190:"Carbon sequestration estimate in US increased – barring a drought" 1171: 1070:

facility near Bakersfield, CA that uses greenhouses to enclose its

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Agrivoltaics § Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules

4509: 4471: 4461: 4337: 3972: 3862: 3483: 3448: 3270: 3157:. International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from 3133:(718). International Society for Horticultural Science: 191–202. 1423: 1291: 1180: 1044: 1015: 664: 658: 565: 500: 401: 260: 2941:"See the Netherlands' massive network of greenhouses from above" 578:

Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of

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Reconstruction of George Washington's greenhouse at Mount Vernon

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Valera, D. L.; Belmonte, L.J.; Molina, F.D.; López, A. (2016).

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have also become important regions for greenhouse agriculture.

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An "alpine house" is a specialized greenhouse used for growing

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The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident

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Other large greenhouses built in the 19th century included the

363: 359: 199: 153: 2544:"Hybrid and organic photovoltaics for greenhouse applications" 1327:"How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse" 4290: 3438: 3418: 3362: 3357: 3295: 2625:"With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy" 2541: 1176: 982: 970:, where greenhouses cover almost 200 km (49,000 acres). 967: 955:

are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates.

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Crystal palaces: garden conservatories of the United States

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Soil fertility limits forests' capacity to absorb excess CO

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Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, trans.,

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and thus prevent the build-up of plant pathogens (such as

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learned of the greenhouse built at the Carroll estate of

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have also been used, as well as artificial pollination.

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by default. In less-controlled gardens and open fields,

206:. Soon ui Jeon was a physician to the royal family, and 45:(giant Amazon waterlilies) in a large greenhouse at the 2084:"Study Finds Severe Climate Jeopardizing Amazon Forest" 2058:"NASA Finds Drought May Take Toll on Congo Rainforest" 471:. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by 328:

A heated greenhouse, or "hothouse", In Macon, Georgia

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confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating

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Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini

2918:"economische omvang naar omvangsklasse, bedrijfstype" 2438: 3016:(a manual of gardening with use greenhouse for make 2108:

Cook, BI; Ault, TR; Smerdon, JE (12 February 2015).

1990: 1816: 1356:"Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse" 1198: 404:, an example of 19th-century greenhouse architecture 1386:"A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses" 895:

Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules

3158: 3124: 3052: 2510: 1050:Greenhouses also have applications outside of the 2341:"Scientists Warn to Expect More Weather Extremes" 2261: 1736: 4622: 1771:"To Heat a Greenhouse, Add Some Chickens - GOOD" 255:The concept of greenhouses also appeared in the 2984: 2871:"Greenhouse farming Guide for Beginners (2024)" 2795:Collins Guide to Alpines and Rock Garden Plants 2107: 436:, London, in 1848. This came shortly after the 3544: 2846:"Upscaling of greenhouse vegetable production" 2777: 1955: 3530: 3224: 2938: 2896:"gewassen, dieren en grondgebruik naar regio" 1893: 4406:List of organic gardening and farming topics 3122: 2505: 1474: 767:Enrichment only becomes effective where, by 737: 3086: 2996:. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2843: 1920: 1579:. Newport, North Humberside. Archived from 912: 3537: 3523: 3231: 3217: 2677: 1383: 582:(polythene) film became widely available. 123:reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in 3152: 3087:Woods, May; Warren, Arete Swartz (1988). 2844:Netherlands, Statistics (18 April 2018). 2651: 2141: 1844: 1834: 753:metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in 2792: 2733:. easygrowvegetables.net. Archived from 2630:Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne 2338: 2164: 1146: 991: 916: 849: 722:providing cooling by shade may be used. 648: 516: 505: 486: 387: 338: 323: 289: 140: 115: 79: 35: 2816: 2485: 2312: 1902:. In Enoch, H.Z.; Kimbal, B.A. (eds.). 1795: 1545:"Margaret Tilghman Carroll | TCLF" 973:Greenhouses are often used for growing 383: 100:conditions, including air temperature, 4623: 3053:van de Muijzenberg, Erwin W B (1980). 2825:. Santa Cruz: University of California 2786: 1645: 1501: 594: 510:A plastic air-insulated greenhouse in 3518: 3212: 2817:McNutty, Jennifer (3 November 2017). 2486:Richert, Catharine (7 October 2009), 2167:"Global flood toll to triple by 2030" 1629: 1627: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1165:Greenhouses began to be built in the 243:were constructed to provide heat for 193: 4591: 2652:De Decker, Kris (24 December 2015). 2596: 2214: 2081: 2055: 1958:Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 1759:from the original on 9 October 2022. 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1445:rogue classicism: Roman Greenhouses? 1379: 1377: 1350: 1348: 921:File:Chinese solar greenhouse design 814: 4603: 3238: 2797:, London: Collins, pp. 20–21, 2780:"GlassPoint Belridge Solar Project" 2778:Kraemer, Susan (30 November 2017). 2221:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2215:Xiao, J; et al. (April 2011). 1896:"Worldwide status and history of CO 1882:Mededelingenvan de DirectieTuinbouw 1796:Gerlock, Grant (11 February 2016). 558:Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky 186:), according to the description by 13: 3116: 2622: 1978:10.1111/j.1439-037x.1990.tb00803.x 1624: 1595: 653:Thermal lights at a greenhouse in 475:, a British merchant who exported 14: 4657: 3176: 3069:Vleeschouwer, Olivier de (2001). 2165:Marshall, Claire (5 March 2015). 2031:"Products and Services, tomatoes" 1453: 1384:Crumpacker, Mark (27 June 2019). 1374: 1345: 779:may be trivial, and soils may be 247:trees during the winter of 1438. 47:Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden 4602: 4590: 4579: 4578: 4566: 3182: 3049:. Ed. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408pp. 2465:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01827.x 1215: 1201: 1114: 1098: 1086: 900:This section is an excerpt from 818: 771:, carbon dioxide has become the 3139:10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.21 2955: 2939:Peters, Adele (13 March 2020). 2932: 2910: 2888: 2863: 2837: 2810: 2771: 2741: 2723: 2697: 2678:INSONGREEN (15 December 2023). 2671: 2645: 2616: 2590: 2535: 2499: 2479: 2432: 2377: 2358: 2332: 2313:Freeman, Andrew (22 May 2015). 2306: 2255: 2241:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.002 2208: 2187: 2181: 2158: 2101: 2075: 2049: 2023: 1984: 1949: 1914: 1887: 1874: 1861: 1810: 1789: 1763: 1730: 1700: 1674: 1665: 1639: 1569: 1555: 1282:Seasonal thermal energy storage 638:to access the greenhouse crop. 482: 319: 282: 250: 160: 3201:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3072:Greenhouses and conservatories 2568:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115582 2339:Schwartz, John (27 May 2015). 1910:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 1652:University of British Columbia 1611:University of British Columbia 1537: 1520: 1495: 1438: 1403: 1319: 1142: 881: 866:film and multi-wall sheets of 854:Private greenhouse in Finland. 775:. In a controlled greenhouse, 615: 1: 2707:. harnois.com. Archived from 1869:Praktische Kohlensäuredüngung 947:application, and atmospheric 569: 440:(1837–40) and shortly before 438:Chatsworth Great Conservatory 344: 329: 231:windows to capture light and 132: 2990:Cunningham, Anne S. (2000). 2985:General and cited references 2654:"Reinventing the Greenhouse" 2517:. pbi Publications. p. 1682:"A dome grows in our garden" 1313: 690:Solar energy can be captured 556:in St. Louis, Missouri, and 428:, who would later build the 237:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty 217:system to the structure. An 25:Green House (disambiguation) 7: 4437:Index of pesticide articles 3028:A History of Building Types 2599:"Strom aus dem Gewächshaus" 2082:Buis, A (17 January 2013). 1194: 1134: 1068:solar enhanced oil recovery 1064:solar-enhanced oil recovery 725: 718:For very hot situations, a 634:, and may enable important 465:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken 394:Royal Greenhouses of Laeken 21:Greenhouse (disambiguation) 10: 4662: 3581:Climate-friendly gardening 3014:, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona 2793:Griffith, Anna N. (1985), 1900:enrichment – an overview." 1737:Sławomir Kurpaska (2014). 1331:Ceres Greenhouse Solutions 899: 741: 704: 644: 469:King Leopold II of Belgium 434:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 111: 18: 4560: 4482: 4457:Plant disease forecasting 4419: 4411:Vegan organic agriculture 4386: 4261:Genetically modified tree 4148: 3691: 3556: 3246: 3055:A History of Greenhousesn 2920:. CBS StatLine – Landbouw 2898:. CBS StatLine – Landbouw 2088:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2062:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2056:Buis, A (23 April 2014). 1242:Conservatory (greenhouse) 862:Plastics mostly used are 738:Carbon dioxide enrichment 554:Missouri Botanical Garden 532:In the 20th century, the 444:(1851), both designed by 29:Hothouse (disambiguation) 1712:TMMK and the Environment 1646:Lynden (26 April 2021). 1504:The Apothecaries' Garden 913:Chinese Solar Greenhouse 810: 744:CO2 fertilization effect 356:Charles Lucien Bonaparte 3093:. London: Aurum Press. 2284:10.1126/science.1236460 1836:10.3389/fpls.2016.00448 1605:Edwin (27 April 2021). 1093:Flowers in a greenhouse 1014:(especially hydroponic 933: 453:New York Crystal Palace 430:Palm House, Kew Gardens 418:Belfast Botanic Gardens 106:vapour-pressure deficit 4636:Agricultural buildings 4396:Biodynamic agriculture 4333:Postharvest physiology 4281:Landscape architecture 3978:Indonesian home garden 2850:Statistics Netherlands 2134:10.1126/sciadv.1400082 1894:Wittwer S. H. (1986). 1577:"Cambridge Glasshouse" 1533:. US Botanical Garden. 1155: 1123:Arthur Ross Greenhouse 1003: 922: 855: 661: 529: 514: 503: 405: 351: 336: 317: 308:Mount Clare (Maryland) 295: 157: 138: 88: 49: 3643:Historic conservation 3123:Bakker, J.C. (2006). 3075:. Flammarion, Paris, 3018:Giardino all'italiana 2513:The Garden DIY Expert 2264:Environmental Science 1671:Pevsner, 235, 238-241 1506:. Sutton. p. 4. 1150: 1032:, but other types of 995: 920: 853: 742:Further information: 652: 548:in Pennsylvania, the 521:Giant greenhouses in 520: 509: 490: 448:, and both now lost. 391: 342: 327: 312: 293: 266:Chelsea Physic Garden 144: 119: 86:Westland, Netherlands 83: 39: 4573:Gardening portal 4472:Aquamog weed remover 4447:List of insecticides 3251:Artificial waterfall 3191:at Wikimedia Commons 2875:Agriculture land usa 2597:Kempkens, Wolfgang. 1718:on 18 September 2013 1565:. National Archives. 1502:Minter, Sue (2003). 562:Muttart Conservatory 546:The Rodale Institute 384:19th-century England 354:The French botanist 277:Palace of Versailles 268:by 1681. Today, the 150:Palace of Versailles 146:Versailles Orangerie 125:Richfield, Minnesota 19:For other uses, see 3034:, 1976 (1984 ed.), 2560:2020ApEn..27815582L 2457:2012EcolL..15.1042P 2402:2001Natur.411..466S 2276:2013Sci...340.1300F 2270:(6138): 1300–1301. 2233:2011AgFM..151...60X 2126:2015SciA....1E0082C 2009:2018AIChE..64.2324S 1970:1990JAgCS.164..168S 1528:"Greenhouse Manual" 1287:Seawater greenhouse 1151:Greenhouses in the 1129:, used for research 1060:Fremont, California 595:Theory of operation 4442:List of fungicides 4207:Companion planting 3204:. Merriam-Webster. 3163:on 9 February 2019 2757:Junta de Andalucía 2632:via techxplore.com 2194:www.eurekalert.org 1935:10.1007/bf02904000 1871:, Springer, Berlin 1867:Reinau, E. (1927) 1777:. 5 September 2011 1746:Technical Sciences 1362:. 3 September 2015 1209:Agriculture portal 1156: 1109:as seen from space 1004: 1001:Melrose, Wisconsin 923: 870:material, or PMMA 856: 830:. You can help by 793:primary production 699:geothermal heating 662: 530: 515: 504: 442:The Crystal Palace 406: 352: 337: 298:When returning to 296: 194:15th-century Korea 178:or with sheets of 158: 139: 89: 50: 42:Victoria amazonica 4618: 4617: 4490:Community orchard 4316:drought tolerance 3512: 3511: 3368:Herbaceous border 3187:Media related to 3100:978-0-906053-85-0 3032:Thames and Hudson 3024:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2969:. 23 January 2019 2943:. Fastcompany.com 2804:978-0-907486-81-7 2782:. solarpaces.org. 2759:. 4 November 2018 2658:Low-tech Magazine 2623:Carron, Cécilia. 2528:978-0-903505-37-6 2396:(6836): 466–469. 2017:10.1002/aic.16120 1563:"Founders Online" 1072:parabolic troughs 848: 847: 683:electric furnaces 304:George Washington 102:relative humidity 4653: 4606: 4605: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4547:Plant collecting 4483:Related articles 4420:Plant protection 3601:French intensive 3539: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3306:Garden buildings 3266:Borrowed scenery 3233: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3186: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3128: 3112: 3066: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2737:on 2 April 2016. 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2516: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2451:(9): 1042–1049. 2436: 2430: 2429: 2410:10.1038/35078060 2381: 2375: 2374: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2114:Science Advances 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2033:. 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Designed by 385: 382: 380:, were built. 378:pineapple pits 321: 318: 284: 281: 252: 249: 195: 192: 162: 159: 113: 110: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4658: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Garden centre 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4500:Floral design 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366:reforestation 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 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