255:
the change of the "philosophy of universities as a whole, as well as change of academic subjects and reviewing the way universities, students and researchers work." Zenkyōtō believed that modern universities were "factories of education" embedded in imperialist forms of management, with faculty councils as "terminal institutions of power" responsible for their management. They claimed that "university autonomy" was no more than an illusion, and that dismantling such an administration would be an issue. They believed that universities should be dismantled by violence, such as university-wide blockades. According to Zenkyōtō, the ideological question of "self-denial" should be advanced to deny statuses as students or researchers. Students began to use wooden staves against both the riot police and each other, with students taking their nihilism and anger not only onto university power structures, but themselves.
243:, escaping the supervision of the Zengakuren, who often sided with university authorities. Committees were organized by levels (students, staff, researchers, etc.) and by departments (humanities, medicine, literature, etc.). Each committee had a degree of autonomy. Committee members participated in committee debates, and decisions were voted on by a show of hands. Attempts by universities to arrest leaders of Zenkyōtō were fruitless. The National Federation of Zenkyōtō was set up at Hibiya Park in September 1969. However, Yoshitaka Yamamoto, leader of the University of Tokyo Zenkyōtō, who chaired the rally at Hibiya Park, was arrested.
189:, who chaired the organization. The Zenkyōtō consisted of anti-Communist and non-sectarian radicals. In response to student demands, University authorities held a conference at the Ryogoku Auditorium on September 30 to negotiate between students and authorities. The rally was attended by as many as 35,000 students. After 12 hours of negotiations, the authorities accepted the demands of the students, leading to the resignation of all University directors involved. However, following the negotiations, Japanese Prime Minister
215:
33:
1419:
160:. Although some Zengakuren members eventually reconciled with the JCP, many were turned against it, leading to conflict between Zengakuren and the JCP. Zengakuren itself was broken into multiple factions, who participated in factional infighting within the organization. This increasing conflict between different groups in the left began a cycle of violence that would last into the late-1960s. In 1962, student unrest at
298:, to the point where he eventually retired in 1971. The slogans of "disassembly of the university" and "self-denial" emerged in the student movement of the University of Tokyo. The conflict at the university transcended the boundaries of university issues and became a form of "conflict between students and state power". This was no longer a struggle that could be ended by a compromise at each university.
41:
193:
declared that "establishing relations with popular gangs deviate from common sense", and the authorities withdrew their promises to the students. Students with associations to sports began to riot in
Ryogoku Auditorium, and riot police was brought in. After the situation calmed down, Nihon University
230:
which restricted employment opportunities and a judgement on a militant student made by the board led to mass protests in the
University of Tokyo. A Zenkyōtō sprung up at the conflict in the university, and Zenkyōtō students occupied and fought in Yasuda Auditorium, which they had occupied in July,
254:
Zenkyōtō initially only dealt with issues specific to each university (tuition fees, etc.) beyond the jurisdiction of university student councils. Later, after experiencing hard responses from university authorities as well as government intervention with riot police, Zenkyōtō changed to deal with
139:
Zenkyōtō led a delegation of seven undergraduates to pressure
University authorities to accept their demands during the period of conflict at the University of Tokyo. With the moving of the Ministry of Education after entrance examinations were cancelled, riot police were introduced to suppress a
306:
self-affirmation. To discover it is self-negation. Self-negation is not intended to be the aim – Rather, it emerges as a result of self-affirmation." This "self-negation" was a form of "negation of the university which produces men to serve capital as if in a factory, and also negation of the
80:. Unlike other student movement organizations, graduate students and young teachers were allowed to participate. Active in the late 1960s, Zenkyōtō was the driving force behind clashes between Japanese students and the police. Zenkyōtō groups were driven by alienation and a reaction to "
136:). Some say that the University of Tokyo faction was more of a mass movement than an organized movement in which concrete ideas and policies were set forth. Zenkyōtō policies could be more diverse depending on different universities and individuals.
263:
Zenkyōtō began to lose its momentum and the support of the students as university struggles were stuck in stalemates, with seemingly impossible demands, all the while universities were really in danger of being dissolved. Oda Makoto of the
202:, with 10 buildings surrounded by vacant fields and barbed wire. Staff were stationed at the entrance of the premises, and students were required to show student IDs. This complex was popularly called "Nihon Auschwitz", in reference to
168:, the Waseda Zenkyōtō turned eventually from the problem of the student hall to that of a planned rise in tuition fees. The Zenkyōtō students took action, leading to fighting within the university that subsided in June 1966.
537:
Kersten, Rikki. “The
Intellectual Culture of Postwar Japan and the 1968–1969 University of Tokyo Struggles: Repositioning the Self in Postwar Thought.” Social Science Japan Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 2009, pp. 227–245. JSTOR,
282:) – they saw themselves as diametrically opposed to the university system, and would only stop if the universities were destroyed. Zenkyōtō further deemed everyone complicit in the university system as "victimizers" (
121:
are the most well-known. The media reported that
University of Tokyo Zenkyōtō members tried to "dismantle colleges". In their protests, University of Tokyo Zenkyōtō members battled police with
1046:
846:
278:
The Zenkyōtō students were extremely nihilistic and rejected hierarchy, seeing the university system as being based primarily on oppression. Their motto was "smash the university" (
113:
Since individual Zenkyōtō groups were formed independently at each university, their timing, purpose, organization and policies were unique. Among Zenkyōtō groups at universities,
1383:
1138:
227:
164:
over the building of a new student hall led to the founding of the Waseda Zenkyōtō, a precursor group to other Zenkyōtō. Chaired by
Akihiko Oguchi, a member of the
165:
1761:
1041:
185:
as a reaction to the secrecy of university authorities on the expenditure of 3400 million yen. On May 27, the Nihon
University Zenkyōtō was formed by
270:(Citizen's Alliance for Peace in Vietnam) group claimed that he would start his own movement if Zenkyōtō could not destroy the University of Tokyo.
967:
126:
299:
239:
With different action committees nationwide participating in solidarity with the Nihon Zenkyōtō, the committees were federated into a nationwide
186:
251:
From 1968 to 1969, Zenkyōtō expanded alongside conflicts in the
University of Tokyo, "spreading like a wildfire" to universities nationwide.
195:
1582:
1433:
778:
811:
1487:
1746:
1457:
1363:
1110:
1542:
1296:
856:
294:
that he was referred to as a "prophet". During the 1968–69 protests, the Zenkyōtō students harassed
Yoshimoto's ideological enemy,
77:
1756:
1273:
861:
1695:
1378:
1200:
1766:
1100:
689:
597:
408:
226:
In
January 1968, a dispute over the status of graduate students in the University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine over the new
1731:
1497:
1036:
1771:
747:
140:
mass Zenkyōtō protest. Athletic groups and people of different ethnicities participated in combat at Nihon University.
1522:
962:
871:
866:
1680:
771:
231:
against riot police. In January 1969, 8500 riot police were called to Yasuda Auditorium to break up the protest.
1408:
836:
98:
in Japanese), and were focused more on more practical and local problems. Much of the movement centered around
1638:
1467:
1447:
1403:
1328:
203:
131:
1741:
1653:
1618:
1439:
1266:
156:(JCP). In 1960, the students of Zengakuren broke with the JCP over methodological differences during the
1786:
1781:
1776:
1751:
1726:
764:
1547:
1532:
1313:
851:
826:
85:
1512:
1472:
1368:
1031:
972:
739:
295:
73:
17:
1791:
1673:
821:
831:
1736:
1721:
1716:
1572:
1482:
1452:
1338:
1308:
1259:
1235:
1192:
1168:
1075:
1668:
1323:
1318:
1176:
153:
76:
leftist and non-sectarian radicals. The Zenkyōtō were formed to organize students during the
400:
Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture from 1945 to Fukushima
1663:
1603:
1537:
1373:
1333:
841:
307:
existence of students whose only future was to be cogs in the power machine thus created."
81:
8:
1587:
1502:
1492:
1348:
1133:
118:
214:
1507:
1388:
1228:
892:
806:
720:
519:
464:
456:
379:
367:
321:
219:
1658:
1577:
1393:
977:
937:
787:
743:
724:
685:
593:
468:
448:
404:
371:
316:
291:
287:
161:
65:
53:
552:
1685:
1343:
1282:
1128:
1085:
1080:
917:
712:
553:"Japan's 1968: A Collective Reaction to Rapid Economic Growth in an Age of Turmoil"
440:
363:
114:
1608:
1557:
1462:
1358:
982:
733:
679:
583:
398:
1477:
199:
1353:
1042:
Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction)
932:
444:
122:
107:
32:
1710:
1567:
1552:
1517:
922:
902:
887:
815:
801:
452:
375:
157:
1623:
1562:
1398:
927:
72:), were Japanese student organizations consisting of anti-government, anti-
1690:
1613:
897:
190:
507:(Nippon Personal Network) Living in Rebellion: 2 I thought I won, Fengun
383:
351:
1643:
1221:
1105:
1005:
907:
548:
149:
1418:
700:
460:
428:
181:
In May 1968, a demonstration was held in Nihon University, dubbed the
92:". However, many members of the movement were non-political (known as
1628:
1184:
89:
1047:
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
756:
1648:
1251:
1095:
1000:
716:
266:
103:
99:
847:
Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures
912:
590:
Extreme Private History of the Zenkyōtō: Chuo University 1965–68
1633:
1527:
1090:
429:"Some Comments on the Japanese Student Movement in the Sixties"
302:, a student involved in the conflict, said that "Self-negation
735:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
40:
1384:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1139:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
487:
701:"Student Radicalism in Japan: A "Cultural Revolution"?"
234:
93:
475:
655:
643:
631:
152:was founded as a student organization close to the
27:Japanese student organizations active in the 1960s
286:). The Zenkyōtō found their ideological basis in
194:resumed classes in a temporary school complex in
1708:
1001:Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam)
968:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
678:Dowsey, Stuart J.; Ikeda, Kazuo (October 2012).
396:
125:and wooden staves nicknamed "violence sticks" (
110:, which served as inspirations for revolution.
592:] (in Japanese). Sairyuusha . p. 23.
1267:
772:
1583:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
1434:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
677:
620:
618:
616:
493:
1274:
1260:
779:
765:
681:Zengakuren: Japan's Revolutionary Students
575:
390:
1762:Student organizations established in 1968
1458:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
1364:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
533:
531:
422:
420:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
1543:Occupation of the Student Union Building
857:1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing
613:
213:
39:
31:
862:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
426:
349:
36:A Japanese student protest in June 1968
14:
1709:
1696:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1379:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
812:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
528:
417:
334:
209:
1255:
786:
760:
731:
661:
649:
637:
557:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
547:
1498:Columbia University protests of 1968
1488:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1297:1968–69 Japanese university protests
1281:
1037:Japan Revolutionary Communist League
698:
581:
481:
78:1968–69 Japanese university protests
50:All-Campus Joint Struggle Committees
397:William Andrews (August 15, 2016).
235:Creation of the National Federation
176:
24:
368:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1970.tb00513.x
171:
25:
1803:
1523:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1747:Socialist organizations in Japan
1417:
963:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
867:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
1681:Segregation in Northern Ireland
699:Fuse, Toyomasa (October 1969).
671:
509:. Interview with Akita Akehiro.
433:Journal of Contemporary History
1757:Student organizations in Japan
837:Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary
541:
538:www.jstor.org/stable/40649684.
512:
499:
290:– he was so popular among the
13:
1:
1468:1968 Red Square demonstration
582:Kōzu, Akira (December 2007).
520:Record of the Nihon Struggle
327:
1767:1968 establishments in Japan
1448:1968 Polish political crisis
1404:West German student movement
1329:Black Consciousness Movement
705:Comparative Education Review
684:. Ishi Press International.
204:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
1732:Counterculture of the 1960s
1654:Racism in the United States
1619:Counterculture of the 1960s
1440:The whole world is watching
1409:Women's liberation movement
505:Asahi Shimbun, 2009.06.22.
350:Tsuzuki, Chushichi (1970).
310:
273:
94:
10:
1808:
1201:Children of the Revolution
1111:Women's liberation (Japan)
522:A record of Nihon Zenkyoto
445:10.1177/002200947000500107
143:
1772:Student protests in Japan
1596:
1533:Memphis sanitation strike
1426:
1415:
1314:1968 movement in Pakistan
1289:
1211:
1158:
1151:
1119:
1066:
1059:
1022:
991:
953:
946:
880:
872:Japan Airlines Flight 472
852:Japan Airlines Flight 404
827:Japan Airlines Flight 351
794:
356:Government and Opposition
246:
69:
60:), commonly known as the
1513:King assassination riots
1473:1968 uprising in Senegal
1369:Mexican Movement of 1968
1032:Communist League (Japan)
740:Harvard University Press
427:Tsurumi, Kazuko (1970).
74:Japanese Communist Party
1152:Representation in media
822:Folk guerrilla concerts
494:Dowsey & Ikeda 2012
258:
183:200 Meter Demonstration
1639:Antisemitism in Poland
1548:Poor People's Campaign
1483:Battle of Valle Giulia
1453:1968 protests in Egypt
1339:Black Power Revolution
1309:1968 movement in Italy
1169:Night and Fog in Japan
1076:Ainu Revolution Theory
223:
45:
37:
1669:Years of Lead (Italy)
1324:Anti-nuclear movement
1319:Civil Rights Movement
1177:Ecstasy of the Angels
217:
154:Japan Communist Party
43:
35:
1664:Second-wave feminism
1604:1968 Summer Olympics
1538:Miss America protest
1374:Movement of 22 March
1334:Black power movement
842:Lod Airport massacre
832:Asama-Sansō incident
732:Kapur, Nick (2018).
352:"Anarchism in Japan"
228:Medical Doctors' Law
82:American imperialism
1588:Tlatelolco massacre
1503:Delano grape strike
1493:Central Park be-ins
1349:Cultural Revolution
1134:Anti-Stalinist left
585:極私的全共闘史: 中大 1965–68
210:University of Tokyo
119:University of Tokyo
86:Monopoly Capitalism
58:Zengaku kyōtō kaigi
1742:Anarchism in Japan
1528:May 1968 in France
1508:East L.A. walkouts
1389:Red Power movement
1229:Hear the Wind Sing
807:Sanrizuka Struggle
484:, pp. 326–29.
322:Anarchism in Japan
224:
220:Tsukuba University
46:
38:
1787:1960s in politics
1782:Politics of Japan
1777:Protests in Japan
1752:New Left in Japan
1727:Conflicts in 1968
1704:
1703:
1659:School discipline
1578:Takeover of Vanha
1394:Sexual revolution
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1147:
1146:
1055:
1054:
1010:
978:Japanese Red Army
938:Takaaki Yoshimoto
788:New Left in Japan
738:. Cambridge, MA:
691:978-4-87187-050-4
628:. Nanpusha, 1996.
624:Manabu Miyazaki.
599:978-4-7791-1311-6
410:978-1-84904-919-1
317:Japanese Red Army
288:Takaaki Yoshimoto
166:Shaseido Kaiho-ha
162:Waseda University
44:A Zenkyōtō helmet
16:(Redirected from
1799:
1686:Student activism
1421:
1344:Chicano Movement
1283:Protests of 1968
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1214:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1129:Anti-Americanism
1122:
1086:Anti-Japaneseism
1081:Anti-imperialism
1069:
1064:
1063:
1025:
1008:
994:
973:Red Army Faction
956:
951:
950:
918:Fusako Shigenobu
781:
774:
767:
758:
757:
753:
728:
695:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
622:
611:
610:
608:
606:
579:
573:
572:
570:
568:
545:
539:
535:
526:
518:Nihon Zenkyoto.
516:
510:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
472:
424:
415:
414:
394:
388:
387:
347:
177:Nihon University
135:
115:Nihon University
97:
88:", and "Russian
71:
21:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1609:Anti-capitalism
1592:
1558:Presidio mutiny
1463:1968 Miami riot
1422:
1413:
1359:Hippie movement
1285:
1280:
1250:
1241:
1212:
1207:
1193:United Red Army
1159:
1143:
1120:
1115:
1067:
1051:
1023:
1018:
992:
987:
983:United Red Army
955:Insurrectionary
954:
942:
893:Kan'ichi Kuroda
876:
790:
785:
750:
692:
674:
669:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
623:
614:
604:
602:
600:
580:
576:
566:
564:
546:
542:
536:
529:
517:
513:
504:
500:
492:
488:
480:
476:
425:
418:
411:
395:
391:
348:
335:
330:
313:
276:
261:
249:
237:
212:
179:
174:
172:Major conflicts
146:
129:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1792:1960s in Japan
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Gay liberation
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1236:Norwegian Wood
1232:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Self-criticism
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1003:
997:
995:
993:Multi-tendency
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
948:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
933:Mitsuko Tokoro
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
809:
804:
798:
796:
792:
791:
784:
783:
776:
769:
761:
755:
754:
749:978-0674984424
748:
729:
717:10.1086/445430
711:(3): 325–342.
696:
690:
673:
670:
667:
666:
664:, p. 167.
654:
652:, p. 158.
642:
640:, p. 153.
630:
612:
598:
574:
540:
527:
511:
498:
496:, p. 117.
486:
474:
439:(1): 104–112.
416:
409:
389:
362:(4): 501–522.
332:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
319:
312:
309:
296:Masao Maruyama
280:daigaku funsai
275:
272:
260:
257:
248:
245:
236:
233:
211:
208:
178:
175:
173:
170:
145:
142:
108:existentialism
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:1968 protests
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:1969 in Japan
1720:
1718:
1717:1968 in Japan
1715:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Silence March
1571:
1569:
1568:Shinjuku riot
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Prague Spring
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Mafeje affair
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:International
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
952:
949:
945:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:Takaya Shiomi
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Hiroko Nagata
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Michiko Kanba
886:
885:
883:
879:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
817:
816:Shinjuku riot
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Anpo protests
800:
799:
797:
793:
789:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
759:
751:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
687:
683:
682:
676:
675:
663:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
627:
621:
619:
617:
601:
595:
591:
587:
586:
578:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
534:
532:
524:
523:
515:
508:
502:
495:
490:
483:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
412:
406:
402:
401:
393:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
333:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
308:
305:
301:
300:Tomofusa Kure
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
271:
269:
268:
256:
252:
244:
242:
232:
229:
222:, August 1968
221:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
187:Akehiro Akita
184:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:Anpo protests
155:
151:
148:In 1948, the
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
123:hurled stones
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
87:
84:", Japanese "
83:
79:
75:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1624:Flower power
1563:Rodney riots
1478:Båstad riots
1399:The Troubles
1301:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1013:
928:Mitsu Tanaka
734:
708:
704:
680:
672:Bibliography
657:
645:
633:
625:
603:. Retrieved
589:
584:
577:
565:. Retrieved
560:
556:
543:
521:
514:
506:
501:
489:
477:
436:
432:
399:
392:
359:
355:
303:
283:
279:
277:
265:
262:
253:
250:
240:
238:
225:
182:
180:
147:
138:
112:
61:
57:
49:
47:
29:
1691:Vietnam War
1614:Black power
1068:Ideological
1009:(post–1958)
898:Tsuneo Mori
881:Key figures
549:Oguma, Eiji
196:Shiraitodai
191:Eisaku Sato
130: [
127:gebaruto bō
1711:Categories
1644:Hot Autumn
1213:Literature
1106:Trotskyism
1060:Influences
1024:Trotskyist
1006:Zengakuren
908:Makoto Oda
662:Kapur 2018
650:Kapur 2018
638:Kapur 2018
328:References
218:A sign at
150:Zengakuren
56:: 全学共闘会議;
1629:Free love
1290:Movements
725:145243868
626:Toppamono
482:Fuse 1969
469:154567251
453:0022-0094
403:. Hurst.
376:0017-257X
90:Stalinism
1649:New Left
1302:Zenkyōtō
1096:Pacifism
1014:Zenkyōtō
605:July 19,
567:July 19,
551:(2015).
384:44484495
311:See also
292:New Left
284:kagaisha
274:Ideology
267:Beheiren
241:Zenkyōtō
117:and the
104:humanism
100:nihilism
66:Japanese
62:Zenkyōtō
54:Japanese
18:Zenkyoto
1674:Morocco
1597:Related
913:Ryū Ōta
563:(12): 3
144:Origins
95:nonpori
1634:Hippie
1427:Events
1204:(2010)
1196:(2007)
1188:(2004)
1180:(1972)
1172:(1960)
1091:Maoism
947:Groups
795:Events
746:
723:
688:
596:
467:
461:259983
459:
451:
407:
382:
374:
247:Spread
721:S2CID
588:[
465:S2CID
457:JSTOR
380:JSTOR
200:Fuchū
134:]
1160:Film
744:ISBN
686:ISBN
607:2021
594:ISBN
569:2021
449:ISSN
405:ISBN
372:ISSN
259:Fall
106:and
48:The
713:doi
441:doi
364:doi
70:全共闘
1713::
1222:69
1185:69
742:.
719:.
709:13
707:.
703:.
615:^
561:13
559:.
555:.
530:^
463:.
455:.
447:.
435:.
431:.
419:^
378:.
370:.
358:.
354:.
336:^
304:is
206:.
198:,
132:ja
102:,
68::
1442:"
1438:"
1275:e
1268:t
1261:v
818:)
814:(
780:e
773:t
766:v
752:.
727:.
715::
694:.
609:.
571:.
525:.
471:.
443::
437:5
413:.
386:.
366::
360:5
64:(
52:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
