746:
628:
30:
1873:
22:
1885:
733:
tested an
Italian mother and daughter that were claiming a 90% and above success rate of psychic transmission using Zener cards. Upon restricting them from seeing each other's faces and to the use of a silent writing method their success rate dropped to no better than chance. The women were cognizant
690:
The methods the Rhines used to prevent subjects from gaining hints and clues as to the design on the cards were far from adequate. In many experiments, the cards were displayed face up, but hidden behind a small wooden shield. Several ways of obtaining information about the design on the card remain
701:
notes, "Despite Rhine’s confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhine’s work."
734:
of the fact that they required visual contact to achieve transmission of the symbols saying, "This kind of understanding is so natural to us, all this attention to us is also very surprising. There are no tricks, but surely we understand each other with looks. It always happens."
645:
In a test for ESP, the experimenter picks up a card in a shuffled pack, observes the symbol, and records the answer of the person being tested, who would guess which of the five designs is on the card. The experimenter continues until all the cards in the pack are used.
679:
or to cheating, or both. The latter included the subject being able to read the symbols from slight indentations on the backs of cards, and being able to both see and hear the experimenter, which allowed the subject to note facial expressions and breathing patterns.
691:
even in the presence of the shield. For instance, the subject may be able sometimes to see the design on the face-up card reflected in the agent’s glasses. Even if the agent isn’t wearing glasses it is possible to see the reflection in his cornea.
737:
In June 2023, a novel approach to the usage of Zener cards was suggested, employing artificial intelligence. OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT, was proposed as a way to simulate Zener card experiments.
668:
expressed incredulity at the tests stating, "It's astonishing that playing cards should have been chosen for ESP research at all. They are, after all, the instrument of stage magicians and
642:
The Zener cards are a deck of 25 cards, five of each symbol. The five symbols are: a hollow circle, a plus sign, three vertical wavy lines, a hollow square, and a hollow five-pointed star.
653:
methods can make the order of cards in the deck easier to predict and the cards could have been inadvertently or intentionally marked and manipulated. In his experiments,
1617:
672:
gamblers; they can be marked and manipulated in many traditional ways. At the best of times, card-shuffling is a poor way of getting a random distribution of symbols."
310:
726:
a psychic was tested on a deck of 250 Zener cards and was only able to predict 50 of them correctly, which is the expected result of random guessing the cards.
715:– the science of things that aren't so – and criticized its practitioners not as dishonest people but as ones that have sufficiently fooled themselves.
851:
305:
1637:
1698:
1241:
1728:
365:
300:
1836:
1723:
1179:
1921:
1713:
770:
The probability of guessing 8 or more correctly is 10.9% (in a group of 25, you can expect several scores in this range by chance).
1850:
1344:
1612:
1627:
581:
315:
1271:
1931:
1688:
1189:
1123:
1086:
1048:
1011:
906:
828:
695:
Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he was unable to find any high-scoring subjects.
355:
1857:
1801:
945:
1916:
1888:
340:
745:
1773:
1718:
1708:
1662:
1486:
1787:
1647:
1496:
863:
1936:
1808:
1683:
1642:
1632:
1451:
1337:
763:
predicts these test results for a test of 25 questions with five possible answers if chance is operating:
1421:
969:
253:
133:
1749:
1703:
1622:
929:
1926:
1794:
1744:
1652:
1362:
1843:
1531:
1406:
1302:"Deviations: A Skeptical Investigation of Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment"
1150:
574:
223:
1212:
1911:
1877:
1766:
1693:
1446:
1426:
1376:
1330:
602:
463:
405:
143:
612:(1903–1964) designed the cards in the early 1930s for experiments conducted with his colleague,
1471:
1416:
488:
430:
258:
128:
98:
1657:
1461:
1109:
1003:
468:
400:
380:
198:
183:
1491:
767:
79% of people will get between 3 and 7 correct (probability is a more precise calculation).
711:
483:
478:
425:
163:
8:
1441:
1431:
961:
793:
754:
567:
533:
375:
41:
1401:
1154:
654:
635:
616:
243:
193:
1074:
Pseudoscience and
Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit
1516:
1476:
1386:
1381:
1301:
1185:
1119:
1082:
1078:
1044:
1034:
1007:
941:
902:
824:
538:
248:
118:
73:
63:
1829:
1815:
1780:
1466:
1237:
898:
730:
657:
first shuffled the cards by hand but later decided to use a machine for shuffling.
613:
473:
370:
360:
1561:
1526:
1521:
1411:
1297:
1113:
1072:
997:
892:
818:
706:
676:
627:
415:
218:
153:
93:
1667:
1586:
1571:
1551:
1546:
1353:
1175:
937:
669:
503:
498:
435:
393:
238:
233:
103:
1905:
1566:
1541:
888:
798:
683:
631:
528:
440:
283:
228:
208:
158:
113:
1822:
1556:
1506:
1396:
1146:
698:
606:
553:
543:
523:
518:
458:
335:
268:
203:
88:
1576:
1536:
1501:
993:
780:
760:
719:
665:
548:
273:
1591:
1481:
1456:
1391:
609:
598:
508:
328:
263:
168:
123:
78:
49:
21:
29:
1581:
859:
650:
278:
108:
68:
1038:
965:
675:
Rhine's experiments with Zener cards were discredited due either to
513:
420:
345:
148:
138:
1511:
1322:
493:
288:
213:
173:
999:
The New
Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Science and Occult Beliefs
16:
Cards used to test a subject's level of extra sensory perception
753:
The results of many tests using Zener cards fit with a typical
410:
178:
83:
25:
An ESP card experiment being conducted with Zener cards in 1940
1436:
188:
1618:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
779:
Getting all 25 correct has a probability of about 1 in 300
350:
1272:"Can AI read minds or communicate with us telepathically?"
1151:"Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair"
820:
Skeptical, a
Handbook on Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
1213:"Exploring psychic powers live [videorecording]"
776:
Getting 20 out of 25 correct is about 1 in 5 billion.
1724:
1181:Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud
773:Getting 15 out of 25 correct is about 1 in 90,000.
1830:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
1040:Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science From Bunk
1903:
1638:International Association for Near-Death Studies
1043:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 80–82.
1699:International Institute for Psychical Research
1729:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1338:
928:
575:
1837:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
960:
1184:. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41.
1108:
856:Glossary of Skepticism & the Paranormal
1345:
1331:
1102:
582:
568:
1714:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
1033:
709:called Rhine's experiments an example of
686:has written of the original experiments:
1851:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
1236:
1230:
1027:
988:
986:
626:
28:
20:
1613:American Society for Psychical Research
1296:
883:
881:
823:. Canberra Skeptics. 1989. p. 28.
811:
1904:
1290:
1145:
1139:
992:
954:
1326:
1205:
1070:
983:
922:
887:
366:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal
1884:
1628:Institut Métapsychique International
1174:
1168:
1064:
878:
844:
13:
1689:British College of Psychic Science
1352:
744:
356:James Randi Educational Foundation
14:
1948:
1858:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1802:Journal of Scientific Exploration
1922:Products introduced in the 1930s
1883:
1872:
1871:
894:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
1264:
341:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1719:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1709:Metropolitan Psychical Society
1663:Society for Psychical Research
1487:Parapsychology research at SRI
724:Exploring Psychic Powers Live!
1:
1788:Journal of Near-Death Studies
1648:Parapsychological Association
1497:Plant perception (paranormal)
1217:National Library of Australia
804:
740:
295:Reportedly haunted locations:
1684:American Psychical Institute
1643:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1633:Institute of Noetic Sciences
7:
1422:Electronic voice phenomenon
1242:"A Telepathy Investigation"
787:
622:
134:Electronic voice phenomenon
10:
1953:
1932:1930s in the United States
1750:Skeptics of parapsychology
1704:London Dialectical Society
1623:College of Psychic Studies
749:Standard deviation diagram
597:are cards used to conduct
1867:
1795:Journal of Parapsychology
1758:
1745:List of parapsychologists
1737:
1676:
1653:Parapsychology Foundation
1605:
1369:
1360:
1115:ESP, Seers & Psychics
932:; Russell, Julia (2002).
1844:The Roots of Coincidence
1407:Dermo-optical perception
970:The Skeptic's Dictionary
406:Apparitional experiences
1774:Extrasensory Perception
1767:An Experiment with Time
1694:Cambridge Ghost Society
1427:Extrasensory perception
1377:Apparitional experience
934:Key Ideas in Psychology
603:extrasensory perception
464:Argument from ignorance
431:Out-of-body experiences
144:Extrasensory perception
1917:Paranormal terminology
1472:Out-of-body experience
1110:Christopher, Milbourne
750:
693:
639:
489:Communal reinforcement
34:
26:
1677:Defunct organizations
1658:Rhine Research Center
1462:Near-death experience
1071:Smith, J. C. (2009).
1004:Hart-Davis, MacGibbon
748:
688:
630:
469:Argumentum ad populum
401:Anomalous experiences
381:Scientific skepticism
199:Paranormal television
32:
24:
1606:Active organizations
1492:Past life regression
1276:The Jasper Whisperer
964:(17 February 2006).
712:pathological science
484:Cognitive dissonance
479:Begging the question
426:Ideomotor phenomenon
1937:American inventions
1442:Kirlian photography
1432:Ganzfeld experiment
866:on 1 September 2007
794:Ganzfeld experiment
755:normal distribution
534:Scientific evidence
376:Scientific literacy
1402:Deathbed phenomena
1246:Skeptical Inquirer
1155:Skeptical Inquirer
1149:(6 January 2011).
1035:Pigliucci, Massimo
751:
640:
636:Joseph Banks Rhine
605:(ESP). Perceptual
244:Spirit photography
194:Paranormal fiction
119:Demonic possession
35:
33:Zener card designs
27:
1899:
1898:
1517:Psychic detective
1477:Pam Reynolds case
1382:Astral projection
1300:(3 August 2011).
1238:Polidoro, Massimo
966:"Zener ESP Cards"
662:The New Apocrypha
592:
591:
539:Scientific method
249:Spirit possession
64:Astral projection
1944:
1927:1930s in science
1887:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1816:Life Before Life
1781:Irreducible Mind
1347:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1298:Shermer, Michael
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1240:(October 2018).
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
990:
981:
980:
978:
976:
958:
952:
951:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
899:Prometheus Books
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
862:. Archived from
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
815:
731:Massimo Polidoro
614:parapsychologist
584:
577:
570:
474:Bandwagon effect
371:Pseudoskepticism
361:Magical thinking
37:
36:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1863:
1809:Life After Life
1754:
1733:
1672:
1601:
1562:Sensory leakage
1527:Psychic surgery
1522:Psychic reading
1452:Materialization
1412:Dream telepathy
1365:
1356:
1351:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1176:Park, Robert L.
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1006:. p. 174.
991:
984:
974:
972:
959:
955:
948:
940:. p. 117.
927:
923:
913:
911:
909:
886:
879:
869:
867:
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
831:
817:
816:
812:
807:
790:
743:
707:Irving Langmuir
677:sensory leakage
625:
588:
559:
558:
454:
446:
445:
416:False awakening
396:
386:
385:
331:
321:
320:
219:Psychic reading
154:Fortune-telling
94:Close encounter
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Parapsychology
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
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1868:
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1706:
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1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1668:The Ghost Club
1665:
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1655:
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1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
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1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Thoughtography
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Superconscious
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Retrocognition
1549:
1547:Remote viewing
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
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1504:
1499:
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1484:
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1371:
1367:
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1358:
1357:
1354:Parapsychology
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1289:
1263:
1229:
1204:
1191:978-0198604433
1190:
1167:
1138:
1125:978-0690268157
1124:
1101:
1088:978-1444310139
1087:
1063:
1050:978-0226667867
1049:
1026:
1013:978-0246107152
1012:
982:
953:
946:
938:Nelson Thornes
921:
908:978-1573929790
907:
877:
843:
830:978-0731657940
829:
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803:
802:
801:
796:
789:
786:
785:
784:
777:
774:
771:
768:
742:
739:
722:'s TV special
670:second-dealing
624:
621:
619:(1895–1980).
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504:Fringe science
501:
499:Falsifiability
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306:United Kingdom
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239:Retrocognition
236:
234:Remote viewing
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104:Crystal gazing
101:
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84:Breatharianism
81:
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15:
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1567:Spoon bending
1565:
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1542:Reincarnation
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1759:Publications
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1557:Second sight
1507:Precognition
1397:Clairvoyance
1309:. Retrieved
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524:Protoscience
519:Junk science
459:Anomalistics
336:Cold reading
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269:Supernatural
259:Spiritualism
254:Spirit world
204:Precognition
89:Clairvoyance
18:
1597:Zener cards
1577:Telekinesis
1537:Pyrokinesis
1532:Psychometry
1502:Poltergeist
1306:Skeptic.com
1160:24 December
1147:Alcock, Jim
1118:. Crowell.
975:24 December
870:20 December
836:14 December
781:quadrillion
761:Probability
720:James Randi
666:John Sladek
655:J. B. Rhine
617:J. B. Rhine
599:experiments
595:Zener cards
549:Uncertainty
274:Telekinesis
224:Psychometry
109:Conjuration
1906:Categories
1592:Xenoglossy
1482:Paranormal
1457:Mediumship
1447:Levitation
1392:Bilocation
1252:(5): 21–23
805:References
741:Statistics
610:Karl Zener
509:Groupthink
329:Skepticism
264:Stone Tape
169:Mediumship
124:Demonology
79:Bilocation
50:Paranormal
1582:Telepathy
1417:Ectoplasm
1256:22 August
889:Hines, T.
860:About.com
651:shuffling
346:Debunking
279:Telepathy
129:Ectoplasm
99:Cold spot
69:Astrology
1878:Category
1278:. Medium
1178:(2002).
1112:(1971).
1037:(2010).
996:(1973).
891:(2003).
788:See also
729:In 2016
623:Overview
514:Hypnosis
421:Hypnosis
149:Forteana
139:Exorcism
42:a series
40:Part of
1890:Commons
1512:Psychic
1363:Outline
1282:26 June
718:During
494:Fallacy
453:Related
289:Ufology
214:Psychic
174:Miracle
1738:People
1437:Ghosts
1370:Topics
1311:21 May
1222:18 May
1197:21 May
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411:Empath
179:Occult
44:on the
1387:Auras
1079:Wiley
649:Poor
634:with
316:World
301:India
189:Ouija
164:Magic
1313:2018
1284:2023
1258:2018
1224:2018
1199:2018
1186:ISBN
1162:2023
1133:2018
1120:ISBN
1096:2018
1083:ISBN
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1045:ISBN
1021:2018
1008:ISBN
977:2023
942:ISBN
916:2018
903:ISBN
872:2006
838:2018
825:ISBN
601:for
351:Hoax
74:Aura
1467:Orb
184:Orb
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