Koreans in Japan - Knowledge

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employees since Japan only let Japanese nationals become public employees at that time. Even of those who were able to secure jobs, many ended up working in coal mines, construction sites, and factories under harsh conditions that were markedly worse than those endured by their Japanese counterparts. The disparity was not limited to wages alone; Koreans also faced longer working hours and were subjected to physical abuse by supervisors who enforced strict discipline to maximize productivity. Since many Zainichi Koreans could not get a proper job, they began to get involved in illegal jobs such as "illegal alcohol production, scrap recycling, and racketeering". As a result, many Zainichi Koreans ended up living in slums or hamlets, a situation aided by Japanese real estate agents' refusal to let Zainichi Koreans rent houses.

2110:") published the article, "20 years after the Sakanaka Paper" to assess further development. The article pointed out that in the 1980s, 50% of Zainichi Koreans married Japanese, and in the 1990s, the rate was 80%. (In fact, they quoted only 15–18% Korean marriage during 1990 to 1994.) They also pointed out the change in the law in 1985, which granted Japanese citizenship to a child with either parent being Japanese—previous laws granted citizenship only to a child with a Japanese father. In practice, this would mean that less than 20% of Zainichi marriages would result in Zainichi status. According to the article, since naturalisation is concentrated among the younger generation, the Zainichi population should be expected to collapse once the older generation starts to die out in two decades. 1938: 1455: 2830: 1822:, the pro-South Korean group, the larger and less politically controversial faction. 65% of Zainichi are now said to be affiliated to Mindan. The number of pupils receiving ethnic education from Chongryon-affiliated schools has declined sharply, with many, if not most, Zainichi now opting to send their children to mainstream Japanese schools. Some Chongryon schools have been closed for lack of funding, and there is serious doubt as to the continuing viability of the system as a whole. Mindan has also traditionally operated a school system for the children of its members, although it has always been less widespread and organized compared to its Chongryon counterpart, and is said to be nearly defunct at the present time. 2079:), a Korean-Japanese newspaper, reported that according to statistics from the Japanese Health and Labour ministry, there were 8,376 marriages between Japanese and Koreans. Compared to 1,971 marriages in 1965, when the statistics began, the number has roughly quadrupled, and it now constitutes about 1% of the 730,971 total marriages in Japan. The highest annual number of marriages between Japanese men and Korean women was 8,940, in 1990. Since 1991, it has fluctuated around 6,000 per year. On the other hand, there were 2,335 marriages between Korean men and Japanese women in 2006. It has been stable since the number reached 2,000 per year in 1984. 3058: 1742:. Following its publication, numbers of returnees skyrocketed. The Japanese government was in favour of repatriation as a way to rid the country of ethnic minority residents that were discriminated against and regarded as incompatible with Japanese culture. Though the United States government was initially unaware of Tokyo's cooperation with the repatriation programme, they offered no objection after they were informed of it; the US ambassador to Japan was quoted by his Australian counterpart as describing the Koreans in Japan as, "a poor lot including many Communists and many criminals". 3114: 1097: 1686: 2930: 1327:. As a result, thousands of Koreans migrated or were recruited to work in industries like coal mining. A majority of the immigrants consisted of farmers from the southern part of Korea. The number of Koreans in Japan in 1930 was more than ten times greater than that of 1920, reaching 419,000. However, the jobs they could get on the mainland of Japan were curtailed by open discrimination and largely limited to physical labor due to their poor education; they usually worked alongside other groups of ethnic minorities subject to discrimination, such as 2590:, a Mindan newspaper conducted a survey regarding the use of aliases. 50% of those polled said that they always use an alias, while 13% stated they always use their original name. 33% stated that they use either depending on the situation. In a 1986 survey, over 90% of ethnic Koreans in Japan reported having a Japanese-sounding name in addition to a Korean one. In a 1998 study, 80% stated that they used their Japanese names when in Japanese company, and 30% stated that they used their Japanese names "almost exclusively". 1957:, the Japanese government created laws to support Japanese citizens by giving financial support, providing shelters, etc. However, after the treaty was signed, Zainichi Koreans were no longer counted as Japanese citizens, so they were unable to get any support from the government. They were unable to get an insurance certificate from the government, so it was difficult for them to get any medical care. Without medical insurance, Zainichi Koreans were unable to go to the hospital since the cost of medication was too high. 1918:(currently suspended), a North Korean ferry that is the only regular direct link between North Korea and Japan, is a subject of significant tension, as the ferry is primarily used by Chongryon to send its members to North Korea and to supply North Korea with money and goods donated by the organization and its members. In 2003, a North Korean defector made a statement to the US Senate committee stating that more than 90% of the parts used by North Korea to construct its missiles were brought from Japan aboard the ship. 1946: 1879:, has led to a resurgence of public animosity against Chongryon. Chongryon schools have alleged numerous cases of verbal abuse and physical violence directed against their students and buildings, and Chongryon facilities have been targets of protests and occasional incidents. The Japanese authorities have recently started to crack down on Chongryon, with investigations and arrests for charges ranging from tax evasion to espionage. These moves are usually criticized by Chongryon as acts of political suppression. 903: 2972: 2057:

Therefore, Japanese citizens, especially their parents, largely refused marriage with Zainichi Koreans. However, there were problems with marriage between Zainichi Koreans, too. As stated in the previous section, Zainichi Koreans were mostly hiding their identity and living as Japanese-presenting people at the time. Because of this, it was very hard for Zainichi Koreans to connect with other people who had the same nationality as them. They were married mostly through arranged marriages supported by Mindan.

2314:. In 2003, the Education Ministry removed the requirement to take the Equivalency Test from graduates of Chinese schools, Mindan-run Korean schools, and international schools affiliated with Western nations and accredited by U.S. and British organizations. However, this did not apply to graduates of Chongryon-run Korean schools, as the minisitry said it could not approve their curricula. The decision was left up to individual universities, 70% of which allowed all Korean school graduates to apply directly. 1105: 2599: 3086: 2900: 4137:(September 26, 2000): "E. Korean residents in Japan 32. The majority of Korean residents, who constitute about one third of the foreign population in Japan, are Koreans (or their descendants) who came to reside in Japan for various reasons during the 36 years (1910–1945) of Japan's rule over Korea and who continued to reside in Japan after having lost Japanese nationality, which they held during the time of Japan's rule, with the enforcement of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (28 April 1952)." 3000: 2095:, published a highly controversial document known as the "Sakanaka Paper". He stated that the assertion by both Mindan and Chongryon that Zainichi are destined to eventually return to Korea is no longer realistic. He further predicted that Zainichi would naturally disappear in the 21st century unless they abandon their link between Korean identity and Korean nationality. He argued that the Japanese government should stop treating Zainichi as temporary residents (with a 2243: 190: 174: 7260: 6923: 1905:

categorically and fiercely denied for many years that the abductions had ever taken place and dismissed rumors of North Korean involvement as an allegedly "racist fantasy". Some of the recent drop in membership of Chongryon is attributed to ordinary members of Chongryon who may have believed in the party line feeling deeply humiliated and disillusioned upon discovering that they had been used as mouthpieces to deny the crimes of the North Korean government.

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reveal their identity to the public because when they visited the city hall to provide their fingerprints, their neighbors found out that they were Zainichi Koreans. Therefore, Zainichi Koreans were forced to reveal their identity to Japanese and faced discrimination from them. This made their lives even more difficult. In order to protect themselves, many Zainichi Koreans protested against this law.

3100: 2986: 2299:, where use of public funds for education by non-public bodies is prohibited. In reality, the schools are in fact partly funded by local authorities, but subsidies are given in the form of special benefits paid to the families of pupils, as opposed to paying the schools directly, in order to avoid a blatant breach of Article 89. It is still much less than the amount received by state schools. 43: 2958: 2886: 3014: 1372:) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were forced to work in factories, in mines, and as laborers, often under appalling conditions. About 60,000 are estimated to have died between 1939 and 1945. Most of the wartime laborers returned home after the war, but some elected to remain in Japan. 43,000 of those in Karafuto, which had been occupied by the 2020:, and others), and sympathetic Japanese, the social atmosphere for Zainichi in Japan has improved. There are also Koreans living in Japan who try to present themselves as Japanese to avoid discrimination. Most younger Zainichi now speak only Japanese, go to Japanese schools, work for Japanese firms, and increasingly marry Japanese people. Most 1650:" or Hallyu. This cultural phenomenon, encompassing Korean music, television dramas, films, and cuisine, has gained widespread attention not only in Japan but also globally. As a result, there has been an increased appreciation for Korean culture among the Japanese population, leading to greater interest in Zainichi Koreans and their heritage. 1987:) where living conditions were poor, sanitation was inadequate, and access to public services like healthcare and education was severely limited. Korean children faced bullying and discrimination in schools, which often led to high dropout rates and limited their educational and, subsequently, economic opportunities. 1162:). The report included a survey of first generation Koreans' reasons for immigration. The result was 13.3% for conscription, 39.6% for economics, 17.3% for marriage and family, 9.5% for study/academic, 20.2% for other reasons and 0.2% unknown. The survey excluded those who were under 12 when they arrived in Japan. 2310:. This meant pupils of ethnic schools had to complete extra courswork before being allowed to take the exam. In 1999, the requirement was amended so that anyone over a certain age is qualified. Campaigners were not satisfied because this still meant graduates of non-Japanese high schools had to take the 2166:

are exempted from military service and taxes, the South Korean government was reluctant to give them the right to vote, arguing they did not register as residents, though it thought most people agree on granting the right to vote to short-stay South Korean travelers. On the other hand, Zainichi South

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After Zainichi Koreans lost Japanese nationality, the Immigration Control Act of 1951 and the Alien Registration Law of 1952 required them to be fingerprinted and to carry a certificate of registration as other foreigners did. The Permanent Residents by Accord of 1965 allowed Zainichi Koreans who had

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In March 2006, police raided six Chongryon-related facilities in an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the June 1980 disappearance of one of the alleged abductees, Tadaaki Hara. Police spokesmen said that the head of Chongryon at the time was suspected of co-operating in his kidnapping.

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One of the issues the schools now face is a lack of funding. The schools were originally set up and run with support from the North Korean government, but this money has now dried up, and with dropping pupil numbers, many schools are facing financial difficulties. The Japanese government has refused

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The latest figures from Mindan showed that the total population of Zainichi was 598,219 in 2006 and 593,489 in 2007, and that only 8.9% married another Zainichi in 2006. There were 1,792 births and 4,588 deaths, resulting in a 2,796 natural decrease. On top of that, there were 8,531 naturalisations,

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Furthermore, it was hard for the Zainichi Koreans to get a job due to discrimination. Zainichi Koreans were often forced into low-wage labor, lived in segregated communities, and faced barriers to their cultural and social practices. Especially, it was very hard for Zainichi Koreans to become public

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Furthermore, economic opportunities have also contributed to a recent influx of Korean newcomers to Japan. Despite historical tensions between the two countries, Japan remains an attractive destination for many South Koreans seeking employment and business prospects. The close geographical proximity

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Kimpara, S., Ishida, R., Ozawa, Y., Kajimura, H., Tanaka, H. and Mihashi, O. (1986) Nihon no Naka no Kankoku-Chosenjin, Chugokujin: Kanagawa-kennai Zaiju Gaikokujin Jittai Chosa yori (Koreans and Chinese Inside Japan: Reports from a Survey on Foreign Residents of Kanagawa Prefecture), Tokyo: Akashi

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Though there are a few cases of celebrities who naturalize with their Korean name, the majority of naturalized Zainichi Koreans formally choose a name that is both read and appears ethnically Japanese. This supports the aforementioned cultural implication of naturalisation, leading some to take the

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of Zainichi into Japan. About 4,000 to 5,000 Koreans naturalize in Japan every year out of slightly less than 480,000. Naturalization carries a crucial cultural aspect in Japan, as both Mindan and Chongryon link Korean ethnic identity to Korean nationality, and Japanese and South Korean nationality

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For a long time, Chongryon enjoyed unofficial immunity from searches and investigations, partly because authorities were reluctant to carry out any actions which could provoke not only accusations of xenophobia but lead to an international incident. Chongryon has long been suspected of a variety of

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assimilation. In November 2011, the South Korean government moved to register Zainichi Koreans as voters in South Korean elections, a move which attracted few registrants. While Mindan-affiliated Zainichi Koreans have pressed for voting rights in Japan, they have very little interest in becoming a

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Japan's aging population and labor shortages in certain industries have created demand for foreign workers, including Koreans. Many Korean nationals have sought employment opportunities in sectors such as manufacturing, technology, healthcare, and hospitality, contributing to Japan's workforce and

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to do so, and there is considerable public and political opposition against granting voting rights to those who have not yet adopted Japanese nationality. Instead, the requirements for naturalization have been steadily lowered for Zainichi to the point that only criminal records or affiliation to

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benefits was granted in 1954, followed by access to the national health insurance structures (1960s) and state pensions (1980s). There is some doubt over the legality of some of these policies, as the Public Assistance Law, which governs social welfare payments, is seen to apply only to "Japanese

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was held, the Japanese government had a visa waiver program with South Korea for a limited period under the condition that the visitor's purpose was sightseeing or business, and later extended it permanently. Korean enclaves tend to exclude newcomers from existing Korean organizations, especially

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The motives behind the official enthusiasm for repatriation are clearly revealed by Masutaro Inoue, who described Koreans in Japan as being "very violent," "in dark ignorance," and operating as a "Fifth Column" in Japanese society. ... Inoue is reported as explaining that the Japanese government

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There has been improvement in the working rights of Zainichi Koreans since the 1970s. For example, foreigners including Zainichi Koreans were previously not allowed to become lawyers in Japan, but Kim Kyung Deok became the first Zainichi Korean lawyer in 1979. As of 2018, there are more than 100

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and are granted special rights and privileges compared to other foreigners, especially in matters such as re-entry and deportation statutes. These privileges were originally given to residents with South Korean nationality in 1965, and were extended in 1991 to cover those who have retained their

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Another problem caused by this treaty was that the Japanese government created a law which stated that Korean residents in Japan had to be fingerprinted since Zainichi Koreans had two names (their original name and a name given by the Japanese government). Under this law, Zainichi Koreans had to

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While some families can currently trace their ancestry back to pre-modern Korean immigrants, many families were absorbed into Japanese society and as a result, they are not considered a distinct group. The same is applicable to those families which are descended from Koreans who entered Japan in

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During the post-World War II period, many Zainichi Koreans married with other Zainichi Koreans, and it was a rare case for them to intermarry with Japanese citizens. This was because of Japanese xenophobic prejudice against Zainichi Koreans due to stigma stemming from decades of discrimination.

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In order to be naturalized as Japanese citizens, Zainichi Koreans previously had to go through multiple, complex steps, requiring collection of information about their family and ancestors stretching back ten generations. This information could be collected through a Korean organization such as

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The earliest Japanese films featuring Koreans in Japan often depicted Koreans as members of the peripheral society, rather than as main characters. It wasn't until after the Second World War that films visualized the struggles and oppression experienced by Zainichi Koreans, with films such as

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Financial Affairs Committee that the agency was investigating Chongryon for suspected illicit transfers of funds to the North. The image of Chongryon was further tarnished by North Korea's surprise 2002 admission that it had indeed abducted Japanese nationals in the 1970s, even after it had

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Despite these adversities, the Zainichi community has fought for their rights and has seen gradual improvements in their status in Japan. Changes in legal and social recognition began to emerge towards the late 20th century, influenced by both domestic advocacy by human rights groups and

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operation of about 60 ethnic Korean schools across Japan, initially partly funded by the North Korean government, in which lessons are conducted in Korean. They maintain a strong pro-North Korean ideology, which has sometimes come under criticism from pupils, parents, and the public

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and increased dramatically after 1920. During World War II, a large number of Koreans were also conscripted by Japan. Another wave of migration started after South Korea was devastated by the Korean War in the 1950s. Also noteworthy was the large number of refugees from the

2306:, which qualifies those who have not graduated from a regular high school to apply for a place in a state university and take an entrance exam. Until recently, only those who had completed compulsory education (i.e., up to junior high school) were entitled to take the 5030:日本の厚生労働省の調べによると、２００６年だけで、韓国・朝鮮籍所有者と日本国籍者の間で結ばれた婚姻件数は８３７６件を数える。調査を開始した１９６５年の１９７１件に比べ、およそ４倍で、日本国内全体の婚姻件数７３万９７１件のうち、約１％を占めている。在日韓国・朝鮮人女性と日本人男性間の婚姻件数が最も多かったのは９０年の８９４０件。９１年以降は６０００件前後に留まっており、０６年末現在では６０４１件を数えた。　半面、韓国・朝鮮人男性と日本人女性間の婚姻件数は０６年末現在で２３３５件。１９８４年に２０００件を超えて以来、ほぼ横ばい状態だ。 2556:, as their legal name. Traditionally, Zainichi Koreans have used Japanese-style names in public, but some Zainichi Koreans, including celebrities and professional athletes, use their original Korean names. Well-known ethnic Koreans who use Japanese names include 3365: 1753:, the popularity of repatriation to the North dropped sharply, though the trickle of returnees to the North continued as late as 1984. In total, 93,340 people migrated from Japan to North Korea under the repatriation programme; an estimated 6,000 were 1669:, have garnered massive followings in Japan, garnering interest in Korean entertainment. Similarly, Korean dramas and films have found a dedicated audience in Japan, contributing to the normalization of Korean culture within mainstream Japanese media. 4451:

wanted to "rid itself of several tens of thousands of Koreans who are indigent and vaguely communist, thus at a stroke resolving security problems and budgetary problems (because of the sums of money currently being dispensed to impoverished Koreans)

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The repatriations have been the subject of numerous creative works in Japan, due to the influence they had on the Zainichi Korean community. One documentary film about a family whose sons repatriated while the parents and daughter remained in Japan,

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The Japanese word "Zainichi" itself means a foreign citizen "staying in Japan", and implies temporary residence. Nevertheless, the term "Zainichi Korean" is used to describe settled permanent residents of Japan, both those who have retained their

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In addition to labor exploitation and housing discrimination, Koreans also endured significant social discrimination. They were segregated into specific neighborhoods, commonly referred to as "Korean Towns," (which still exist today in

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of 2 May 1947 ruled that Koreans and some Taiwanese were to be provisionally treated as foreign nationals. Given the lack of a single, unified government on the Korean Peninsula, Koreans were provisionally registered under the name of

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criminal acts on behalf of North Korea, such as illegal transfer of funds to North Korea and espionage, but no action has been taken. However, recently escalating tensions between Japan and North Korea over a number of issues, namely

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and a home-coming movement to North Korea in the late 1950s, which it hailed as a socialist "Paradise on Earth", with some 90,000 Zainichi Koreans and their Japanese spouses moving to the North before the migration eventually died

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Immediately following the end of World War II, there were roughly 2.4 million Koreans in Japan; the majority repatriated to their ancestral homes in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, leaving only 650,000 in Japan by 1946.

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Mindan, but with their prohibitively expensive cost, many were unable to afford it. However, these processes have become much easier, and today, it is easier for Zainichi Koreans to naturalize into Japanese citizens.

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was the dominant Zainichi group, and in some ways remains more politically significant today in Japan. However, the widening disparity between the political and economic conditions of the two Koreas has since made

1360:. In 1944, the Japanese authorities extended the mobilization of Japanese civilians for labor on the Korean peninsula. Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including 2677:, and that some of them are bosses of branches. However, the member went on to say that Korean gang members tend to go to China and Southeast Asia, as these countries are more lucrative for them than Japan. 1045:, distinguishing them from the later wave of Korean migrants who came mostly in the 1980s, and from pre-modern immigrants dating back to antiquity who may themselves be the ancestors of the Japanese people. 5980: 5464:

Japanese Alias vs. Real Ethnic Name: On Naming Practices among Young Koreans in Japan. Yasunori Fukuoka (Saitama University, Japan). ISA XIV World Congress of Sociology (July 26 – August 1, 1998, Montreal,

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Due to the issues described above, the number of students at Korean schools run by Chongryon has declined by 67%, and many of the children of Zainichi Koreans now choose to go to orthodox Japanese schools.

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Scope of article and lead are misleading. Multiple groups of Koreans exist in Japan, one of which arrived after 1945. The title of the article implies encompassing all groups, not just the 1945 and before

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and many Zainichi Koreans opposed this law, but the law wasn't repealed until 1993. Until then, Zainichi Koreans could not escape from the social discrimination which they had faced in Japanese society.

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nationality or heritage and lead average lives alongside other Japanese. This, as well as marriage to Japanese nationals, is leading to a sharp decrease in the original "Zainichi" population in Japan.

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parlors; the book explores themes of belonging, nationality, and longstanding political debates about discrimination and xenophobia against Koreans in Japan. The novel has been made into a limited

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for its part opposes moves to allow Zainichi Koreans to participate in Japanese politics, on the grounds that they assimilate Koreans into Japanese society and thus weaken Korean ethnic identity.

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just before Japan's surrender, were refused repatriation to either mainland Japan or the Korean Peninsula, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin, stateless; they became the ancestors of the

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were registered as permanent or non-permanent residents of Japan in 2023. Below, two statistics on the numbers of foreign residents living in Japan are displayed, one map and one chart:

2359:. Alternatively, they may go to a normal school in Japan taught in Japanese. Most Koreans who have lived in Japan since they were born, however, go to normal schools even if there is a 1218:). While some families today can ultimately trace their ancestry to the immigrants, they were generally absorbed into Japanese society and are not considered a distinct modern group. 4148: 3315: 2127:

passed the Special Law on Immigration Control and categorized Zainichi Koreans who have lived without any gap since the end of World War II or before and their lineal descendants as

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has been campaigning for the right to vote in elections for prefectural and municipal assemblies, mayors, and prefecture governors, backed by the South Korean government. In 1997,

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in July 2006 deepened the divide, with Chongryon refusing to condemn the missile tests, expressing only its regret that the Japanese government has suspended the operation of the

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In December 2001, police raided Chongryon's Tokyo headquarters and related facilities to investigate Chongryon officials' suspected role in embezzlement of funds from the failed

1214:(538–710 CE) periods, there was some flow of people from the Korean Peninsula, both as immigrants and long-term visitors, notably a number of clans in the Kofun period (see 1646:

In recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in the perception of Zainichi Koreans in Japan, largely influenced by the growing popularity of Korean culture, known as the "

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There have also been campaigns to allow Zainichi Koreans to take up government employment and participate in elections, which are open to Japanese nationals only. Since 1992,

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Out of the two Korean organizations in Japan, the pro-North Chongryon has been the more militant in terms of retaining Koreans' ethnic identity. Its policies have included:

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Starting in 1980, South Korea allowed its students to study abroad freely; starting in 1987, people older than forty-four were allowed to travel abroad. One year after the

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and recognized the South Korean government as the only legitimate government of the peninsula. Those Koreans in Japan who did not apply for South Korean citizenship kept

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The same threat hung over thousands more who had arrived as refugees from the massacres that followed the April 3, 1948, uprising on Jeju Island and from the Korean War.

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Hester, Jeffry T. (2008). "Datsu Zainichi-ron: An emerging discourse on belonging among Ethnic Koreans in Japan". In Nelson H. H.; Ertl, John; Tierney, R. Kenji (eds.).

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Over the decades, Zainichi Koreans have been campaigning to regain their Japanese citizenship rights without having to adopt Japanese nationality. The right to claim

5794: 5333: 1580:, the pro-North organisation was made illegal, but it re-formed under various guises and went on to form the "General Association of Korean Residents in Japan", or 1175:. Trade with Korea continued to modern times, with Japan also periodically receiving missions from Korea, though this activity was often limited to specific ports. 1847:

opposition to Zainichi Koreans' right to vote or participate in Japanese elections, which is seen as an unacceptable attempt at assimilation into Japanese society;

3997: 6320: 1584:, in 1955. This organisation kept to its socialist, and by extension pro-North stance, and enjoyed the active financial support of the North Korean government. 1565:, in which Japan formally abandoned its territorial claim to the Korean Peninsula, and as a result, Zainichi Koreans formally lost their Japanese nationality. 1558:), the official name of the new nation. Following this, from 1950 onwards, Zainichi Koreans were allowed to voluntarily re-register their nationality as such. 6342: 6257: 3930: 2045:

laws do not allow multiple citizenship for adults. By their definition, opting for a Japanese passport means becoming Japanese, rather than Korean-Japanese.

6277: 4215: 1340:, the Japanese government tried to reduce the number of Koreans immigrating to Japan. To accomplish this, the Japanese government devoted resources to the 1041:, who are ethnic Korean permanent residents of Japan. The term Zainichi Korean refers only to long-term Korean residents of Japan who trace their roots to 5721: 4726:

The Home-coming Movement Seen from North Korea: An Interview with Mr. Oh Gi-Wan, the Former Member of the Reception Committee for Japan's Korean Returnees

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also increased the illegal immigration to Japan. It is estimated that between 1946 and 1949, 90% of illegal immigrants to Japan were Koreans. During the

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Tsutsui, K., & Shin, H. J. (2008). "Global Norms, Local Activism, and Social Movement Outcomes: Global Human Rights and Resident Koreans in Japan".

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Koreans entered Japan illegally post-World War II due to an unstable political and economic situation in Korea, with 20,000 to 40,000 Koreans fleeing

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began to receive official support from the Japanese government as early as 1956. A North Korean-sponsored repatriation programme with support of the

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The Korean Wave has played a significant role in bridging cultural gaps and fostering greater acceptance of Zainichi Koreans in Japanese society.

990:, or who are descendants of those immigrants. They are a group distinct from South Korean nationals who have immigrated to Japan since the end of 7739: 6549: 5076: 3738: 3616: 5284: 4837: 4258: 1929:. Outraged senior Mindan officials joined mainstream Japanese politicians and media in sharply criticizing Chongryon's silence over the matter. 1702: 7861: 6612: 5639: 1844:

operation of businesses and banks to provide the necessary jobs, services, and social networks for Zainichi Koreans outside mainstream society;

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FCCJ (The Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan) Mr. Suganuma of former Public Security Investigation Agency tells it about Zainichi Korean

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lived in Japan since the colonial period to apply for permanent residency, but their descendants could not. Twenty-six years later, the

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concluded all South Korean nationals don't have the right to vote in South Korea if they are permanent residents of other countries.

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and strong economic ties between Japan and South Korea have facilitated increased migration and investment between the two nations.

7521: 4621: 4591:"2006 Sundance Film Festival announces awards for documentary and dramatic films in independent film and world cinema competitions" 2212:

However, the Japanese Diet has not yet passed a resolution regarding this matter, despite several attempts by a section within the

5361: 5220: 3705: 7856: 7291: 5949: 3764: 1443: 863: 5969: 5395: 4651: 2663:

Some Zainichi Koreans participate in organized crime, as do people in other segments of the population. A former member of the

1921:

In May 2006, Chongryon and the pro-South Mindan agreed to reconcile, only for the agreement to break down the following month.

7769: 5755: 2681:

Zainichi Korean lawyers in Japan, and some of them have worked as members of LAZAK (Lawyers Association of Zainichi Koreans).

2612:

parlors, restaurants/bars, and construction. Discrimination against Zainichi Koreans in hiring has pushed many into so-called

1953:

During the post-World War II period, Zainichi Koreans faced various kinds of discrimination from Japanese society. Due to the

7734: 7613: 6128: 5993:"From Korea to Kyoto; Chapter One of Community, Democracy, and Performance: the Urban Practice of Kyoto's Higashi-Kujo Madang 5897: 5878: 4957: 4914: 4537: 4340: 4112: 3485: 3425: 4515: 3847: 7667: 6954: 5931: 5689: 5579: 3217: 5169: 30:"Zainichi" redirects here. The word "Zainichi" refers in general to foreign citizens residing in Japan. For the book, see 7511: 5986: 5925: 5786: 5310: 2139:

Long-term ethnic Korean residents of Japan who have not taken up Japanese nationality currently have the legal status of

1897: 1872: 5260: 2797:

tells the story of several generations of Zainichi Koreans and the prevailing stereotype within Japan about Koreans and

1454: 8019: 7714: 7284: 6605: 6297: 5008: 4973: 4728: 3986: 3535: 2163: 2140: 2128: 2096: 2028:

or marriage. Those who have already established their lives increasingly do not choose to retain their South Korean or

652: 5285:"Child Research Net CRN – Child Research in Japan & Asia – Recent Research on Japanese Children – Ed-Info Japan –" 8029: 5859: 3830: 2213: 1937: 1888: 1576:(League of Koreans in Japan), the main Korean residents' organisation, which had a socialist ideology. Following the 1476: 1313: 923: 86: 68: 5722:"Koreans in Japan : a Struggle for Acceptance, Law School International Immersion Program Papers, No. 2 (2016)" 5358:"'Center of Ethnic Education' Tokyo Korea School, Tokyo Kankoku gakko, 'When we need more support from South Korea'" 3561:在日本大韓民国青年会『アボジ聞かせてあの日のことを — 我々の歴史を取り戻す運動報告書 — 』「徴兵・徴用13.3%」「その他20.2%」、「不明0.2%」「経済的理由39.6%」「結婚・親族との同居17.3%」「留学9.5%」 7826: 7631: 1901: 734: 3922: 8009: 7851: 7846: 7489: 7264: 6947: 6580: 3202: 3197: 3150: 2295:

Chongryon's requests that it fund ethnic schools in line with regular Japanese schools, citing Article 89 of the

1922: 708: 4909:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in Asia's transformations (Transferred to digital print ed.). London: Routledge. 2723:

was the first to receive critical acclaim, earning several best film awards in 1993. In 2001, Zainichi director

2221:

would be a hindrance for naturalization. Both Zainichi organisations oppose this, as both see naturalization as

1709: 1423:

secured the border with Korea, but apprehending illegal immigrants was difficult because they were armed, while

7831: 5475: 4056: 4021:昭和25年11月01日 8-衆-外務委「朝鮮人の密入国は対馬を基点といたしまして、その周辺の各県にまたがる地域が圧倒的数字を示しており、大体全国総数の七割ないし八割が同方面によつて占められているという状況であります。」 3578: 3222: 3207: 2829: 2646: 2613: 2485: 1754: 1297: 1123: 882: 799: 489: 415: 132: 121: 5610: 5518: 3477: 1005:, due to many Koreans assimilating into the general Japanese population. The majority of Koreans in Japan are 907: 8014: 7419: 6927: 6598: 6470: 6440: 6017: 4813: 2172: 7332: 5817: 4793: 4701: 3501: 7704: 7465: 7183: 7166: 6908: 6729: 6505: 6231: 6123: 5542: 3879: 1397: 647: 617: 7805: 7455: 7450: 3840:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 1300:, Korean students and asylum seekers started to come to Japan, including Korean politicians and activists 7724: 7239: 6903: 5756:"Discrimination Against Koreans in Japan: Japan's Violation of its International Human Rights Obligation" 5668: 4590: 3950:昭和27年02月27日 13-参-地方行政委鈴木一の発言「一昨年の十月から入国管理庁が発足いたしまして約一年間の間に三千百九十名という朝鮮人を送り帰しておる。今の密入国の大半は、九〇％は朝鮮人でございます」 2724: 2698: 2168: 2092: 1312:. There were about 800 Koreans living in Japan before Japan annexed Korea. In 1910, as the result of the 1074: 947: 6620: 5998:

Migration patterns of Korean residents in Ikuno ward, Osaka – Japanese Journal of Human Geography (人文地理)

5997: 5760:

United Nations Human Rights Council: Universal Periodic Review Third Cycle – Japan – Reference Documents

4952:. Global, area, and international archive (Nachdr. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 3792: 7896: 6779: 6455: 6282: 5943: 5504:"The Study on Categorization of Japanese-Korean Entrepreneurs by their Motivation for Entrepreneurship" 5224: 4080: 3232: 2628:

industry is shrinking, because the Japanese government has imposed stricter regulations. The number of

1767: 1592: 1562: 624: 1323:

In the 1920s, the demand for labor in Japan was high while Koreans had difficulty finding jobs in the

7307: 6363: 5288: 4841: 4299: 4266: 1797: 1353: 1194:

some Korean influence, though whether this was accompanied by immigration from Korea is debated (see

1061:

nationalities, and even sometimes includes Japanese citizens of Korean descent who acquired Japanese

1042: 875: 762: 612: 58: 5631: 5042: 4683: 4622:"1970, South Korea refused forced displacement of Korean residents in Japan who perpetrated a crime" 4496: 2099:) and start providing a proper legal framework for their permanent settlement as "Korean Japanese". 7841: 7385: 7379: 6888: 6533: 6118: 6091: 6010: 4363: 4229: 3212: 3192: 2963: 2818: 2425: 2268: 2247: 2183: 1725: 1470:

left the nationality status of Koreans and Taiwanese in an ambiguous position in terms of law. The

657: 563: 292: 17: 7367: 5101: 5065: 4051:. Sodei, Rinjirō, 1932–, 袖井林二郎, 1932– (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Hōsei Daigaku Shuppankyoku. 2000. 3727: 3605: 3385: 1861: 1277: 7947: 7884: 7161: 6704: 6694: 6417: 6054: 5959: 4538:"Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century" 3964: 3271: 3252: 2769:

creatives have used the Zainichi experience to parse their own experience as part of the greater

1954: 1002: 7531: 5133: 4744: 4128:

United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination

3057: 1701:(The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) officially began in 1959. In April 1959, 7965: 7595: 7173: 7070: 6970: 6878: 6800: 6564: 6559: 4468: 3187: 3177: 1786: 1758: 6049: 4629: 4332: 3417: 2287:. The textbooks include an idealized depiction of the economic development of North Korea and 1154:) published a report titled, "Father, tell us about that day. Report to reclaim our history" ( 7959: 7935: 7694: 7619: 7178: 6893: 6873: 6805: 6689: 6500: 6495: 4670: 4483: 3333: 2499: 2296: 2041: 1750: 1524:

In 1948, the northern and southern parts of Korea declared independence individually, making

1096: 590: 503: 429: 4861: 4559: 4100: 1994:

Zainichi today have established a stable presence in Japan after years of activism. Through

1260:

Some Koreans entered Japan in captivity as a result of pirate raids or during the 1592–1598

1215: 7583: 7570: 7558: 7342: 6857: 6759: 6719: 6628: 6422: 6347: 6287: 6262: 6209: 6176: 6146: 6103: 5382: 4764: 2802: 2741: 1745:

Despite the fact that 97% of the Zainichi Koreans originated from the southern half of the

1616: 1409: 943: 774: 7795: 7118: 4438: 4271: 3286: 3113: 1792:

Some Zainichi Koreans have gone to South Korea to study or to settle. For example, author

8: 7652: 7607: 7149: 6754: 6744: 6699: 6647: 6330: 6292: 6272: 6226: 6214: 6161: 5434: 3442: 3182: 2919: 2587: 2206: 1533: 1361: 739: 305: 2929: 1685: 7902: 7759: 7625: 7576: 6841: 6836: 6709: 6664: 6642: 6490: 6450: 6405: 6304: 6204: 5790: 5357: 5228: 4350: 4209: 4074: 3672: 2719: 2577: 2194: 1694: 1428: 6674: 5987:

Testing Tolerance: Fallout from North Korea's Nuclear Program Hits Minorities in Japan

4323:"Mapping Out the Cultural Politics of 'the Korean Wave' in Contemporary South Korea". 3775: 3697: 1466:

Japan's defeat in the war and the end of its colonization of the Korean Peninsula and

1404:, Korean immigrants came to Japan to avoid torture or murder at the hands of dictator 1065:

by naturalization or by birth from one or both parents who have Japanese citizenship.

7866: 7719: 7373: 7208: 6820: 6810: 6724: 6659: 6460: 6445: 6236: 6171: 6151: 6108: 6041: 5893: 5874: 5855: 5400: 5329: 5177: 4953: 4910: 4740: 4415: 4336: 4108: 4062: 4052: 3901: 3826: 3676: 3664: 3481: 3421: 3091: 2632:

parlors decreased by 9–10% between 2012 and 2016, while the number of people playing

2580: 2263: 1572:, the Korean Residents Union in Japan, was set up in 1946 as a pro-South offshoot of 1532:(South Korea) made a request to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, then the 1529: 1439: 1424: 1420: 1155: 1147: 995: 720: 280: 53: 7601: 5632:"＜在日社会＞在日新世紀・新たな座標軸を求めて 23 ― 高級焼肉店「叙々苑」経営この道ひと筋50年新井泰道さん ― | 在日社会 | ニュース | 東洋経済日報" 5405: 4659: 3172: 2624:

since 1993, and Zainichi Koreans have accounted for 90% of such sales. However, the

809: 7810: 7552: 7495: 7060: 6795: 6749: 6714: 6465: 6412: 6337: 6325: 6199: 6156: 6113: 6086: 5572:"パチンコ業界、本格的衰退が始まった…各社軒並み売上激減、「出玉規制」が追い打ち – ビジネスジャーナル/Business Journal | ビジネスの本音に迫る" 5325: 4885: 4328: 3654: 3247: 2789: 2766: 2732: 2561: 2352: 2198: 2197:

became the first municipality to hire a Korean national. So far, three prefectures—

1984: 1746: 1438:, the prime minister of Japan, proposed the deportation of all Zainichi Koreans to 1431:

after World War II. During this period, one-fifth of the immigrants were arrested.

1377: 1341: 1324: 1245: 1172: 768: 675: 353: 317: 267: 263: 4981: 4974:"Caste, Ethnicity and Nationality: Japan Finds Plenty of Space for Discrimination" 4938:(Present lives and Future of Zainichi Koreans). Tokyo: Hirakawa Print Press, 1994. 4545: 2703: 2178:

Zainichi North Koreans are allowed to vote and theoretically eligible to stand in

2171:

guarantees anyone having South Korean nationality the right to vote. In 2007, the

1945: 1195: 1001:

They currently constitute the second largest ethnic minority group in Japan after

7689: 7564: 7396: 7317: 7253: 7123: 7096: 7050: 6774: 6368: 6166: 6098: 6033: 5963: 4868: 4820: 4732: 4625: 4278: 4134: 3874: 3839: 3276: 3227: 3063: 2977: 2971: 2779: 2770: 2690: 2272: 2202: 2025: 1914: 1739: 1541: 1435: 1416: 1317: 1309: 1235: 1139: 973: 902: 820: 781: 288: 7800: 7774: 7390: 6984: 5571: 4511: 3386:

Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (July 2021).

3167: 1980: 1693:

Repatriation of Zainichi Koreans from Japan conducted under the auspices of the

680: 255: 7953: 7682: 7672: 7589: 7516: 7460: 7434: 7223: 7218: 7193: 7144: 6815: 6769: 6764: 6739: 5753: 4033: 3527: 2949: 2759: 2746: 2657: 2653: 2557: 2523: 2344: 2151: 2021: 2013: 1781: 1762: 1577: 1501: 986:

who immigrated to Japan before 1945 and are citizens or permanent residents of

934:(June 1950), the Home-coming Movement to North Korea (December 1959–1983), the 814: 5381:

Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity.

3659: 3642: 3085: 2899: 1604: 1316:, Japan annexed Korea, and all Korean people became part of the nation of the 642: 8003: 7942:

The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan

7925: 7779: 7764: 7485: 7128: 7101: 7091: 7020: 5249: 4889: 4658:. Niigata University of International and Information Studies. Archived from 3668: 3281: 3035: 3005: 2863: 2835: 2670: 2124: 1568:

The division on the Korean Peninsula led to division among Koreans in Japan.

1458:

Dates of entrance or birth of Korean residents in Japan as of the end of 1958

1393: 1249: 1128: 1104: 927: 804: 7972:

Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery

7276: 5002: 4950:

Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): diasporic nationalism and postcolonial identity

4725: 4066: 2999: 2598: 2302:

Another issue is an examination called the High School Equivalency Test, or

1227: 7677: 7424: 7401: 7198: 7055: 7010: 6989: 4378:"Japan's Declining Population: Clearly a Problem, But What's the Solution?" 3155: 3142: 3119: 3049: 2891: 2877: 2849: 2750: 2621: 2131:. The fingerprint requirement for Zainichi Koreans was terminated by 1993. 2017: 1405: 1389: 1373: 1357: 1337: 1301: 1211: 1207: 1187: 991: 853: 826: 726: 325: 6898: 2991: 1528:, or the old undivided Korea, a defunct nation. The new government of the 1134:

Statistics regarding Zainichi immigration are scarce. However, in 1988, a

7526: 7086: 6939: 6400: 5818:"Pachinko by Min Jin Lee review – rich story of the immigrant experience" 5106: 3266: 3242: 3237: 3105: 2784: 2736: 2569: 2565: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2227: 2218: 2179: 2159: 2158:

There has been discussion about Zainichi South Koreans' right to vote in

2040:

One of the most pressing issues of the Zainichi community is the rate of

2003: 1868: 1647: 1305: 1281: 1062: 1058: 1054: 914:(October 1925), opening of independent travel service by Koreans between 906:

Restrictions of passage from the Korean Peninsula (April 1919–1922), the

195: 179: 168:

434,461 (only including Korean citizens living in Japan in December 2023)

5950:

Selection of articles on Koreans in Japan from pro-DPRK "People's Korea"

4435:"Japan's Hidden Role In The 'Return' Of Zainichi Koreans To North Korea" 7657: 7536: 7429: 7065: 5992: 4654:[Portrait of a Foreigner's World in Seoul: Yuhi by Yi Yangji)] 4419: 3160: 2935: 2806: 2774: 2714: 2271:. All lessons and all conversations within the school are conducted in 1793: 1587: 1401: 1273: 931: 831: 685: 333: 6070: 6065: 7878: 7045: 7025: 6554: 6528: 4737:

Bulletin of Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University. Social science

2943: 2754: 2231: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1814: 1698: 1666: 1620: 1581: 1329: 915: 715: 5050: 1573: 7662: 7642: 7154: 7030: 6994: 6652: 5600: 4564: 4191:"成長期を迎えた巨大旅行市場『中国』へのアプローチ（２） 2009/01/23(金) 13:56:13 [サーチナ]" 3099: 2641: 2608: 1365: 1285: 1184: 142: 7789: 6002: 5754:

Lawyers Association of Zainichi Koreans (LAZAK) (March 30, 2017).

3362:"在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）在留外国人統計月次 2023年6月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す" 2275:. They teach a strong pro-North Korean ideology and allegiance to 7891:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea

5852:

Hidden Treasures: Lives of First-Generation Korean Women in Japan

4535: 3414:

Multiculturalism in the new Japan: crossing the boundaries within

3019: 2913: 1772: 1757:. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later 1738:), in which he praised North Korea for its rapid development and 1100:

The map of foreign residents living in Japan as of the year 2000.

983: 936:

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea

345: 7108: 4838:"Japan Considered Podcast for April 7, 2006 Volume 2, Number 14" 4814:

Corrected : Pro-Pyongyang group rules out link to abduction

2871: 2857: 1536:, to change the nationality registration of Zainichi Koreans to 7352: 7113: 7035: 7015: 6883: 5976:

MINTOHREN: Young Koreans Against Ethnic Discrimination in Japan

5066:"The Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in the Japanese Economy" 3728:"The Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in the Japanese Economy" 3606:"The Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in the Japanese Economy" 3390:[Foreigners by nationality and by visas (occupation)]. 3291: 3077: 3043: 2885: 2843: 2745:(2000), about a North Korean Zainichi, was made into a popular 2665: 2448: 2288: 2209:—have supported voting rights for permanent foreign residents. 2190: 2029: 1962: 1941:

Numbers of birth, death, and naturalization of Koreans in Japan

1819: 1625: 1569: 1561:

The Allied occupation of Japan ended on 28 April 1952 with the

1467: 1369: 1135: 1050: 703: 452: 378: 313: 165:(total population including Koreans with Japanese citizenship) 2616:(dirty, dangerous, and demeaning) industries. Annual sales of 7203: 6623: 2985: 2905: 2462: 2388: 2348: 1838:

discouraging its members from taking up Japanese citizenship;

1662: 1654: 1231: 987: 919: 911: 526: 466: 392: 251: 148: 1356:

and conscripted Koreans to deal with labor shortages due to

217:

Technology/humanities/international services: 24,298 people

7978:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

7040: 4757:"FM Spokesman Urges Japan to Stop Suppression of Chongryon" 3823:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990

2957: 2573: 2402: 2167:

Koreans claimed that they should be granted it because the

2114:

which resulted in a total decrease of 11,327 in 2006 (2%).

2053:

rate of naturalisation as a rough measure of assimilation.

540: 7909:

Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property

5937: 4291: 3013: 2660:

products in Japan are made by certified Zainichi Koreans.

2267:

across Japan, including kindergartens and one university,

2134: 1998:, community support by Zainichi organizations (Mindan and 1415:

Fishers and brokers helped immigrants enter Japan through

5250:"Review and Prospect of Internal and External Situations" 1658: 5944:

North Korean Residents Union in Japan (Joseon Chongryon)

5919: 3987:"境界を具体化する占領期日本への「密航」からみる入国管理政策と「外国人」概念の再編( Digest_要約 )" 3356: 3354: 2593: 2024:

occurs among the young during the period when they seek

1808: 5311:"Nationalisms of and Against Zainichi Koreans in Japan" 3328: 3326: 2261:

The pro-North Korea association Chongryon operates 218

1803: 5956: 4197:. 2012-07-13. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13 2430: 1138:

youth group called Zainihon Daikan Minkoku Seinendan (

568: 5221:"Moves to legislate on "suffrage" in Japan condemned" 4930: 4928: 4926: 4739:, Nagasaki University, Vol. 61 (20020630) pp. 33–42. 4596:(Press release). Sundance Film Festival. 2006-01-28. 4536:

Nozaki, Yoshiki; Inokuchi Hiromitsu; Kim Tae-Young.

4259:"'新・旧'在日韓国人民団とどのように関わるか民団中央大会を前にしたオールドカマー・ニューカマーの声" 3525: 3351: 1122:

The modern flow of Koreans to Japan started with the

5932:

Online Newspaper covering Zainichi Korean and Mindan

5890:

Exodus to North Korea: Shadows from Japan's Cold War

4462: 3323: 3132: 2652:

In the 1970s, Korean newcomers started to enter the

2504: 2490: 1932: 1601:

Treaty on Basic Relations with the Republic of Korea

508: 494: 434: 420: 4049:

Yoshida Shigeru = Makkāsā ōfuku shokanshū 1945–1951

3844:

Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War

2606:Zainichi Koreans are said to mainly be employed in 1607:which did not give them citizenship of any nation. 4923: 4465:"The Forgotten Victims of the North Korean Crisis" 3641:Arents, Tom; Tsuneishi, Norihiko (December 2015). 3528:"Diaspora without Homeland: Being Korean in Japan" 2522:Registered aliens in Japan are allowed to adopt a 938:(1965), (1977–1983), Japanese ratification of the 922:(April 1930), Park Choon-Geum was elected for the 5726:Law School International Immersion Program Papers 4907:Koreans in Japan: critical voices from the margin 4105:Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin 1628:, so newcomers have created a new one called the 1619:, traveling abroad was further liberalized. When 1230:historical text, in 814, six people, including a 32:Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin 8001: 4214:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4094: 4092: 4090: 3994:Kyoto University Research Information Repository 3923:"【その時の今日】「在日朝鮮人」北送事業が始まる | Joongang Ilbo | 中央日報" 1841:discouraging its members from marrying Japanese; 1689:Repatriation of Koreans from Japan, January 1960 1352:In 1939, the Japanese government introduced the 1255: 1190:(300 BCE to 300 CE), Japanese culture 1077:, 410,156 South Koreans and 24,305 North Koreans 965:Zainichi Kankokujin/Zainihon Chōsenjin/Chōsenjin 5892:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4101:"The North Korean homeland of Koreans in Japan" 3640: 3260: 2534: 1855: 1489: 1449: 1108:The chart of foreign residents living in Japan. 1086: 1025: 1017: 963: 7862:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 5920:South Korean Residents Union in Japan (Mindan) 5028: 3559: 2549: 2528: 2407: 2393: 2338: 2083: 2074: 1733: 1716: 1553: 1516: 1483: 1080: 1034: 1011: 957: 745:United Koreans in Japan official football team 545: 531: 109: 27:Japanese residents of Korean origin or descent 7306: 7292: 6955: 6606: 6018: 5887: 5385:. University of California Press, 15 Nov 2008 4432: 4087: 1896:In 2002, Shotaro Tochigi, deputy head of the 1862:Chongryon § Controversies over Chongryon 1765:, who published a book about his experience, 1724:), a political activist and historian of the 1221: 940:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 883: 7924: 7915:Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea 5938:The Federation of Korean Associations, Japan 5868: 5849: 3961:"asahi.com：拷問・戦争・独裁逃れ…在日女性６０年ぶり済州島に帰郷へ – 社会" 2467: 2453: 2332: 2326: 2117: 2064: 1506: 1267: 1239: 1201: 977: 471: 457: 397: 383: 211:Special Permanent Residents: 281,295 people 126: 115: 7785:Japanese General Government Building, Seoul 7730:List of militant independence organizations 3471: 2645:restaurants. The honorary president of the 238:Spouse of permanent resident: 2,109 people 214:General permanent residents: 75,771 people 7299: 7285: 6969: 6962: 6948: 6613: 6599: 6025: 6011: 4456: 3793:"ExEAS – Teaching Materials and Resources" 1630:Federation of Korean Associations in Japan 1320:by law and received Japanese citizenship. 890: 876: 141: 7984:Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement 7837:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 5787:"Sundance Film Review: 'Seoul Searching'" 4862:N Korea ferry struggling against the tide 4749: 3658: 2673:estimated there are a few hundred Korean 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 7443: 5989:article from The Common Language Project 5607:全国焼肉協会 All-Japan "Yakimiki " Association 4031:"密航4ルートの動態日韓結ぶ海の裏街道潜入はお茶のこ捕わる者僅か2割". 3502:"【在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）統計表】 | 出入国在留管理庁" 3494: 2597: 2241: 2002:, among others), other minority groups ( 1944: 1936: 1684: 1680: 1586: 1453: 1276:, trade with Korea occurred through the 1103: 1095: 901: 7857:Japanese history textbook controversies 5970:The Self-Identities of Zainichi Koreans 5966:– a site for Korean residents in Japan. 5576:ビジネスジャーナル/Business Journal | ビジネスの本音に迫る 5308: 4560:"Spy's escape from North Korean 'hell'" 4333:10.5790/hongkong/9789622098923.003.0010 4289: 3440: 3314:. Minority Rights Group. Archived from 2135:Right to vote and government employment 1875:which came to light in 2002 as well as 1785:, won a special jury prize at the 2006 1248:descent) became naturalized in Japan's 14: 8002: 5871:Zainichi Korean Women in Japan: Voices 5543:"日本、パチンコ発金融危機？ | Joongang Ilbo | 中央日報" 4936:Zainichi Kankokujin no Genjou to Mirai 3867: 3861: 3820: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3647:International Review of Social History 3532:Escholarship.org\accessdate=2016-08-17 3526:Ryang, Sonia; Lie, John (2009-04-01). 3453:from the original on September 2, 2019 3411: 1755:Japanese migrating with Korean spouses 1444:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers 1347: 1291: 232:Business and management: 2,681 people 7614:Gwangju Student Independence Movement 7522:Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps 7280: 6943: 6594: 6006: 5784: 5766:from the original on December 1, 2018 5073:Institute for International Economics 4904: 4900: 4898: 4405: 4318: 4316: 4185: 4183: 4098: 3735:Institute for International Economics 3613:Institute for International Economics 3472:Fukuoka, Yasunori; Gill, Tom (2000). 3379: 2684: 2639:Some Zainichi Koreans have developed 2594:Zainichi in the Japanese labor market 1809:Division between Chongryon and Mindan 1383: 1244:, Japanese: 加羅布古伊; presumed to be of 223:Japanese spouse, etc.: 11,907 people 7668:Korean History Compilation Committee 5854:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 5797:from the original on 8 November 2020 4467:. Nautilus Institute. Archived from 4230:"韓国人への短期ビザ免除を恒久化 – nikkansports.com" 4003:from the original on January 6, 2018 1898:Public Security Investigation Agency 1804:Organizations – Chongryon and Mindan 1521:), the old name of undivided Korea. 1434:In Official Correspondence of 1949, 246:Regions with significant populations 36: 7770:Government-General Museum of Chōsen 7512:Aso Mining forced labor controversy 6032: 5719: 5501: 5167: 4947: 4463:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007-03-13). 4433:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2005-02-07). 4265:. February 18, 2009. Archived from 3719: 3683: 3597: 2817:For a more comprehensive list, see 2649:is Tae Do Park (alias Taido Arai). 2186:if they are 17 years old or older. 24: 6401:Commonwealth of Independent States 5843: 5815: 5131: 5082:from the original on June 19, 2021 5063: 5057: 4895: 4313: 4180: 4146: 3984: 3899: 3762: 3744:from the original on June 19, 2021 3725: 3622:from the original on June 19, 2021 3603: 2757:experience in a documentary, with 2753:would be the first to address the 2636:dropped to less than 9.4 million. 653:Special permanent resident (Japan) 235:Specific activities: 2,013 people 25: 8041: 8025:Japanese people of Korean descent 6583:off the northwest coast of Africa 5981:Panel discussion in San Francisco 5907: 5785:Chang, Justin (23 January 2015). 5192:"〈最高人民会議代議員選挙〉解説朝鮮の選挙立候補から当選まで" 3909:Institute of Statistical Research 3765:"総力戦体制期の朝鮮半島に関する一考察 ―人的動員を中心にして―" 3434: 2812: 2237: 2214:Liberal Democratic Party of Japan 1969: 1933:Integration into Japanese society 1171:subsequent periods of pre-modern 1165: 924:House of Representatives of Japan 229:Permanent resident: 7,224 people 7827:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea 7632:Korean Language Society Incident 7351: 7259: 7258: 6922: 6921: 6673: 6622: 6069: 6064: 5502:Yim, Young-Eon (December 2008). 5330:10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01167.x 4649: 4509: 3698:"FSI | SPICE – Koreans in Japan" 3218:History of Japan–Korea relations 3135: 3112: 3098: 3084: 3070: 3056: 3042: 3028: 3012: 2998: 2984: 2970: 2956: 2942: 2928: 2912: 2898: 2884: 2870: 2856: 2842: 2828: 2647:All Japan "Yakiniku" Association 2602:A Zainichi-Owned Pachinko Parlor 1427:was not due to the terms of the 1131:by the South Korean government. 859: 858: 847: 735:Korean Christian Church in Japan 188: 172: 41: 5828:from the original on 2024-09-03 5809: 5778: 5747: 5736:from the original on 2018-12-01 5713: 5702:from the original on 2016-10-25 5682: 5653: 5642:from the original on 2018-11-05 5624: 5613:from the original on 2017-03-05 5593: 5582:from the original on 2017-11-23 5564: 5553:from the original on 2018-06-29 5535: 5495: 5484:from the original on 2024-09-03 5468: 5458: 5448: 5419: 5388: 5375: 5364:from the original on 2016-04-02 5350: 5339:from the original on 2016-03-07 5302: 5277: 5266:from the original on 2021-02-04 5242: 5213: 5202:from the original on 2017-12-17 5184: 5161: 5150:from the original on 2019-07-22 5125: 5114:from the original on 2017-12-17 5094: 5035: 5022: 5011:from the original on 2007-10-26 4995: 4966: 4941: 4874: 4871:(BBC News Online, June 9, 2003) 4855: 4830: 4807: 4778: 4715: 4690: 4643: 4614: 4603:from the original on 2007-02-06 4583: 4572:from the original on 2006-02-22 4552: 4529: 4518:from the original on 2020-07-25 4503: 4426: 4399: 4388:from the original on 2024-04-18 4370: 4302:from the original on 2016-07-20 4283: 4251: 4240:from the original on 2017-12-17 4222: 4140: 4121: 4041: 4024: 4015: 3978: 3953: 3944: 3933:from the original on 2018-01-01 3915: 3893: 3850:from the original on 2010-03-23 3814: 3803:from the original on 2017-11-22 3785: 3756: 3708:from the original on 2023-06-23 3634: 3586:from the original on 2022-05-10 3566: 3552: 3538:from the original on 2020-07-25 3508:from the original on 2023-09-28 3476:. Trans-Pacific Press. p. 3474:Lives of young Koreans in Japan 3441:Diamond, Jared (June 1, 1998). 3394:from the original on 2024-09-03 3368:from the original on 2023-12-18 3340:from the original on 2024-05-30 3151:The History Museum of J-Koreans 2731:, and in 2001, Zainichi author 2620:have totaled about 30 trillion 2588:Korea-Japan 2002 FIFA World Cup 2144:("Special Permanent Residents") 2035: 1873:abduction of Japanese nationals 1178: 1160:アボジ聞かせてあの日のことを—我々の歴史を取り戻す運動報告書 910:, restrictions of passage from 709:The History Museum of J-Koreans 7832:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 7735:List of independence activists 3579:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 3519: 3465: 3405: 3304: 3223:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 3208:Japanese people in South Korea 2505: 2491: 2431: 2366: 2333: 2327: 2065: 1813:Well into at least the 1970s, 1507: 1240: 1091:, meaning Koreans in Japanese) 978: 800:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 569: 509: 495: 435: 421: 127: 116: 13: 1: 6581:autonomous community of Spain 5888:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007). 5869:Kim-Wachutka, Jackie (2019). 5850:Kim-Wachutka, Jackie (2005). 4414:] (in Japanese). 新日本出版社. 3868:Lankov, Andrei (2006-01-05). 3443:"In Search of Japanese Roots" 3297: 2173:Constitutional Court of Korea 1314:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 1256:Sengoku period (1467 to 1615) 1216:Kofun period Korean migration 1068: 7466:Oriental Development Company 6909:Illegal immigration to Japan 5360:. THE FACT JPN. 2013-12-09. 5227:. 2000-03-22. Archived from 5102:"재외국민에 참정권 부여 않는건 위헌 ?" 4980:. 2001-06-18. Archived from 4628:. 2008-02-12. Archived from 3963:. 2008-04-01. Archived from 3261:Other ethnic groups in Japan 2656:industry. Currently, 70% of 2082:In 1975, Hidenori Sakanaka ( 1949:Marriage of Koreans in Japan 1856:Controversies over Chongryon 1825: 1610: 1472:Alien Registration Ordinance 1450:Loss of Japanese nationality 1296:After the conclusion of the 648:South Korean nationality law 618:Korean independence movement 220:Study abroad: 14,906 people 7: 7852:Japan–South Korea relations 7847:Japan–North Korea relations 7725:Korean National Association 7715:Declaration of Independence 7532:Slavery during World War II 7240:Ethnic nationalism in Japan 6904:Alien registration in Japan 6232:South Korea (North Koreans) 5922:(Korean, Japanese, English) 5318:Asian Politics & Policy 5168:チャン, サンジン (June 29, 2007). 4652:"ソウルの異邦人、その周辺一李艮枝「由煕」をめぐって" 4406:Terao, Gorō (April 1959). 3985:沙羅, 朴 (November 25, 2013). 3203:Japan–South Korea relations 3198:Japan–North Korea relations 3128: 2699:Three Resurrected Drunkards 2535: 2343:) located in Tokyo, Osaka, 2169:Constitution of South Korea 2164:Special Permanent Residents 2129:Special Permanent Residents 1923:North Korea's missile tests 1877:its nuclear weapons program 1751:Japan-South Korea relations 1599:In 1965, Japan concluded a 1490: 1262:Japanese invasions of Korea 1183:In late prehistory, in the 1117: 1087: 1026: 1018: 964: 948:1997 Asian Financial Crisis 946:in Seoul, South Korea, the 908:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 61:. The specific problem is: 10: 8046: 7897:Independence Hall of Korea 7333:Governor-General of Chōsen 5225:Korean Central News Agency 5004:過去１０年間の帰化許可申請者数，帰化許可者数等の推移 4905:Ryang, Sonia, ed. (2006). 4412:North of the 38th Parallel 4327:. 2008. pp. 175–189. 3416:. Berghahn Books. p. 3388:"国籍・地域別在留資格（在留目的）別在留外国人" 3233:Hanshin Education Incident 2816: 2803:TV series of the same name 2688: 2230:in South Korean politics. 1955:San Francisco Peace Treaty 1859: 1768:The Aquariums of Pyongyang 1730:North of the 38th Parallel 1563:San Francisco Peace Treaty 1298:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 1234:man called Karanunofurui ( 1222:Heian period (794 to 1185) 1196:Origin of the Yayoi people 1124:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876 1112: 1019:Zainichi Kankoku/Chōsenjin 625:Hanshin Education Incident 570:Zainichi Kankoku/Chōsenjin 226:Family stay: 9,108 people 29: 7819: 7806:Keijō Imperial University 7752: 7703: 7641: 7545: 7504: 7478: 7456:Chōsen Government Railway 7451:Chōsen Anthracite Company 7420:Bank of Korea (1909–1950) 7412: 7360: 7349: 7325: 7314: 7308:Korea under Japanese rule 7248: 7232: 7137: 7079: 7003: 6977: 6917: 6866: 6850: 6829: 6788: 6682: 6671: 6635: 6577: 6542: 6521: 6514: 6483: 6433: 6393: 6386: 6356: 6313: 6245: 6192: 6185: 6139: 6079: 6061: 6040: 5661:"在日貴金属協切磋30年の歴史光る…即売会盛況" 5517:: 111–129. Archived from 5309:Shipper, Apichai (2010). 5029: 3660:10.1017/S0020859015000437 3560: 2727:released his first film, 2550: 2529: 2516: 2498: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2339: 2118:Registration of residents 2084: 2075: 1884:Tokyo Chogin credit union 1798:Seoul National University 1734: 1717: 1554: 1545: 1517: 1484: 1354:National Mobilization Law 1268:Edo period (1603 to 1867) 1202:Kofun period (250 to 538) 1159: 1151: 1143: 1081: 1043:Korea under Japanese rule 1035: 1012: 958: 763:Korean musicians in Japan 613:Korea under Japanese rule 580: 562: 557: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 520: 502: 488: 483: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 446: 428: 414: 409: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 372: 368: 363: 344: 339: 304: 299: 279: 274: 250: 245: 161: 156: 140: 110: 107: 8030:Korean diaspora in Japan 7386:Office of the Yi Dynasty 7380:Colored Clothes Campaign 6889:Japanese nationality law 5690: 5601: 5477:在日コリアンの２信用組合が３月合併業界１２位に 5476: 5134:"韓国の公職選挙法改正―在外国民への選挙権付与" 5132:白井, 京 (September 2009). 5003: 4890:10.1525/sp.2008.55.3.391 4407: 4107:. Taylor & Francis. 4103:. In Sonia Ryang (ed.). 3213:List of Koreans in Japan 2819:List of Koreans in Japan 2248:Tokyo Korean High School 1991:international pressure. 1902:House of Representatives 1900:, told a session of the 1759:escaped from North Korea 1726:Japanese Communist Party 1534:occupying power of Japan 1408:'s forces (e.g., in the 1398:Yeosu-Suncheon rebellion 1129:massacres on Jeju Island 1024:, often known simply as 658:Zainichi Korean language 7948:Wednesday demonstration 7885:Treaty of San Francisco 5983:Nichi Bei Times Article 5816:Aw, Tash (2017-03-15). 5720:Cho, Young-Min (2016). 5691:韓国人暴力団員日本に数百人？＝要職担うことも 4512:"FSI -Koreans in Japan" 3870:"Stateless in Sakhalin" 3334:"令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について" 3272:Chinese people in Japan 3253:Korean Chinese in Japan 2543:, often abbreviated to 2291:policy of Kim Jong Il. 2091:), a bureaucrat in the 8010:Ethnic groups in Japan 7740:Provisional Government 7596:Shinano River incident 6971:Ethnic groups of Japan 6879:Ethnic groups of Japan 6565:South Korean defectors 6560:North Korean defectors 6418:Russia (North Koreans) 6298:North Korean defectors 5972:– a paper on Zainichi. 4678:Cite journal requires 4491:Cite journal requires 4437:. ZNet. Archived from 4325:East Asian Pop Culture 4162:: 1–10. Archived from 4147:長島, 万里子 (April 2011). 4079:: CS1 maint: others ( 3821:Rummel, R. J. (1999). 3702:spice.fsi.stanford.edu 3188:Ethnic issues in Japan 3178:Shinano River incident 2603: 2258: 1950: 1942: 1787:Sundance Film Festival 1728:, published the book, 1690: 1657:music groups, such as 1596: 1459: 1210:(250–538 CE) and 1109: 1101: 950: 8020:Japan–Korea relations 7936:Futsukaichi Rest Home 7753:Places and structures 7706:Independence movement 7620:Hongkou Park Incident 7368:Chōsen Art Exhibition 6894:Foreign-born Japanese 6874:Black people in Japan 5873:. London: Routledge. 5636:www.toyo-keizai.co.jp 5427:"民団／BackNumber／トピック8" 5170:"憲法裁、在外国民の参政権制限に違憲判決" 5053:on February 23, 2008. 4099:Ryang, Sonia (2000). 3772:日韓歴史共同研究報告書. 第3分科篇下巻 2773:, with films such as 2747:film of the same name 2708:River of the Stranger 2601: 2297:Japanese Constitution 2245: 1948: 1940: 1912:The operation of the 1761:; the most famous is 1688: 1681:Repatriation to Korea 1590: 1578:May Day riots of 1952 1491:Gaikokujin-tōroku-rei 1457: 1392:'s forces during the 1278:Tsushima-Fuchū Domain 1107: 1099: 905: 340:Related ethnic groups 8015:Immigration to Japan 7842:Japan–Korea disputes 7584:Battle of Qingshanli 7571:Battle of Fengwudong 7559:March First Movement 7343:Japanese Korean Army 6629:Immigration to Japan 4827:, November 18, 2002) 4825:Asian Political News 4382:www.WilsonCenter.org 4269:on January 14, 2012. 4263:One Korea Daily News 4234:www.nikkansports.com 3193:Japan–Korea disputes 2578:mixed martial artist 2572:, and controversial 2486:Revised Romanization 2250:with photographs of 2147:Korean nationality. 1800:in the early 1980s. 1410:Bodo League massacre 944:1988 Summer Olympics 490:Revised Romanization 416:Revised Romanization 69:improve this article 57:to meet Knowledge's 7653:Five Eulsa Traitors 7608:June Tenth Movement 5946:(Korean, Japanese) 5916:(Japanese, English) 5064:Tamura, Toshiyuki. 3726:Tamura, Toshiyuki. 3604:Tamura, Toshiyuki. 3183:Demography of Japan 3156:Koreatowns in Japan 2093:Ministry of Justice 1617:1988 Seoul Olympics 1362:Karafuto Prefecture 1348:During World War II 1292:Before World War II 1075:Ministry of Justice 740:Koryo Museum of Art 184:(in December, 2023) 104: 7960:Asian Women's Fund 7903:Murayama Statement 7760:Altteureu Airfield 7626:Battle of Pochonbo 7577:Battle of Samdunja 6394:Post-Soviet states 5962:2004-11-15 at the 5940:(Korean, Japanese) 5547:japanese.joins.com 4948:Lie, John (2009). 4867:2006-12-22 at the 4819:2007-03-22 at the 4731:2007-11-03 at the 4358:Unknown parameter 4277:2021-09-28 at the 4133:2007-06-16 at the 3927:japanese.joins.com 3837:Available online: 3312:"Koreans in Japan" 2720:All Under the Moon 2713:Zainichi director 2685:In popular culture 2604: 2259: 2102:In December 1995, 1951: 1943: 1695:Japanese Red Cross 1691: 1597: 1460: 1429:surrender of Japan 1384:After World War II 1110: 1102: 1039:, lit. 'in Japan') 1003:Chinese immigrants 951: 930:(April 1948), the 102: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7966:Shimonoseki Trial 7867:Division of Korea 7796:Keijō Post Office 7748: 7747: 7720:Independence Club 7474: 7473: 7374:Chosun Exhibition 7361:Cultural policies 7320:from 1910 to 1945 7274: 7273: 7119:Ōbeikei Islanders 6937: 6936: 6588: 6587: 6573: 6572: 6479: 6478: 6382: 6381: 5926:History of Mindan 5899:978-0-7425-7938-5 5880:978-1-138-58485-3 5401:The Asahi Shimbun 4959:978-0-520-25820-4 4916:978-0-415-37939-7 4624:(Press release). 4342:978-962-209-892-3 4114:978-1-136-35312-3 3487:978-1-876843-00-7 3447:Discover Magazine 3427:978-1-84545-226-1 3287:Ōbeikei Islanders 3126: 3125: 3092:Yoshihiro Akiyama 2581:Yoshihiro Akiyama 2520: 2519: 2512: 2511: 2500:McCune–Reischauer 2443:North Korean name 2438: 2437: 2142:Tokubetsu Eijusha 2089:Sakanaka Hidenori 2026:formal employment 1713: 1530:Republic of Korea 1440:Douglas MacArthur 1425:Japan Coast Guard 1421:Japan Coast Guard 1226:According to the 1073:According to the 996:division of Korea 900: 899: 584: 583: 576: 575: 516: 515: 510:Chaeil Han'gug-in 504:McCune–Reischauer 447:South Korean name 442: 441: 430:McCune–Reischauer 373:North Korean name 359: 358: 97: 96: 89: 59:quality standards 50:This article may 16:(Redirected from 8037: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7873:Koreans in Japan 7811:Seodaemun Prison 7707: 7645: 7553:105-Man Incident 7502: 7501: 7496:Sakhalin Koreans 7441: 7440: 7355: 7354: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7262: 7261: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6940: 6925: 6924: 6677: 6627: 6626: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6519: 6518: 6391: 6390: 6190: 6189: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5903: 5884: 5865: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5667:. 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Archived from 5039: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4921: 4920: 4902: 4893: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4840:. Archived from 4834: 4828: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4792:. Archived from 4790:FindArticles.com 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4763:. Archived from 4753: 4747: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4700:. Archived from 4694: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4664: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4544:. 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Archived from 3769: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3743: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3308: 3248:Koreans in China 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3116: 3102: 3088: 3074: 3060: 3046: 3032: 3016: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2960: 2946: 2932: 2916: 2902: 2888: 2874: 2860: 2846: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2733:Kazuki Kaneshiro 2564:, pro wrestlers 2562:Tomoaki Kanemoto 2555: 2554:, "common name") 2553: 2552: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2524:registered alias 2508: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2434: 2433: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2371: 2370: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2321:There are a few 2269:Korea University 2087: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2067: 1892: 1747:Korean Peninsula 1737: 1736: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1642: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1419:. In the 1950s, 1378:Sakhalin Koreans 1342:Korean peninsula 1325:Korean peninsula 1243: 1242: 1193: 1173:Japanese history 1161: 1153: 1145: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1007:Zainichi Koreans 981: 980: 969: 967: 961: 960: 959:在日韓国人・在日本朝鮮人・朝鮮人 954:Koreans in Japan 892: 885: 878: 862: 861: 854:Japan portal 852: 851: 850: 676:Ikuno Korea Town 599:Koreans in Japan 586: 585: 572: 571: 555: 554: 549: 548: 547:ざいにちかんこく・ちょうせんじん 535: 534: 512: 511: 498: 497: 481: 480: 475: 474: 461: 460: 438: 437: 436:Chaeil Chosŏn-in 424: 423: 407: 406: 401: 400: 387: 386: 364:Koreans in Japan 361: 360: 354:Sakhalin Koreans 318:Korean Shamanism 264:Osaka Prefecture 194: 192: 191: 178: 176: 175: 157:Total population 145: 130: 129: 119: 118: 113: 112: 105: 103:Zainichi Koreans 101: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 45: 44: 37: 21: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7989: 7926: 7920: 7815: 7744: 7705: 7699: 7690:Song Byeong-jun 7643: 7637: 7565:Jeamri Massacre 7541: 7500: 7470: 7439: 7408: 7397:Shinto in Korea 7356: 7347: 7321: 7318:Empire of Japan 7310: 7305: 7275: 7270: 7254:Japanese people 7244: 7228: 7133: 7097:Menasunkur Ainu 7075: 6999: 6973: 6968: 6938: 6933: 6913: 6862: 6846: 6825: 6784: 6678: 6669: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6589: 6584: 6569: 6538: 6534:Zainichi Korean 6510: 6475: 6429: 6378: 6352: 6309: 6241: 6181: 6135: 6075: 6063: 6059: 6036: 6034:Korean diaspora 6031: 5964:Wayback Machine 5910: 5900: 5881: 5862: 5846: 5844:Further reading 5841: 5840: 5831: 5829: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5703: 5698:(in Japanese). 5692: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5638:(in Japanese). 5630: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5614: 5609:(in Japanese). 5603: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5583: 5578:(in Japanese). 5570: 5569: 5565: 5556: 5554: 5549:(in Japanese). 5541: 5540: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5480:(in Japanese). 5478: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5409: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5012: 5007:(in Japanese). 5005: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4946: 4942: 4934:Min, Ganshick. 4933: 4924: 4917: 4903: 4896: 4882:Social Problems 4879: 4875: 4869:Wayback Machine 4860: 4856: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821:Wayback Machine 4812: 4808: 4799: 4797: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4733:Wayback Machine 4721: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4626:Yomiuri Shimbun 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4534: 4530: 4521: 4519: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4444: 4442: 4431: 4427: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4296:www.haninhe.com 4288: 4284: 4279:Wayback Machine 4257: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4236:(in Japanese). 4228: 4227: 4223: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4151: 4149:"韓国の留学生政策とその変遷" 4145: 4141: 4135:Wayback Machine 4126: 4122: 4115: 4097: 4088: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3929:(in Japanese). 3921: 3920: 3916: 3904: 3900:光彦, 木村 (2016). 3898: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3875:The Korea Times 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3838: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3653:(S1): 121–143. 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3553: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3277:Ryukyuan people 3263: 3228:Racism in Japan 3141: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3075: 3066: 3061: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3033: 3022: 3017: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2989: 2980: 2978:Masaichi Kaneda 2975: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2947: 2938: 2933: 2922: 2917: 2908: 2903: 2894: 2889: 2880: 2875: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2847: 2838: 2833: 2822: 2815: 2780:Seoul Searching 2771:Korean diaspora 2767:Korean American 2710:by Lee Hak-in. 2693: 2691:Zainichi cinema 2687: 2658:precious metals 2654:precious metals 2596: 2547: 2539: 2526: 2369: 2240: 2137: 2120: 2038: 1972: 1935: 1927:Mangyongbong-92 1915:Mangyongbong-92 1886: 1864: 1858: 1828: 1811: 1806: 1740:humanitarianism 1706: 1683: 1632: 1613: 1494: 1481: 1474: 1452: 1442:, the American 1436:Shigeru Yoshida 1417:Tsushima Island 1386: 1350: 1318:Empire of Japan 1310:Song Byeong-jun 1294: 1270: 1258: 1224: 1204: 1191: 1181: 1168: 1120: 1115: 1078: 1071: 1032: 1009: 955: 896: 848: 846: 839: 838: 821:Manga Kenkanryu 795: 787: 786: 782:Zainichi cinema 758: 750: 749: 699: 691: 690: 671: 663: 662: 638: 630: 629: 608: 293:Zainichi Korean 241: 208: 207: 200:(December 2023) 199: 189: 187: 183: 173: 171: 152: 151:, Japan in 1938 136: 125: 114: 100: 93: 82: 76: 73: 66: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8043: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7954:Kono Statement 7951: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7930: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7683:Park Jung-yang 7675: 7673:Park Yeong-hyo 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7602:Kantō Massacre 7599: 7593: 7590:Gando Massacre 7587: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7517:Hashima Island 7514: 7508: 7506: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7461:Chosen Railway 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7394: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7316:Colony of the 7315: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7256: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7083: 7081: 7080:Post-classical 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6516: 6515:Related topics 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6471:United Kingdom 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6441:Czech Republic 6437: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6397: 6395: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6246:Southeast Asia 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6196: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6050:Canary Islands 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5909: 5908:External links 5906: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5885: 5879: 5866: 5860: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5808: 5777: 5746: 5712: 5681: 5665:www.mindan.org 5652: 5623: 5592: 5563: 5534: 5494: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5418: 5387: 5374: 5349: 5301: 5276: 5241: 5212: 5183: 5160: 5124: 5093: 5056: 5047:www.mindan.org 5034: 5021: 4994: 4965: 4958: 4940: 4922: 4915: 4894: 4873: 4854: 4829: 4806: 4777: 4761:Korea-np.co.jp 4748: 4714: 4689: 4680:|journal= 4665:on 2007-06-16. 4642: 4613: 4582: 4568:. 2003-01-06. 4551: 4548:on 2007-01-25. 4528: 4510:Moon, Rennie. 4502: 4493:|journal= 4455: 4425: 4398: 4369: 4341: 4312: 4282: 4250: 4221: 4179: 4139: 4120: 4113: 4086: 4057: 4040: 4034:Sankei Shimbun 4023: 4014: 3977: 3952: 3943: 3914: 3892: 3860: 3831: 3825:. Lit Verlag. 3813: 3784: 3781:on 2014-04-06. 3755: 3718: 3682: 3633: 3596: 3565: 3551: 3518: 3493: 3486: 3464: 3433: 3426: 3404: 3378: 3350: 3322: 3318:on 2024-09-03. 3302: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3173:Kantō Massacre 3170: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2950:Kang Sang-jung 2948: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2920:Shigenori Tōgō 2918: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2814: 2813:Notable people 2811: 2787:'s 2017 novel 2760:Dear Pyongyang 2739:-winning book 2686: 2683: 2595: 2592: 2558:Hanshin Tigers 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2480:Transcriptions 2473: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2420:Transcriptions 2413: 2412: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2239: 2238:Korean schools 2236: 2184:show elections 2152:social welfare 2136: 2133: 2119: 2116: 2097:special status 2037: 2034: 2022:naturalization 1971: 1970:Discrimination 1968: 1934: 1931: 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1782:Dear Pyongyang 1763:Kang Chol-Hwan 1682: 1679: 1612: 1609: 1550:Daikan Minkoku 1451: 1448: 1385: 1382: 1368:, now part of 1364:, present-day 1349: 1346: 1293: 1290: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1252:(美濃國) region. 1223: 1220: 1203: 1200: 1180: 1177: 1167: 1166:Pre-modern era 1164: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1070: 1067: 898: 897: 895: 894: 887: 880: 872: 869: 868: 867: 866: 856: 841: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 829: 824: 817: 815:Makoto Sakurai 812: 810:Kantō Massacre 807: 796: 794:Discrimination 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 779: 778: 777: 765: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 723: 713: 712: 711: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 683: 678: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 621: 620: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 595: 594: 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 566: 560: 559: 558:Transcriptions 551: 550: 543: 537: 536: 529: 523: 522: 518: 517: 514: 513: 506: 500: 499: 496:Jaeil Hangugin 492: 486: 485: 484:Transcriptions 477: 476: 469: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 444: 443: 440: 439: 432: 426: 425: 422:Jaeil Joseonin 418: 412: 411: 410:Transcriptions 403: 402: 395: 389: 388: 381: 375: 374: 370: 369: 366: 365: 357: 356: 342: 341: 337: 336: 302: 301: 297: 296: 277: 276: 272: 271: 248: 247: 243: 242: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 185: 169: 159: 158: 154: 153: 146: 138: 137: 108: 98: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8042: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927:Comfort women 7923: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Hyochang Park 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Gyeongbokgung 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7644:Collaborators 7640: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7486:Comfort women 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479:Controversies 7477: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7102:Sumunkur Ainu 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092:Ishikari Ainu 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6930: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140:South America 6138: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6114:United States 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080:North America 6078: 6072: 6067: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5957:The Han World 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5861:0-7425-3595-9 5857: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5671:on 2016-12-28 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5524:on 2016-03-04 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5461: 5451: 5437:on 2001-08-02 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5408:on 2002-02-24 5407: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5291:on 2011-02-10 5290: 5286: 5280: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5231:on 2014-10-12 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5174:Chusun Online 5171: 5164: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4984:on 2012-08-03 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4844:on 2006-09-12 4843: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4796:on 2011-02-08 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4767:on 2011-02-10 4766: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4722:(in Japanese) 4718: 4704:on 2006-10-03 4703: 4699: 4698:"Yonhap News" 4693: 4685: 4672: 4661: 4653: 4650:Shin, Eunju. 4646: 4632:on 2009-02-21 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4485: 4471:on 2007-09-27 4470: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4441:on 2007-03-17 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4402: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290:zenaplus.jp. 4286: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4217: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4169:on 2021-07-04 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:ウェブマガジン『留学交流』 4150: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4018: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3967:on 2008-04-01 3966: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3882:on 2006-02-21 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832:3-8258-4010-7 3828: 3824: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763:Kimura, Kan. 3759: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3555: 3548: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282:Yamato people 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3133: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3036:Kiko Mizuhara 3031: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3006:Yang Bang-ean 3001: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2864:Shin Dong-bin 2859: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2836:Masayoshi Son 2831: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2783:, and author 2782: 2781: 2777:'s 2016 film 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2704:Nagisa Ōshima 2701: 2700: 2692: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2671:Sumiyoshi-kai 2668: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2546: 2537: 2525: 2515: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2383:Japanese name 2381: 2377: 2372: 2364: 2362: 2361:Kankoku gakkō 2358: 2357:Kankoku gakkō 2354: 2350: 2346: 2324: 2323:Kankoku Gakkō 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:Classroom at 2244: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125:Japanese Diet 2115: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1538:Daehan Minguk 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1504: 1503: 1492: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:in 1948. The 1395: 1394:Jeju uprising 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206:In the later 1199: 1197: 1189: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:) are ethnic 975: 971: 966: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:Jeju uprising 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 873: 871: 870: 865: 857: 855: 845: 844: 843: 842: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 822: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805:Comfort women 803: 802: 801: 798: 797: 791: 790: 783: 780: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 766: 764: 761: 760: 754: 753: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 728: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698:Organizations 695: 694: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 667: 666: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 634: 633: 626: 623: 619: 616: 615: 614: 611: 610: 604: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 588: 587: 579: 567: 565: 561: 556: 552: 544: 542: 538: 530: 528: 524: 521:Japanese name 519: 507: 505: 501: 493: 491: 487: 482: 478: 470: 468: 464: 456: 454: 450: 445: 433: 431: 427: 419: 417: 413: 408: 404: 396: 394: 390: 382: 380: 376: 371: 367: 362: 355: 351: 347: 346:Korean people 343: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 197: 186: 181: 170: 167: 166: 164: 160: 155: 150: 144: 139: 134: 123: 106: 91: 88: 80: 70: 65: 60: 56: 55: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7872: 7801:Keijō Shrine 7775:Heijō Shrine 7678:Refrain Club 7505:Forced labor 7425:Hwacheon Dam 7402:State Shinto 7391:Sōshi-kaimei 7263: 7188: 6926: 6734: 6690:Bangladeshis 6221: 6055:South Africa 5889: 5870: 5851: 5830:. Retrieved 5822:The Guardian 5821: 5811: 5801:20 September 5799:. Retrieved 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5759: 5749: 5738:. Retrieved 5729: 5725: 5715: 5704:. Retrieved 5695: 5684: 5673:. Retrieved 5669:the original 5664: 5655: 5644:. Retrieved 5635: 5626: 5615:. Retrieved 5606: 5595: 5584:. Retrieved 5575: 5566: 5555:. Retrieved 5546: 5537: 5526:. Retrieved 5519:the original 5514: 5510: 5497: 5486:. Retrieved 5470: 5460: 5450: 5439:. Retrieved 5435:the original 5430: 5421: 5410:. Retrieved 5406:the original 5399: 5390: 5377: 5366:. Retrieved 5352: 5341:. Retrieved 5321: 5317: 5304: 5293:. Retrieved 5289:the original 5279: 5268:. Retrieved 5256: 5244: 5233:. Retrieved 5229:the original 5215: 5204:. Retrieved 5195: 5186: 5178:the original 5173: 5163: 5152:. Retrieved 5140: 5127: 5116:. Retrieved 5105: 5096: 5086:November 19, 5084:. Retrieved 5072: 5059: 5051:the original 5046: 5037: 5024: 5013:. Retrieved 4997: 4986:. Retrieved 4982:the original 4977: 4968: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4906: 4884:, (3). 391. 4881: 4876: 4857: 4846:. Retrieved 4842:the original 4832: 4824: 4809: 4798:. Retrieved 4794:the original 4789: 4780: 4769:. Retrieved 4765:the original 4760: 4751: 4736: 4724:Abe Shunji, 4717: 4706:. Retrieved 4702:the original 4692: 4671:cite journal 4660:the original 4645: 4634:. Retrieved 4630:the original 4616: 4605:. Retrieved 4585: 4574:. Retrieved 4563: 4554: 4546:the original 4541: 4531: 4520:. Retrieved 4505: 4484:cite journal 4473:. Retrieved 4469:the original 4458: 4449: 4443:. Retrieved 4439:the original 4428: 4411: 4401: 4390:. Retrieved 4381: 4372: 4324: 4304:. Retrieved 4295: 4285: 4267:the original 4262: 4253: 4242:. Retrieved 4233: 4224: 4199:. Retrieved 4194: 4171:. Retrieved 4164:the original 4159: 4155: 4142: 4123: 4104: 4048: 4043: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4007:November 19, 4005:. Retrieved 3993: 3980: 3969:. Retrieved 3965:the original 3955: 3946: 3935:. Retrieved 3926: 3917: 3908: 3895: 3884:. Retrieved 3880:the original 3873: 3863: 3852:. Retrieved 3843: 3822: 3816: 3805:. Retrieved 3796: 3787: 3776:the original 3771: 3758: 3748:November 19, 3746:. Retrieved 3734: 3721: 3710:. Retrieved 3701: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3626:November 19, 3624:. Retrieved 3612: 3599: 3588:. Retrieved 3577: 3568: 3554: 3546: 3540:. Retrieved 3531: 3521: 3510:. Retrieved 3496: 3473: 3467: 3457:February 20, 3455:. Retrieved 3446: 3436: 3420:–145. 3413: 3407: 3396:. Retrieved 3381: 3370:. Retrieved 3342:. Retrieved 3316:the original 3306: 3168:Sōshi-kaimei 3143:Japan portal 3120:Ren Hayakawa 3050:Tadanari Lee 2892:Shinkun Haku 2878:Kim Chon-hae 2850:Shin Kyuk-ho 2798: 2794: 2788: 2778: 2765: 2758: 2751:Yang Yong-hi 2740: 2728: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2694: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2585: 2544: 2521: 2426:Romanization 2360: 2356: 2337:, Japanese: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2264:Chōsen gakkō 2262: 2260: 2222: 2211: 2188: 2177: 2157: 2155:nationals". 2149: 2141: 2138: 2121: 2112: 2108:Modern Korea 2107: 2104:Gendai Korea 2103: 2101: 2088: 2081: 2071:Tōitsu Nippō 2070: 2061:Tong-il Ilbo 2060: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042:assimilation 2039: 2036:Assimilation 2007: 1993: 1989: 1977: 1973: 1959: 1952: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1881: 1865: 1829: 1812: 1791: 1780: 1777: 1766: 1744: 1729: 1721: 1699:Chōsen Sōren 1692: 1675: 1671: 1652: 1645: 1614: 1598: 1567: 1560: 1549: 1548:; Japanese: 1537: 1525: 1523: 1512: 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