515:
178:
three times to disperse. The soldiers drove the crowd across the courtyard of the barracks into a side street, under threat of force of arms, and arrested a great number of people without any legal basis. Among the prisoners were the president, two judges and a prosecuting attorney of the
Saverne court, who had accidentally gotten into the crowd when leaving the court building. Twenty-six of the arrested people were locked up in a coal cellar overnight. The editorial rooms of one of the local newspapers which had publicized Forstner were also illegally searched by soldiers after hints from an informant. A state of siege hung over the city, and
288:
196:
20:
169:
derided and abused, above all by youthful demonstrators, during his appearances outside the barracks, without the local police authorities being able to prevent it. Colonel von Reuter asked the leader of the local civil administration, Director Mahl, to restore order with the aid of the police, or else he would have to take measures himself. As an
Alsatian, Mahl sympathized with the population and denied the request, since the protesters were behaving peacefully and had committed no violations of the law.
84:
157:
208:
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infringements of the soldiers, but lay the blame on the civil authorities whose task it should have been to maintain order. It referred to an order of the
Prussian cabinet from 1820. According to the order, the highest-ranking military official of a city must seize legal authority if the civil authority neglects to maintain order. Because the defendants had acted on the strength of these regulations, they could not be convicted.
266:, who had been passed over and who came more and more under pressure, joined the conference shortly before it ended. The result was disillusionment from the view of the critical classes of the population; the Kaiser approved of the behavior of the military officers and saw no reason to believe that they had exceeded their authority. Deimling sent a brigade general to Saverne, who restored civilian authority on December 1.
342:
December 4, the parliament made use of a censure vote (§ 33a of the standing orders of the
Reichstag, a section which had been at its disposal since 1912) for the first time in the history of the Empire. With 293 votes, four abstentions and 54 opposing votes, which came exclusively from the ranks of the conservatives, it disapproved the behavior of the government as being "not the view of the Reichstag".
350:. According to that, the Kaiser alone could replace the Chancellor. But he did not want to follow the decision of the Reichstag, since he wanted to resist the "parliamentarizing" of the Empire with all his might. In addition, Bethmann Hollweg denied that the question of the parliament had a binding effect on the government. The Reichstag and the
147:
to transfer the second lieutenant. From the viewpoint of the military, however, this was not consistent with the honor and the prestige of the German
Imperial Army. Lieutenant von Forstner was sentenced to merely six days of house arrest (and the public was not informed of even this token punishment,
888:
published in 1916. In a letter from the main character, Mr
Britling, to an elderly couple in Germany, he states: "At last there was no choice before any European nation but submission to the German will, or war. And it was no will to which righteous men could possibly submit. It came as an illiberal
550:
The result, the "Regulation about use of weapons by the military and its participation in suppression of domestic unrest", was issued by the Kaiser on March 19. It forbade the
Prussian army from intervening without authorization in areas of civilian responsibility. Instead, the civilian authorities
337:
from the SPD, opened the discussion on
December 3 by explaining their critical views of the Saverne affair as representatives of their respective parties. Bethmann Hollweg played down the behavior of the military in his concluding speech. According to observers of the proceedings, he seemed visibly
345:
However, the vote had no effect at all, which is why the
Saverne affair serves as an example of the balance of power in the German Empire of the early 20th century. When the SPD demanded that Bethmann Hollweg face the consequences of the disapproval and resign, he refused and indicated that he was
341:
At this time, it became clear how different the views of the
Reichstag and the Chancellor were. The debate was continued on the next day. Bethmann Hollweg commented again on the events. His second speech did make a better impression, but it could no longer turn the mood of the Reichstag around. On
278:
Forstner was sentenced to 43 days of arrest by a military court in the first trial, and in the appellate trial, the verdict was reversed completely. Although he had been accompanied by five armed soldiers and Blank was unarmed, as well as paralyzed on one side, the judge interpreted his actions as
274:
On December 2, a military exercise was held in Saverne. The scene was watched from the street by Karl Blank, a journeyman shoemaker, who burst into laughter at the sight of the young, finely dressed Forstner, and some locals that were standing around joined in. Enraged, Forstner struck down Blank
522:
The trial before the military court in Strasbourg from January 5 through January 10 acquitted both of the men chiefly responsible, Colonel von Reuter and Second Lieutenant Schadt, from charges of unlawfully appropriating authority from the civilian police. The court admittedly apologized for the
177:
On November 28, a huge crowd of people again assembled before the barracks, which led to a counter-reaction of the troops. Von Reuter instructed Second Lieutenant Schadt, who had command of the sentries at that time, to disperse the crowd. Schadt called the sentries to arms and ordered the crowd
579:
The relationship between Alsace-Lorraine and the rest of the German Empire was noticeably affected for the worse. The Alsatians and Lorrainers felt themselves more helplessly at the mercy of the arbitrariness of the German military than ever. The second chamber of the Alsace-Lorraine parliament
168:
Unimpressed by these actions, the Alsatian public continued to protest. As a further provocation, Lieutenant Forstner showed himself to the public again after his house arrest, accompanied by an escort of four armed soldiers, by order of the garrison command. Lieutenant Forstner was repeatedly
526:
While many liberal citizens who had followed the trial with interest were now bitterly disappointed, great jubilation about the decision spread among the military personnel present. They congratulated the defendants, while still in the court room. Wilhelm II also was visibly pleased and even
338:
nervous and shaken. After him, Falkenhayn spoke before the Reichstag for the first time. He defended the officers, who had only done their duty, and sharply attacked the press, who had played up the affair with propagandistic methods to bring their influence to bear on the military.
480:
However, the government of the Kaiser did not relent. To avoid further problems for the time being, the Kaiser ordered a temporary move of the Saverne units from Donaueschingen on December 5. In the next two days, the soldiers moved to the troop training grounds in Oberhofen (near
152:
on November 11 played down the incident, and interpreted "Wackes" as a general description for quarrelsome people. Eleven days later, ten members of the Fifth Company of Infantry Regiment 99 were arrested and accused of reporting secrets about the Saverne affair to the press.
500:
company Cromer and Schrack on December 17. The recording revealed the events of the Saverne affair through dialogues with a background of drum rolls. In addition, the military instituted legal proceedings because of the insult to German officers. The protests then waned.
262:, General Berthold Deimling and some other high-ranking officers arrived in Donaueschingen and six days of discussions began. The public became even angrier because of that, since the Kaiser apparently only wanted to hear the viewpoint of the military. Chancellor
927:
As no one has reportedly—to speak with Bismarck—imitated the Prussian lieutenant, in fact, still no one has been able to entirely imitate the Prussian-German militarism, that has not only become a state within a state, but virtually a state over the state
251:(governor) of Alsace-Lorraine, Karl von Wedel, sent to Donaueschingen, in which he described the incidents as excessive as well as unlawful, were answered so as to play for time. Wilhelm II wanted to wait for the report from the military headquarters in
417:
A wave of indignation spread throughout the empire. Many were horrified about the way the military was handling things, not least in the SPD. On December 3, the SPD party chairman called upon all organizations of the party to assemblies of protest.
492:
Further rebellions were suppressed. On December 11, the military court in Strasbourg sentenced two recruits from Saverne to three and six weeks of military arrest respectively because they had publicly confirmed Forstner's insulting statements.
571:, kindled a new debate in the Reichstag when he disputed the validity of the cabinet order from 1820. On January 23, Bethmann Hollweg confirmed the validity of the order, however, and legitimized the military actions in Saverne by doing so.
588:
in Strasbourg on February 26. In addition, the parliament issued a decree on June 16, according to which all persons conscripted in the future could only perform their service outside of the German state (that is, Alsace-Lorraine).
592:
Through the Saverne affair, there were also changes in personnel, as a result of which the two most important positions in Alsace-Lorraine were newly filled. On January 31, the State Secretary in the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine,
580:
commented on the incidents on January 14 in a resolution. While they defended the conduct of the civilian authorities, they condemned the action of the military, as well as the acquittal of Commander von Reuter.
75:. The affair not only put a severe strain on the relationship between the imperial state of Alsace-Lorraine and the remainder of the German Empire, but also led to a considerable loss of prestige of the Kaiser.
915:
Do we live in a South American republic, where any colonel can dictate the law to the court authorities, and do life and freedom of the citizen depend upon the decisions of an officer's canteen society for
613:
in this office, to the disappointment of the Alsatians. Dallwitz was a determined advocate of the authoritarian state and also rejected the constitution which had been granted to Alsace-Lorraine in 1911.
51:
279:
self-defense, since the shoemaker had been guilty of insulting the crown. Within military circles, Forstner received encouragement, since he had defended the honor of the army with his act of violence.
391:
to Kaiser Wilhelm II, Bethmann Hollweg and Falkenhayn, in which he protested against the arbitrary arrests of his citizens. Two days later, an assembly of the SPD with 3000 participants took place in
61:
were garrisoned, after a second-lieutenant insulted the Alsatian population. The military reacted to the protests with arbitrary illegal acts. These infringements led to a debate in the
527:
conferred a medal on von Reuter by return mail. The military left the stage as a strong and self-confident victor, and even had its inviolability in the Empire confirmed.
235:
at the time. Although this trip had been organized long before the events in Saverne, Wilhelm's lack of interest left a bad impression. According to rumors, the Empress,
547:, which demanded clarification from the imperial government regarding the civilian law authority of military instances, were approved by the Reichstag ten days later.
939:
And is not murder and mutilation in war the actual profession and the true nature of those 'military offices', whose wounded authority showed their teeth in Saverne?
535:
On January 14, the Reichstag decided to form a committee to legally regulate the rights of the military with regard to the civilian authority. Two motions of the
594:
473:
demonstrated against the despotic rule of the military and demanded the resignations of Bethmann Hollweg and Falkenhayn. A people's movement ignited against
410:
of several cities of Alsace-Lorraine appealed to the Kaiser on December 2 to take measures to guarantee the protection of their residents against military
1278:(Militarism and Anti-militarism in Special Consideration of the International Youth Movement). Leipzig 1907. Cited here from Volker R. Berghahn (publ.):
514:
540:
135:, informed the public about these events. The population protested strongly against this treatment by the Prussian military in the next few days. The
651:
56:
889:
and ungracious will. It was the will of Zabern. It is not as if you had set yourselves to be an imperial people and embrace and unify the world."
323:
544:
112:
is a German derogatory term for a native Alsatian and was considered inflammatory enough that German military regulations prohibited its use.)
1455:(Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, Vol. 11), Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1957, esp. pp. 114–130.
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312:
228:
1631:
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prevented further serious conflicts between the German Empire and Alsace-Lorraine. Lt Forstner would be killed in combat in 1915 at
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1646:
308:
68:
about the militaristic structures of German society, as well as the position of the leadership of the Empire in relationship to
1621:
1601:
1591:
236:
1611:
1372:
496:
At the request of the general command of the XV army corps there, the Strasbourg police confiscated a recording made by the
115:
In addition, he warned his men with seemingly aggressive language against French agents, who wanted to recruit them for the
1197:
395:, which demonstrated against the infringements of the soldiers. In a resolution, the participants described the state as a
247:, Wilhelm II underestimated the political dimension of the incident in Alsace at this point in time. The reports which the
1344:
1453:
Bethmann Hollweg als Reichskanzler 1909–1914. Studien zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen seiner innenpolitischen Machtstellung
1651:
304:
100:) spoke disparagingly about the inhabitants of Zabern on October 28 during a troop induction. He said to his soldiers,
148:
which gave the impression that Forstner had gone completely unpunished). The official statement of the authorities in
1548:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1391:
1351:
647:, which has been translated into English under the titles "Man of Straw," "The Patrioteer," and "The Loyal Subject".
551:
had to request deployment of troops ahead of time. The law remained in existence up until January 17, 1936, when the
347:
881:
of the time as a description for the abuse of military authority or for tyrannical, aggressive conduct in general.
536:
96:
The twenty-year-old Second Lieutenant GĂĽnter Freiherr von Forstner (b.15. April 1893; d. 29. August 1915 killed in
1566:
1358:
1329:
1325:
263:
1616:
1586:
1274:
Karl Liebknecht in a lecture before the Mannheim Youth Congress in October, 1906, then again in his paper,
907:
1424:
1340:
1433:
626:
275:
with his saber, causing severe head injuries. This new act of aggression further intensified the affair.
609:, Karl von Wedel, resigned on April 18, whereupon the Kaiser put the Prussian Minister of the Interior,
1626:
1276:
Militarismus und Antimilitarismus unter besonderer BerĂĽcksichtigung der internationalen Jugendbewegung
1641:
1596:
1415:
296:
65:
346:
only dependent upon the confidence of the Kaiser. That was how it was foreseen in article 15 of the
1581:
1318:
1475:
Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs 1871–1918. Studien zur deutschen Sozial- und Verfassungsgeschichte
300:
1561:
454:
379:
602:
396:
239:, had even ordered a train to take her to her husband so she could persuade him to return to
144:
116:
143:, urged the commander of the regiment, Adolf von Reuter, as well as the commanding general,
1365:
259:
213:
8:
1661:
1606:
1536:
610:
287:
399:
and demanded resistance against the prevailing conditions—if necessary even by means of
1485:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1979 (2nd edition), pp. 70–88 und 449–458.
1458:
552:
195:
1544:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1463:
Der Fall Zabern. RĂĽckblick auf eine Verfassungskrise des wilhelminischen Kaiserreichs
1445:
328:
1488:
878:
334:
244:
1229:
477:
and for the defense of the rights of the national minorities in the German Reich.
1479:
Der Fall Zabern von 1913/14 als Verfassungskrise des Wilhelminischen Kaiserreichs
1410:
931:
618:
568:
470:
351:
44:
1471:
Symbol des halbabsolutistischen Herrschaftssystems - Der Fall Zabern von 1913/14
19:
942:
750:
358:
232:
140:
83:
1575:
1477:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1970, pp. 65–83; once again as:
919:
638:
400:
317:
36:
438:
643:
311:
directed parliamentary inquiries to the Chancellor. Three representatives,
161:
867:
Since if someone puts up a fight, he immediately stabs him with the knife,
392:
530:
179:
1248:
1132:
The Roots of the War : A Non-Technical History of Europe, 1870-1914
1119:
The Roots of the War : A Non-Technical History of Europe, 1870-1914
1041:
The Roots of the War : A Non-Technical History of Europe, 1870-1914
755:
373:
156:
1543:, Propyläen Verlag, Ullstein Heyne List, Berlin 2005, p. 203–209;
497:
474:
466:
359:
reject the chancellor's proposed budget, thus forcing him out of office
252:
207:
149:
102:"If you are attacked, then make use of your weapon; if you stab such a
72:
753:
made fun of the "courage" of Second Lieutenant Forstner in a poem for
426:
164:
in Zabern was used as barracks for the 99th Prussian infantry regiment
556:
442:
411:
39:
at the end of 1913. It was caused by political unrest in Zabern (now
1307:
1184:
The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began
1171:
The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began
1158:
The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began
989:
The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began
354:
were considered to be of merely secondary importance in the Empire.
1295:(Social Democratic Correspondence). Berlin, No. 3, January 6, 1914.
482:
462:
434:
430:
388:
1425:
The roots of the war; a non-technical history of Europe, 1870-1914
383:
distinction to von Forstner for "successful propaganda in Alsace".
598:
581:
555:
abolished it with the "Ordinance about the use of weapons by the
450:
446:
62:
48:
40:
1004:, vol. 2, Chapel Hill and London, UNC Press Books, 1996, p. 189.
122:
622:
486:
458:
422:
240:
97:
69:
1422:
William Stearns Davis, William Anderson, Mason Whiting Tyler:
910:, the son of the Kaiser, in a telegram at the end of the year)
407:
863:
In short: he has courage, the swiftness of a cow, or better:
843:
How long will the child be left alone without supervision? -
632:
1265:(London: Corgi edition, 1968), p. 404, 405; Book III, Ch. 2
387:
On November 28, the district councillor of Saverne wrote a
361:, did not find sufficient approval. Only the Polish Party (
509:
1130:
William Anderson, William Stearns Davis, Mason W. Tyler:
1117:
William Anderson, William Stearns Davis, Mason W. Tyler:
1039:
William Anderson, William Stearns Davis, Mason W. Tyler,
421:
Four days later, rallies took place in 17 German cities—
282:
295:
The events in Saverne also caused heated debate in the
810:
Denn wehrt sich jemand, sticht er gleich mit’s Messer,
531:
Legal regulation of military deployment within Germany
368:
35:
was a crisis of domestic policy which occurred in the
23:
Prussian soldiers patrolling in the streets of Zabern.
1495:, George Allen & Unwin, London 1982 (197 pages);
664:
Marsch, Marsch! Hopp, Hopp! – Spießruten laufen:
786:
Wird man das Kind noch lange ohne Aufsicht lassen? –
365:) supported the suggestion of the Social Democrats.
222:
1493:
Zabern 1913. Consensus Politics in Imperial Germany
1332:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
574:
106:
in the process, then you'll get ten marks from me."
1567:Summary of the affair with plenty of illustrations
562:
884:H.G. Wells referred to the incident in his novel
377:A cartoon portraying French officials giving the
91:
1573:
1282:. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1975, p. 91.
1108:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 66-67
1082:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 64-65
934:, already seven years before the Saverne Affair)
873:Following the conduct of the military, the term
227:Emperor Wilhelm II was hunting on the estate of
812:schon, weil der and’re sich nicht wehren kann.
584:representatives of various parties founded the
269:
798:Denn schließlich macht man dabei seine Beute –
725:Damned, those who expose themselves like that,
1147:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 70
1095:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 66
1069:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 65
1056:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 64
1030:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917. p. 64
978:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917, p. 63
851:And deeply moved, his people are seen to dive
721:do you really feel at home in the fatherland.
712:March, march! Hupp, hupp! – run the gauntlet:
641:assimilated the Saverne affair in his novel,
127:On November 6, the two local newspapers, the
123:Public indignation and an unyielding military
1525:, University Press of America, Lanham 1991;
837:and still not a single hair in his mustache.
794:Und tief bewegt sieht man die Seinen tauchen
847:That is the kind that we need so many of! -
790:Das ist so einer, wie wir viele brauchen! –
770:
656:
258:On November 30, the Prussian War Minister,
1508:Durchfall in Zabern. Eine Militärdemontage
892:
869:because the other cannot protect himself.
845:The matter has become of utmost urgency! -
172:
52:99th (2nd Upper Rhenish) Infantry Regiment
1392:Learn how and when to remove this message
1134:, New York, The Century Co., 1918, p. 221
1121:, New York, The Century Co., 1918, p. 221
1043:, New York, The Century Co., 1918, p. 219
855:Since in the end, prey is made that way -
741:You are the eunuchs of the German Empire!
633:Assimilation into literature and language
586:League for the Defense of Alsace-Lorraine
357:An attempt by the SPD, on December 9, to
1562:Short, illustrated summary of the Affair
1217:
806:Kurz: er hat Mut, Kuhrasche oder besser:
796:nach Feinden tief in jedes Abtrittsrohr.
778:ein Held, ein Heros und Schokladenesser,
693:Ihr seid des Deutschen Reichs Kastraten!
513:
372:
333:from the Progressive People's Party and
286:
155:
82:
18:
1419:, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1917.
1214:, New York, The Macmillan, 1919, p. 60.
510:The trial against von Reuter and Schadt
1574:
1483:Krisenherde des Kaiserreichs 1871–1918
710:away from bayonets and sabre strokes –
237:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
1252:, Vol. 30, No. 318, December 3, 1913.
780:und noch kein einzig Schnurrbarthaar.
283:Censure vote against Bethmann Hollweg
1469:23, 1963, pp. 27–46; again as:
1330:adding citations to reliable sources
1301:
788:Es ist die allerhöchste Eisenbahn! –
729:after they have unmanned themselves!
677:Verdammt, die sich derart entblößen,
1637:Riots and civil disorder in Germany
1510:, Transit Buchverlag, Berlin 1982;
1186:, Bloomsburry, New York, 2012, p.34
1173:, Bloomsburry, New York, 2012, p.25
1160:, Bloomsburry, New York, 2012, p.32
991:, Bloomsburry, New York, 2012, p.24
861:and tomorrow, it's an orphan child.
782:Das stelzt in Zaberns langen Gassen
774:Ein «Mann» mit einem langen Messer,
733:Further, you will mercifully be hit
714:You are all fond of the lieutenant!
654:mocked the "well-behaved citizen":
567:The criminal justice theoretician,
369:Protests in the entire German Reich
185:
13:
1632:Riots and civil disorder in France
839:He stalks in Saverne's long alleys
14:
1673:
1555:
1428:, New York, The Century Co., 1918
1293:Sozialdemokratische Korrespondenz
857:nothing ventured, nothing gained!
853:for enemies, deep in every privy.
802:Ein lahmer Schuster ist es heute,
681:nachdem sie selber sich entmannt!
666:Ihr seid doch alle leutnantslieb!
223:The first reactions of the Kaiser
16:Political scandal in Germany 1913
1306:
804:und morgen ist’s ein Waisenkind.
673:Euch wahrhaft wohl im Vaterland.
669:Ihr fühlt nur unter Kolbenstößen
575:Consequences for Alsace-Lorraine
206:
194:
1657:Political repression in Germany
1647:Anti-French sentiment in Europe
1541:War der Kaiser an allem schuld?
1437:, New York, The Macmillan, 1919
1317:needs additional citations for
1285:
1268:
1255:
1236:
1204:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1137:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1015:War der Kaiser an allem schuld?
956:(Many references are in German)
708:Even though heaps of your kind,
660:Ob Euresgleichen auch zu Haufen
563:Revival of the Reichstag debate
504:
182:were displayed in the streets.
139:(governor) of Alsace-Lorraine,
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
717:Only under the blows of a club
685:Euch werde fernerhin in Gnaden
92:Forstner insults the Alsatians
47:, where two battalions of the
1:
1622:Military history of Grand Est
1602:Political scandals in Germany
1592:Politics of the German Empire
1198:THE GERMAN MILITARY DESPOTISM
949:
886:Mr. Britling Sees It Through,
835:A hero and a chocolate-eater,
291:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
264:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
243:. According to the historian
229:Max Egon FĂĽrst zu FĂĽrstenberg
87:Leutnant von Forstner in 1913
1612:20th-century political riots
1523:The Zabern Affair, 1913–1914
1263:Mr. Britling Sees It Through
1002:Emperor and Exile, 1900-1941
859:Today, it is a lame cobbler,
689:der Säbel übers Hirn gehaut!
662:vor Bajonett und Säbelhieb –
601:Upper Presidial Councillor,
270:Forstner's second false step
7:
1481:, in: Hans-Ulrich Wehler:
1242:Theobald (Kurt Tucholsky):
10:
1678:
1473:, in: Hans-Ulrich Wehler:
1434:Alsace-Lorraine since 1870
1233:, January 15, 1914, p. 70.
1212:Alsace-Lorraine since 1870
831:A "man" with a long knife,
818:A very rough translation:
737:by the sabre on the brain!
704:A very rough translation:
543:and the Centre politician
309:Progressive People's Party
1652:Discrimination in Germany
1000:Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II:
78:
1506:Rainer Nitsche (publ.):
1416:My four years in Germany
1145:My four years in Germany
1106:My four years in Germany
1093:My four years in Germany
1080:My four years in Germany
1067:My four years in Germany
1054:My four years in Germany
1028:My four years in Germany
976:My four years in Germany
908:Wilhelm von Hohenzollern
771:
657:
469:, among others—at which
1467:Die Welt als Geschichte
1201:.17 January 1914 Page 5
922:, publicist and author)
893:Contemporary quotations
877:found its way into the
745:Hurrah, you iron bride!
322:from the Centre Party,
305:Social Democratic Party
173:The situation escalates
1451:Hans-GĂĽnter Zmarzlik:
841:and crows in soprano -
697:Hurrah, du Eisenbraut!
597:, was replaced by the
537:National Liberal Party
519:
384:
292:
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904:"Immer feste darauf!"
603:Siegfried von Roedern
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145:Berthold von Deimling
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595:Hugo Zorn von Bulach
260:Erich von Falkenhayn
214:Erich von Falkenhayn
141:Count Karl von Wedel
1587:History of Bas-Rhin
1537:Wolfgang J. Mommsen
1521:Richard W. Mackey:
1244:Der Held von Zabern
849:He leads the corps!
824:The Hero of Saverne
792:Er fĂĽhrt das Korps!
765:Der Held von Zabern
611:Johann von Dallwitz
553:National Socialists
455:MĂĽlheim an der Ruhr
406:In Strasbourg, the
1459:Hans-Ulrich Wehler
1225:Den braven BĂĽrgern
833:and 20 years old -
808:ein ganzer Mann! –
800:wer wagt, gewinnt!
784:und kräht Sopran –
776:und zwanzig Jahr –
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1405:Bibliography
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1324:Please help
1319:verification
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1280:Militarismus
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1261:H.G. Wells,
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637:The author
363:Polenpartei
327: [
324:Adolf Röser
316: [
249:Statthalter
137:Statthalter
55: [
1662:Wilhelm II
1607:1913 riots
1576:Categories
1352:newspapers
950:References
498:gramophone
475:militarism
467:Strasbourg
439:DĂĽsseldorf
313:Karl Hauss
307:(SPD) and
253:Strasbourg
150:Strasbourg
73:Wilhelm II
1382:June 2015
1017:, p. 203.
875:zabernism
557:Wehrmacht
539:chairman
443:Elberfeld
412:despotism
393:MĂĽlhausen
297:Reichstag
66:Reichstag
1249:Vorwärts
756:Vorwärts
483:Haguenau
463:Solingen
435:Duisburg
431:Chemnitz
389:telegram
131:and the
129:Elsässer
49:Prussian
1366:scholar
625:on the
599:Potsdam
582:Landtag
451:Leipzig
447:Cologne
427:Breslau
401:strikes
255:first.
108:(Note:
41:Saverne
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623:Kobryn
605:. The
487:Bitche
485:) and
459:Munich
423:Berlin
408:mayors
303:, the
299:. The
241:Berlin
110:Wackes
104:Wackes
98:Kobryn
79:Causes
70:Kaiser
63:German
29:Zabern
1373:JSTOR
1359:books
962:Notes
928:(...)
331:]
320:]
59:]
43:) in
1545:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1345:news
559:".
465:and
160:The
27:The
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