85:
69:
224:" construction, with both horizontal and vertical bars either woven alternatively around or through each other, creating a structure almost impossible to dismantle. The grille was left open. The usual method was to build the yett in quadrants with all the bars in a quadrant passing either vertically or horizontally through the mating bars as shown in the photograph. This method of construction for gates is not seen outside Scotland, although window grilles constructed in this manner are found in northern
22:
2730:
250:
Grated iron doors were found in
England, but were constructed using a different method. For the English-style gate, the vertical bars all passed in front of the horizontal bars, and were riveted or fixed in place; the spaces were infilled with oak, making the gate solid. One notable exception,
168:
and "irneztteis and windois". Aggressors might attempt to remove yetts: in
February 1489 the Hepburns in Stirlingshire brought an action against the Grahams who had taken away the iron yett of Bruce's Tower in order to gain possession. In August 1548, during the war of the
159:
Being a defensive structure, royal warrants were required before a yett could be added to any house or castle. These were frequently issued with other licenses for defensive features; for example, in 1501 John Murray of
Cockpool was given a licence to build a tower at
243:(although the bars are somewhat larger than those used in Scotland). It is likely the craft spread south from Tyrol to the Venetian Republic, but little apparent connection to the earlier Scottish technology, although there was some trade between Scotland and
270:
Since yetts were immensely heavy, and there is little evidence to suggest they were prefabricated, it is possible that many were made locally rather than transported large distances, either by local smiths or itinerant specialists. A blacksmith in
143:
The yett was frequently used as a cheaper alternative to the portcullis, since it was simpler in concept, less cumbersome and more practical. However, it was also used within more complex defensive arrangements. The 14th-century castle at
60:, which is raised and lowered vertically using mechanical means, yetts are hinged in the manner of a traditional gate or door, and secured by bolts attached to the yett, or by long bars drawn out from the wall or gateway.
115:
Similar grille constructions, frequently also referred to as yetts, were used in
Scotland over windows and other openings. These were typically fixed in place, often set into the jambs, sills, and lintels.
2124:
112:(then in English hands) contained recommendations for the insertion of iron gates. Yetts are not restricted to any one region or district within Scotland but are widespread throughout.
204:
in the borders. In
November 1606 it was recognised that one of the impediments to the administration of justice in the area was the strength of the houses. Consequently, the
319:
by a local smith weighed 34 stone 3 pounds (217 kg; 479 lb), and cost £34-3s-9d along with "three bolls meal, ane stane butter, and ane stane cheese."
136:, built soon after 1374, reputedly contained a yett, and Doune Castle (c. 1380) still retains its original double-leafed yett; a similar double-leafed yett is present at
311:
Some price data for the comparative cost of yetts survive in old accounts. In 1515, the smith Robert Scott and his brother were paid £8-8s for working yetts in
152:, had a portcullis in the main gateway supplemented by a yett, with a second yett at the far bailey end of the passage. The yetts each had two leaves, with a
772:
156:
inserted within one of the leaves. Commonly, the yett would be placed behind a wooden door, providing additional security should the outer door be burned.
740:
727:
279:
in
February 1568. Many of the yetts and window grilles of Scottish royal palaces were made to measure in the smithy of the royal artillery by
235:
Grated windows in the
Scottish style were traditional in Tyrol in the 15th-century, and similar window grilles are seen a century later in
140:, but its age is uncertain. By the 15th century, yetts and window-grilles had become standard features within Scottish castles and towers.
100:– where most towers, particularly the later ones, were equipped with them rather than portcullises – but some iron gates are found in the
837:
267:
following damage in the 16th century; the Bowes family had connections in
Scotland, which may have inspired the yett construction.
1940:
73:
2760:
2534:
2229:
732:
2349:
2134:
805:
791:
766:
2559:
196:, no-one can now "assure his own safety and preservation within his own houses and iron yetts". Following the
2770:
2755:
1782:
1320:
830:
125:
2119:
1200:
1715:
669:
315:. The iron itself cost £17-6s with £1 worth of coal. Records show that a yett constructed in 1568 for
2164:
280:
1789:
2661:
1739:
240:
2765:
2708:
2483:
2189:
2184:
2104:
1901:
1848:
1818:
1575:
1505:
1449:
1026:
823:
505:
598:
2733:
2549:
2139:
2036:
1921:
1105:
264:
208:
ordered that all yetts should be removed from all houses belonging to those lower in rank than
84:
2686:
2524:
2306:
2059:
1796:
1619:
948:
101:
344:
2671:
2199:
1825:
1624:
1590:
990:
872:
189:
380:
8:
2488:
2224:
1580:
958:
221:
197:
2610:
2219:
2194:
2179:
2174:
2024:
2004:
1801:
1362:
1229:
973:
128:
from 1377 refer to a "fabricated iron gate", part of the defences for David's Tower in
528:
2666:
2625:
2600:
2473:
2154:
1994:
1841:
1427:
1305:
983:
926:
801:
787:
762:
292:
108:. While few references to yetts exist outside Scotland, an English report of 1416 on
68:
2640:
2615:
2544:
2468:
2069:
2064:
1999:
1550:
1354:
933:
316:
276:
252:
161:
129:
26:
741:"Additional notice of yetts, or grated iron doors, of Scottish castles and towers"
2529:
2381:
2354:
2294:
2264:
2149:
2114:
2094:
2079:
1634:
1629:
1597:
1358:
1300:
1288:
1270:
1137:
1118:
1044:
1021:
296:
288:
284:
109:
2698:
2693:
2359:
2344:
2279:
2269:
2144:
2129:
2029:
2019:
1984:
1858:
1651:
1348:
1315:
1279:
1095:
953:
917:
260:
229:
201:
77:
42:
2749:
2703:
2656:
2564:
2554:
2508:
2478:
2463:
2432:
2413:
2274:
2214:
2169:
2084:
2043:
1853:
1486:
1481:
1214:
1177:
1162:
1113:
1058:
1037:
846:
205:
178:
165:
89:
29:, Scotland, showing attached bolts and pierced construction. Wrought in 1693.
21:
2681:
2539:
2503:
2458:
2442:
2370:
2323:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2099:
1916:
1777:
1744:
1609:
1545:
1520:
1432:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1310:
1249:
1219:
1067:
577:
303:. Conventionally, window-grilles were built into the stone window-frames.
272:
256:
192:
recognised the threat posed to security by the increasing use of explosive
174:
170:
145:
49:
603:
Domestic Annals of
Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution, Vol I
2580:
2437:
2406:
2388:
2376:
2318:
2313:
2254:
2249:
2209:
2109:
2074:
1970:
1873:
1644:
1614:
1604:
1510:
1399:
1016:
963:
312:
200:
in 1603, efforts were made by the government to control the disorder and
153:
133:
53:
46:
38:
1207:
184:
After an attack on the principal yett of the House of
Kinblethmont near
2605:
2425:
2397:
2328:
2204:
2159:
2089:
2009:
1906:
1811:
1751:
1710:
1688:
1639:
1585:
1535:
1530:
1515:
1474:
1422:
1380:
1325:
1167:
1083:
300:
149:
57:
2585:
1130:
132:. Yetts were also appearing in other castles at about the same time.
2014:
1945:
1772:
1767:
1700:
1341:
1254:
1184:
1142:
968:
938:
899:
865:
181:
so the English could not use it by removing the iron gates or yetts.
752:
Accounts of the Masters of Works for building Scottish Royal Castles
275:
called George Robertson made a new iron yett for the great tower at
2498:
2493:
2418:
2259:
1977:
1952:
1935:
1865:
1806:
1734:
1727:
1570:
1458:
1332:
1152:
1147:
1123:
1051:
1031:
1011:
978:
810:
Castles: A Short History of Fortifications from 1600 BC to AD 1600
185:
137:
97:
2630:
2595:
2590:
1928:
1911:
1896:
1880:
1832:
1760:
1705:
1695:
1663:
1565:
1540:
1525:
1295:
1239:
1157:
1004:
997:
943:
815:
244:
105:
2635:
1989:
1555:
1493:
1437:
1415:
1392:
1385:
1261:
1244:
1076:
908:
890:
860:
784:
Castle: A History of the Buildings that Shaped Medieval Britain
251:
however, is constructed using the Scottish method: a yett from
236:
193:
88:
Yett between the tower and the church at St Cuthbert's Church,
124:
The earliest references to yetts date from the 14th century.
2676:
2620:
2364:
1889:
1720:
1560:
881:
225:
209:
1500:
1467:
1442:
1234:
1224:
1193:
1172:
777:
The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
745:
The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
733:
The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
728:"On the Grated Iron doors of Scottish Castles and Towers"
671:
Genealogical deduction of the family of Rose of Kilravock
808:(First Published in 1939 by Wm Heinemann, London, as
220:
In Scotland, yetts were traditionally made using a "
283:at Edinburgh Castle and transported to houses like
686:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 61, February 1552.
702:, vol. 8, HM Register House, p. 37, November 1541
503:
2747:
526:
52:bars used for defensive purposes in castles and
1087:
712:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland
684:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland
596:
1649:
1595:
1413:
1259:
2304:
2034:
1863:
1839:
1456:
1447:
1404:
1128:
924:
915:
831:
2423:
2404:
2395:
2386:
1975:
1950:
1926:
1887:
1878:
1830:
1816:
1787:
1758:
1749:
1725:
1686:
1491:
1472:
1390:
1339:
1330:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1205:
1191:
1182:
1065:
1042:
506:"Investigating Medieval Castles in Scotland"
63:
1074:
1056:
1002:
988:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
838:
824:
622:
620:
592:
590:
584:, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), pp. 491, 519.
655:
653:
634:
632:
582:Register of the Privy Council: 1599–1604
463:
461:
406:
404:
402:
387:. University of Dundee. 3 September 2007
375:
373:
371:
92:, Cumbria, viewed from inside the tower.
83:
67:
45:word for "gate") is a gate or grille of
20:
798:Castles: Their Construction and History
599:"Reign of James VI. 1603 – 1625 Part B"
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
2748:
617:
587:
551:(Edinburgh, 1839), p. 132; see RCAHMS
819:
771:Maxwell-Irving, Alastair M T; (1994)
650:
629:
458:
399:
368:
25:Yett hanging in the main entrance of
422:
2230:Weapons Storage and Security System
773:"Scottish yetts and window-grilles"
568:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1892), p. 616.
16:Form of gate in medieval structures
13:
845:
119:
14:
2782:
761:, 3rd Ed. Scotland: Goblinshead
529:"Angus or Forfarshire – Volume 4"
96:Yetts are predominantly found in
2729:
2728:
239:, particularly the 16th-century
705:
698:, 1 (HMSO, 1957), pp. 218–219:
696:Accounts of the Masters of Work
689:
677:
662:
641:
605:. W & R Chambers, Edinburgh
571:
558:
555:, Bruce's Tower or Over Carnock
542:
520:
508:. Historic Scotland. p. 20
497:
488:
479:
470:
215:
449:
440:
413:
359:
337:
328:
1:
2125:British "hedgehog" road block
720:
381:"Conservation glossary: Yett"
714:, vol. 5 (1903), 34, 37, 38.
638:Maxwell-Irving, pp. 435, 438
7:
2535:Cities with defensive walls
2120:Defensive fighting position
2035:
1840:
1650:
1596:
1457:
1448:
1414:
1405:
1260:
800:, USA: Dover Publications,
747:, Vol. 22, pp. 286–320
263:. Streatlam was rebuilt by
10:
2787:
2761:Scottish words and phrases
779:Vol. 124, pp. 433–454
736:, Vol. 17, pp. 98–135
504:Elizabeth Newbery (2005).
385:Town and Regional Planning
2719:
2649:
2573:
2517:
2451:
2337:
2242:
2165:Hardened aircraft shelter
2140:Entry control point (ECP)
2052:
1963:
1679:
1672:
1104:
853:
739:Christison, David (1888)
726:Christison, David (1883)
647:Maxwell-Irving, pp. 435–7
549:Acts of the Lord Auditors
476:Maxwell-Irving, pp. 433–4
64:Geographical distribution
2662:Continuity of government
786:, London: Pan MacMillan
757:Coventry, Martin (2001)
673:(Aberdeen, 1848), p. 249
597:Robert Chambers (1874).
446:Christison (1883), p. 99
345:"Scots Dictionary: yett"
322:
306:
2484:Motte-and-bailey castle
2190:Missile launch facility
2185:Main line of resistance
880:
759:The Castles of Scotland
437:Maxwell-Irving, p. 434.
2560:Military installations
2424:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2305:
1976:
1951:
1927:
1917:Scarp and Counterscarp
1888:
1879:
1864:
1831:
1817:
1788:
1759:
1750:
1726:
1687:
1492:
1473:
1391:
1340:
1331:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1129:
1088:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1043:
1003:
989:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
871:
659:Maxwell-Irving, p. 448
467:Maxwell-Irving, p. 433
93:
81:
30:
2329:Floating water castle
2060:Admiralty scaffolding
1353:Fortified buildings (
527:A. J. Warden, F.S.A.
87:
71:
24:
2672:Subterranean warfare
1625:Viking ring fortress
782:Morris, Marc (2003)
754:, Vol.i, HMSO (1957)
700:Treasurer's Accounts
190:James VI of Scotland
2771:Castles in Scotland
2756:Castle architecture
2489:Quadrangular castle
2225:Weapon storage area
1581:Quadrangular castle
796:Toy, Sidney (1985)
222:through and through
198:Union of the Crowns
188:, in December 1602
74:St Michael's Church
2220:Underground hangar
2005:Fire control tower
1802:Gunpowder magazine
1230:Butter-churn tower
347:. 31 December 2003
255:, now held at the
94:
82:
31:
2743:
2742:
2667:Military urbanism
2601:Fortified gateway
2474:Concentric castle
2238:
2237:
2155:Fire support base
1995:Coastal artillery
1870:(Spanish America)
1464:
1306:Concentric castle
293:Linlithgow Palace
2778:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2616:National redoubt
2545:Fortified estate
2469:Circular rampart
2429:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2310:
2070:Anti-tank trench
2065:Air raid shelter
2040:
2000:Disappearing gun
1981:
1956:
1932:
1893:
1884:
1869:
1845:
1836:
1822:
1793:
1764:
1755:
1731:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1655:
1635:Bailey (or ward)
1601:
1506:Motte-and-bailey
1497:
1478:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1419:
1410:
1396:
1345:
1336:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1211:
1197:
1188:
1134:
1091:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1048:
1008:
994:
934:Circular rampart
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
840:
833:
826:
817:
816:
715:
709:
703:
693:
687:
681:
675:
666:
660:
657:
648:
645:
639:
636:
627:
624:
615:
614:
612:
610:
594:
585:
575:
569:
562:
556:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
524:
518:
517:
515:
513:
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
477:
474:
468:
465:
456:
453:
447:
444:
438:
435:
420:
417:
411:
408:
397:
396:
394:
392:
377:
366:
363:
357:
356:
354:
352:
341:
335:
332:
317:Kilravock Castle
265:Sir George Bowes
253:Streatlam Castle
130:Edinburgh Castle
27:Blackness Castle
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2723:
2715:
2645:
2569:
2513:
2447:
2382:Imperial castle
2355:Coercion castle
2350:Coastal defence
2333:
2295:Promontory fort
2265:Hillside castle
2234:
2150:Fallout shelter
2115:Concertina wire
2095:Border security
2048:
1959:
1668:
1301:Coercion castle
1289:Cheval de frise
1271:Chemin de ronde
1119:Albarrana tower
1100:
1045:Schwedenschanze
1022:Promontory fort
849:
844:
723:
718:
710:
706:
694:
690:
682:
678:
667:
663:
658:
651:
646:
642:
637:
630:
625:
618:
608:
606:
595:
588:
576:
572:
566:Hamilton Papers
563:
559:
547:
543:
533:
531:
525:
521:
511:
509:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
471:
466:
459:
454:
450:
445:
441:
436:
423:
418:
414:
409:
400:
390:
388:
379:
378:
369:
365:Coventry, p. 10
364:
360:
350:
348:
343:
342:
338:
334:Coventry, p. 90
333:
329:
325:
309:
297:Stirling Castle
295:, and some for
289:Hamilton Palace
285:Falkland Palace
218:
126:Exchequer Rolls
122:
120:Origins and use
110:Roxburgh Castle
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:Types of gates
2763:
2758:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2699:Trench warfare
2696:
2694:Tunnel warfare
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Fortifications
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2360:Counter-castle
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Border barrier
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Lowland castle
2277:
2272:
2270:Hilltop castle
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Electric fence
2142:
2137:
2135:Dragon's teeth
2132:
2130:Czech hedgehog
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2044:Wire obstacles
2041:
2032:
2030:Polygonal fort
2027:
2022:
2020:Martello tower
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Border outpost
1982:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1859:Polygonal fort
1856:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1351:
1349:Flanking tower
1346:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Counter-castle
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1106:Post-classical
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1096:Vitrified fort
1093:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1000:
995:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Defensive wall
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
863:
857:
855:
851:
850:
847:Fortifications
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
814:
813:
794:
780:
769:
755:
750:HM Paton ed.,
748:
737:
722:
719:
717:
716:
704:
688:
676:
661:
649:
640:
628:
616:
586:
570:
557:
541:
519:
496:
494:Toy, pp. 201–2
487:
485:Morris, p. 215
478:
469:
457:
455:Coventry, p. 6
448:
439:
421:
419:Morris, p. 187
412:
398:
367:
358:
336:
326:
324:
321:
308:
305:
261:Barnard Castle
241:Palazzo Ducale
217:
214:
166:machicolations
121:
118:
78:Burgh by Sands
65:
62:
43:Scots language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:Urban warfare
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Civil defense
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Bastion forts
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:Z-plan castle
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:L-plan castle
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Bridge castle
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Refuge castle
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Military base
2412:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Hunting lodge
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Moated castle
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Island castle
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:By topography
2241:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Submarine pen
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Hesco bastion
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Blast shelter
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Place-of-arms
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1487:Machicolation
1485:
1483:
1482:L-plan castle
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Bridge castle
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:Bent entrance
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Battery tower
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Advanced work
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:Refuge castle
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
992:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
928:
923:
920:
919:
914:
911:
910:
905:
902:
901:
896:
893:
892:
887:
884:
883:
878:
875:
874:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:
848:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
818:
811:
807:
806:0-486-24898-4
803:
799:
795:
793:
792:0-7522-1536-1
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
768:
767:1-899874-26-7
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
735:
734:
729:
725:
724:
713:
708:
701:
697:
692:
685:
680:
674:
672:
668:Cosmo Innes,
665:
656:
654:
644:
635:
633:
623:
621:
604:
600:
593:
591:
583:
579:
574:
567:
564:Joseph Bain,
561:
554:
553:Stirlingshire
550:
545:
530:
523:
507:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
462:
452:
443:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
416:
407:
405:
403:
386:
382:
376:
374:
372:
362:
346:
340:
331:
327:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
299:were made in
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
207:
206:Privy Council
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
179:Hailes Castle
176:
172:
167:
163:
157:
155:
151:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
90:Great Salkeld
86:
79:
75:
70:
61:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
2727:
2682:Siege engine
2650:Other topics
2574:Related word
2540:Defense line
2504:Tower castle
2459:Bastion fort
2443:Urban castle
2371:Ganerbenburg
2369:
2324:Water castle
2300:Ridge castle
2285:Marsh castle
2100:Bomb shelter
2080:Belgian gate
2053:20th century
1964:19th century
1902:Retrenchment
1874:Punji sticks
1783:Entrenchment
1778:Device Forts
1745:Counterguard
1680:Early modern
1658:
1610:Tower castle
1546:Powder tower
1521:Outer bailey
1433:Inner bailey
1407:Gulyay-gorod
1375:Ganerbenburg
1373:
1369:Fujian tulou
1311:Corner tower
1250:Chamber gate
1220:Bridge tower
1068:Trou de loup
809:
797:
783:
776:
758:
751:
744:
731:
711:
707:
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
670:
664:
643:
607:. Retrieved
602:
581:
578:David Masson
573:
565:
560:
552:
548:
544:
532:. Retrieved
522:
510:. Retrieved
499:
490:
481:
472:
451:
442:
415:
389:. Retrieved
384:
361:
349:. Retrieved
339:
330:
310:
281:William Hill
269:
257:Bowes Museum
249:
234:
219:
216:Construction
183:
175:Regent Arran
171:Rough Wooing
158:
142:
123:
114:
104:counties of
95:
56:. Unlike a
54:tower houses
50:wrought iron
34:
32:
18:
2581:Castle town
2438:Toll castle
2407:Lustschloss
2389:Kaiserpfalz
2319:Spur castle
2314:Rock castle
2255:Hill castle
2250:Cave castle
2210:Spider hole
2110:Bremer wall
2075:Barbed tape
1971:Barbed wire
1645:Witch tower
1615:Tower house
1605:Toll castle
1591:Shield wall
1511:Murder hole
1400:Guard tower
1017:Pincer gate
964:Faussebraye
626:Toy, p. 201
410:Toy, p. 198
313:Hume Castle
154:wicket gate
134:Craigmillar
39:Old English
2750:Categories
2606:Gatekeeper
2426:Ordensburg
2398:Landesburg
2205:Sentry gun
2160:Flak tower
2090:Blast wall
2010:Gun turret
1907:Sally port
1812:Kotta mara
1752:Couvreface
1716:Breastwork
1711:Blockhouse
1689:Abwurfdach
1640:Watchtower
1630:Wall tower
1586:Shell keep
1536:Portcullis
1531:Peel tower
1516:Neck ditch
1475:Landesburg
1423:Half tower
1381:Gate tower
1326:Drawbridge
1168:Battlement
1084:Wagon fort
927:Chengqiang
721:References
301:Linlithgow
259:in nearby
150:Perthshire
58:portcullis
37:(from the
2709:Guerrilla
2452:By design
2200:Revetment
2015:Land mine
1946:Star fort
1773:Crownwork
1768:Covertway
1701:Barricade
1342:Embrasure
1255:Chartaque
1185:Bergfried
1143:Arrowslit
969:Gatehouse
939:City gate
900:Castellum
866:Acropolis
277:Kilravock
177:slighted
162:Comlongon
80:, Cumbria
2734:Category
2724:See also
2611:Loophole
2499:Ringwork
2494:Ringfort
2419:Obstacle
2260:Hillfort
2180:Loophole
1978:Barbette
1953:Tenaille
1936:Sea fort
1866:Presidio
1826:Magazine
1807:Hornwork
1740:Cavalier
1735:Casemate
1728:Caponier
1571:Ringwork
1459:Detinets
1428:Hoarding
1333:Enceinte
1208:Bretèche
1153:Bartizan
1148:Barbican
1124:Alcazaba
1052:Stockade
1032:Ringfort
1012:Palisade
984:Landwehr
979:Hillfort
609:8 August
534:4 August
512:21 March
391:4 August
351:4 August
186:Arbroath
138:Balvenie
98:Scotland
72:Yett at
47:latticed
2641:Vedette
2631:Schloss
2596:Festung
2591:Dungeon
2586:Château
2530:Castles
2338:By role
2195:Pillbox
2025:Outpost
1941:Station
1929:Schanze
1912:Sandbag
1897:Redoubt
1881:Ravelin
1849:Palanka
1833:Orillon
1819:Lunette
1761:Coupure
1706:Bastion
1696:Arsenal
1664:Zwinger
1576:Roundel
1566:Ricetto
1541:Postern
1526:Outwork
1450:Kremlin
1321:Curtain
1296:Citadel
1280:Chemise
1240:Caltrop
1158:Bastion
1131:Alcázar
1027:Rampart
1005:Oppidum
998:Nuraghe
944:Crannog
918:Castros
854:Ancient
245:Germany
202:reiving
194:petards
106:England
2636:Trench
2626:Picket
2037:Sangar
1990:Bunker
1922:Sconce
1842:Ostrog
1790:Flèche
1673:Modern
1652:Yagura
1620:Turret
1556:Reduit
1494:Merlon
1438:Kasbah
1416:Gusuku
1393:Glacis
1386:Gabion
1355:church
1262:Chashi
1245:Castle
1089:Laager
1077:Vallum
1034:(Rath)
909:Castra
891:Burgus
861:Abatis
804:
790:
765:
291:, and
237:Venice
210:barons
102:Border
2677:Siege
2621:Palas
2565:Walls
2555:Forts
2518:Lists
2365:Fence
2307:Rocca
2175:Kabal
1890:Redan
1797:Gorge
1721:Canal
1598:Shiro
1561:Ribat
1551:Qalat
1363:Dzong
1359:house
1059:Sudis
991:Limes
949:Ditch
882:Broch
873:Agger
323:Notes
307:Costs
273:Elgin
230:Tyrol
226:Italy
164:with
148:, in
146:Doune
2687:list
2105:Buoy
1659:Yett
1501:Moat
1468:Ksar
1443:Keep
1235:Caer
1225:Burh
1201:Boom
1194:Berm
1173:Bawn
1138:Amba
974:Gord
802:ISBN
788:ISBN
763:ISBN
611:2008
536:2008
514:2017
393:2008
353:2008
228:and
41:and
35:yett
959:Dun
2752::
2726::
1361:,
1357:,
775:,
743:,
730:,
652:^
631:^
619:^
601:.
589:^
580:,
460:^
424:^
401:^
383:.
370:^
287:,
247:.
232:.
212:.
173:,
76:,
33:A
1463:)
1455:(
1365:)
1092:)
1086:(
839:e
832:t
825:v
812:)
613:.
538:.
516:.
395:.
355:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
