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868:, to suppress the revolt. They killed Ibn al-Muhallab and routed his army near Kufa on 24 August 720. Yazid ordered the executions of the roughly two hundred prisoners-of-war captured from Ibn al-Muhallab's camp, while Ibn al-Muhallab's son Mu'awiya ordered the execution of Ibn Artat and his thirty supporters incarcerated in Wasit. Afterward, the Umayyad authorities pursued and killed many of the Muhallabids, including nine to fourteen boys who were sent to Yazid and executed by his order. The Muhallabid revolt's suppression marked the last of the great anti-Umayyad uprisings in Iraq.
891:, "the proscription of the whole of the prominent and powerful family, a measure hitherto unheard of in the history of the Umaiyids , came like a declaration of war against the Yemen in general, and the corollary was that the government was degenerating into a Qaisite party-rule". Wellhausen blames the caliph for the escalation of factionalism and attributed the appointment of Ibn Hubayra to his own desire for revenge against the Muhallabids' Yamani backers. The Yamani-affiliated tribes of Khurasan viewed the events as a humiliation and during the
741:
1157:
593:
72:
849:
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revenues to the treasury, Yazid appointed governors based on the example set by al-Hajjaj, i.e. upright, meticulously loyal, and ruthless in the collection of taxes. Unlike the era of al-Hajjaj, however, Yazid applied this principle for the first time to
Ifriqiya, Khurasan, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula. A major aspect of his policy was the reinstatement of the jizya on the
1216:(Capitolias), near Irbid. There, Hababa died when she choked on a grape or pomegranate seed Yazid had playfully tossed into her mouth. Grief-stricken, he died a few days later. Blankinship considers the portrayal of Yazid as being heavily influenced by Hababa to be "much exaggerated", though he likely patronized poets and had a "refined artistic taste".
1232:
Sa'id ibn Khalid ibn Amr ibn Uthman was "among the wealthiest people of his time", according to the historian Asad Ahmed, who had forged strong links with his
Umayyad kinsmen from the ruling Marwanid branch of the family. He was married to Yazid II's paternal aunt, Umm Amr bint Marwan, and wed two of
1211:
and
Sallama, whom he acquired after his accession. Hababa's talents, beauty and charm supposedly captivated the caliph, causing him to neglect his duties, to the chagrin of his inner circle, especially Maslama. According to this narrative, Yazid had secluded himself with Hababa at his estate in the
698:
By dint of his descent, Yazid was a natural candidate for the succession to the caliphate. A noble Arab maternal lineage held political weight during this period in the
Caliphate's history, and Yazid took pride in his maternal Sufyanid descent, viewing himself superior to his paternal half-brothers.
402:. Yazid's moves were in line with the desires of the Arab militarist camp and the Umayyad dynasty but did not solve the fiscal crisis of the Caliphate as war booty had become insufficient and the reimposition of the jizya met strong resistance from the converted populations in the large provinces of
1109:
in
Christian churches across the Caliphate under the influence of a Jewish magician from Tiberias, called Beser or Tessarakontapechys, who promised Yazid a long life of fortune in return. Syriac sources further note that Yazid entrusted Maslama to execute the order and that the edict influenced the
997:
Yazid attempted to reverse, with limited success, the reforms of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, which were opposed by the Arab militarist camp in the
Caliphate and the Umayyad ruling family. During Umar's rule the militarist camp led by Maslama may have accepted a temporary pause in activity to recover from
951:
under al-Walid I, causing a financial crisis in the
Caliphate. Among the solutions of Yazid's predecessor to the fiscal burden were the withdrawal of the Syrians from Iraq, a halt on conquests and near elimination of grants to Umayyad princes, as well as an unrealized goal to withdraw Arab troops
1002:
were restarted, and the grants of estates or generous sums to
Umayyad princes resumed. Although Yazid's policies were presumably meant to gain the backing of the ruling elite and restore the flow of war spoils, they proved insufficient to finance the Caliphate's troops, particularly as booty had
1006:
To fill the depleted coffers of the caliphal treasury Yazid turned to the fifth of provincial tax revenues officially owed to the caliph. Historically, the provinces neglected to forward the revenues if political conditions allowed, and governors often pilfered such funds. To ensure the flow of
764:
where Umar had him imprisoned. During
Sulayman's reign, Ibn al-Muhallab, an enemy of al-Hajjaj, had been responsible for the torture and deaths of members of al-Hajjaj's family, Yazid's in-laws, and feared retaliatory maltreatment when Yazid's accession became apparent. Yazid had long held
1084:
on 22 August. The main body of the highly mobile
Khazars avoided the Muslims' pursuit and their presence compelled al-Jarrah to withdraw to Warthan south of the Caucasus and request reinforcements from Yazid. In 723 he led another raid north of Balanjar but made no substantive gains.
796:
and unsympathetic to Ibn al-Muhallab, did not actively or effectively oppose him. Ibn al-Muhallab seized the citadel, captured the governor and established control over Basra. Yazid pardoned him, but Ibn al-Muhallab continued his opposition, declaring
998:
the Constantinople debacle. Under Yazid, Maslama and his proteges, including Ibn Hubayra, were restored or appointed to senior commands, Syrian garrisons were reintroduced to Iraq, the traditional annual raids against the Byzantines and the
882:
The defeat of the Yamani Muhallabids and Yazid's successive appointments to Iraq of the pro-Qaysi Maslama—who was shortly dismissed for not forwarding the provincial tax surplus to the caliph's treasury—and Maslama's Qaysi lieutenant,
1192:(26 January 724). His son al-Walid or half-brother Hisham led his funeral prayers. Yazid had intended to appoint al-Walid as his immediate successor but was persuaded by Maslama to appoint Hisham instead, followed by al-Walid.
902:
considers Yazid's portrayal as "a pro-Mudar and anti-Yaman extremist" as "unfair, as he actually tried to balance the conflicting groups, just as other Umayyad rulers did". Yazid did not champion the Qays over the
860:, the other main garrison center of Iraq, where he attracted support across the tribal spectrum and among many of its noble Arab households. In the meantime, Yazid dispatched his kinsmen, the veteran commanders
1200:
In traditional Islamic sources, Yazid and his son al-Walid have "a reputation for unabashed extravagance and hedonism", contrasting with Umar's piety and Hisham's austerity. According to historian
334:, ruling from 720 until his death in 724. Although he lacked administrative or military experience, he derived prestige from his lineage, being a descendant of both ruling branches of the
1036:
guard in 720, shortly after his appointment, for attempting to reinstate the jizya. Many, if not most, Berbers had embraced Islam and commanded a strong position in the army, unlike
623:, both in the general vicinity of Amman. The palaces are conventionally dated to his caliphate, though a number of archaeologists suggest Yazid began their construction before 720.
788:
arrested many of Ibn al-Muhallab's brothers and cousins before his arrival to the city. Ibn Artat was unable to stop Ibn al-Muhallab's entry and the latter, with support from his
1076:. The defeat marked the culmination of the Caliphate's winter campaign against the Khazars and resulted in considerable Syrian losses. To avenge this defeat, Yazid II sent
911:, had formed the core of the caliph's army during the suppression, pursuit and elimination of the Muhallabids. He appointed Yamani governors to the large provinces of
714:, who ruled from 717 to 720. Yazid acceded at the age of 29 after the death of Umar on 9 February 720. For most of his reign, he resided in Damascus or his estates in
1204:, despite the "momentous events of his reign", both the traditional and modern sources frequently depict Yazid as "a frivolous slave to passion", especially to his
1054:
led to revolts and wars in the province that continued for twenty years and partly contributed to the Abbasid Revolution. In Egypt pay increases to the indigenous
1046:
and notified Yazid, who approved the change. The incident in Ifriqiya was a blow to the Caliphate's prestige in North Africa and served as a harbinger for the
994:
in their native provinces and their enthusiastic defense of the Caliphate's frontiers, thereby reducing the expense of deploying and garrisoning Arab troops.
1133:(d. 1442) also make note of the edict and describe its execution in Egypt. Medieval historians cite different years for Yazid's edict, but modern historian
669:), who mothered Yazid's son and daughter Abd Allah and A'isha. Su'da's cousin, Sa'id ibn Khalid ibn Amr ibn Uthman, is held by the 9th-century historian
338:, the Sufyanids who founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 and the Marwanids who succeeded them in 684. He was designated by his half-brother, Caliph
2144:
845:, joined the revolt, though not Khurasan, where Qays–Mudar troops counterbalanced the pro-Muhallabid Yamani faction in the province's garrisons.
935:
The expenses of enforcing Umayyad rule in Iraq and the expansionist war efforts along multiple fronts, including the enormous cost of the failed
801:(holy war) against the caliph and the Syrian troops who enforced Umayyad authority in Iraq. Umar had likely withdrawn most of the Syrians from
2294:
2905:
982:
may have been guided by Umar's piety but also a fiscal consideration: if equal treatment with the Arabs made the government popular with the
752:
Shortly before or immediately after Yazid's accession, the veteran commander and disgraced governor of Iraq and the vast eastern province of
2414:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105
440:, whose suppression marked the end to the serious anti-Umayyad revolts in the restive province. Ibn al-Muhallab was a champion of the
436:, where their domination was long resented. One of the first events of his reign was the wide-scale rebellion of the Iraqis under
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1043:
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traditionally exacted on non-Muslim subjects but in practice extended to non-Arab Muslim converts, and instituting equal pay for
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at the head of a 25,000-strong army of Syrians, who pushed into the Caucasus homeland of the Khazars and took their capital of
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tribal allies in the Basra garrison, besieged Ibn Artat in the city's citadel. The Qays–Mudar factions of the garrison, though
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2333:
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In March 722 the Syrian army of Yazid's governor in Armenia and Adharbayjan, Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, was routed by the
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate: Prelude to Revolution, A.D. 738–744/A.H. 121–126
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887:, signaled a triumph for the Qays–Mudar faction in the province and its eastern dependencies. According to the historian
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825:(non-Arab Muslim converts) of Basra supported Ibn al-Muhallab's cause, with the exception of the prominent theologian
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658:, who became caliph in 743. Yazid was also married to Su'da bint Abd Allah ibn Amr, a great-granddaughter of Caliph
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partisans to rule Iraq escalated the factional tensions there, though elsewhere Yazid balanced the interests of the
2915:
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386:(non-Arab Muslim converts) and resuming the war efforts on the frontiers of the Caliphate, especially against the
414:
edict whereby Christian icons were destroyed in churches across the caliphate, influencing the Byzantine emperor
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holds that July 721, the date cited by Patriarch John V, is the most reliable. The order was reversed by Caliph
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in the ranks of the Caliphate's Arab-dominated armies. According to Blankinship, the reforms favoring the
895:
which toppled the Umayyads in 750 they adopted as one of their slogans "revenge for the Banu Muhallab ".
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to have "exercised the most influence upon Yazīd". Yazid had also taken two singers Sallama al-Qass and
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This article is about the ninth Umayyad caliph. For the 10th/11th-century ruler of Azerbaijan, see
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The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
1121:) to enact his own iconoclastic policy in the Byzantine Empire. The Egypt-based Arabic historians
907:, the major component of the Yaman in Syria. Indeed, members of the Quda'a's principal tribe, the
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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654:. During her uncle's lifetime, she gave birth to Yazid's sons: al-Hajjaj, who died young, and
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2417:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2226:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2101:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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Yazid did not possess military or administrative experience before his reign. He rarely left
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805:, their main garrison in Iraq, and Ibn al-Muhallab captured the city with ease. Most of the
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in 740–743. The reinstatement of the jizya in Khurasan in 721/22 by Ibn Hubayra's deputy
635:(d. 714), the powerful viceroy of Iraq for his father, Caliph Abd al-Malik, and brother,
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47:
19:
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Gordon, Matthew S.; Robinson, Chase F.; Rowson, Everett K.; Fishbein, Michael (2018).
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in other parts of the Caliphate. The Berbers reinstalled Ibn Abi Muslim's predecessor
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Evading the pursuit of Umar's or Yazid's commanders, Ibn al-Muhallab made his way to
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2016:. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research.
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2013:
The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies
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as concubines. Overall, Yazid had six children from his two wives and eight by
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710:) as the second-in-line in the caliphal succession after their first cousin,
670:
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552:
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391:
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2140:
2034:(1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage".
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become increasingly difficult to obtain by the Arab expeditionary forces.
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in Khurasan, Sind, Ifriqiya and the Iberian Peninsula by abolishing the
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it could translate into delegating an increased security role for the
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Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Saʻd to Who's who
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family's influence and ambitions in Iraq and the eastern Caliphate.
685:, Sulayman, Abd al-Jabbar, Dawud, Abu Sulayman, al-Awwam and Hashim.
678:
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He reversed the reformist policies of Umar, mainly by reimposing the
2448:
2435:(1956). "The Iconoclastic Edict of the Caliph Yazid II, A. D. 721".
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The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation
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The Historian of Islam at Work: Essays in Honor of Hugh N. Kennedy
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1105:(d. 828), Yazid issued an edict ordering the destruction of all
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suspicions, nurtured by al-Hajjaj, of Ibn al-Muhallab's and the
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Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World
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place Yazid's death on 28 January and 29 January, respectively.
1234:
956:. The most significant reforms of Umar granted equality to the
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Marsham, Andrew (2022). "Kinship, Dynasty, and the Umayyads".
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from Iraq and a protégé of al-Hajjaj, was assassinated by his
939:, had erased much of the monetary gains from the conquests of
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Qusayr 'Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
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Yazid ibn al-Muhallab § Rebellion against the Umayyads
586:
445:
1864:
349:), as second-in-line to the succession after their cousin
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718:(the military district of Jordan), which was centered in
509:). Sources occasionally refer to him as 'Ibn Atika'. His
2125:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1954:
1952:
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and roughly corresponded with the Byzantine province of
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altogether from Transoxiana, the Iberian Peninsula and
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He was possibly granted control of the region around
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2202:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
1932:
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919:(Upper Mesopotamia) and its dependent districts of
167:
Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafiyya
2285:
1316:
681:. His other sons were al-Nu'man, Yahya, Muhammad,
150:26 January 724 (aged c. 33–34) (24 Sha'ban 105 AH)
729:
517:(patronymic) was Abu Khalid and he was nicknamed
2877:
1093:According to Greek sources, including Patriarch
631:Yazid established marital ties to the family of
930:
425:) to institute a similar edict in his domains.
1233:his daughters to Yazid's half-brother, Caliph
498:, the daughter of Yazid II's namesake, Caliph
2563:
456:became a rallying cry for revenge during the
2216:
2115:
2091:
1970:
1875:
1858:
1834:
1822:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1495:
1060:sailors of the Muslim fleet were reversed.
784:tribe. On Yazid's orders, Basra's governor
539:). Yazid II's pedigree united his father's
524:
2570:
2556:
2463:
2390:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2320:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2170:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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589:pilgrimage sometime between 715 and 717.
551:branch of Yazid I and the latter's father
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780:of Iraq and the center of his family and
699:He was chosen by his half-brother Caliph
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2178:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 882–884.
1926:
1914:
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302:يَزِيد ٱبْن عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان
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2145:"Al-Urdunn: 2. History, (a) Up to 1250"
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171:Su'da bint Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn Uthman
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596:A building in the palatial complex of
562:), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate.
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2009:
1463:. L. Rienner Publishers. p. 55.
1458:
1446:
1417:
1088:
872:Escalation of Qays–Yaman factionalism
569:except for a number of visits to the
460:, which toppled the Umayyads in 750.
323:— 26 January 724), commonly known as
2906:8th-century deaths from tuberculosis
2328:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 311.
2271:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
2139:
1531:
1452:
852:Map of Iraq in the early 9th century
360:), as a compromise with the sons of
2577:
1022:In Ifriqiya, the caliph's governor
937:sieges of Constantinople in 717–718
301:
13:
2398:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 2.
1019:in the aforementioned provinces.
577:, home of the Islamic holy cities
432:troops to enforce Umayyad rule in
313:Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān
14:
2927:
2349:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 12–45.
646:). He married al-Hajjaj's niece,
585:), including once for the annual
294:Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
241:Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
2688:
2534:9 February 720 – 28 January 724
856:Ibn al-Muhallab advanced toward
452:. The deadly suppression of the
70:
2003:
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915:(central North Africa) and the
794:traditional rivals of the Yaman
760:, escaped from the fortress of
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100:9 February 720 – 26 January 724
2901:8th-century monarchs in Europe
2411:Powers, David S., ed. (1989).
1317:Lammens & Blankinship 2002
1103:Nikephoros I of Constantinople
833:dependencies of Basra, namely
730:Suppression of the Muhallabids
611:by Abd al-Malik. He built the
547:, in power since 684, and the
25:Umayyad caliph from 720 to 724
1:
2831:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2817:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2470:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
2295:"Yazīd (II) b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
1265:
748:of Yazid II, minted in 721/22
652:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
477:
463:
317:
132:
931:Fiscal and military policies
693:
688:
7:
2896:8th-century Umayyad caliphs
1250:The 9th-century historians
1056:
1038:
1028:
1015:
1009:
990:
984:
978:
972:
958:
819:
807:
519:
511:
494:) and his influential wife
483:. He was the son of Caliph
444:and Yazid's appointment of
380:
312:
55:
46:
10:
2932:
885:Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
875:
733:
33:يَزِيد ٱبْن عَبْد الْمَلِك
17:
2862:
2752:
2697:
2686:
2603:
2585:
2536:
2523:
2515:
2488:
2117:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
2093:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
2048:10.1163/22118993-90000355
1072:in Armenia, south of the
626:
340:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
281:
271:
261:
249:
240:
235:
231:
178:
159:
146:
128:
124:
114:
104:
96:
84:
69:
37:
30:
2848:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
2824:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
1219:
1202:Khalid Yahya Blankinship
1151:
1099:Theophanes the Confessor
1052:Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi
862:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
2916:8th-century Arab people
2810:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
2010:Ahmed, Asad Q. (2011).
1973:, p. 87, note 439.
1567:, p. 80, note 287.
1139:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1101:(d. 818) and Patriarch
1064:War against the Khazars
786:Adi ibn Artat al-Fazari
2241:Fowden, Garth (2004).
1510:, p. 312, note 1.
1367:, pp. 30, 32, 33.
1165:
1127:Severus ibn al-Muqaffa
1078:al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
1013:, which alienated the
853:
749:
604:
2437:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1159:
866:al-Abbas ibn al-Walid
851:
758:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
743:
595:
472:, the capital of the
438:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
2799:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
1629:, pp. 313, 316.
1196:Portrayal in sources
1188:) on 24 Sha'ban 105
1024:Yazid ibn Abi Muslim
1000:war with the Khazars
2605:Caliphs of Damascus
2291:Blankinship, Kh. Y.
2218:Hillenbrand, Carole
1997:, pp. 147–148.
1861:, pp. 121–122.
1749:, pp. 319–320.
1725:, pp. 144–146.
1713:, pp. 318–319.
1701:, pp. 140–141.
1665:, pp. 316–317.
1653:, pp. 315–316.
1641:, pp. 314–315.
1449:, pp. 119–120.
1343:, pp. 193–194.
1206:singing slave girls
1095:John V of Jerusalem
633:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
428:Yazid reintroduced
155:, Umayyad Caliphate
142:, Umayyad Caliphate
20:Yazid II of Shirvan
2754:Caliphs of Córdoba
2465:Wellhausen, Julius
2194:Hawting, Gerald R.
2032:Bacharach, Jere L.
1459:Roded, R. (1994).
1435:Gordon et al. 2018
1237:, and son, Caliph
1166:
1135:Alexander Vasiliev
1110:Byzantine emperor
1089:Iconoclastic edict
893:Abbasid Revolution
878:Qays–Yaman rivalry
854:
776:, one of the main
750:
724:Palaestina Secunda
650:, the daughter of
605:
601:(pictured in 2018)
468:Yazid was born in
458:Abbasid Revolution
450:two rival factions
378:(poll tax) on the
2873:
2872:
2764:Abd al-Rahman III
2744:Abd al-Rahman III
2546:
2545:
2537:Succeeded by
2424:978-0-7914-0072-2
2356:978-90-04-52523-8
2335:978-90-04-12756-2
2278:978-0-582-40525-7
2233:978-0-88706-810-2
2185:978-90-04-11211-7
2132:978-0-7914-1827-7
2108:978-0-88706-569-9
2084:978-90-04-35621-4
2077:. Leiden: Brill.
2023:978-1-900934-13-8
1917:, pp. 39–40.
1890:, pp. 27–33.
1837:, pp. 87–88.
1802:, pp. 86–87.
1778:, pp. 84–85.
1470:978-1-55587-442-1
1408:, pp. 89–90.
1125:(d. 961), Bishop
949:Iberian Peninsula
889:Julius Wellhausen
827:al-Hasan al-Basri
817:readers) and the
474:Umayyad Caliphate
310:
291:
290:
276:ʿĀtika bint Yazīd
245:
244:
224:A'isha (daughter)
91:Umayyad Caliphate
2923:
2804:Abd al-Rahman IV
2724:Abd ar-Rahman II
2699:Emirs of Córdoba
2692:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2516:Preceded by
2511:
2504:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2460:
2428:
2407:
2360:
2339:
2315:Heinrichs, W. P.
2282:
2258:
2237:
2213:
2189:
2165:Heinrichs, W. P.
2136:
2112:
2088:
2067:
2042:. Brill: 27–44.
2027:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1971:Blankinship 1989
1968:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1876:Blankinship 1994
1873:
1862:
1859:Blankinship 1994
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1835:Blankinship 1994
1832:
1826:
1823:Blankinship 1994
1820:
1803:
1800:Blankinship 1994
1797:
1791:
1788:Blankinship 1994
1785:
1779:
1776:Blankinship 1994
1773:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1496:Hillenbrand 1989
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1230:
1212:wine country of
1176:, a town in the
1147:
1145:
1120:
1118:
1059:
1041:
1031:
1018:
1012:
993:
987:
981:
975:
961:
824:
812:
709:
707:
679:slave concubines
668:
666:
645:
643:
561:
559:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
522:
516:
508:
506:
493:
491:
482:
479:
424:
422:
385:
370:
368:
359:
357:
348:
346:
327:, was the ninth
322:
319:
315:
305:
303:
233:
232:
137:
134:
74:
60:
51:
48:Amir al-Mu'minin
28:
27:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2858:
2837:Abd al-Rahman V
2756:
2748:
2709:Abd al-Rahman I
2701:
2693:
2684:
2607:
2599:
2581:
2579:Umayyad dynasty
2576:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2526:Caliph of Islam
2521:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:Umayyad Dynasty
2491:
2449:10.2307/1291091
2433:Vasiliev, A. A.
2425:
2357:
2336:
2307:Bosworth, C. E.
2279:
2255:
2234:
2210:
2186:
2157:Bosworth, C. E.
2133:
2109:
2085:
2024:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1847:Wellhausen 1927
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1747:Wellhausen 1927
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1711:Wellhausen 1927
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1687:Wellhausen 1927
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1663:Wellhausen 1927
1661:
1657:
1651:Wellhausen 1927
1649:
1645:
1639:Wellhausen 1927
1637:
1633:
1627:Wellhausen 1927
1625:
1621:
1615:Wellhausen 1927
1613:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1586:Wellhausen 1927
1584:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1553:Wellhausen 1927
1551:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1508:Wellhausen 1927
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:, p. 1031.
1433:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1394:Wellhausen 1927
1392:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1245:
1241:, respectively.
1231:
1227:
1222:
1198:
1180:subdistrict of
1154:
1142:
1115:
1091:
1066:
933:
880:
874:
738:
732:
704:
696:
691:
663:
640:
629:
556:
545:Umayyad dynasty
536:
533:
530:
527:
503:
488:
480:
466:
419:
410:. He issued an
365:
354:
343:
336:Umayyad dynasty
320:
227:
174:
151:
138:
135:
80:
63:
32:
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2530:Umayyad Caliph
2522:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:28 January 724
2492:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2461:
2429:
2423:
2408:
2361:
2355:
2340:
2334:
2311:van Donzel, E.
2299:Bearman, P. J.
2283:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2220:, ed. (1989).
2214:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2161:van Donzel, E.
2149:Bearman, P. J.
2137:
2131:
2113:
2107:
2095:, ed. (1989).
2089:
2083:
2068:
2028:
2022:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1985:, p. 147.
1975:
1963:
1961:, p. 194.
1948:
1931:
1919:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1878:, p. 122.
1863:
1851:
1849:, p. 323.
1839:
1827:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1737:, p. 108.
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 318.
1679:
1677:, p. 127.
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1617:, p. 314.
1602:
1600:, p. 112.
1590:
1588:, p. 322.
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 313.
1536:
1534:, p. 882.
1524:
1522:, p. 105.
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1439:
1422:
1420:, p. 123.
1410:
1398:
1396:, p. 312.
1381:
1377:Bacharach 1996
1369:
1365:Bacharach 1996
1357:
1355:, p. 195.
1345:
1333:
1321:
1319:, p. 311.
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1243:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1197:
1194:
1168:Yazid died of
1153:
1150:
1146: 724–743
1119: 717–741
1090:
1087:
1065:
1062:
932:
929:
873:
870:
778:garrison towns
734:Main article:
731:
728:
716:Jund al-Urdunn
708: 715–717
695:
692:
690:
687:
667: 644–656
644: 705–715
628:
625:
613:desert palaces
603:built by Yazid
560: 661–680
543:branch of the
507: 680–683
492: 685–705
465:
462:
423: 717–741
369: 685–705
358: 717–720
347: 715–717
289:
288:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
229:
228:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
193:
188:
184:
182:
176:
175:
173:
172:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:
148:
144:
143:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
82:
81:
75:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:Khalifat Allah
52:
40:
35:
34:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:Ménage, V. L.
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Bianquis, Th.
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:Kennedy, Hugh
2260:
2256:
2254:0-520-23665-3
2250:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:0-415-24072-7
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:Bianquis, Th.
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1929:, p. 47.
1928:
1927:Vasiliev 1956
1923:
1916:
1915:Vasiliev 1956
1911:
1909:
1902:, p. 37.
1901:
1900:Vasiliev 1956
1896:
1889:
1888:Vasiliev 1956
1884:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1825:, p. 87.
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1790:, p. 86.
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1761:, p. 76.
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 70.
1497:
1492:
1486:, p. 40.
1485:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1379:, p. 36.
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1331:, p. 35.
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:(d. 987) and
1128:
1124:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:Berber Revolt
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
980:
974:
969:
965:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
900:Henri Lammens
896:
894:
890:
886:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
822:
816:
811:
810:
804:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
763:
759:
755:
747:
742:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
702:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Umm al-Hajjaj
638:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
599:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
554:
550:
546:
542:
521:
515:
514:
501:
497:
486:
481: 690/91
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
383:
377:
372:
363:
352:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
321: 690/91
314:
308:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
266:ʿAbd al-Malik
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
239:
234:
230:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
203:Abd al-Jabbar
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
186:
185:
183:
181:
177:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
136: 690/91
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
65:
59:
58:
53:
50:
49:
44:
43:
42:
39:
36:
29:
21:
16:
2846:
2842:Muhammad III
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2654:
2635:Abd al-Malik
2524:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2469:
2440:
2436:
2413:
2395:
2388:
2345:
2325:
2318:
2267:
2243:
2222:
2198:
2175:
2168:
2121:
2097:
2073:
2039:
2035:
2012:
2004:Bibliography
1990:
1978:
1966:
1946:, p. 2.
1922:
1895:
1883:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1795:
1783:
1759:Hawting 2000
1754:
1742:
1735:Kennedy 2004
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1593:
1560:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1484:Marsham 2022
1479:
1460:
1454:
1442:
1413:
1401:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1329:Marsham 2022
1324:
1246:
1228:
1199:
1182:Jund Dimashq
1167:
1164:(Capitolias)
1092:
1067:
1026:, himself a
1021:
1005:
996:
934:
898:Orientalist
897:
881:
855:
771:
751:
697:
630:
606:
600:
564:
485:Abd al-Malik
467:
427:
412:iconoclastic
373:
362:Abd al-Malik
324:
293:
292:
212:Abu Sulayman
64:
41:
38:
15:
2886:690s births
2779:Muhammad II
2769:Al-Hakam II
2665:Al-Walid II
2625:Mu'awiya II
2590:Family tree
2394:Volume III:
2385:Schacht, J.
2381:Pellat, Ch.
2365:Pellat, Ch.
2287:Lammens, H.
2141:Cobb, P. M.
1995:Fowden 2004
1983:Fowden 2004
1959:Powers 1989
1944:Pellat 1971
1723:Powers 1989
1699:Powers 1989
1675:Powers 1989
1598:Powers 1989
1565:Powers 1989
1520:Powers 1989
1406:Powers 1989
1353:Powers 1989
1341:Powers 1989
1239:al-Walid II
1186:Transjordan
1170:consumption
941:Transoxiana
921:Adharbayjan
656:al-Walid II
621:al-Muwaqqar
454:Muhallabids
105:Predecessor
79:of Yazid II
2911:Iconoclasm
2891:724 deaths
2880:Categories
2864:indicates
2854:Hisham III
2757:(929–1031)
2734:al-Mundhir
2729:Muhammad I
2719:Al-Hakam I
2640:Al-Walid I
2615:Mu'awiya I
2324:Volume XI:
1447:Ahmed 2011
1418:Ahmed 2011
1266:References
1256:al-Ya'qubi
1131:al-Maqrizi
1097:(d. 735),
876:See also:
767:Muhallabid
671:al-Ya'qubi
637:al-Walid I
553:Mu'awiya I
464:Early life
396:Byzantines
77:Gold dinar
2789:Hisham II
2774:Hisham II
2702:(756–929)
2680:Marwan II
2670:Yazid III
2608:(661–750)
2490:Yazid II
2479:752790641
2443:: 23–47.
2404:495469525
2373:Lewis, B.
2174:Volume X:
2056:2211-8993
1532:Cobb 2000
1252:al-Tabari
1160:Ruins of
909:Banu Kalb
694:Accession
689:Caliphate
617:al-Qastal
598:al-Qastal
573:(western
534:the Youth
307:romanized
221:Abd Allah
200:Al-Nu'man
187:Al-Hajjaj
115:Successor
31:Yazid II
2868:usurpers
2866:Hammudid
2794:Sulayman
2784:Sulayman
2739:Abdullah
2714:Hisham I
2655:Yazid II
2645:Sulayman
2630:Marwan I
2467:(1927).
2387:(eds.).
2369:"Ḥabãba"
2367:(1971).
2317:(eds.).
2293:(2002).
2265:(2004).
2196:(2000).
2167:(eds.).
2143:(2000).
2119:(1994).
1214:Beit Ras
1162:Beit Ras
1123:al-Kindi
1082:Balanjar
1074:Caucasus
968:poll tax
947:and the
913:Ifriqiya
782:Azd Uman
754:Khurasan
720:Tiberias
701:Sulayman
683:al-Ghamr
549:Sufyanid
541:Marwanid
470:Damascus
408:Ifriqiya
404:Khurasan
400:Anatolia
394:and the
392:Caucasus
325:Yazid II
282:Religion
218:Al-Awwam
206:Muhammad
196:Al-Ghamr
191:Al-Walid
140:Damascus
2675:Ibrahim
2620:Yazid I
2457:1291091
2064:1523250
1112:Leo III
1070:Khazars
954:Cilicia
925:Armenia
831:Iranian
813:(pious
744:Silver
675:Habbaba
528:
520:al-Fata
500:Yazid I
442:Yamanis
416:Leo III
390:in the
388:Khazars
329:Umayyad
309::
256:Umayyad
251:Dynasty
89:of the
2660:Hisham
2540:Hisham
2506:
2477:
2455:
2421:
2402:
2396:H–Iram
2383:&
2353:
2332:
2313:&
2289:&
2275:
2251:
2230:
2206:
2182:
2163:&
2129:
2105:
2081:
2062:
2054:
2020:
1467:
1235:Hisham
1209:Hababa
1057:mawali
1039:mawali
1034:Berber
1016:mawali
1010:mawali
991:mawali
985:mawali
979:mawali
973:mawali
966:, the
959:mawali
917:Jazira
905:Quda'a
843:Kerman
829:. The
821:mawali
815:Qur'an
790:Yamani
762:Aleppo
746:dirham
660:Uthman
627:Family
583:Medina
575:Arabia
430:Syrian
382:mawali
332:caliph
298:Arabic
272:Mother
262:Father
215:Hashim
160:Spouse
119:Hisham
87:Caliph
2595:Media
2508:Died:
2501:Born:
2453:JSTOR
2371:. In
2297:. In
2147:. In
2060:JSTOR
1220:Notes
1178:Balqa
1174:Irbid
1152:Death
1107:icons
1029:mawla
964:jizya
835:Ahwaz
809:qurra
803:Wasit
799:jihad
774:Basra
609:Amman
579:Mecca
571:Hejaz
567:Syria
513:kunya
496:Atika
446:Qaysi
376:jizya
286:Islam
236:Names
209:Yahya
180:Issue
153:Irbid
97:Reign
2650:Umar
2519:Umar
2475:OCLC
2419:ISBN
2400:OCLC
2351:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2052:ISSN
2018:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1254:and
945:Sind
923:and
864:and
858:Kufa
841:and
839:Fars
712:Umar
619:and
587:Hajj
581:and
525:lit.
434:Iraq
406:and
371:).
351:Umar
147:Died
129:Born
109:Umar
85:9th
2503:691
2445:doi
2326:W–Z
2176:T–U
2044:doi
1172:in
1148:).
615:of
398:in
2882::
2451:.
2439:.
2392:.
2379:;
2375:;
2322:.
2309:;
2305:;
2301:;
2172:.
2159:;
2155:;
2151:;
2058:.
2050:.
2040:13
2038:.
1951:^
1934:^
1907:^
1866:^
1807:^
1766:^
1605:^
1572:^
1539:^
1425:^
1384:^
1273:^
1190:AH
1144:r.
1117:r.
943:,
927:.
837:,
756:,
726:.
706:r.
665:r.
642:r.
558:r.
505:r.
490:r.
478:c.
476:,
421:r.
367:r.
356:r.
345:r.
318:c.
316:;
304:,
300::
133:c.
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2481:.
2459:.
2447::
2441:9
2427:.
2406:.
2359:.
2338:.
2281:.
2257:.
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2188:.
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2066:.
2046::
2026:.
1473:.
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296:(
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