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1002:
763:
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998:) is a piece of paper on which a yamen runner was drawn, and upon which is recorded an accusation or tax liability, as well as a demand for the recipient to appear in court or pay the tax. The prefects and magistrates issued this to the litigants or tax defaulters in the hope that they would voluntarily appear in court or pay tax in arrears. It's unclear when the paper yamen runner was created, but literature about it can be found during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
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runners some power that could be taken advantage of. The runners would charge a small fee from the litigants to cover the spendings. The prefects and magistrates acquiesced such a charging system as long as the amount is in a reasonable range. The Kuai, however, couldn't contact the litigants in the
1009:
Because it was tempting for yamen runners to take unlawful advantage of their position, magistrates would occasionally allow plaintiffs to take litigants to the court first. If a plaintiff failed to do so, the magistrate would issue a paper yamen runner. Only if both methods failed would an actual
1010:
yamen runner be sent to arrest the litigant. In this way, fewer yamen runners were required. Such practices were typically employed only for mild crimes, however. For serious crimes such as murder, theft, gambling, and fights, the magistrate would still send yamen runners directly for the arrest.
822:
Zao acted as the officials' bodyguards. They usually followed behind the officials. During the trial, they would stand on both sides of the court to maintain order. They also performed the duties of escorting the prisoner, questioning the suspect and applying minor punishment. They had their own
840:
Kuais' duties included summoning defendants and witnesses to the court. They were usually asked to do the trips for the court, traveling long distances if necessary. During the tax season, they would be sent to remote areas to collect for the government. Therefore, Kuai had more contact with
1279:“Hán Việt tân từ điển” (Hán-Việt New Dictionary) - Nguyễn Quốc Hùng. Entry: 衙門 nha môn Quote: Từ điển trích dẫn 1. Sở quan. § Ta gọi là “quan nha” 官衙 hay là “nha môn” 衙門 . Ngày xưa trước quân trướng đều cắm lá cờ có tua như cái răng lớn, nên gọi là “nha môn” 衙門, nguyên viết là 牙門.
831:
Zhuang were comparable to modern security guards. Their main job was to guard the critical areas such as castle gates, the court, prison, and warehouse. They also patrolled on the streets. Most of them were picked from among strong civilians.
456:
698:
at a local level typically had similar features: a front gate, a courtyard and a hall (typically serving as a court of law); offices, prison cells and store rooms; and residences for the bureaucrat, his family and his staff.
900:. The prefects and magistrates just turn a deaf ear on their clerks blackmailing the lower classes. Xuande Emperor described them "licentious, greedy, and insatiably exploitative, degenerate and worthless."
673:, the bureaucrat administered the government business of the town or region. Typical responsibilities of the bureaucrat includes local finance, capital works, judging of civil and criminal cases, and issuing
814:). But in fact, there were more different kinds in specific . Zao usually served around the court, Zhuang provided physical labor and Kuai were in charge of inspection, investigation, and arrest.
893:). Therefore, the actual income of the Kuai depended on their place of work; Kuai in large cities could easily collect a lot of money and Kuai in rural areas could be as poor as the homeless.
1403:
Nimick, Thomas G. “The
Selection of Local Officials through Recommendations in Fifteenth-Century China.” T'oung Pao, vol. 91, no. 1/3, 2005, pp. 125–182. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4528998.
790:), the law enforcement department in ancient China. They worked as the lowest class in the government department which made them a bridge between the common people and the government.
1261:(in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam)
1258:
1430:
1127:
is still used in colloquial
Chinese today, however, to denote government offices. It sometimes carries negative connotations of an arrogant or inefficient
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889:
lawsuit cases. They would ask for money from the other debased classes like butchers and prostitutes. Such unwritten rule is called dirty regulation (
714:
At the provincial level and above, specialisation among officials occurred to a greater extent. For example, the three chief officials of a province (
746:'the Three Great Laws') controlled the legislative and executive, the judicial, and the military affairs of the province or region. Their
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civilians than Zao and Zhuang. They didn't have their own uniform, but were required to hang a card on the waist belt to identify themselves.
1841:
1702:
1609:
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684:. This was especially so during the Qing dynasty, when imperial law forbade a person from taking government office in his native province.
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591:, but so is a prefectural magistracy. The term has been widely used in China for centuries, but appeared in English during the
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to run a country as big as China. Hence, new bureaucratic offices arose, thus replicating the functions of the
Imperial
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can also be any governmental office or body headed by a mandarin, at any level of government: the offices of one of the
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Moll-Murata, Christine. “Work Ethics and Work
Valuations in a Period of Commercialization: Ming China, 1500–1644.”
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While the salary was not enough to live or raise a family on, working for the law enforcement department gave
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s varied greatly in size depending on the level of government they administered, and the seniority of the
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runners were mostly formed by vagrants, especially among Kuai. They were often strong but uneducated.
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runner was low compared to other jobs. The average daily salary was enough for only one meal.
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Typically, the bureaucrat and his immediate family would live in a residence attached to the
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s of the central government, located in the capital, are more exclusively office complexes.
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would accordingly be specialised according to the functions of the office. The great
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covering all of China. Sun Yat-sen tried to establish a form of self-government, or
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1303:衙门中的三班衙役, Chinese & Foreign Entrepreneurs, 中外企业家, Editorial E-mail, 2014(29)
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Chinese outcasts : discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China
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1259:"Thêm thông tin và hình ảnh lưu trữ về Trung tâm đô thị Tuyên Quang thời Pháp"
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Talons and teeth : county clerks and runners in the Qing dynasty
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Such corruption and extortion were rampant during the reign of
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runners was low and the income was unstable (usually low),
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is the sole surviving Qing
Dynasty government building in
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s of the six imperial
Ministries of the Qing dynasty, in
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869:) such as farmers. It is the lowest stratum in society.
559:) was the administrative office or residence of a local
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1005:
Paper yamen runner demanding tax defaulters to pay tax
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1100:often became the ultimate authorities, in spite of
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1217:Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall
1148:acted as an office of foreign affairs in the late
1959:
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1842:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
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861:), which is even lower than good commoners (
853:runners were considered as a debased class (
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1052:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
958:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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741:
637:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
16:Residences of bureaucrats in imperial China
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849:In the Ming Dynasty, due to their duties,
1816:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
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1291:
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1243:안길정, 관아를 통해서 본 조선시대 생활사, 2000년, 사계절. (in
1072:Learn how and when to remove this message
978:Learn how and when to remove this message
877:The salary provided by the court for the
657:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:, vol. 56, no. S19, 2011, pp. 165–195.,
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761:
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455:
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1960:
1349:International Review of Social History
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1412:
1301:Three kinds of Yamen Runner in Yamen.
1193:, is the best preserved county-level
1174:was modified from the "yamen" of the
919:
1050:adding citations to reliable sources
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956:adding citations to reliable sources
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782:) is an occupation which served for
758:The Yamen Runner in the Ming Dynasty
635:adding citations to reliable sources
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63:adding citations to reliable sources
34:
1834:
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1208:, were located within what is now
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1979:
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1167:is an important historical site.
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1104:'s best efforts to establish a
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1643:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
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1857:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1319:. Stanford University Press.
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1172:Presidential Palace (Nanjing)
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1968:Government of Imperial China
1257:Đỗ Hoàng Anh (6 June 2023).
766:A Ming dynasty yamen runner.
706:A prison cell in the former
26:For place in Guangdong, see
7:
908:Since the social status of
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10:
1984:
1686:Bureau of Military Affairs
1610:Territorial administration
1494:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
798:There were three kinds of
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1904:Embroidered Uniform Guard
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1357:10.1017/s0020859011000514
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1867:Administrative divisions
1369:Hansson, Anders (1996).
1313:Reed, Bradly W. (2000).
1197:in mainland China today.
904:Path into the occupation
179:Traditional Chinese
161:Kowloon Walled City Park
19:Not to be confused with
1727:Secretariat-Chancellery
1084:The institution of the
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196:Simplified Chinese
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694:'s office. However, a
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460:The entry gate of the
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1801:Imperial Commissioner
1746:Ministry of Personnel
1648:Three Ducal Ministers
1570:Imperial examinations
1534:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1176:Viceroy of Liangjiang
1004:
765:
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1909:Qing Imperial Guards
1892:Tang Imperial Guards
1046:improve this section
952:improve this section
631:improve this section
474:Tuyên Quang province
367:Revised Romanization
59:improve this article
1811:Imperial Clan Court
1796:Remonstrance Bureau
1766:Ministry of Justice
1751:Ministry of Revenue
1605:Historical capitals
1590:Academies (Shuyuan)
1161:Kowloon Walled City
1088:fell victim to the
724:traditional Chinese
510:traditional Chinese
297:Vietnamese alphabet
1007:
992:paper yamen runner
920:Paper Yamen Runner
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716:simplified Chinese
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520:simplified Chinese
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303:Quan nha / Nha môn
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1821:Viceroys in China
1806:Grand Secretariat
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1771:Ministry of Works
1756:Ministry of Rites
1703:Three Departments
1660:Translated titles
1565:Five Directorates
1106:Republic of China
1094:Xinhai Revolution
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222:Standard Mandarin
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1539:Scholar-official
1529:Grand Chancellor
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1299:Li, Zongya 李宗亚.
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1210:Tiananmen Square
1120:s in many ways.
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291:Vietnamese name
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1439:Government of
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1721:Menxia Sheng
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1150:Qing dynasty
1146:Zongli Yamen
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1044:Please help
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317:官衙 / 衙門 / 牙門
264:Southern Min
229:Hanyu Pinyin
173:Chinese name
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115:October 2008
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57:Please help
52:verification
49:
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1897:Shence Army
1681:Jimi system
1560:Nine Courts
1506:Consort kin
1129:bureaucracy
1114:bureaucracy
1102:Sun Yat-sen
806:), zhuang (
737:Sàn Dà Xiàn
484:Tuyên Quang
416:Möllendorff
398:Manchu name
324:Korean name
155:The former
1852:Lifan Yuan
1391:1014973746
1335:1063409031
1232:References
1014:After 1911
692:bureaucrat
561:bureaucrat
540:Wade–Giles
438:Floor plan
85:newspapers
1919:Dynasties
1595:Censorate
1580:Guozijian
1375:. Brill.
1165:Hong Kong
1123:The term
1110:home rule
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939:does not
810:), kuai (
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256:nga4 mun4
205:/ 牙门 / 官衙
188:/ 牙門 / 官衙
165:Hong Kong
1962:Category
1691:Shumishi
1676:Jiedushi
1457:Monarchy
1449:Nobility
1135:Notable
1098:warlords
1092:and the
863:liangmin
778:runner (
599:Overview
565:mandarin
470:Tuần phủ
450:Zhejiang
446:Shaoxing
250:Jyutping
1522:Offices
1501:Empress
1479:Emperor
1462:Dynasty
1265:10 June
1206:Beijing
1054:removed
1039:sources
960:removed
945:sources
855:jianmin
771:General
708:Pingyao
675:decrees
639:removed
624:sources
577:Vietnam
479:lính cơ
472:of the
468:period
464:of the
440:of the
435:Drawing
311:Chữ Hán
271:Hokkien
99:scholar
74:"Yamen"
1575:Taixue
1474:Titles
1389:
1379:
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1245:Korean
1225:Taiwan
1221:Taipei
873:Income
827:Zhuang
734::
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718::
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545:ya-men
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488:Tonkin
387:kwan-a
373:gwan-a
330:Hangul
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1862:Ranks
1615:Yamen
1513:Harem
1467:Cycle
1202:yamen
1195:yamen
1191:Henan
1189:, in
1183:yamen
1157:yamen
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344:Hanja
157:yamen
140:Yamen
106:JSTOR
92:books
21:Yemen
1947:Qing
1942:Yuan
1937:Liao
1932:Tang
1835:Qing
1638:King
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1484:List
1387:OCLC
1377:ISBN
1331:OCLC
1321:ISBN
1267:2023
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