585:, but desired control of Yamashiro Province due to its worth in taxes, connections to the capital, and manpower. After some sporadic clashes in Yamashiro, the Hatakeyama cousins assembled their armies for a decisive battle in the province in 1485. Their troops fought for 63 days, even as the weather turned cold and rainy. Both sides had enlisted large numbers of warriors from Yamashiro Province, but these fighters became dicontent as combat dragged on and their homeland was devastated. The other locals also became agitated, and a series of uprisings and protests erupted. Armed peasants seized control of the province's southern areas and once again invaded the capital to demand debt cancellations. Peasants around
634:
39:
399:. The village leadership consequently became more representative, strengthening the farmers' association with their community and the villages' independence. At the same time, class relationships became increasingly muddled. The most prosperous farmers began to resemble samurai, as they were able to afford weapons, owned a considerable amount of land, and often had a following consisting of dependent farmers and workers who paid them rent. These wealthy farmers were called
311:
510:
213:
709:, sometimes joined by urban residents of Kyoto, also repeatedly invaded the capital from 1486, demanding debt reductions, sometimes occupying or burning districts of the city. Conflicts also emerged between the confederacy's samurai and peasants. The latter began to withdraw their support, threatening the confederacy's finances. This forced the
621:
toward the
Hatakeyama forces. The revolt was mainly motivated by the chaos and suffering which had been caused by the infighting warlords. A few days later, the samurai armies withdrew from the province. Historian Mary Elizabeth Berry speculated that the Hatakeyama retreated due to the exhaustion of their forces, the threats by the
395:, Japan was also experiencing important societal and economic changes. Agricultural productivity increased in the 13th and 14th centuries, allowing small-scale farmers to achieve greater self-sufficiency as well as prosperity. This allowed them to gain more power in the management of their villages, previously the domain of the
810:
lords and acted as the representatives of the local samurai. Three members of this group served as magistrates in rotation each month. The decisions of this government were carried out by the village councils which were responsible for the day-to-day governing. This meant that the villages ultimately
738:
Even though the
Yamashiro uprising had formally been suppressed, the province remained outside the control of the major warlords. It was not subject to military taxes raised in other parts of Japan, and remained "a breeding ground for uprisings against brokers and toll barriers". The estate structure
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finally collapsed in 1493 when the shogunate organized a campaign to regain the province. The invasion was mainly carried out by outsider samurai who wanted to take the province for themselves. As they were effectively caught between this invasion and the growing opposition of the local peasants, the
554:
Despite the end of hostilities in Kyoto, fighting continued in
Yamashiro Province. Most of the province had fallen under the control of one of the ĹŚnin War's factions, the so-called "western camp". However, peasants loyal to another faction, the "eastern camp", continued to resist southwest of Kyoto.
858:
s now-lost constitution, Souyri instead argued that the
Yamashiro uprising –though initially supported by the local peasants– was mainly an attempt by the regional low-ranking samurai to seize power for themselves. Accordingly, their interests did not always align with those of the peasantry, and
620:
representing the entire province. The locals demanded the withdrawal of the feuding
Hatakeyama armies, the restoration of the governance by local landholders, and the removal of recently established toll barriers. The demands were worded as an unconditional ultimatum, making threats of violence
405:
and grew locally influential, while resenting the tax collection by their official samurai overlords. In addition, the rural population gradually abandoned the small hamlets which had dominated in previous periods. Peasants instead began gathering in larger villages which they could more easily
665:
magistrates seized full control in the province by declaring that half of the local taxes to external proprietors would be withheld, with the exception of three shrines. This development was closely monitored by the government in Kyoto: on one side, the uprising had driven away the destructive
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activity in and around the capital, as the rural population's strength and attention was absorbed by the civil war. Even though
Ashikaga Yoshihisa was able to become shogun, the war ultimately ended inconclusively and without a peace agreement in 1477. The shogunate tried to work toward the
533:, greatly damaged the shogunate's power. Even though Ashikaga Yoshimasa remained in power, he was no longer able to control the powerful samurai clans. The ĹŚnin War saw fighting throughout Japan, but the conflict was most intense in Yamashiro Province; Kyoto was mostly destroyed. The
296:
continued to operate until 1493, when a new invasion of samurai armies forced its members to reaccept the shogunate's authority. Regardless, Yamashiro
Province remained largely under local control, and repeated local uprisings as well as protests continued until 1511.
629:
members were former
Hatakeyama supporters without whom a continued campaign would have been impossible. Historian Pierre François Souyri regarded the mass desertion of local warriors from both armies as the main reason for the Hatakeyama forces' retreat.
475:
was assassinated by a powerful samurai who had feared that the ruler intended to reduce his family's power. This event greatly weakened the shogunate, as
Yoshinori was succeeded by two child shoguns who lacked strong regents. The second of these,
387:
might upset the locals and thus endanger the position of the regional samurai, the latter were inclined to ignore the governors' orders. The system also forced the shoguns to heavily rely on fiscal support from, and taxes in, Kyoto itself.
830:
returned estates to the direct management of their owners and prohibited new tax barriers. Several aristocrats and abbots based in Kyoto initially responded positively to this development, sending inspectors to survey their estates in the
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were parties formed to achieve a common goal, often mutual protection. In this regard, they stood in marked contrast to vassalage relationships, and could include members from different social classes who cooperated on equal footing. An
432:. Meanwhile, the tax burden on the rural population grew, as both the central government as well as regional authorities tried to raise more money; many farmers consequently became indebted to moneylenders during times of bad harvests.
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and many samurai clans maintained the autonomy which they had achieved during the ĹŚnin War, while continuing their violent feuds. The breakdown of order and government power also encouraged peasants and
593:. Their livelihood affected by the blockade of roads due to the Hatakeyama civil war, local cart drivers protested for the removal of toll barriers between Kyoto and Nara as well as debt cancellations.
713:
leading council (which was composed of samurai) to reestablish tolls to finance the confederacy's defenses and government. However, this decision provoked a violent peasant revolt against the
661:
in
February 1486, occupying this traditionally aristocratic temple for ten days. They agreed to assume power in the province, and selected 36 individuals to form a government. In May, the
555:
In 1480, the "western camp" overran this holdout; the samurai consequently destroyed the fields of the local farmers. In addition, the province became affected by a civil war within the
383:
and the local vassal samurai, as they competed for resources. The vassal samurai were also much more dependent on the support of local farmers. This meant that whenever the demands of
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Hatakeyama armies, but the confiscation of taxes was a prerogative traditionally held by the shogunate. Intending to restore his full control over the province, the shogun appointed
605:
In December 1485, "local barons" and samurai from Yamashiro Province's southern districts met at the village of Kami Koma. After agreeing to form a council, the group paraded to the
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was formed after a group had discussed, written, signed, and ritually celebrated an agreement, thus binding the group members to the agreement's rules. In the early 15th century,
542:
restoration of its authority, rebuilding the capital and returning to the routine governance. At the same time, many recognized that the war had marked a major rupture. The
414:
In the first half of the 15th century, disputes within the provinces began to escalate into violence. Local samurai families began to fight each other for the position of
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started to clash with each other. They consequently requested support by the external warlords, and also fought on the latter's behalf in other provinces. The province's
879:
Even though Kyoto was located in Yamashiro Province, it was administered separately due to its importance and special role as the capital. The urban area was called
806:
was a horizontal alliance, not a united government, as the warriors and villagers did not form one ruling body. The 36 men who formed the provincial government were
1818:
456:
began to organize a growing number of protests, often aimed at the cancellation of peasant debts. These protests often turned into violent riots during which
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assembly rejected the appointment and continued to factually defy the authority of Kyoto. Historian Ishida Yoshihito argued that the takeover by the
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to exchange vows to uphold their agreements. This event attracted the attention of peasants from across Yamashiro Province who subsequently went
835:-held area. The monthly magistrates also took responsibility for judicial affairs, presiding over land disputes and at least one murder trial.
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537:
and peasants of Yamashiro Province took part in the war, fighting for the rival factions and against each other. The war caused a reduction in
1808:
492:. Different factions consequently formed to back the candidates; these groups quickly extended beyond the court and grew to include powerful
460:
members attacked moneylenders, destroyed debt ledgers, burnt public buildings, and looted. Yamashiro Province became especially affected by
367:
ran their fiefs largely as they saw fit. This was facilitated by the samurai being allowed to collect taxes, a task locally carried out by
880:
802:, called the "Rules and Laws of the Province", which was formulated during the ByĹŤdĹŤ-in meeting in 1486. However, the Yamashiro
38:
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to divert taxes to themselves and assert ever more financial as well as political autonomy. This created tensions between the
842:
to resist attacks in 1493 to the organization's unwieldiness. In contrast, Ishida Yoshihito believed that the defeat of the
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governed the area on Hosokawa's behalf and with his protection, shielding it from reprisals by other samurai or the shogun.
521:
In 1467, the succession dispute finally escalated into full-scale conflict between the rival factions, at this point led by
464:, with protesting and rioting peasants repeatedly occupying parts of Kyoto. As a result of their association with violence,
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as well as their vassals. As they were a direct challenge of the traditional hierarchies and societal organization, the
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was the result of their alleged protector, Hosokawa Masamoto, being distracted at the time due to his involvement in a
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to the shrine to observe and attend the meeting. With such a large crowd gathered, those present agreed to form an
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In response to these developments, villages began to exert more independence and organize themselves in so-called
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defend in times of crisis; many villages were explicitly fortified to act as community refuges and strongholds.
1823:
484:
and was more interested in the arts than governing the country. Yoshimasa also first designated his brother
371:, the small number of wealthy individuals in each village. The Ashikaga vassal system encouraged both the
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members subsequently organized a new provincial government, defying both warlords as well as the Ashikaga
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members who resisted were ruthlessly crushed, and the last rebel outpost was turned into "a dead place".
1636:
1833:
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began to break down once the peasants and 36-men council could no longer agree on the governance.
606:
196:
1696:
Imatani, Akira (1990). "Muromachi local government: shugo and kokujin". In Kozo Yamamura (ed.).
392:
428:, and involved themselves in succession conflicts within the powerful families which served as
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confederacy's samurai mostly opted to yield to the shogunate and accepted Ise Sadaroku as the
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794:. It included men aged 15 to 60 who mainly originated from southern Yamashiro Province. The
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were organized across southern Yamashiro Province. Eventually, the samurai members of the
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to increase their resistance against deprivations by the samurai armies and taxation.
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The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan
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protests continued in Yamashiro Province on an almost yearly basis until 1511.
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league and rose up in 1485, successfully demanding the withdrawal of two rival
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Researcher Carol R. Tsang stated that historians attribute the failure of the
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were assigned vassal samurai based in the provinces; these were often called
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1784:. Translated by Käthe Roth. New York City: Columbia University Press Press.
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889:, while the remaining province formed its own district and was headed by a
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were often crushed with uncharacteristic violence by the samurai warlords.
1681:(Paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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the "people's parliament of the Warring States period". Accordingly, the
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Despite the success of their uprising and the continued existence of the
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lords' rule. As a result, historian Miura Hiroyuki called the Yamashiro
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Political, economic, and societal situation under the Ashikaga shogunate
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to a ceremonial role. The shogunate was based on the support of the
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increasingly assumed civil authority in the provinces, while the
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was part of a wider tendency of local uprisings which involved
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Encouraged by this success, local meetings of peasants and
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1723:(Revised ed.). Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing.
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The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 3. Medieval Japan
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The World Turned Upside Down: Medieval Japanese Society
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1343:
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337:, a military caste. From the ranks of the samurai, the
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Japanese Fortified Temples and Monasteries AD 710–1062
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respectively. This confrontation, later known as the
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in 1492. After a rule of eight years, the Yamashiro
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859:when the latter became "uncooperative", the entire
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488:as heir before later switching support to his son
468:came to mean both "league" as well as "uprising".
252:) during the late 15th century. After the chaotic
513:17th-century illustration of a battle during the
1800:
1762:War and Faith: IkkĹŤ Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan
1702:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–259.
1632:Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History
1819:States and territories disestablished in 1493
480:, failed to contain the growing power of the
1602:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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1657:The Moneylenders of Late Medieval Kyoto
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690:; according to his view, the Yamashiro
272:, local samurai and peasants formed an
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1717:Mason, R.H.P.; Caiger, J.G. (1997) .
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1809:Former countries in Japanese history
314:16th-century illustration depicting
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686:support by the powerful politician
439:. There existed different types of
13:
410:Growing unrest in the 15th century
14:
1845:
1780:Souyri, Pierre François (2001) .
1598:The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto
573:of Yamashiro, battled his cousin
505:The Onin War and its consequences
264:armies fought for the control of
16:15th century confederacy in Japan
641:was decided during a meeting at
637:The governance of the Yamashiro
321:From 1336, Japan was led by the
211:
769:
577:. The two mostly fought in the
180:protests in Yamashiro Province
1759:Tsang, Carol Richmond (2007).
1594:Berry, Mary Elizabeth (1997).
1587:
873:
424:), disobeyed their respective
341:appointed military governors (
329:which had largely reduced the
1:
1744:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
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739:established by the Yamashiro
300:
1621:in Late Medieval Japan". In
850:. Based on the contemporary
103:• Provincial leadership
7:
1814:1485 establishments in Asia
674:of Yamashiro. However, the
97:agreements of 1485 and 1486
10:
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1738:Turnbull, Stephen (2012).
1637:Stanford University Press
1617:Davis, David L. (1988). "
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883:and administered by the
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774:Formally, the Yamashiro
244:that emerged in Japan's
1236:Mason & Caiger 1997
1226:, p. 14–15, 24–25.
1200:Mason & Caiger 1997
1108:Mason & Caiger 1997
981:Mason & Caiger 1997
958:Mason & Caiger 1997
701:, Yamashiro Province's
589:threatened to relocate
563:, the shogun's deputy (
1675:Ikegami, Eiko (1997).
743:also survived. Lesser
734:Aftermath and analysis
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518:
318:
266:provinces across Japan
260:'s authority, feuding
248:(present-day southern
116:• Local authority
1824:Former confederations
1654:Gay, Suzanne (2001).
682:was facilitated with
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607:Iwashimizu Hachimangū
512:
313:
53:Common languages
1639:. pp. 221–247.
575:Hatakeyama Yoshinari
443:, but at their core
393:late medieval period
57:Late Middle Japanese
1382:, pp. 188–189.
1202:, pp. 144–145.
1173:, pp. 137–138.
1122:, pp. 232–233.
1083:, pp. 132–133.
1037:, pp. 122–123.
960:, pp. 141–142.
561:Hatakeyama Masanaga
496:and samurai clans.
327:military government
1720:A History of Japan
1532:, pp. 41, 43.
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490:Ashikaga Yoshihisa
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258:Ashikaga shogunate
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165:Ashikaga shogunate
45:Yamashiro Province
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854:' reports on the
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1100:
1098:, p. 184.
1085:
1070:
1068:, p. 123.
1058:
1056:, p. 128.
1039:
1024:
1022:, p. 253.
1012:
1010:, p. 232.
997:
985:
983:, p. 140.
962:
950:
927:
925:, p. 133.
905:
904:
902:
899:
896:
895:
886:samurai-dokoro
871:
870:
868:
865:
826:The Yamashiro
811:sustained the
771:
768:
750:The Yamashiro
735:
732:
602:
595:
506:
503:
501:
498:
411:
408:
307:
304:
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299:
222:
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208:
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162:
159:
158:
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125:Historical era
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111:
105:
102:
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78:
74:
73:
64:
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59:
54:
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49:
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1791:0-231-11842-2
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1751:9781782000136
1747:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1705:
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1700:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1646:9780804715119
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1623:Hall, John W.
1620:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1574:
1568:, p. 43.
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1520:, p. 41.
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
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1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1401:, p. 43.
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1352:, p. 37.
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:Turnbull 2012
1309:
1302:
1297:
1291:, p. 34.
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1262:, p. 40.
1261:
1256:
1249:
1248:Turnbull 2012
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1190:, p. 39.
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1161:, p. 40.
1160:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
995:, p. 36.
994:
989:
982:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
959:
954:
948:, p. 42.
947:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
924:
919:
917:
915:
913:
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872:
864:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
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829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
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789:
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753:
748:
746:
742:
731:
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704:
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695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
657:met again at
656:
652:
644:
640:
635:
631:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
608:
600:
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588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
562:
558:
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536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
511:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
469:
467:
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455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
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407:
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403:
398:
394:
389:
386:
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374:
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366:
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336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
312:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
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232:
231:
220:
209:
207:Today part of
205:
202:
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195:
191:
187:
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143:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
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109:
106:
100:
96:
93:
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85:confederation
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
40:
35:
30:
26:
20:
1829:Feudal Japan
1781:
1761:
1740:
1719:
1698:
1677:
1656:
1635:. Stanford:
1631:
1618:
1597:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1498:
1486:
1459:
1447:
1315:, p. 8.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1255:
1250:, p. 7.
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1166:
1144:Ikegami 1997
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1081:Ikegami 1997
1066:Ikegami 1997
1061:
1054:Ikegami 1997
1035:Ikegami 1997
1020:Imatani 1990
1015:
988:
953:
923:Ikegami 1997
890:
884:
875:
860:
855:
843:
839:
837:
832:
827:
825:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
800:constitution
798:had its own
795:
791:
790:and village
788:kokujin ikki
787:
783:
779:
775:
773:
770:Organization
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
744:
740:
737:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
691:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:Ise Sadaroku
662:
654:
650:
648:
638:
626:
622:
617:
613:
604:
598:
590:
570:
564:
553:
548:
543:
538:
534:
527:Yamana SĹŤzen
520:
493:
481:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
434:
429:
425:
421:
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396:
390:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
320:
293:
281:
280:armies. The
273:
236:
234:
229:
227:
225:
177:
176:• Last
107:
94:
43:Location of
24:
1588:Works cited
1578:Souyri 2001
1440:Souyri 2001
1380:Souyri 2001
1096:Souyri 2001
848:coup d'Ă©tat
784:sokoku ikki
242:confederacy
91:Legislature
1803:Categories
1566:Tsang 2007
1554:Tsang 2007
1542:Berry 1997
1530:Berry 1997
1518:Berry 1997
1491:Berry 1997
1479:Tsang 2007
1464:Berry 1997
1452:Berry 1997
1399:Berry 1997
1365:Berry 1997
1350:Berry 1997
1301:Berry 1997
1289:Berry 1997
1260:Berry 1997
1224:Berry 1997
1212:Davis 1988
1188:Berry 1997
1159:Tsang 2007
1132:Tsang 2007
1120:Davis 1988
1008:Davis 1988
993:Berry 1997
946:Tsang 2007
901:References
852:chronicles
597:Yamashiro
301:Background
288:in nearby
235:Yamashiro
228:Yamashiro
83:and civil
77:Government
23:Yamashiro
756:jizamurai
703:jizamurai
651:jizamurai
549:jizamurai
535:jizamurai
402:jizamurai
237:kuni ikki
147:1467–1477
63:Religion
32:1485–1493
1629:(eds.).
1503:Gay 2001
1277:Gay 2001
1171:Gay 2001
863:failed.
684:de facto
659:ByĹŤdĹŤ-in
643:ByĹŤdĹŤ-in
614:en masse
591:en masse
531:ĹŚnin War
515:ĹŚnin War
417:shugodai
331:emperors
254:ĹŚnin War
193:Currency
142:ĹŚnin War
110:assembly
81:Military
67:Buddhism
47:in Japan
881:Rakuchū
813:kokujin
808:kokujin
792:do ikki
670:as new
579:Kawachi
391:By the
377:kokujin
365:kokujin
357:kokujin
339:shoguns
335:samurai
316:samurai
278:warlord
262:samurai
140:•
129:Sengoku
108:Kokujin
1788:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1664:
1643:
1606:
778:was a
610:shrine
569:) and
566:kanrei
286:shogun
240:was a
216:
71:Shinto
891:shugo
867:Notes
856:ikki'
760:shugo
724:shugo
571:shugo
544:shugo
494:shugo
482:shugo
430:shugo
426:shugo
422:shugo
397:otona
385:shugo
381:shugo
373:shugo
369:otona
361:shugo
353:shugo
349:Kyoto
344:shugo
290:Kyoto
268:. In
219:Japan
1786:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1619:Ikki
1604:ISBN
861:ikki
844:ikki
840:ikki
833:ikki
828:ikki
821:ikki
817:ikki
804:ikki
796:ikki
780:kuni
776:ikki
764:ikki
752:ikki
745:ikki
741:ikki
728:ikki
719:ikki
715:ikki
711:ikki
707:ikki
699:ikki
692:ikki
680:ikki
676:ikki
672:sugo
663:ikki
655:ikki
639:ikki
627:ikki
623:ikki
618:ikki
601:rule
599:ikki
587:Nara
581:and
539:ikki
525:and
466:ikki
462:ikki
458:ikki
454:ikki
450:ikki
445:ikki
441:ikki
437:ikki
325:, a
294:ikki
282:ikki
274:ikki
230:ikki
226:The
184:1511
178:ikki
170:1493
157:1485
95:Ikki
25:ikki
782:or
233:or
201:ryĹŤ
197:mon
1805::
1625:;
1510:^
1471:^
1406:^
1387:^
1372:^
1357:^
1320:^
1267:^
1178:^
1151:^
1088:^
1073:^
1042:^
1027:^
1000:^
965:^
930:^
909:^
893:.
559:.
517:.
199:,
69:•
1794:.
1775:.
1754:.
1733:.
1712:.
1691:.
1670:.
1649:.
1612:.
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